Geometric Perturbation Theory

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  • 8/13/2019 Geometric Perturbation Theory

    1/75

    G e o m e t r i c S i n g u l a r P e r t u r b a t i o n T h e o r yC h r i s t o p h e r K . R . T . J o n e sD i v i s i o n o f A p p l i e d M a t h e m a t i c s

    B r o w n U n i v e r s i t yP r o v i d e n c e , R I 0 2 9 12

    o n t e n t s1 . I n t o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6

    1 .1 B a c k g r o u n d a n d m o t i v a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 61 .2 F e n i c h e l s f i r s t t h e o r e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 81 .3 A n e q u a t i o n f r o m p h a s e - f i e l d t h e o r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 11 .4 A t r a v e l l i n g w a v e in s e m i c o n d u c t o r t h e o r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 41 .5 S o l i t a r y w a v e s o f t h e K d V - K S e q u a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8

    2 . I n v a r i a n t M a n i f o l d T h e o r e m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 22 .1 S t a b l e a n d u n s t a b l e m a n i f o l d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 22 .2 P r e p a r a t i o n o f e q u a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 52 .3 P r o o f o f T h e o r e m 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6

    2 .4 D e c a y e s t i m a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 13 . F e n i c h e l N o r m a l F o r m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2

    3 .1 S m o o t h n e s s o f i n v a r i a n t m a n i f o l d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 23 .2 S t r a i g h t e n i n g t h e i n v a r i a n t m a n i f o l d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 33 .3 F e n i c h e l f i b e r i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 43 . 4 S e t t l i n g i n a c e l l u l a r f l o w f ie ld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 73 .5 N o r m a l f o r m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1

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    4. T ra c k i n g w i t h D i f f e r e n t i a l Fo rms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834.1 Mot ivat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834.2 Fi tzHugh-Nagumo equat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854.3 Variational equation and differential forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884.4 Tracking tangent spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894.5 E xa mp le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904.6 Transversali ty for the KdV-KS waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

    5. E x c h a n g e L e mma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945.1 k -4- 1 Exchange Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945.2 Differential forms and the Exchange Lemm a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975.3 The Fi tzHugh-Nagumo pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995.4 General apphcat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015.5 Sketch o f p roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

    6. G e n e ra l i z a t i o n s a n d Fu t u r e D i r e c t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1056.1 The k + 7) Exchange Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1056.2 Exponential ly small Exchange Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086.3 Pendulum forced by two frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1096.4 Recent results and new directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

    6.4.1 Orbits homochnic to resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1116.4.2 Stabihty of t ravell ing waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

    The research described here was supported by the National ScienceFoundation under grant DMS-9403774 and the Office of Naval Researchunder gr ant N00014-92-J-1401. This manuscr ipt was writt en, an d some ofthe research described herein was completed, partly while the author wassuppor ted by a Humbol dt Award at the Universits St utt gar t and part lywhile a Visiting Professor of the Consiglio Nazionale Delle Richerche atUniversitk di Roma II. The author wishes to thank Jonathan Rubin forhis careful reading of the original manuscr ipt.

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    (1 .1) t h e f a s t s y s t e m a n d ( 1 . 2 ) t h e s l o w s y s t e m . W e h a v e t w o d i s t i n g u i s h e d l i m i t sf o r t h e s e e q u a t i o n s , o n e n a t u r a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e a c h s c a l i n g a s e --* 0 . I n ( 1 . 1 )l e t t i n g e --* 0 w e o b t a i n t h e s y s t e m

    x = / ( x , y , 0 ) (1 .3 )y -= O.A c c o r d i n g t o ( 1 .3 ) t h e v a r i a b l e x w il l v a r y w h i l e y w i ll r e m a i n c o n s t a n t . T h u s xi s c a l l e d t h e f a s t v a r i a b l e . I f w e l e t e --* 0 i n ( 1 . 2 ) , t h e l i m i t o n l y m a k e s s e n s e i f/ ( x , y , 0 ) = 0 a n d i s t h u s g i v e n b y

    / ( x , y , 0 ) = 0 ( 1 .4 )~t = g(x , y , 0 ) .

    O n e t h i n k s o f t h e c o n d i t i o n f ( x , y , 0 ) = 0 as d e t e r m i n i n g a s e t o n w h i c h t h e f l owi s g i v e n b y 9 = g ( x , y , 0 ). I t is n a t u r a l t o a t t e m p t t o s o lv e x i n t e r m s o f y f ro mt h e e q u a t i o n f ( x , y , O ) = 0 a n d p l u g i t i n t o t h e s e c o n d e q u a t i o n o f (1 . 4) ( t h er e a d e r s h o u l d c h e c k t h a t t h e d i m e n s i o n s a r e r i g h t t o e x p e c t s u c h a s o l u t i o n ifn o n - d e g e n e r a c y c o n d i t i o n s h o l d ) . N o t i c e t h a t t h i s s e t is e x a c t l y t h e s e t o f c r i ti c a lp o i n t s fo r ( 1 .3 ) . W e t h u s h a v e t h e f o r m a l p i c t u r e t h a t ( 1 .3 ) h a s l a r g e s e t s o fc r i ti c a l p o i n t s a n d t h a t ( 1 .4 ) b l ow s t h e f lo w o n t h i s s e t u p t o p r o d u c e n o n - t r i v i a lb e h a v i o r .I n e i t h e r li m i t i n g f o r m u l a t i o n , o n e p a y s a p r i c e. O n t h e ( l a rg e ) s e t f ( x , y , O ) =0 t h e f l o w i s tr i v i a l f o r (1 .3 ) . W h e r e a s u n d e r ( 1 .4 ) t h e f lo w i s n o n - t r i v i a l o n t h i ss e t , b u t t h e f l o w i s n o t d e f i n e d o f f th i s s e t. T h e p r i m a r y m a t h e m a t i c a l g o a lo f g e o m e t r i c s i n g u l a r p e r t u r b a t i o n t h e o r y , h e n c e f o r t h d e n o t e d b y t h e a c r o n y mG S P , i s t o r e a l iz e b o t h t h e s e a s p e c t s ( i. e. , f a s t a n d s l o w ) s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . T h i sa p p a r e n t l y c o n t r a d i c t o r y a im w i l l b e a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h i n t h e p h a s e s p a c e o f( 1 .1 ) ( o r , e qu iva l e n t ly , ( 1 .2 ) ) f o r e n o n - z e r o b u t s m a l l .

    T h e r e a r e t w o b a s i c r e a s o n s w h y G S P i s a p o w e r f u l t o o l f o r a n a l y z i n g h i g h -d i m e n s i o n a l s y s t em s :

    1 . I n m a n y a p p l i c a t i o n s , q u a n t i t i e s w i ll v a r y o n w i d e l y d i f f e r i n g t i m e s c a l e s ,a n d t h u s a r e n a t u r a l l y f o r m u l a t e d i n t h e f o r m ( 1 . 1 ) .

    2 . I t a f f o rd s a r e d u c t i o n o f a p o s s i b l y h i g h - d i m e n s i o n a l s y s t e m , s u c h a s ( 1 . 1 ),i n t o t h e l o w e r - d i m e n s i o n a l s y s t e m s ( 1 .3 ) a n d ( 1 .4 ) .

    T h e f i rs t r e a s o n g i v e n a b o v e j u s t if i es t h e t h e o r y f r o m a n a p p l i e d p o i n t o fv i e w , b u t a ls o o ff e rs u s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f i n v o k i n g m a n y d i f f er e n t a p p l i c a t i o n sa s e x a m p l e s t o g u id e t h e t h e o r y . T h e s e c o n d r a ti o n a l e m e a n s t h a t w e ca n h o l dt h e h o p e o f a n a l y z i n g s i n g u l a rl y p e r t u r b e d s y s t e m s o f t w i c e th e s iz e o f t h o s ea n a l y z e d w i t h o u t t h i s t h e o r y . F o r e x a m p l e i f n = l = 2 , w e w o u l d s t u d y 2 -d i m e n s i o n a l s y s t e m s , t h e a n a l y s i s o f w h i c h is w e ll u n d e r s t o o d , a n d , t h r o u g hG S P , m a k e c o n c l u si o n s a b o u t 4 - d i m e n s i o n a l s y s te m s , w h i c h a r e o s t e n s ib l y f arl es s t r a c t a b l e . M o r e o v e r , t h e r e s u l t i n g b e h a v i o r i s n o t r e s t r i c t e d t o b e i n g m e r e l ya s h a d o w o f t h a t p r e s e n t i n ( 1 .3 ) a n d ( 1 .4 ) , f o r n e w s t r u c t u r e s c a n r e s u l t f r o mt h e p a t c h i n g t o g e t h e r o f s o l u t i o n s o f ( 1 .3 ) a n d ( 1 .4 ) . T h e e a r l y e x a m p l e s w i ll

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    n o t r e f le c t s u c h e f fe c ts , b u t w e w i ll p r o g r e s s i v e l y d e v e l o p r i c h e r d y n a m i c a l b e -h a v i o r . T h e l a t e r a p p l i c a t i o n s w i ll e x h i b i t intrinsically higher-dimensional phe-nomena, d e s p i t e t h e i r b e i n g r e n d e r e d s u s c e p t i b l e t o a n a l y s i s b y r e d u c t i o n t ol o w - d i m e n s i o n a l s y s t e m s . I t s h o u ld b e n o t e d h e r e t h a t t h e t h e o r y o f s i n g u l arp e r t u r b a t i o n s c o m m a n d s a l a rg e l i t e r a t u r e t h a t d o e s n o t f it i n t o th e c a t e g o r yo f G S P a s d i s c u s s ed h e r e . I n d e e d , t h i s cl a ss i ca l t h e o r y p r e d a t e s G S P a n d t h ei n t e r e s t e d r e a d e r is r e f e r r e d t o [1 1 ] a n d [ 44 ] f o r g o o d e x p o s i t i o n s o f t h is t h e o r y .

    T h e p h e n o m e n a t h a t w e w il l i s o l a t e f o r (1 . 1) w i ll g e n e r a l l y i n v o l v e t h e c o n -s t r u c t i o n o f s p e c i fi c o r b i t s , s u c h a s hom oclinic, heteroc linic, or period ic orbits.T h e s e a r e c o n s t r u c t e d b y following certain invariant manifolds ( f o r i n s t a n c e , s t a -b le a n d u n s t a b l e m a n i f o l d s o f c r it i ca l p o i n ts ) t h r o u g h t h e i r a m b i e n t p h a s e s p a c ea n d u s i n g t h e r e d u c t i o n s i .e ., ( 1 .3 ) a n d ( 1 .4 ) , t o k e e p t r a c k o f t h e i r p o s i t i o n a n dc o n f i g u r a t i o n a t d i ff e r e n t p o i n t s o f t h e i r t r a v e l. T h e s e " s p e c i a l " o r b i t s m a y b e o fs i g n if i ca n c e d u e t o t h e i r r 61 e i n t h e o v e r a l l d y n a m i c s o f t h e e q u a t i o n , f o r in s t a n c eh o m o c l i n i c o r b i t s a r e o f t e n a s i g n a t u r e o f c h a o t i c m o t i o n , o r a s s p e c i a l s o l u ti o n s ,s u c h a s t r a v e l l i n g w a v e s , o f a r e l a t e d p a r t i a l d i f f e re n t i a l e q u a t i o n .

    Sum ma ry o f goals9 D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f f lo w n e a r s e ts f x , y, 0) = 0 for (1 .1) :

    - F e n i c h e l 's t h e o r e m s ,- F e n ic h e l c o o r d i n a t e s a n d n o r m a l f o r m ,

    s l o w m a n i f o l d f l o w .9 E f f e c t i v e t r a c k i n g o f i n v a r i a n t m a n i f o l d s t h r o u g h t h e p h a s e s p a c e o f ( 1 .1 ) :

    u s e o f d i f f e r e n t i a l f o r m s ,t r a n s v e r s a l i t y ,

    - e x c h a n g e l e m m a s .9 A p p l i c a t i o n s t o t h e e x i s t e n c c a n d p r o p e r t i e s o f s p e c i a l o r b i t s o f ( 1 .1 ) :

    p e r t u r b e d s l o w s t r u c t u r e s ,t r a v e l l i n g w a v e s a n d s t a b i li t y ,h o m o c l i n i c a b u n d a n c e .

