65

The present study was aimed to validate the construct of temperament

as given by Buss (from 1957 to 1992). For achieving this objective

correlational analysis and t-tests were employed. Firstly, descriptive statistics

(Mean and standard deviation) for data of both sexes were computed. Owing to

diversity and heterogeneity of scaling of measures, the whole data were

therefore converted into T-score for the purpose of the normalization of the

data, so that, the multivariate analysis could be possible. T-score are standard

scores with its mean as 50 and standard deviation as 10 (Guilford and Fruchter,

1981). Scale transformation was monotonic for all the variables, hence the

variance remained same. Significance of differences between means were

verified on original scores.

GENDER DIFFERENCES

The question of gender differences in temperament is arguably one of

the most fundamental questions in gender differences research in the areas of

personality and social behaviour. Temperament reflects biologically based

emotional and behavioural consistencies that appear early in life and predict-

often in conjunction with other factor-pattern and outcomes in numerous other

domains such as psychopathology and personality. Modem child temperament

theories have espoused various views about potential gender differences in

temperament, but the testing of these views has been inconclusive. Most agree

that temperamental traits have biological subtrates and are heritable; there is

also agreement that temperamental expression is influenced by environmental

or contextual factors. Yet, opinions regarding the specific roles of biological

and environmental factors are diverse including gender differences and that too

at the level of adult temperament.

66

Table 4.1 MALE (1) <FEMALE (2) Mean, SD and t-values for nine variables, where females exceed (df=198)

Vai'iables Name Fear (Buss & Plomin)

Distress (Buss & Plomin))

Pulse rate in normal state

Pulse rate in fear state

Time to get anger

Pulse rate in anger state

Pulse rate after doing physical activity Sociability-Unsociability (Laboratoiy) Time to distress

Sex 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 I 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

Mean 11.5534 13.2784 10.5437 11.7526 79.7282 84,2165 79.6214 87.2990 192.1068 231.3402 80.3689 84.5155 80.8447 86.2062 1.2524 1.4227 223.5049 269.0206

S.D. 3.2289 3.7714 3.2382 2.9156 12.0759 14.2670 10.9974 14.1393 87.4352 101.8105 10.3998 11.1898 10.5985 12.1458 .4365 .4966 107.7945 154.3311

't' value -3.481

-2.769

-2.406

-4.3

-2.929

-2.716

-3.331

-2.579

-2.429

P< 001

006

017

.000

.004

.007

.001

.011

.016

Mean differences were tested through t-test between male and female

subjects for 49 variables. It revealed significant difference with less than 0.05

level of probability for nine variables (Table 4.1) where females were found to

be significantly higher than males on different psychological and physiological

variables. Females were significantly higher on psychometric measure of fear

and distress. Females were significantly high in basal pulse rate (in normal

state) than males (84/minute v/s 79/minute), they too had significantly higher

pulse rate after inducing fear, anger and activity. Females took more time to

express anger and distress than males by showing more resistance to emotional

behaviour. When given option, females did not prefer more to be in the

company of others than waiting alone in comparison to males thereby

exhibiting poor sociability (here, higher mean represent low sociability). Thus,

though females were temperamentally emotional being more fearful and

distressed yet they bore emotionally loaded situation longer as they took more

67

time to be angry and distressed and express through higher heart rate (pulse

rate).

Table 4.2 Male (1)> Female (2)

Mean, SD and t-values for variables where males were significantly higher (df=198)

VARIABLE NAME

Aggression (EPP)*

Anxiety (EPP)*

B.P (systolic) in normal state

B.P (diastolic) in normal state

B.P (systolic) in fear state

B.P (diastolic) in anger state

B.P (systolic) in anger state

B.P (diastolic) in distressed state B.P (systolic) in distressed state

B.P (diastolic) in distressed state B.P(systolic) after doing physical activity B.P (diastolic) after doing physical activity Instrumental aggressive behaviour Tapping fi-equency - physical activity *EPP - Eysenck Personality Prol

SEX

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

iler

MEAN

16.0971 13.9588 19.5773 17.1650 132.4175 120.5670 94.6505 87.4021 141.1359 120.7938 93.7864 84.4742 141.0388 123.4639 94.9417 84.8454 140.9709 122.3505 95.4951 82.9794 140.3689 126.1134 95.5534 85.7938 .4417 .2599 787.0874 737,0103