    1 .2 F e n i c h e l s f i r s t t h e o r e mT h e s e t o f c r i ti c a l p o i n t s f x , y , 0 ) = 0 f o r ( 1 .3 ) i s f o r m e d b y s o l v i n g n e q u a t i o n si n R N , w h e r e N = n + l, a n d t h u s i s e x p e c t e d t o b e , a t l e a s t l o c a l ly , a n l -d i m e n s i o n a l m a n i f o l d . I n d e e d , i t is n a t u r a l t o e x p e c t it t o h a v e a p a r a m e t r i z a t i o nb y th e v a r i a b le y . W e s h a ll t h u s a s s u m e t h a t w e a r e gi v en a n / - d i m e n s i o n a l m a n -i fo l d, p o s s i b l y w i t h b o u n d a r y , M 0 w h i c h is c o n t a i n e d i n t h e s e t { f ( x , y , 0 ) = 0 } .T h e f u n d a m e n t a l h y p o t h e s i s o n M 0 w i ll b e t h a t , a s a s e t o f c r i t ic a l p o i n t s , t h ed i r e c t i o n s n o r m a l t o t h e m a n i f o l d w i l l c o r r e s p o n d t o e i g e n v a l u e s t h a t a r e n o tn e u t r a l . I n t h e f o ll o w i n g , t h e n o t a t i o n 7 ~ (A ) d e n o t e s t h e r e a l p a r t o f A .

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    D e f i n i t i o n 1 T he m an i fo ld M o i s sa id t o be nor m al l y hyperbo li c i f t he l i near iza -t i on o f 1 . 1 ) a t each po in t i n Mo has exac t l y l e igenva lues on t he imag inar y ax i sn ~ ) O.

    F e n i c h e l ' s f i rs t t h e o r e m a s s e r t s t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a m a n i f o l d t h a t is a p e r t u r -b a t i o n o f M 0 . I t w i ll b e c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e f l ow o f ( 1 .1 ) w h e n e r 0 . W e n e e da d e f i n i t io n t o cl a r if y t h i s c o n n e c t i o n . T h e n o t a t i o n x 9 is u s e d t o d e n o t e t h ea p p l i c a t i o n o f a fl ow a f t e r t i m e t t o t h e i n t i a l c o n d i t i o n x . T h e e x i s t e n c e o f af lo w fo r ( 1 .1 ) f o ll o w s f r o m t h e b a s i c t h e o r e m s o f O D E .D e f i n i t i o n 2 A s e t M i s l oc a ll y i n v a r i a n t u n d e r t h e f l o w f r o m 1 . 1 ) i f i t h a sne ighborhood V so t ha t no tra j ec tory can l eave M w i th ou t a lso l eav ing V . Ino ther words , i t is loca ll y i nv ar ia n t i f f o r a l l x E M , x . [0, t ] C V impl ies thatx . [ 0 , t] C M , s i m i l a r l y w i t h [0, t] replaced by [t , 0] when t < O.

    F e n i c h e l ' s t h e o r e m s w i ll a c t u a l l y a d d r e s s t h e p e r t u r b a t i o n o f a s u b s e t o f ~ / 0 ,b e c a u s e o f t e c h n i c a l d i f fi c u lt ie s n e a r t h e b o u n d a r y .( H 2 ) T h e s e t M 0 i s a c o m p a c t m a n i f o l d , p o s si b ly w i t h b o u n d a r y , a n d is n o r m a l l yh y p e r b o l i c r e l a t i v e t o ( 1 .3 ) .

    T h e s e t M 0 w i ll b e c a l le d t h e c r i t i c a l m a n i f o l d . W e a r e n o w in a p o s i t i o nt o s t a t e t h e f i r s t t h e o r e m t h a t F e n i c h e l p r o v e d , u n d e r t h e h y p o t h e s e s ( H i ) a n d( H 2 ) .

    h e o r e m 1 ( F e n i c h e l ' s I n v a r i a n t M a n i f o l d T h e o r e m 1 ) I f e > O, butsu f f i c i en t l y sm a l l , t here ex i s t s a m an i fo ld M e tha t l ie s w i th in O e ) o f M o and i sd i f f eomorph ic t o M o . M oreo ver it i s loca lly i nva r ian t un de r t he f l ow o f 1 . 1 ) ,and C r , i nc lud ing i n e, f o r any r < + oc .

    T h i s t h e o r e m f o ll o w s f r o m F e n i c h e l 's e a r l y w o r k , [1 5], as s i n g u l a r p e r t u r b a -t i o n s a r e a s p e c i al c a s e o f t h e m o r e g e n e r a l d e c o m p o s i t i o n b y e x p o n e n t i a l r a t e st h a t h e c o n s i d e r e d in t h a t c o n t e x t . H o w e v e r , h i s l a t e r p a p e r , s e e [1 8], s p e c i fi c a ll ya d d r e s s e s s i n g u la r p e r t u r b a t i o n s . T h e r e a r e a n u m b e r o f a l t e r n a t i v e f o r m u l a t i o n sa n d p r o o f s o f t h i s b a s i c t h e o r e m , s e e, fo r in s t a n c e , t h e w o r k o f S a k a m o t o [5 1].

    T h e m a n i f o l d M ~ w i ll b e ca l le d t h e sl ow m a n i f o l d . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h eo n l y c o n n e c t i o n t o t h e fl ow is t h r o u g h t h e s t a t e m e n t t h a t t h e p e r t u r b e d m a n i f o l dM ~ i s l o c a l l y i n v a r i a n t . T h i s s e e m s w e a k b u t , i n f a c t , is n o t a s i t e n t a i l s t h a tw e c a n r e s t r i c t t h e f l o w t o t h i s m a n i f o l d , w h i c h i s l o w e r - d i m e n s i o n a l , i n o r d e rt o f in d i n t e r e s t i n g s t r u c t u r e s . T h e f a c t t h a t t h e m a n i f o l d is local ly invariant ,a n d n o t i nvar ian t , is d u e t o t h e ( p o ss ib l e ) p r e se n c e o f t h e b o u n d a r y a n d t h er e s u l ti n g p o s s i b i li ty t h a t t r a j e c t o r i e s m a y f all o u t o f M ~ b y e s c a p in g t h r o u g ht h e b o u n d a r y . T h i s c a n n o t b e a v o i d e d a s m o s t a p p l i c a ti o n s d o in d e e d s u p p l y u sw i t h m a n i f o ld s t h a t h a v e b o u n d a r i e s . A c o m m e n t is a ls o i n o r d e r a b o u t n o r m a l

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    h y p e r b o l i c i t y ; t h e r e a r e m a n y a p p l i c a t i o n s i n w h i c h i n t e r e s t i n g p h e n o m e n a o c c u rb e c a u s e n o r m a l h y p e r b o l i c i t y o f m a n i f o l d s b r e a k s d o w n , s u c h a s i n re l a x a t i o n -o s c i l l a t i o n s , b u t w e s h a l l n o t c o n s i d e r s u c h c a s e s i n th e s e l e c t u r e s . A s is t h e c a s ef o r c e n t e r m a n i f o ld s , it s h o u ld b e n o t e d h e r e t h a t t h e e x p o n e n t r c a n n o t b e se tt o + o z .

    I n o r d e r t o s i g n i f i c a n t ly s i m p l i f y th e n o t a t i o n , a s w e ll a s t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h ep r o o f s , w e s h a ll r e st r ic t a t t e n t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e s e l ec t u r e s to t h e c a s e t h a t M 0is g i v e n as t h e g r a p h o f a f u n c ti o n o f x i n t e r m s o f y . T h a t is w e a s s u m e t h e r eis a f u n c t i o n h ~ d e f i n e d f o r y C K , w i t h K b e i n g a c o m p a c t d o m a i n in R l,a n d s o t h a t

    M 0 = { x , y ) : x = h ~T h i s is a n a t u r a l a s s u m p t i o n a s i t c a n a l w a y s b e s a t is f i e d f o r M o l o c a l l y . I n d e e d ,o n a c c o u n t o f n o r m a l h y p e r b o l i c i ty ( H 2 ) t h e m a t r i x

    D x f ( 2 , ~), 0 )i s i n v e r t i b l e f o r a n y ( 2 , ~)) E M 0 a n d h e n c e x c a n l o c a l l y b e s o l v e d f o r y b y t h eI m p l i c i t F u n c t i o n T h e o r e m . W e a r e t h u s j u s t a s s u m i n g t h a t s u c h a s o l u ti o n c a nb e m a d e g l o b a l l y o v e r M 0 .

    T h u s , c o n s i d e r x = h ~ w h e r e i n y E K a n d m a k e t h e fo l lo w i n g a s s u m p t i o n .( H 3 ) T h e s e t M 0 i s g i v e n a s t h e g r a p h o f t h e C ~ f u n c t i o n h ~ f o r y E K .T h e s e t K is a c o m p a c t , s i m p l y c o n n e c t e d d o m a i n w h o s e b o u n d a r y is a n ( l - 1 )-d i m e n s i o n a l C ~ s u b m a n i f o l d .

    U n d e r t h e h y p o t h e s e s ( H 1 ) - ( H 3 ) , w e c a n r e s t a t e F e n i c h e l s f ir st t h e o r e m int e r m s o f th e g r a p h o f a f u n c t io n .T h e o r e m 2 I r e > 0 i s s u f f i c i e n t ly s m a l l , t h e r e is a f u n c t i o n x = h e ( y ) , d e f i n e do n K , s o t h a t t h e g r a p h

    M ~ = { ( x , y ) : x = h ~ ( y ) } ,i s lo c a ll y i n v a r i a n t u n d e r ( 1 . 1 ) . M o r e o v e r h ~ i s C r , f o r a n y r < + ( x~ , j o i n t l y i ny a n d e .R e m a r k T h e d i f f e o m o r p h i s m b e t w e e n M ~ a n d M 0 f o llo w s e a s il y in t h i s f o r m u -l a ti o n t h r o u g h t h e d i f fe o m o r p h i s m o f t h e g r a p h t o K .

    A n e q u a t i o n o n M ~ c a n e a s il y b e c a l c u la t e d u s i n g T h e o r e m 1. W e s u b s t i t u t et h e f u n c t i o n h ~ ( y ) i n t o ( 1 .1 ) a n d s e e t h a t t h e y e q u a t i o n w i ll d e c o u p l e f r o m t h a to f t h e x e q u a t i o n . W e t h u s o b t a i n a n e q u a t i o n f o r t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e v a r i a b l ey . S i n c e y p a r a m e t r i z e s t h e m a n i f o l d M ~ , t h i s e q u a t i o n w i ll s u ff ic e t o d e s c r i b et h e f lo w o n M ~ . I t is g i v e n b y

    y = e g ( h ~ ( y ) , y , e ) . (1 .5)

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    I n t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s lo w s c al i n g w e c a n r e c a s t ( 1 .6 ) a s

    9 = g h ~ Y ) , Y , e ) , (1 .6)w h i c h h a s t h e d i s t i n c t a d v a n t a g e t h a t a li m i t e x i s t s a s e --+ 0 , g i v e n b y9 = g h ~ Y, 0) , (1.7)

    w h i c h n a t u r a l l y d e s c r i b e s a f lo w o n t h e c r i ti c a l m a n i f o l d M 0 , a n d i s e x a c t l yt h e s e c o n d e q u a t i o n i n ( 1 .2 ) . U s i n g t h i s t h e o r e m a n d t h i s r e s u l ti n g e q u a t i o n( 1 .6 ) , t h e p r o b l e m o f s t u d y i n g ( 1 .1 ) , a t l e a s t o n M ~ is r e d u c e d t o a r e g u l a rp e r t u r b a t i o n p r o b l e m . I n t h e n e x t t h r e e s e c t i o n s w e s h a ll g i v e e x a m p l e s i n w h i c ht h i s i s a p p l i e d .1 .3 A n e q u a t i o n f ro m p h a s e f ie ld t h e o r yA n e q u a t i o n w i t h s p a t i a l d e r i v a ti v e s o f e v e n p o w e r s in f o r m u l a t e d b y C a g i n a l pa n d F i f e [7] t o d e s c r i b e t h e b e h a v i o r o f p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n s . I n a m o d e l c a s e i nw h i c h a s c a la r e q u a t i o n c a n b e u s e d a s a r e a s o n a b l e m o d e l , G a r d n e r a n d J o n e s[1 9] s t u d i e d t h e s t a b i l i t y o f t r a v e l l i n g w a v es . A s a n e x a m p l e o f t h e a b o v e t h e o r y ,i t w i ll b e s h o w n h e r e h o w t o c o n s t r u c t t h e b a s i c tr a v e l l i n g w a v e . C o n s i d e r t h ee q u a t i o n

    0r 406 r 2 A04r 02r0-7 = ~ ~ x ~ + e ~ t~ -~x + ~ x 2 + 1 ( r ( 1 .8 )w h e r e f ( r = r 1 6 2 a ) ( 1 - r is t h e b i s t a b l e n o n l i n e a r i t y w i t h a < 8 9 a n dA > 0 . T h e p a r a m e t e r e i s i n t e n d e d t o b e sm a l l , s e e [1 9], a n d t h u s ( 1 . 8 ) i se a s i ly s ee n t o b e a p e r t u r b a t i o n o f t h e w e l l - k n o w n , s c a l a r b i s t a b l e r e a c t i o n -d i f fu s i o n e q u a t i o n . W e sh a l l s e e k t r a v e l l i n g w a v e s o l u t i o n s o f ( 1 .8 ) , n a m e l yr = r - c t ) , s a t i s f y i n g

    { 0 a s { --* - o o ( 1 .9 )1 a s ~ ~ o c .

    T h e w a v e i s t h e n s e e n t o s a t i s f y t h e O D E_ c r = e4r + e2Ar + r + f ( r (1 .10)

    w h e r e t h e d e r i v a t i v e s a r e t a k e n w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e t r a v e l l i n g w a v e v a r i a b l e {.T h e e q u a t i o n ( 1. 10 ) c a n b e r e w r i t t e n a s a s y s t e m o f s ix e q u a t i o n s

    ~I = U2U2 = U3

    = ~4s = U5s : U6e~6 = Au5 u3 cu2 f U l ) ,

    ( 1 .11 )

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    5 2

    w h e r e = a4~ . T h i s s y s t e m is a l r e a d y f o r m u l a t e d i n s lo w v a r i a b l e s a n d w e h a v e r e -p l a c e d ~ b y r a s t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e t o c o n f o r m t o o u r e s t a b l is h e d n o t a t i o n .T h e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h o u r n o t a t i o n i s :

    i s t h e f a s t v a r i a b l e , a n d

    U 4X ~U 5U 6

    is t h e s lo w v a ri a b le . T h e c r i t i c a l m a n i f o l d M 0 c a n b e t a k e n a s a n y c o m p a c ts u b s e t o f

    = = = 0 u 3 = - c 2 -

    w h i c h s h a ll b e c h o s e n t o b e l ar g e e n o u g h t o c o n t a i n a n y o f t h e d y n a m i c s o fi n t er e s t. T h e e i g e n v a lu e s o f t h e l i n e a r i z a ti o n a t a n y p o i n t o f M 0 , o t h e r t h a n t h ed o u b l e e i g e n v a l u e a t 0 a r e s e e n t o b e s o l u t io n s o f t h e q u a r t i c

    4 + A 2 + 1 = 0 ,w h i c h a r e n o t p u r e i m a g i n a r y i f 0 < A < 2 .

    T h e e q u a t i o n s f o r t h e s l o w f lo w o n t h e c r i t i c a l m a n i f o l d 21//0 a r e g i v e n b y/~1 = u2 (1 .12 )iL 2 : - - C U 2 - - f U 1 ) .

    T h e s lo w m a n i f o l d M ~ , w h i c h e x i s ts b y v i r t u e o f T h e o r e m 1, is g i v e n b y t h ee q u a t i o n s

    u a , u 4 , u s , u 6 ) = h ~ u l , u 2 ) = - c u 2 f(ul),O,O,O) k 0@ ).a n d t h e e q u a t i o n s o n M E a r e

    ~ 1 U 2iz2 = - c u 2 - f u l ) + O e ) . ( 1 . 13 )I t is a w e l l - k n o w n f a c t t h a t ( 1 .1 2 ) h a s a h e t e r o c l i n i c o r b i t c o n n e c t i n g t h e c r i t i c a lp o i n t ( 0 , 0 ) a t - o o w i t h ( 1, 0 ) a t + o o , f o r a p a r t i c u l a r v a l u e o f c , s a y c = c * .O n e c h e c k s e a s i l y t h a t ( 0 , 0 ) a n d ( 1 , 0 ) a r e s t i l l c r i t i c a l p o i n t s o f ( 1 .1 3 ) , f o r es u f f ic i e n tl y s m a l l ( w h y ? ) . T h e s t r a t e g y i s t h e n t o s h o w t h a t t h e r e i s a c = c e )d e f i n e d f o r e s m a l l , w i t h c ( 0 ) = c * , a t w h i c h t h e r e is s u c h a h e t e r o c l i n i c o r b i t f o r( 1 .1 3 ) . T h e i d e a i s t o s h o w t h a t t h e h e t e r o c l i n i c o r b i t f o r (1 . 12 ) e x i s t s b y v i r t u eo f a t r a n s v e r s e i n t e r s e c ti o n o f s t a b l e a n d u n s t a b l e m a n i f o l d s a n d t h u s p e r t u r b s .

    A p p e n d i n g a n e q u a t i o n f o r c t o ( 1 .1 2 ), t h e h e t e r o c li n ic , o n M 0 , c a n b ev i e w e d a s t h e i n t e rs e c t io n o f t h e u n s t a b l e m a n i f o l d o f t h e c u r v e o f c r i t ic a lp o i n t s { ( 0 , 0 , c ) : Ic - c* I s m a l l } , s a y W - w i t h t h e s t a b l e m a n i f o l d o f t h e c u r v e

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    { ( 1 , 0 , c ) : I c - c* ] s m a l l } , s a y W + , s e e F i g u r e 1 . t h i s i n t e r s e c t i o n w i ll b e v i e w e di n t h e p l a n e u = a . I n u = a , W - is g i v e n b y t h e g r a p h o f a f u n c t i o n , s a yu 2 = h - c ) , a n d W + i s g i v e n b y th e g r a p h o f a n o t h e r f u n c t i o n , s a y u 2 = h + c ) .T h e s e c u r v e s a r e e a c h m o n o t o n e , w h i c h i s t h e u s u a l p r o o f o f t h e u n i q u e n e s so f t h e w a v e a n d i ts s p e e d , s ee f o r i n s t a n c e A r o n s o n a n d W e i n b e r g e r [ 2 ]. T h et r a n s v e r s e i n t e r s e c t i o n is r e l a t e d t o t h i s f a c t a n d i t w il l b e s h o w n s p e c i fi c a ll y i nC h a p t e r 4 t h a t t h e f o ll o w in g q u a n t i t y

    O h - O h + )0c I t=c 0. (1 .14)T h i s i s a M e l n i k o v t y p e c a l c u l a t i o n .

    u 2

    1

    w

    F i g u r e 1T h e i n t e r s e c ti o n o f t h e u n s t a b l e a n d s t a b l e m a n i f o ld s .

    T h e n e x t s t e p is t o c h ec k w h e t h e r t h is i n t e rs e c t io n p e r t u r b s t o M ~ . I n d e e d ,o n M ~ t h e r e l e v a n t u n s t a b l e a n d s t a b l e m a n i f o l d s w ill a g a i n b e g i v e n a s g r a p h s .T h e m a n i f o l d W - N { u l = a ) w i ll b e g iv e n b y u 2 = h - (c , e ) a n d W + A { U l - - a )w i ll b e g i v e n b y u 2 = - h + ( c , e ). A n i n t e r s e c t i o n p o i n t i s f o u n d b y s o l v i n g t h e s ee q u a t i o n s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y f o r u 2 = u ~ e ) a n d c - - c* ( e ). T h i s w i ll fo l l o w f r o m t h eI m p l i c i t F u n c t i o n T h e o r e m i f t h e d e t e r m i n a n t o f t h e m a t r i x

    O ho ~1a t c = c * , a n d e - - 0 , i s n o n - z e r o . B u t t h i s is e x a c t l y t h e s t a t e m e n t ( 1 . 1 4 ) .

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    5 4

    1 . 4 A t r a v e l l i n g w a v e i n s e m i c o n d u c t o r t h e o r yA n e x a m p l e d u e t o S z m o l y a n , se e [5 3], c o n c e r n i n g t h e p r o b l e m o f f i n d in g a t r a v -e ll in g w a v e in a s y s t e m o f e q u a t i o n s g o v e r n i n g t h e b e h a v i o r o f a s e m i c o n d u c t o rm a t e r i a l w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d . I n t h e f o l l o w i n g , E i s t h e e l e c t r i c f i e l d , n i s t h e t o t a lc o n c e n t r a t i o n o f al l t h e e l e c t r o n s a n d u i s t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f o n e i n d i v i d u a ls p e c i es o f e l e c t ro n s . T h e r e a r e t w o s p e c i e s o f e l e c t r o n s p r e s e n t , a n d s o t h e c o n -c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e o t h e r s p e c i es i s n - u . T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n v a r i a b l e u s a ti s fi e sa s e co n d o r d e r e q u a t i o n . W e b y p a s s th e P D E ' s a n d f o r m u l a t e i m m e d i a t e l y t h et r a v e ll i n g w a v e e q u a t io n s , w h i c h a r e t h u s a s y s t e m o f f o u r e q u a t i o n s , g i v e n b y

    U = W 2 , n - 1 (1 o l ( E ) ) u' : e ( U l ( E ) - c ) w + e u l ( E ) u ' - f ' ~ + + - nE ' : c ~n ' = c ( ~ q ( E ) u + ~ ' 2 ( E ) ( n - u ) - c n + V ) ,

    ( 1 . 15 )

    w h e r eG ( E ) = d ( E ) + o ~( E) ~'2 ( E )

    1 + c ~ ( E )T h e g r a p h o f G ( E ) w i l l b e i m p o r t a n t a n d i s g i v e n i n F i g u r e 2 .

    ( 1 . 18 )

    w h e r e ~ i ( E ) a n d a ( E ) a r e p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l l y d e t e r m i n e d , p o s i ti v e , s m o o t hf u n c t io n s , t h e e x a c t s t r u c t u r e o f w h i c h is n o t d i r e c tl y i m p o r t a n t . T h e n a t u r eo f a c e r t a in c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s e f u n c t io n s t h a t a p p e a r s in t h e s l ow e q u a t i o n sw i ll b e o f m o s t r e l e v a n c e . O f in t e r e s t w i ll b e o r b i t s o f ( 1 .1 5 ) t h a t a r e h o m o c l i n i ct o c ri t i c a l p o i n ts . T h e s e c o r r e s p o n d t o tr a v e l li n g w a v e s o f t h e o r i g in a l P D Et h a t d e c a y t o a f ix e d c o n s t a n t s t a t e a t - 4 -o o . C l e a r l y t h e v a r i a b l e s E a n d n a r es lo w , w h i l e u a n d w a r e fa s t. W e t h u s h a v e th e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e x = ( u , w ) a n dy = ( E , n ) w i t h t h e n o t a t i o n a b o v e . T h e c r i t ic a l m a n i f o l d M 0 w i ll b e g i v e n b yt h e e q u a t i o n s

    nw = 0, u - (1 .16 )1 + ~ E)a n d i s t h u s e a s i l y s e e n t o b e d e f i n e d , f o r o u r p u r p o s e s , o n a n y c o m p a c t d o m a i no f R 2 . T h e e i g e n v a l u e s o f t h e l i n e a r i z a t i o n a t a n y c r i t i c a l p o i n t o f M 0 , a p a r tf r o m t h e d o u b l e e i g e n v a l u e a t 0 , a r e (1 + a ( E ) ) 89 S i n c e (~ i s p o s i t i v e , t h e s ea r e th e n n o n - z e r o a n d t h e u n i f o r m n o r m a l h y p e r b o l i c i t y a s s u m p t i o n is s a ti sf ie d .

    T h e l i m i t i n g s lo w e q u a t i o n s i .e ., e q u a t i o n s ( 1 .7 ) f o r t h i s e x a m p l e , a r e g i v e nb y

    n - 1- ~ : 1 . 1 7 )i~ = ( G ( E ) - c ) n +

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    55

    c

    % -

    ]

    F i g u r e 2T h e g r a p h o f t h e f u n c ti o n G .

    T h e e q u a t i o n s o n t h e p e r t u r b e d m a n i f o l d M ~ , w h i c h ex i s ts b y T h e o r e m 1 f o re p o s i t i v e , b u t s u f f ic i e n tl y s m a l l , a r e g i v e n b y

    j ~ _ _ n - - 1),2 (1.19)i~ = e E ) - c ) n + 7 + 0 ~ ) .T h e g o a l is t o f in d a n o r b i t f o r ( 1 .1 9 ) t h a t i s h o m o c l i n i c t o a r e st s t a t e . T h i so r b i t w i ll b e t h e d e s i r e d t r a v e l l i n g w a v e , a s it is a h o m o c l i n i c o r b i t f o r t h e s y s t e m

    t h a t h a p p e n s t o l iv e o n M ~ . T h e s t r a t e g y is t o fi n d a h o m o c l i n i c o r b i t f o r ( 1 . i 7 )a n d p r o v e t h a t i t p e r t u r b s t o s u c h f o r ( 1. 19 ) w h e n e is s u f f ic i e n tl y s m a l l .

    W e f i r s t a n a l y z e ( 1 . 1 7 ) w h e n 3 i s a l s o s e t e q u a l t o 0 . I n t h i s c a s e a s i m p l et r a n s f o r m a t i o n c o n v e r t s i t i n t o a H a m i l t o n i a n s y s t e m , n a m e l y w e l et m = l o g n ,a n d f r o m ( 1.1 7 ) w e o b t a i n

    e T 1- ) ` 2 1 . 2 o )

    / n = G E ) - c .S i n ce th e v a r i a b l e n i s a c o n c e n t r a t i o n , w e a r e o n l y i n t e r e s t e d i n s o l u t i o n s w i t hn > 0 , a n d t h u s t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s v a l id f o r t h e s o l u t i o n s t h a t w i l l u l t i m a t e l yb e o f i n t e r e s t t o u s . I t is e a s i ly c h e c k e d t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n

    e m - mH E , m ) - A2 r ( E ) ,w h e r e F ' ( E ) = G E ) - c , i s a H a m i l t o n i a n f o r ( 1 . 2 0 ). I f c i s i n t h e i n t e r v a l ( c l , c2 ) ,s e e F i g u r e 2 , t h e n ( 1 .2 0 ) h a s 2 c r i t i c a l p o i n t s , t h e l e f t o n e b e i n g a s a d d l e , w h i c hw e d e n o t e ) , a n d t h e r i g h t o n e a c e n t e r . I t is a n e x e r c i s e ( le f t t o t h e r e a d e r - s e e[53]) t o c h e ck t h a t , f r o m t h e H a m i l t o n i a n a b o v e , o n e c a n c o n c l u d e t h e e x i s te n c eo f a n o r b i t h o m o c l i n i c t o ~), s e e F i g u r e 3 . I n p r i n c i p l e , t h i s c o u l d b e c o n c l u d e df r o m s k e t c h i n g t h e l e v e l c u r v e s o f H , b u t t h is c a n b e a v o i d e d b y i n v o k i n g s o m eq u a l i t a t i v e a r g u m e n t s a b o u t t h e n a t u r e o f t h e l e ve l c u r v e c o n t a i n i n g t h e s a d d le .

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    F i g u r eT h e h o m o c l i n i c o r b i t i n M 0 .

    O n e w o u l d n o t e x p e c t t h i s h o m o c l in i c o r b i t to s u r v i v e a p e r t u r b a t i o n , s u c ha s t o e q u a t i o n ( 1 .1 9 ) , a s i t is n o t c a u s e d b y a t r a n s v e r s a l i n t e r s e c t io n . H o w e v e r ,w e h a v e n o t u s ed t h e p a r a m e t e r 7 . U n d o i n g t h e t ra n s f o r m a t i o n w e s ee t h a t( 1 . 1 7 ) w i l l a l s o h a v e a h o m o c l i n i c o r b i t t o a s a d d l e , w h i c h , w i t h a n a b u s e o fn o t a t i o n , w e c o n t i n u e t o d e n o t e b y Y, b u t n o w ~ h a s i ts se c o n d c o o r d i n a t e g i v e nb y n = 1 . S i n ce t h i s p o i n t i s a s a d d l e a n a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e I m p l i c i t F h n c t i o nT h e o r e m s h o w s t h a t t h e r e i s a n e a r b y s a d d l e c r i t ic a l p o i n t f o r 7 s u f f ic i e n tl y s m a l l( n o t e t h a t n s t a y s e q u a l t o 1 ) . W e d e n o t e t h i s c u r v e o f c r i ti c a l p o i n t s b y C . T h en e x t s t e p i s t o s h o w t h a t t h e u n s t a b l e m a n i f o l d o f t h e c u r v e g i n t e r s e c t s i t ss t a b l e m a n i f o l d t r a n s v e r s e l y in ( E , n , 7 ) - s p a c e a t 7 = 0 (w e a p p e n d t h e e q u a t i o n7 = 0 ) . T h e r e is t h e n a h o p e o f i ts p e r t u r b i n g t o M ~.

    A s is c o m m o n in t r a n s v e r s a l i t y a r g u m e n t s , w e c o n s i d er t h e i n t e r s e c ti o n o ft h e s e m a n i f o l d s w i t h t h e s e t n = 1. A g a i n b y th e I m p l i c i t F u n c t i o n T h e o r e m ,i t is e a s i l y c h e c k e d t h a t , f o r 7 s u f f i c i e n t ly s m a l l , t h e s e i n t e r s e c t i o n s a r e , i n d e e d ,c u rv e s. W e d e n o t e t h e m b y

    E = h - ( 7 ) a n d E = h + ( 7 ) ,f o r W ~ ( C ) N { n = 1 } a n d W S ( C ) n { n = 1 } r e s p e c t i v e l y , s e e F i g u r e 4 . T h e i n t e r -s e c t i o n i s t r a n s v e r s a l i f

    M - - a h + a h - )k o r 07 I-~=o O. ( 1 . 21 )T h i s i s a t y p e o f M e l n i k o v c a l c u la t i o n a n d c a n b e c h e c k e d to h o l d. T h e r e a d e ri s a s k e d t o h a v e f a i t h t h a t s u c h a r e s u l t h o l d s , o r c a n c o n s u l t [5 3].

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    7

    G 7 ) / W

    _-f

    W

    Figure 4The The stable and unstable manifolds in n : 1.

    It remains t o show tha t, for some 7, there is a homoclinic orbit for (1.19). Bythe same argument as above the saddle perturbs for all 7 and e sufficiently small.We now think of the system (1.19) with equations for 0' and e appended. Theunst able manifold of this surface of critical points, call it again W ~, will intersectits stable manifold W ~ when ? : 0. We wish to find a curve of intersections givenby 0' as a function of e. If W ~ is given by E = h - (7 , e), and W ~ by E : h+ (v , e),inside the set n : 1. We need to simultaneously solve the equa tions

    E - h- (v ,e ) = 0 (1.22)E-h +(7,e ) =0 ,by E and 7 as funct ions of e. This can be achieved, by the Implic it Funct ionTheorem, exactly when the determinant of the matrix

    1 O h _ . _ . -03

    is non-zero. But this is, again, exactly the condition M ~ 0. The transversalitycondition thus indeed supplies us with a homoclinic orbit.

    A note on nota tion used in the examples is in order here. Man y of theexamples have the goal of finding travelling waves of a certa in PDE. We usuallyuse the variable ( for the travelling wave variable i.e., ~ = x - c t , as the variablet has a meaning in the original PDE. However, we shall abuse the notationhere and always revert to independent variables that conform to our generalframework, once the O DE 's in a given example are derived. As a result thevariable t may have nothing to do with time in the original PDE.

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    T h e a b o v e e x a m p l e s ar e p le a s in g a p p l i c a t i o n s o f G S P b u t d o n o t u s e t h ep e r t u r b a t i o n t h a t is s u p p l ie d b y t h e o r ig i n a l e q u a t i o n s t o t h e e q u a t i o n o n t h es lo w m a n i f o l d . I n d e e d , a l l t h e i n f o r m a t i o n is p r e s e n t in t h e l i m i t i n g sl o w e q u a t i o na n d i t is m e r e l y c h ec k e d t h a t t h e o b j e c t o f i n t e re s t , n a m e l y t h e h o m o c l i n ic o rh e t e r o c li n i c o r b it , is n o t d e s t r o y e d b y th e p e r t u r b a t i o n . I n t h e n e x t s u b s e c t i o n ,w e c o n s i d e r a n a p p l i c a t i o n t h a t a c t u a l l y u s e s t h e p e r t u r b i n g t e r m s i.e ., th e o r d e re t e r m s f o r t h e e q u a t i o n s o n M ~ to c r e a t e t h e h o m o c l i n i c o r b i t.

    1 .5 S o l i t a r y w a v e s o f t h e K d V K S e q u a t i o nW e s h a l l b a s e t h i s s e c t i o n o n a p a p e r b y O g a w a , s e e [ 4 7 ] . T h e r e s u l t s , a n d a p -p r o a c h , a r e v e r y s i m i l a r in s p i r i t t o t h e w o r k o f E r c o l a n i e t a l ., s ee [ 13 ], e x c e p tt h a t i n t h e l a t t e r w o r k p e r i o d i c o r b i t s a r e c o n s i d e r e d . T h e b a s i c e q u a t i o n s a r ea p e r t u r b e d f o r m o f t h e K o r t e w e g - d e V r i e s e q u a t i o n s . T h e h i g h e r o r d e r t e r m sp e r t u r b i n g t h e K d V p a r t a r e c h a r a c te r i s t ic o f t h e K u r a m o t o - S i v a s h i n s k y e q u a-t i o n s , a n d t h e f u ll m o d e l h a s a r i s e n in a n u m b e r o f p l a c e s, in c l u d i n g in m o d e l so f s h a l l o w w a t e r o n t i l t e d p l a n e s , s e e [ 56 ]. T h e p a r t i a l d i f f e re n t i a l e q u a t i o n s a r et h e n

    U t + U U ~ + U x ~ + e ( U x ~ + U ~ x ~ ) = 0, (1 .23)w h e r e x 6 R a n d t > 0 . W e s e e k t r a v e l l i n g w a v e s o l u t i o n s o f ( 1 .2 3 ) . T h e s e w i llb e s o l u t i o n s o f (1 .2 3 ) t h a t a r e f u n c t i o n s o f t h e s in g l e v a r i a b l e ~ = x - c t . W ea r e s p e c i fi c a ll y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h o s e t h a t a r e a s y m p t o t i c t o th e r e s t s t a t e u = 0a s ~ ---* + o o , t h e s e w i l l t h e n b e s o l i t a r y w a v e s . T h e w a v e U = U ( ~ ) m u s t s a t i s f yt h e O D E

    c U 1 ) - -[ - V V 1 ) -g r- V 3 ) - ~ - c U 2 ) -~ - V 4 ) ) : O , ( 1 . 24 )w h e r e (1) = ~ . U s i n g t h e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n a t - o o , ( 1.2 4 ) c a n b e i n t e g r a t e do n c e t o y i e l d t h e e q u a t i o n

    )c U + - ~ - + U 2) + e U 1) + U 3 ) = 0 . 1 . 2 5 )T h i s , i n t u r n , w e r e w r i t e a s a s y s t e m o f O D E s , w h e r e i n u = U / c

    e@V

    = w ( 1 . 26 ))...L_: ~ c U - - - 2 - - - w - - v ~ ,N o t e t h e l o c at io n o f t h e s m a l l p a r a m e t e r e m e a n sh e r e = d a n d 7- = v f c~ .

    t h a t ( 1.2 6 ) i s a l r e a d y f o r m u l a t e d o n a sl ow t i m e s c al e. T h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g f a s te q u a t i o n s a r e

    U I = sv ' = e w 1 . 2 7 )W r : U - - 7 - - w - - ~ /~ 9

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    5 9

    T h e c r i ti c a l m a n i f o l d M 0 is g i v e n b y t h e c o n d i t i o n s w = u - ~ s u i t a b l y r e s t r i c t e dt o a n y c o m p a c t d o m a i n K o f ( u , v ) sp a c e . S i n c e ( 1 .2 7 ) h a s o n l y t h r e e e q u a t i o n s ,t h e r e i s o n l y o n e n o r m a l d i r e c t io n t o t h i s 2 - d i m e n s i o n a l m a n i fo l d . T h e d e r i v a t i v eo f t h e f as t p a r t i n t h e w - d i r ec t i o n is - 1 / v ~ a n d h e n c e M 0 is n o r m a l l y h y p e r b o l i c ,i n f a c t a t t r a c t i n g . F e n i c h e l s In v a r i a n t M a n i fo l d T h e o r e m t h e n g u a r a n t e e s t h ee x i s t e n c e o f M ~ . T h e f lo w o n M ~ is f o u n d b y w r i t in g o u t ( 1 .6 ) f o r t h i s c a s e

    1 . 2 8 )2= u - T + O e ) .T h i s e q u a t i o n h a s t h e l i m i t i n g f o r m , o n M 0 , o f

    = v 2 (1 .29)~ - - - - u - - - - 2w h i c h c a n b e e a s i ly a n a l y z e d a s it is a s i m p l e o n e - d e g r e e o f f r e e d o m H a m i l t o n i a ns y s t e m . I n d e e d , ( 1 . 2 9 ) h a s a h o m o c l i n i c o r b i t t o t h e c r i ti c a l p o i n t ( 0 , 0 ) , s e eF i g u r e 5 .

    F i g u r eT h e h o m o c l i n ic o r b i t in M 0 .

    H o w e v e r , i t i s i n e v i t a b l y n o t t r a n s v e r s a l . M o r e o v e r , th e c o n s t a n t c o f fe r s n or e l ie f t o t h i s d i l e m m a a s i t d o e s n o t e n t e r i n t o ( 1 .2 9 ) . T h i s is t h e p o i n t a t w h i c ht h i s e x a m p l e d e p a r t s f r o m i ts s i m i l a ri t y t o t h o s e o f t h e p r e c e d i n g s ec t io n s . W em u s t t h e n c o n s i d e r t h e O ( e ) t e r m s i n ( 1 .2 8 ) . W e k n o w t h a t M ~ is g i v e n b y af u n c t i o n w = h u , v , c ) a n d , b y s m o o t h n e s s , c a n b e e x p a n d e d i n c, s o t h a t

    u 2w = u - - - + e h l u , v ) + O( e 2 ) . ( 1 .30 )

    2W e n e e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e t e r m h l u , v ) , w h i c h i s a l s o l i k e l y t o d e p e n d o n t h ep a r a m e t e r c. T h e o n l y r e m a i n i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t M ~ is t h e l o c a l i n v a r ia n c er e l a ti v e t o t h e e q u a t i o n a n d t h i s m u s t t h e n b e u s e d t o e v a l u a t e h i .

    T o t h i s e n d , w e d i f f e r e n t i a t e ( 1 .3 0 )w = u - uu + ~ \-5-u-u + 0 v / + O(~2) (1 .3 1)

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    W e s u b s t i t u t e t h e e x p r e s s i o n s f o r u ~, v ' a n d w , f r o m ( 1 .2 8 ) , a n d a ls o th e e x p r e s -s i o n f o r w , g i v e n b y ( 1 . 3 0 ) i n t o ( 1 .3 1 ) , a n d , a f t e r c a n c e l l i n g t h e O ( 1 ) t e r m s , w eh a v e - ( ~ h l + 0 ( c 2 ) ) - v = c v - c u r + O ( e 2 ) . ( 1 .3 2 )E q u a t i n g t h e t e r m s o f O ( e ) i n (1 .3 2 ) w e o b t a i n

    h l - ~ V / C ( U V - v ( l + - - - ~ ) ) . ( 1 . 3 3 )W e c a n n o t e x p e c t ( 1 . 28 ) t o h a v e a h o m o c l i n i c o r b i t f o r c e d m e r e l y b y a d d i n gt h e O ( r t e r m . T h e p a r a m e t e r c w i l l a l s o n e e d t o b e u s e d , i n t h e j a r g o n : i tis a c o d i m e n s i o n t w o p r o b l e m . W e s h a ll a u g m e n t t h e s y s t e m ( 1. 28 ) w i t h b o t he q u a t i o n s f o r e a n d c

    ~ V u 2 1 ) )i~ = u - T + e v G u - 1 + ~~ = 0~ = 0 .

    v + O ~ ~ ) ( 1 . 3 4 )

    W e s e ek h o m o c l i n i c o r b i t s fo r (1 . 3 4 ) w i t h s m a l l c. T h e s e w i ll b e f o u n d a t v a l u e so f c t h a t d e p e n d o n c. F r o m t h e o r i g in a l e q u a t i o n s o n e c a n se e t h a t 0 r e m a i n sa c r i t ic a l p o i n t a n d m u s t l ie o n M ~ ( w h y ? ) . W e t h u s l o o k f o r o r b i t s h o m o c l i n i ct o 0 . T h e c r i ti c a l p o i n t 0 c a n , i n re f e r e n c e t o ( 1 . 3 4) , b e c o n s t r u e d a s a s u r f a c eo f c r i t ic a l p o i n t s , s a y 8 , p a r a m e t r i z e d b y c , e. T h i s i n t u r n s p a w n s a n u n s t a b l em a n i f o l d W ~ ( 8 ) a n d s t a b l e m a n i f o l d W ~ ( 8 ) w h i c h m e e t i n a c u r v e a t e = 0 ,n a m e l y t h e h o m o c l i n i c o r b i t s f o u n d a l re a d y , s e e F i g u r e 5 . I n t h e se t v = 0w e p a r a m e t r i z e W u a n d W ~ r e sp e c t iv e l y , n e a r t h e i n t e r s e c t io n a w a y f r o m t h ec r i t i c a l p o i n t , a s u = h - ( c , c ) a n d u = h + ( c, c ).

    W e n e x t d e f i n ed ( c , e ) = h - ( c , c ) - h + ( c , c ) ,

    a n d o b s e r v e t h a t z e r o e s o f d r e n d e r h o m o c l i n i c o rb i t s . S i n ce t h e r e a r e h o m o c l i n i co r b i t s i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f c w h e n e = 0 , w e h a v e t h a t d( c , 0 ) = 0 , a n d t h u s t h a td(c , e) = ed(c , ~) . T h e M e l n i k o v f u n c t i o n i s h e r e g i v e n b yo h + o h - )d ( c , O ) = M ( c ) = \ O e cge ] ~= o . ( 1 . 3 5 )I t is a s i m p l e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e I m p l i c i t F u n c t i o n T h e o r e m t o se e t h a t t h e r ei s a c u r v e o f h o m o c l i n i c o r b i t s g i v e n b y c = c ( e ) f o r e s m a l l , i f t h e r e e x i s t s a c( = c ( 0 ) ) , a t w h i c h

    M ( c ) = 0 a n d M ' ( c ) O . ( 1 . 3 6 )T h e f u n c t i o n M ( c ) c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d e x p l ic i tl y , s e e L e c t u r e 3 b e l o w , a s

    - c / ~ 2 _ 1 . 3 7 )M ( c ) = a o~ '

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    w h e r e u c o m e s f r o m t h e u n d e r l y i n g , a l r e a d y k n o w n , h o m o c l i n ic o r b i t a n d a ~ 0 .I t is c l e a r t h e n t h a t 1 . 36 ) a t a u n i q u e v a l u e o f c .

    I t is i n t e r e s t in g t o n o t e in t h is a p p l i c a t i o n t h a t t h e p e r t u r b i n g t e r m s s u p p l ya s p e e d se l e ct io n t h a t is n o t e v i d e n t w i t h o u t t h e m . T h e r e d u c e d e q u a t i o n si .e ., t h o s e o n M 0 , a r e t h e t r a v e ll i n g w a v e e q u a t i o n s f o r t h e K d V e q u a t i o n . N op a r t i c u l a r s p e e d f o r t h i s e q u a t i o n i s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e t r a v e l l i n g w a v e s a s t h e ye x i st at e v e r y s p e ed . H o w e v e r , w h e n t h e p e r t u r b i n g t e r m s , s u p p l ie d b y t h eK u r a m o t o - S i v a s h i n s k y fo r m u l a t i o n , a r e a d d e d a sp e c if ic w a v e s p e e d is se l e c te d .

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    62

    C h a p t e rn v a r i a n t M a n i f o l d

    T h e o r e m sF e n i c h e l ' s T h e o r e m a s s t a t e d i n t h e f i rs t l e c t u r e g i v e s u s o n l y p a r t o f t h e p i c t u r ei n a n e i g h b o r h o o d o f a s lo w m a n i f o l d . T h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e s l o w m a n i f o l d i sg u a r a n t e e d b y th e T h e o r e m a n d t h e e q u a t io n o n th e m a n i f o ld c an b e c o m p u t e da s s h o w n i n t h e e x a m p l e s . H o w e v e r , a t t h i s p o i n t , w e k n o w n o t h i n g o f t h e f lo wo f f t h e s l o w m a n i f o l d a n d t h i s m u s t n o w b e a d d r e s s e d . O u r g o a l h e r e is t h ed e r i v a t i o n o f a n o r m a l f o r m , t h a t w e s h a ll c a ll F e n ic h e l N o r m a l F o r m f o r t h ee q u a t i o n s n e a r a s lo w m a n i f o l d . T h i s g o a l w i ll b e r e a c h e d in t h e t h i r d l e c t u r e . I nt h i s l e c t u r e , F e n i c h e l ' s S e c o n d T h e o r e m t h a t d e s c r i b e s t h e s t a b l e a n d u n s t a b l em a n i f o l d s o f a sl ow m a n i f o l d w ill b e p r e s e n te d . T h e s e a r e p e r t u r b a t i o n s o f t h es t a b l e a n d u n s t a b l e m a n i f o l d s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f t h e c r i ti c a l m a n i f o l d . T h e y a r er e l a t e d t o t h o s e i n v a r i a n t m a n i f o ld s i n t h e s a m e w a y t h a t t h e s l o w m a n i f o l d isr e l a t e d t o t h e c r i t i c a l m a n i f o l d .

    2 1 S t a b l e a n d u n s t a b l e m a n i f o l d sT h e s l o w m a n i f o l d d i s c u s s e d i n t h e f i r s t l e c t u r e p o s s e s s e s a t t e n d a n t s t a b l e a n du n s t a b l e m a n i fo l d s t h a t a r e p e r t u r b a t i o n s o f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g m a n i fo l d s w h e n

    = 0 . T h e f o ll o w i n g t h e o r e m h o l d s u n d e r ( H 1 ) - ( H 3 ) a n d it s c o n c l u s i o n isd e p i c t e d i n F i g u r e 6 .T h e o r e m 3 ( F e n i c h e l I n v a r i a n t M a n i f o l d T h e o r e m 2 ) I f c > 0 bu t suJ : f i -c i en t ly s m a l l, t h er e e x i s t m a n i f o ld s W S M ~ ) a n d W U M ~ ) t h a t lie w i t h i n O c )o f, a n d ar e d i f f e o m o r p h i c t o , W S M o ) a n d W U M o ) r e s p e ct iv e ly . M o r e o v e r , t h e ya r e e a c h lo c a ll y i n v a r i a n t u n d e r 1 . 1 ) , a n d C r , i n c l u d i n g i n e , f o r a n y r < + c o .

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    ME

    M

    63

    F i g u r e 6T h e s l o w m a n i f o l d a n d i t s s t a b l e a n d u n s t a b l e m a n i f o l d s .

    T h e F e n i ch e l N o r m a l F o r m w ill b e p r o d u c e d t h r o u g h a se ri es o f c o o r d i n a t ec h a n g e s . I n i ti a ll y , th e s e w i ll b e m a d e w i t h t h e p u r p o s e o f f a c i l i t a t i n g t h e p r o o f so f t h e t h e o r e m s . T h e f i n al se t o f c o o r d i n a t e c h a n g e s w i ll f ol lo w f r o m t h e t h e o r e m st h e m s e l v e s . W e s h a l l r e s t r i c t , a s s t a t e d e a r l ie r , t o t h e c a s e o f c r i t ic a l m a n i f o l d st h a t a r e g i v e n a s g r a p h s .

    W i t h o u t l os s o f g e n e r a li ty , w e ca n a s s u m e t h a t h ~ = 0 f o r a l l y E K .I n d e e d , w e c a n r e p l a c e x b y 5c = x - h ~ a n d r e c o m p u t e t h e e q u a t i o n s . F o r e a c hp o i n t y E K , t h e r e a r e s u b s p a c e s S ( y ) a n d U ( y ) , c o r r e s p o n d i n g , r e s p e ct iv e l y , t os t a b l e a n d u n s t a b l e e i g en v a l ue s . S i nc e t h e e i g en v a l u es a r e b o u n d e d u n i f o r m l ya w a y fr o m t h e i m a g i n a r y a x i s o v e r K , t h e d i m e n s i o n s o f S ( y ) a n d U ( y ) a r ei n d e p e n d e n t o f y . L e t d i m S ( y ) = m a n d d i m U ( y ) = k. S i n c e K i s s i m p l y -c o n n e c t e d b y ( H 3 ) , w e c a n s m o o t h l y c h o o s e b a s e s f o r S ( y ) a n d U ( y ) . C h a n g i n gt h e c o o r d i n a t e s t o b e i n t e r m s o f t h e s e n e w b a s e s , w e c a n s e t x = ( a , b ), w h e r ea E R k a n d b C R m , s o t h a t o u r e q u a t i o n s h a v e t h e f o r m

    a = A ( y ) a + F l ( x , y , e )b = B ( y ) b + F 2 ( x , y , e ) (2 .1)y = c g ( x , y , e ) ,

    w h e r e th e s p e c t r u m o f t h e m a t r i x A ( y ) l i es i n t he s e t { A : T ~( A ) > 0} a n d t hes p e c t r u m o f t h e m a t r i x B ( y ) l ie s i n { A : ~ ( ) ~ ) < 0} . B o t h F 1 a n d F 2 a r e h i g he ro r d e r i n x a n d e ; t o b e p r e c i s e , w e h a v e t h e e s t i m a t e s

    lev i < 7( I x l + c ) , (2 .2)i = 1 , 2 a n d y c a n b e t a k e n t o b e a s s m a l l a s d e s i re d b y r e s t r i c t i n g t o a s e t w i t hl a l a n d b l s m a l l .

    W i t h t h i s n o t a t i o n e s t a b l is h e d , w e c a n d e t e r m i n e W S ( M ~ ) a n d W U ( M ~ ) a sg r a p h s a n d g i ve t h e f o ll o w in g r e s t a t e m e n t o f T h e o r e m 3T h e o r e m 4 I f e > 0 is su]~ficiently sm all , the n, fo r so m e A > O,

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    a ) t h e r e is a f u n c t i o n a = h s b , y , c ) d e f in e d f o r y E K a n d Ibl < A , s o t h a tthe graph

    W S M ~ ) = { a , b , y ) : a = h ~ b , y , e ) }i s loca lly i nvar ian t und er 2 . 1 ) . M oreover , h~ b , y , e ) i s C r in b , y , ) f o ra n y r < + ~ .

    b) the re i s a fu nc t io n b = h~ a , y , c ) de f ined fo r y C K and lal

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    65

    T h e p r o o f s g i v e n h e r e a r e a n e x t r e m e g e o m e t r i c v e r si o n o f F e n ic h e l' s. M a n yo f t h e i d ea s l y i n g b e h i n d t h e p r o o f s w e r e l e a r n t b y t h e a u t h o r f r o m C o n l e y i nh is le c t u r e s o n d y n a m i c a l s y s t e m s a t W i s c o n si n . T h e y h a v e al so b e e n u s e d b yM c G e h e e [4 2 ] a n d B a t e s a n d J o n e s [3] i n t h e c a s e o f s i n g le f ix e d p o i n t s .

    2 2 P r e p a r a t i o n o f e q u a t i o n sT h e s e t K w i ll n e e d t o b e s o m e w h a t e n l a r g e d . S i n c e M 0 i s g i v e n b y h ~w h i c h is a s s u m e d t o b e C ~162 n K , w h i c h i s c o m p a c t , a s e t / ~ c a n b e f o u n ds o t h a t K C i n t / ~ a n d h ~ i s d e f i n e d , a n d C ~ f o r a l l y 9 / ~ . M o r e o v e r ,]~Io = { ( x , y ) : x = h ~ 9 is a s e t o f c r i ti c a l p o i n t s a n d w e c a n c h o o s e/ ~ s o t h a t ~ / 0 i s n o r m a l l y h y p e r b o l i c .

    T h e e q u a t i o n s w i ll b e f u r t h e r p r e p a r e d b e f o r e th e p r o o f s c a n b e gi ve n . T h ec o o r d i n a t e s g i v e n a b o v e i n t e r m s o f a a n d b s e p a r a t e t h e s t a b le a n d u n s t a b l ep a r t s , b u t d o n o t n e c e s s ar il y g i ve g o o d e s t i m a t e s f o r d e c a y a n d g r o w t h . W e s ett h e q u a n t i t i e s )~+ > 0 a n d ~ _ < 0 s o t h a t

    A+ < TE(A) f o r a n y / k 9 a ( A ( y ) ) a n d y 9 ( 2 .3 )

    A_ > T~()~) fo r a ny ~ 9 a ( B ( y ) ) a n d y 9 ( 2 .4 )W e s h a ll r e fi n e t h e c o o r d i n a t e s f o r a a n d b s o t h a t a p p r o p r i a t e d e c a y e s t im a t e s

    o n t h e l i n e a r p a r t s a r e e x p o s e d .L e m m a 1 Coo rd ina t es can be chosen so t ha t , i n t he new inn er p roduc t , t hef o l l o w i n g e s t i m a t e s h o l d

    < a , A (y )a > > )~+ < a , a >, ( 2 .5 )< b , B ( y ) b > < ~ _ < b , b > . ( 2 .6 )

    P r o o f T h e c o o r d i n a t e s c an b e f o u n d lo c a ll y u s in g e - J o r d a n fo r m . T h e s e c a n b ep a t c h e d t o g e t h e r o v e r a ll o f K u s i n g a p a r t i t i o n o f u n i t y .

    I n a ll p r o o f s o f t h e C e n t e r M a n i fo l d T h e o r e m a m o d i f i c a ti o n h a s t o b e m a d et o t h e e q u a t i o n i n t h e c e n t e r d i r e c ti o n s . T h i s s e r v e s t h e p u r p o s e o f m i t i g a t i n g i t sn e u t r a l c h a r a c t e r . W e m u s t p e r f o r m t h e s a m e m o d i f i ca t i o n h e r e t o d e a l w i t h t h es lo w d i r e c t i o n s , w h i c h a r e , ef f ec t iv e l y , c e n t e r d i r e c t i o n s . T h e s e t / ~ c a n f u r t h e rb e c h o s e n s o t h a t i t s b o u n d a r y is g i v en b y t h e c o n d i t i o n t ) (y ) = 0 f o r s o m e C ~f u n c t i o n t~ (y ) a n d ~ ( y ) s a t i sf i e s V ~ ( y ) ~ 0 f o r a l l y E 0 / ( . T h e f u n c t i o n ~ ( y ) isa s s u m e d t o h a v e b e e n n o r m a l i z e d so t h a t V t ~( y) = n y is a u n i t o u t w a r d n o r m a lf o r a / ~ . W e l e t p ( y ) b e a C ~ f u n c t i o n t h a t h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g v a l u e s

    1 if y e K c, (2 .7)0(Y) = 0 i f y 9 K ,

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    T h e e x i s t e n c e o f s u c h a f u n c t i o n c a n b e a c h i e v e d l o c a l ly w i t h a C ~ 17 6u m p f u n c -t i o n a n d t h e n t h e fu l l f u n c t i o n i s c r e a t e d w i t h a p a r t i t i o n o f u n i ty . W e n o wm o d i f y th e t h i r d e q u a t i o n o f (2 .1 ) b y a d d i n g t h e t e r m 5 p ( y ) n y , w h e r e 5 i s s o m en u m b e r t h a t r e m a i n s t o b e c h o s e n .

    W e s h a ll n e ed t o a p p e n d a n e q u a t i o n f o r t h e s m a l l p a r a m e t e r e. H o w e v e r ,f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f m a k i n g e s t i m a t e s l a te r , w e s h a ll a c t u a l l y u s e a m u l t i p l e o f ea s t h e n e w a u x i l i a r y v a r i a b l e . T h u s , w e s e t c = 77a a n d a p p e n d t h e e q u a t i o n~/ = 0 t o t h e s y s t e m ( 2 .1 ) . W e t h e n a r r i v e a t t h e s y s t e m

    a = A ( y ) a + F l ( x , y , e )b = B ( y ) b + F 2 ( x , y , e ) (2 .8)y = T a g ( x , y , e ) + 5 p ( y ) n y~ = O,

    i n w h i c h i t i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t x is a f u n c t i o n o f a a n d b , a n d e i s a f u n c t i o no f ~ . C l e a r l y i f T h e o r e m 4 is r e s t a t e d w i t h e r e p l a c e d b y y a n d p r o v e d i nt h a t f o r m u l a t io n , t h e o r i g in a l v e r s io n o f T h e o r e m 4 c a n e a si ly b e r e c a p t u r e d b ys u b s t i t u t i n g e b a c k i n.

    2 3 P r o o f o f T h e o r e m 4W e a r e n o w r e a d y f o r t h e p r o o f o f T h e o r e m 4 . T h e s t r a t e g y w i ll b e to f in d af u n c t i o n a = h ~ ( b , y , ~ ) d e f i n e d fo r y C / ~ a n d t h e n r e s t r i c t i t t o K , w h e r e t h en e w e q u a t i o n a g r e e s w i t h t h e o l d a s p = 0 i n K .P r o o f T h e f i rs t s t e p i s t o se t t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d o f ~ / 0 in w h i c h w e s h a l l w o r k .T h e n e i g h b o r h o o d w ill b e c a l l e d / 9 a n d i s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e c o n d i ti o n s:

    D e f i n e t h e s e ty e K l a l _< A , I b l _< A , ,q C [O, qo] .

    F 8 = { ( a , b , y , ~ ) : ( a , b , y , q ) . t E D , f o r a l l t > 0 } . . ( 2 .9 )W e s h a ll p r o v e t h a t F s i s t h e g r a p h o f a f u n c t i o n g i v e n b y a in t e r m s o f t h er e m a i n i n g v a r i a b l e s a n d t h i s w i l l b e t h e f u n c t i o n h ~ ( b , y , ~ ) . T h e n e x t s t e p ^ i st o s h o w t h a t F 8 c o n t a i n s t h e g r a p h o f a f u n c t i o n . S e t ( = ( b, y , 7/) a n d l e t D rd e n o t e t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n o f / 9 a t f ix e d r = r

    a s d e p i c t e d i n F i g u r e 7 .

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    7

    ~=(b,y,e)A

    D ^

    F i g u r e 7T h e n e i g h b o r h o o d D a n d t h e c r o ss - se c ti o n .

    W e n e e d t o s h o w t h a t t h e r e i s a t l e a s t o n e p o i n t ( a , r e / ) f o r w h i c h ( a , r E/ ) f o r a l l t > 0 . T o a c h i e v e t h i s , t h e W a z e w s k i P r i n c i p l e i s u s e d . L e t b + b e t h ei m m e d i a t e e x i t s e t o f / P a n d / ~ 0 b e t h e e v e n t u a l e x it se t. I f / ) + is c lo s ed r e l a ti v et o b ~ t h e n / 9 is c a l le d W a z e w s k i s e t a n d t h e m a p W : /~ 0 ~ / ~ + t h a t t a k e se a c h p o i n t t o t h e f ir s t f r o m w h i c h i t e x i t s /9 , is c o n t i n u o u s . W e n e e d t o c h e c kt h e b o u n d a r y o f / ) a n d f i n d t h e i m m e d i a t e e x i t s e t .l a b = A < a , a > = 2 { < a , A ( y ) a > + < a , F 1 > } ,

    > 2 { A + A 2 _ A A + t 0 ) } ,u s i n g L e m m a 1 a n d ( 2 .2 ) . I f t 0 is c h o s e n l es s t h a n A , w e s e e t h a t

    < a , a > > 2 (A + - 2 7 ) A 2 > O ,

    (2 .10)

    2.11)i f 7 i s c h o s e n s m a l l e n o u g h , w h i c h c a n b e a c h i e v e d b y c h o o s i n g A a n d s o s u ff i-c i e n t l y s m a l l . T h e s e t lal = A i s t h e n a p a r t o f t h e i m m e d i a t e e x i t s e t , a s la li n c r e a s e s t h e r e .Ibl = A:I t c a n b e e n s i m i l a r l y t h a t , w i t h s m a l l e n o u g h A a n d e 0 ,

    < b, b > l < 0 .

    y o_f(:< y , n y > = e < g ( x , y , e ) , n y > + 6 < n y , n y > ,

    s in c e o n 0 K p = 1. S e t t in g M = s u p b { M , I Dg]} , t h e a b o v e c an b e e s t i m a t e da s

    < y , n y > > 5 - e o M > O,

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    i f 5 > e o M , w h i c h c a n b e a s s u m e d a s 5 w a s a r b i t r a r y .

    b o t h o f t h e s e s e ts a r e i n v a r i a n t a n d t h u s r e n d e r n e i t h e r e n t r a n c e n o r e x i t s et s .T h e i m m e d i a t e e x i t s e t i s t h u s s e e n t o b e t h e s e t l a l - - A , a n d / ) i s e a s i l y

    c h e c k e d t o b e a W a z e w s k i se t . T h e s e t /9 r i s a b a ll o f d i m e n s i o n k . S u p p o s et h a t F s ~ / P ~ = 0 , t h e n / 9~ C / ~0 a n d / )~ l ie s i n t h e d o m a i n o f t h e W a z e w s k im a p W , s o , r e s t ri c t i n g W , w e h a v e

    w : D ~ - ~ = {ra l = A } .I f we f o l low th i s by a p r o j e c t io n 7 r( a, ~ ) = a , w e se e t ha t ~r o W m a p s a k - ba l lo n t o i ts b o u n d a r y , w h i l e k e e p in g t h a t b o u n d a r y f ix e d . T h i s c o n t r a d i c t s t h e N o -R e t r a c t T h e o r e m , w h i c h is e q u i v a le n t t o t h e B r o u w e r F i x e d - P o i n t T h e o r e m , se e,f o r i n s t a n c e , [ 4 1 ]. T h u s t h e r e i s a p o i n t i n / ) ~ N F ~ . S i n c e r w a s a r b i t r a r y , t h i sg i v e s , a t l e a s t , o n e v a l u e f o r a a s a f u n c t i o n o f (b , y , 7 ) , a n d w e n a m e i t h s ( b , y , 7 ) .

    T h e n e x t s t e p w i ll b e t o s h o w t h a t t h e g r a p h o f t h e a b o v e d e r i v e d f u n c t i o ni s a l l o f F ~ . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , i t w il l b e s h o w n t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n i s, i n f a c t ,L i p s c h i tz w i t h L i p s c h it z c o n s t a n t e q u a l t o 1 . A c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n t h e g r o w t hr a t e s i n d i f fe r e n t d i r e c t i o n s w il l b e d e r i v e d in t h e n e x t l e m m a . L e t ( a i ( t ) , ~ ( t ) ) ,i = 1 , 2 b e t w o s o l u t i o n s o f ( 2 . 8 ), s e t A a = a 2 ( t ) - a l ( t ) a n d A ~ = ~ 2 t ) - ~ l t ) .F u r t h e r , w e d e f i n e

    M ( t ) = IA a l ~ - I A r ~ .L e m m a 2 I f M ( t ) = 0 t h e n M ( t ) > O, a s lo n g a s th e t w o s o l u t io n s s t a y i n D ,u n l e s s A a = 0 .P r o o f T h e l e m m a f ol lo w s f r o m e s t i m a t e s t h a t w e w i ll m a k e o n e ac h o f t h eq u a n t i t i e s < A a , A a > e t c. T h e e q u a t i o n f or A a is

    A a = A ( y 2 )a 2 - A ( y l ) a l + F l ( x 2 , y 2 , ~ 2 a ) - F l ( x l , y l , ~ l a ) , ( 2 .12 )w h i c h w e r e w r i t e a s

    w h e r e

    a n d

    A a = A ( y 2 ) A a + [A(y2) - A ( y l ) ] a l + A x F 1 + A y F 1 + A e F1 , (2 .1 3)

    AxF1 =F x2,y2,e2) -Fl Xl,y2,e2),AyF1 =F l xl,y2 ,c2) -F, x~,yl,~2)A e F 1 = F l ( X l , y l , c 2 ) - F l ( X l , y l , e l ) .

    U s i n g t h e f a c t t h a t F 1 in v o l v e s o n l y h i g h e r o r d e r t e r m s , o n e c a n d e r i v e th ee s t i m a t e s

    I A x F l l

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    a n d[ACFl l < a 7 [ /X~l , (2 .15)

    w h e r e i n ~ c a n b e m a d e a s sm a l l a s d e si re d b y r e d u c i n g t h e d e f in i n g p a r a m e t e r so f / ) . S in c e F l ( 0 , y , 0 ) = 0 , w e c a n w r i teF ~ x ,y ,~ ) = xP ~ ~ ,y ,~ ) + ~ z , y , ~ ) ,

    f r o m w h i c h w e o b t a i n t h e e s t i m a t eI /x~ f~ l ~ C { A I A y l + ~ 0 I A y l } . ( 2 .16 )

    W e c a n e s t i m a t e < A a , A a > r = 2 < A a I, A a > b y ta k i n g t h e i n n e r p r o d u c t o f( 2. 13 ) w i t h A a . E a c h t e r m c a n t h e n b e e s t i m a t e d u s i n g L e m m a 1 , ( 2 .1 4 ) , (2 .1 6 ),( 2 .1 5 ) a n d t h e c o n t i n u i t y o f A i n y . W e t h e n o b t a i n

    < A a , , A a > ~ A + I A a l 2 - { c l A I A y l I /X a l + 7 I /X x l I /X a l +c 2 ( A + e 0 ) I / ~ y l I /X a l + a 7 I /x n l I A a l } , (2 .17)f o r s o m e c o n s t a n t s c 1 a n d c2 . W e c a n b o u n d I A x l b y c 3 ( I A a l + IA bD a n d e a c ht e r m w i t h IA bl, I A y l o r IA ~I b y [A { I. T h e e s t i m a t e ( 2 .1 7 ) c a n t h e n b e w r i t t e ns

    < A a , A a > _ > 2 (A + - ~ 1 ) I A a l 2 - / ~ 2 ] /Xa l I /x41 , (2 .18)w h e r e ~1 a n d ~ 2 c a n b e m a d e s m a l l . I f M t ) = 0 , w e c a n t h e n r e p l a c e IA ~ It h r o u g h o u t b y [ A a I. T h e n e t r e s u l t i s t h a t

    < A a , A a > > 2 { A+ - (~ 1 + ~ 2 ) } I A a l 2 . ( 2 . 1 9 )N o t e t h a t i f A a n d e0 a r e c h o s e n s u f f i c ie n t l y sm M 1 , t h e n t h e c o e f f i c ie n t o f I A a l 2i n (2 . 1 9 ) c a n b e m a d e p o s i t i v e , s a y g r e a t e r t h a n A + - ~ .

    T h e e s t i m a t e o n I A ~ I m u s t b e b r o k e n d o w n i n t o p i e c e s . I n a s i m i l a r f a s h i o nt o t h e a b o v e w e c a n e s t i m a t e

    < / X b , /X b > ~ 2 { A _ + ~ } I /X a l2 , ( 2 .20 )w h e r e a c a n b e m a d e a s sm a l l a s d e s i re d b y c h o o s i n g t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f t h en e i g h b o r h o o d s m a ll . W e c an w r i t e, a s a b o v e ,

    A y = a A q g ( x 2 , Y 2, 2 a) + z /a { A ~ g + A y g + A c g }+ 5 p y 2 ) n y 2 - p Y l ) n y , ) .

    M o r e o v e r , t h e t e r m s i n p a r e n t h e s e s c a n b e e s t i m a t e d a s fo ll ow s :2.21)

    I /X ~ g l ~ ~ , I / , x l , ( 2 . 2 2 )I A ~I < M I Ay l , 2 .23 )[A~g[ < a-)I/M/I, 2.24)

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    z

    where "~ can be made as small as desired by reducing the size of the neighbo rhoo d.The following estimate can then be deduced

    < Ay , Ay > < aM IA~] ]Ay] + ~l a {~c3(IAal + ]Abl)+ (2.25)M ]Ay] + a'~ ]AT]} [Ay] + c4 IAyl 2 ,and, again in a similar fashion to the above estimates, we can conclude that

    < Ay, Ay >'_< 2a C IAal 2 . (2.26)Combining the estimates (2.19), (2.20), (2.26) and the fact that AT' = 0, weconclude that

    when M(t) = 0. The coefficient of the right hand side isA+ - )~_ - (/3 + ~ + o-C).

    Since a and ~ can be made as small as desired by adjusting the parameters ofthe neighborhood and (r can be made small, this quantity is positive and theLemma follows.

    The deco mpos ition of e into ~ and a is used at this last step. It seemssomewhat artificial but, in fact, is not, as it corresponds to imposing an "e-Jordan form" on the neutral directions coming from y and e.

    The L emma can be interpreted in terms of "moving cones". This notion willbe important in the next lecture and so it is worth exposing further at this point.Define the cone

    c = { a , r l a l > I l } , 2 . 2 S )and then Le mm a 2 can be res tated in terms of C as follows: If z2 E zl + C thenz2 9 C zl 9 + C so long as z2 9 and Zl - t sta y in / ) , see Figure 8.

    70

    Figure 8The moving cones.

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    T h e p r o o f o f T h e o r e m 4 c a n n o w b e c o m p l e t e d , a t l e as t f or t h e L i p s c h it zc a s e. T h e s e t F~ w i ll b e o u r s t a b l e m a n i f o l d . W e h a v e s h o w n t h a t i t c o a t a i n st h e g r a p h o f a f u n c t i o n , w h i c h w e d e n o t e b y a = h~(b ,y ,71) . S u p p o s e t h a t F sc o n t a i n s m o r e t h a n o n e p o i n t w i t h t h e s a m e v a l u e s o f b, y a n d ~/. T h e r e w o u l dt h e n b e a l a n d a 2 s o t h a t b o t h ( a l , b , y , 7 1 ) a n d ( a2 ,b , y , 71 ) l i e in F~. A t t = 0 ,w e w o u l d t h e n h a v e I A al > I A ( t . B y L e m m a 2,

    I A a ( t ) l >_ I A ~( t ) l ,f o r a l l t > 0 . I n t h e e s t i m a t e ( 2 . 1 8 ) w e c a n t h e n r e p l a c e ]A ~ [ b y I X a l t o o b t a i n

    { I A 1 2 } .F r o m w h i c h i t c a n b e e a s il y c o n c l u d e d t h a t A a g r o w s ex p o n e n t i a l ly , w h i c h c o n -t r a d i c t s t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t b o t h p o i n t s s t a y i n / 9 f o r a ll t _> 0 .

    T h e s a m e a r g u m e n t c a n b e u s e d t o s h o w t h a t h s is a l so L i p s c h i tz . I f ( a l , ~ 1)a n d ( a 2 , ~ 2) a r e b o t h i n F ~ a n d la 2 - a l l _> 1~2 - ~ 1 1 , t h e n la 2 - a l l c a n b e s e e nt o g r o w e x p o n e n t i a ll y , c o n t r a d i c t i n g t h e h y p o t h e s i s a g a i n t h a t b o t h p o i n t s l ie i nF s . W e h a v e n o w s h o w n t h a t t h e s e t F~ i s t h e g r a p h o f a L i p s c h i t z f u n c t i o n . T h i sm a n i f o l d i s W S ( M ~ ) , w h e n y i s r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e s e t K , i n w h i c h t h e m o d i f i e de q u a t i o n a g r e e s w i t h t h e o r i g i n a l .

    2 . 4 D e c a y e s t i m a t e sS o m e j u s t if i c a ti o n s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o t h e t e r m i n o l o g y s t a b l e m a n i f o l d . S in c et h e b a s e m a n i f o l d M ~ n o l o n g e r c o n s i st s o f e q u i l i b ri a , w e c a n n o t c h a r a c t e r i z eW ' ( M ~ ) a s t h e s t a b l e m a n i f o l d o f a s e t o f c r i ti c a l p o i n t s , h o w e v e r w e c a n s a yt h a t t h e s o l u t i o n s i n W S ( M ~ ) w i ll d e c a y t o M E a t a n e x p o n e n t i a l r a t e , w i t h t h ec a v e a t t h a t t h e d e c a y w il l o n l y l a s t as lo n g as t h e s o l u t i o n u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o ns t a y s in t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d D . I n t h e f ol lo w i n g d( . , . ) i s t h e E u c l i d e a n d i s t a n c e .T h e o r e m 5 T he re a re ~s > 0 an d (~s < 0 so tha t i f v C W ~( M ~) and v . [O , t ] CD , w i th t > O, t he n

    d ( v . t , M E ) < t e x p { a ~ t } . ( 2 .2 9 )Fu r the rm ore , t he re a re ~;u > 0 an d c~u > 0 so tha t i f v e W U ( M ~) and v . [t, 0] CD, w i th t < O , t he n

    d (v . t , M E)

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    C h a p t e re n i c h e l N o r m a l o r m

    I n th i s l e c tu r e , t h e t h i r d T h e o r e m o f F e n i c h e l w i ll b e p r e s e n t e d . T h i s r e s u l t g iv e sa m o r e d e t a il e d p i c t u r e o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e f lo w o n t h e s t a b l e a n d u n s t a b l em a n i f o l d s . A n a p p l i c a t i o n w i l l b e g i v e n t o s e t t l i n g i n a c e l l u l a r f l o w f ie l d i nw h i c h t h i s e x t r a s t r u c t u r e is u s e d t o s h o w t h a t t h e f u l l f lo w i n q u e s t i o n is s l a v e di n a p r e c i s e m a n n e r t o a t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l f lo w . T h i s t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l f lo w c a nb e a n a l y s e d t o r e v e a l t h e s a l i e n t f e a t u r e s o f t h e f l ow .

    O f c e n t r a l i n t e r e s t w i ll b e, h o w e v e r , t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f a n o r m a l f o r m f o rs i n g u l a rl y p e r t u r b e d e q u a t i o n s i n t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d o f a s lo w m a n i f o l d . T h ed e r i v a t i o n o f t h i s n o r m a l f o r m , w h i c h w e c a ll F e n i c h e l N o r m a l F o r m , w i ll re s t o nF e n i c h e l s T h i r d T h e o r e m a n d w ill b e t h e m a i n g o a l o f t h is c h a p t e r .

    W e s h a ll t h u s f o c u s o n t h e p r o o f o f t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e s t a b l e m a n i f o l d inT h e o r e m 3 , t h e p r o o f f o r t h e u n s t a b l e m a n i f o l d f o ll ow s i m m e d i a t e l y b y a r e v e rs a lo f t i m e .

    3 .1 S m o o t h n e s s o f i n v a r i a n t m a n i f o l d sT h e c h a n g e o f v a r i a b l e s w ill n ee d t o b e s m o o t h a n d t h u s w e n e e d t h a t t h em a n i f o l d s c o n s t r u c t e d in t h e F e n ic h e l T h e o r e m s a re s m o o t h . I n o r d e r t o p r o v et h e s m o o t h n e s s o f t h e i n v a r i a n t m a n i f o l d s , th e v a r i a t i o n a l e q u a t i o n is u s ed . T h i sp r o c e d u r e w i ll b e s k e tc h e d w i t h o u t d e ta i ls . T h e e q u a t i o n o f v a r i a t i o n s o f ( 2.1 )( w i th a n e q u a t i o n f o r e a n d t h e m o d i f i c a ti o n a d d e d ) , w h i c h w a s t h e l a s t v e rs i o no f t h e e q u a t i o n b e f o r e F en i c h e l s T h e o r e m s w e r e u s ed , i s g i v e n b y

    5 a = A ( y ) S a + D ( A ( y ) a ) b y + D F 1 5 zab = B ( y ) S b + D ( B ( y ) b ) b y + D F 2 5 zb y = e D g ~ z + g S e + ~ p ( y ) S y5c I = O,

    3.1)

    w h e r e 5z = (Sa, 5b, by , ~c). W e i m a g i n e c o u p l i n g t h i s w i t h t h e u n d e r l y i n g e q u a -t i o n t o a c h i e v e a s y s t e m i n R 2 N +2 . T h e l i n e a r i z a t i o n o f t h i s b i g s y s t e m a t a

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    p o i n t i n M 0 is ea s i ly se e n t o b e i n b l o c k f o r m , e a c h b l o c k h a v i n g d i m e n s i o nN + 1. T h i s m a t r i x h a s t h e fo r m

    A ( y ) B y) 00 A ( y ) (3 .2)B y) 0

    0w i t h O s i n a l l t h e v a c a n t p l a c e s .A p e r u s a l o f (3 . 2 ) g i ve s t h a t t h e b l o c k a s s o c i a t e d w i t h (Sa , 5b , 5y , ) is , inf a c t , e x a c t l y t h e s a m e a s t h e l i n e a r i z a t i o n o f ( 2 .1 ) a t a p o i n t i n M 0 . T h e s t r a t e g yf o r s m o o t h n e s s is t h e n t o r e c o n s t r u c t t h e i n v a r i a n t m a n i f o ld s f o r t h i s l a r g e rs y s t e m , t a k i n g c a r e t o b a l a n c e th e u n b o u n d e d n e s s d u e t o t h e v a r i a ti o n a l e q u a t i o nb y i ts l in e a r i ty . I n p a r t i c u l a r , f o r t h e s t a b l e m a n i f o l d , t h is r e n d e r s a f u n c t i o n

    ~ a = / I s ( a , b, y, ~, ~b, 5y , 5 e),a n d t h e p r o o f f o l lo w s b y s h o w i n g t h a t H ~ i s, i n f a c t , t h e d e r i v a t i v e o f h~ i. e .,

    H s ( a , b , e , 5b , 5y , 5e ) = D h s ( a , b , y , ~ ) ( Sa , 5b , 5y , ) .T h i s is a c h ie v e d b y u s i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t h e m a n i f o l d s i n t e r m s o f t h es e t F ~ a n d i t s u n i q u e n e s s p r o p e r t i e s .

    3 . 2 S t r a i g h t e n i n g t h e i n v a r i a n t m a n i f o l d sT h e f ir st p a r t o f F e n ic h e l N o r m a l F o r m c a n b e i m p l e m e n t e d f r o m t h e t h e o r e m sa l r e a d y p r o v e d . I n d e e d , w e sh a ll s t r a ig h t e n o u t t h e s t a b l e a n d u n s t a b l e m a n i fo l d so f t h e s l o w m a n i f o l d M ~ . U s i n g t h e f u n c t i o n s t h a t g i v e t h e s e m a n i f o l d s , w e s h a llt r a n s f o r m t h e m t o c o o r d i n a t e p la n e s. F i r s t, s e t

    a l = a - h s b , y , e ) , 51 ~ b 3 . 3 )Y l = Y, e l ~ { [

    w h i c h h a s t h e e f f e ct o f t r a n s f o r m i n g W ~ ( M ~ ) t o t h e s u b s p a c e a l = 0 . T h i st r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s i n v e r t i b l e b y i n s p e c t i o n a n d is a s s m o o t h a s h ~. N e x t , s e t

    a 2 = a l , b2 = b l - h u ( a l + h s ( b l , y l , e l ) , b l , e l ) ,Y2 = Y l, ~2 ~ ~1, (3 .4)

    w h i c h h a s t h e e f f e c t o f m o v i n g W ~ ' ( M ~ ) t o t h e s u b s p a c e b 2 = 0 . T h i s l a t t e rt r a n s f o r m a t i o n c a n a l s o b e c h e c k e d t o b e i n v e r t i b l e , u s i n g t h e f a c t t h a t W S ( M ~ )is t a n g e n t t o b = 0 a l o n g M 0 , a n d o b v i o u s l y a s s m o o t h a s h ~ a n d h s . W e sh a l ld r o p t h e s u b s c r i p t s a n d r e v e r t t o t h e n o t a t i o n (a, b, y, e) f o r a p o i n t i n t h e n e w

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    c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m . W e t h u s h a v e t h a t t h e s e t s a = 0 a n d b = 0 a r e i n v a r i a n ti n D , i t t h u s m u s t f o l lo w t h a t a = 0 i m p l i e s a ' = 0 a n d b = 0 i m p l i e s b = O.T h i s i m p o s e s a c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r o n t h e e q u a t i o n s . I n d e e d , t h e v a r i a b l e a c a nb e f a c t o r e d o u t o f t h e e q u a t i o n f o r a ' , a n d a n a l o g o u s l y f o r b '. W e t h u s a r r i v e a t

    a ' = A ( a , b , y , e ) ab = F ( a , b , y , e ) b ( 3 .5 )y = e g ( a , b , y , ~ ) ,

    w h e r e A a n d F a r e m a t r i c e s w i t h A ( 0 , O, y , O) = A (y ) a n d F ( 0 , 0 , y , 0 ) = B ( y ) .N o t e t h a t t h e f un c t io n g ha s b e en t r a n s f o r m e d a p p r o p r i a t e l y an d , w i th a n a b u s eo f n o t a t i o n , is a l so d e n o t e d b y g . T h e m a t r i x A t h e r e f o r e i n h e r i ts t h e s p e c t r a lp r o p e r t i e s o f A a n d F t h o s e o f B , i f a , b a n d e a r e a l l s u f f i c i e n t l y s m a l l . A s as i d e b e n e f i t o f t h i s c o o r d i n a t e c h a n g e , w e h a v e o b t a i n e d t h a t M ~ is g i v e n b ya = b = 0 .

    3 3 F e n i c h e l f i b e r i n gT h e a b o v e c h a n g e o f c o o r d i n a t e s h a s re f in e d t h e s t a b l e a n d u n s t a b l e d i r e c ti o n st o th e p o i n t t h a t e s t i m a t e s c a n b e e a si ly in v o k e d f r o m t h e l i n e ar i ze d s y s t e m . W es ti ll n e e d t o r e f in e th e e q u a t i o n s f o r t h e s l o w d i r e c t io n s . T h i s i n v o l v e s u s i n g w h a th a s b e c o m e k n o w n a s F e n i c h e l F i b e r i n g , s e e , f o r i n s t a n c e , W i g g i n s [ 57 ]. I t c a nb e m o t i v a t e d b y a s k in g a q u e s ti o n : w e h a v e se e n th a t t h e s t a b l e a n d u n s t a b l em a n i f o l d s o f M 0 p e r t u r b t o a n a l o g o u s o b j e c t s w h e n e is s u f fi c ie n t ly sm a l l , d ot h e i n d iv i d u M s t a b l e a n d u n s t a b l e m a n i f o l d s o f p o i n t s in M 0 a ls o p e r t u r b ? T h ea n s w e r w o u l d a p p e a r t o b e n e g a t i v e as t h e b a s e p o i n t s t h e m s e l v e s d o n o t p e r t u r ba s c r i t ic a l p o in t s . H o w e v e r , t h is j u d g e m e n t is p r e m a t u r e .

    A m i n o r t e c h n i c a l d i ff i cu l ty a ri s e s h e r e o n a c c o u n t o f t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n t h a tw e h a v e p e r f o r m e d t o th e e q u a t i o n s . T h e e q u a t i o n s ( 2.8 ) a g r e e in D w i t h t h eo r i g i n a l e q u a t i o n ( 1 .1 ) a n d w e c a n r e s t r i c t o u r a t t e n t i o n t o t h a t s e t . H o w e v e r ,p o i n t s m a y l e a v e D b u t r e - e n t e r i t a t a l a t e r t im e . O n c e t r a j e c t o r i e s o f ( 2 .8 ) h a v el e f t D , t h e i r e v o l u t i o n i s n o l o n g e r g o v e r n e d b y t h e o r i g i n a l e q u a t i o n a n d t h e ya r e n o l o n g e r o f i n t e r e s t . W e m u s t , t h e r e f o r e , r e s t r i c t a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s o l u t i o n sw h i l e t h e y a r e o n l y i n D . T o f a c i l i ta t e t h i s d i s c u s s io n , w e n e e d a d e f i n it io n .D e f i n i t i o n 3 T he f o rw ard evo lu t i on o f a s e t A C D res t r i c t ed to D i s g i ven bythe s e t

    A . D t = { x . t : x E A a n d x . [ O , t ] C D } .

    W i t h t h i s d e fi n it io n i n h a n d , w e c a n s t a t e F e n i c h e l ' s T h i r d I n v a r i a n t M a n i f o l dT h e o r e m . I n t h e f o l lo w i n g v e E M e i s s m o o t h i n e, i n c l u d i n g e - - 0 , a n d w e a r ea s s u m i n g ( H 1 ) - (H 3 ) .T h e o r e m 6 ( F e n i c h e l I n v a r i a n t M a n i f o l d T h e o r e m 3 ) F o r e v e r y v e E M e ,t h e r e i s a n m - d i m e n s i o n a l m a n i f o l d

    c W ( M , ) ,

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    a n d a n l - d i m e n s i o n a l m a n i f o l dW ~ ( v , ) C W ~ ' ( M , ) ,

    l y in g w i t h i n O ( c )