S.D

6.4542 5.2518 8.0976 7.9292 16.2490 14.6983 11.6001 17,2836 18.4901 18.6385 14.2977 14.2113 17.5247 13.5070 12.3430 11.9097 17.8460 13.2335 13.5689 14.4280 13.6137 20.1995 14.0829 12.6037 .6097 .1893 159.4143 146.5101

't' value 2.561

2.127

5,398

3.501

7.365

4.617

7.909

5.881

8.341

6.322

5.883

5.153

2.8108

2,309

P<

.011

.035

.000

.001

•..000

.000

.000

;;000 •4

'•000

.000

.000

.000

.005

.022

'

For 14 variables males were found to be significantly higher than females

(Table 4,2), The t-test revealed that males were high on trait anxiety and

aggression (EPP) than females. Given the situation, they too produced greater

68

instrumental aggression (when in an uninformed mock electric shock delivery

to a person - Buss machine) as well more physical activity (taps per unit of

time) in comparison to females. Their heightened sympathetic arousal was

confirmed by higher basal blood pressure (132/94) than females (120/87) in

normal state. Males too maintained this heightened blood pressure pattern

when they were put in situations of (induced) anger, fear, and distress

(emotionality) in comparison to females. However, even in non-emotional

situation e.g. engaging in physical activity (taps) led them to raise systolic and

diastolic blood pressure significantly than females (140 v/s 126 and 95 v/s 85

Hg/mm).

So males were not only high on traits of aggression and anxiety, they too

experienced an associated physiological pattern and even express it

instrumentally (Table 4.2)

Table 4.3 Non-Significant Mean differences in Variables between Males (1) and Females (2) along with t-values and SD (df=198)

VARIABLE NAME

Activity (EPP)

Sociability (EPP)

Impulsivity (EPP)

Aggression (Buss & Perry)

Anger (Buss & Plomin)

Tempo (Buss & Plomin)

Vigour (Buss & Plomin)

Terrpo + Energy (Buss & Plomin)

Sociability, (Buss & Plomin)

SEX

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

MEAN

14.0485 14.6186

19.1845 19.5155

14.5049 13.3196

70.9320 72.6392

12.0291 12.0691

12.6408 12.0103

15.4660 15.6186

12.7184 12.2371

21.7184 21.4021

Std. deviation

4.6049 5.4303

4.8784 4.7305

5.1656 4.8381

14.8147 14.2414

1.8066 1.6634

2.6378 2.6945

3.1617 3.0257

1.8704 1.9299

5.0651 3.8748

t-value

-0.802

-0.487

1.672

-0.83

-0133

1.672

-0.348

1.791

.494

P<

.423

.627

.096

.408

.894

.096

.728

.075

.622

69

Control(Buss & Plomin)

Discipline (Buss & Plomin)

Reflection (Buss & Plomin)

G.S.R. in normal state

G.S.R. in fear state

G.S.R. in anger state

Pulse rate in distiessed state

G.S.R in distressed state

G.S.R. after doing physical activity

Time (maze learning)

Error in maze learning

Time -discipline (experimental)

Control-uncontiol (experimental)

Anger (Buss & Peny)

Physical aggression (Buss & Perry)

Hostility (Buss & Pen-y)

Verbal aggression (Buss & Peny)

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 . 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

9.0485 8.6907

16.1165 16.3196

16.8155 16.8351

1.2438 3.0525

4.6651 3.6184

4.7440 4.8596

81.6311 84.5361

2.6882 2.8861

3.1194 2.7890

89.6699 103.5052

24.3010 22.9897

261.8447 259.7835

1.7379 1.8454

17.4466 17.9175

20.9223 20.6598

19.1845 20.3505

13.5534 13.8144

2.5529 2.1378

2.4587 2.4561

2.0424 2.3747

1.3876 14.8425

21.9171 17.2205

22.9708 23.8320

10.7794 10.6762

9.9140 14.2775

12.9722 13.7798

49.4139 67.2533

14.4520 14.4074

195.3077 164.3312

.4419

.3634

3.9574 4.0121

4.8319 4.4438

5.7339 6.0760

3.7904 3.8819

1.071

-.584

-0.062

-1.231

0.374-

-0.035

-1.914

-0.114

0.175

-1.665

0.642

0.081

-1.872

-0.835

0.399

1.396

-0.481

.285

.56

.95

.22

.709

.972

.057

.909

.862

.098

.521

.936

.063

.404

.69

.164

.631

For rest of the variables significant sex differences did not emerge

(Table 4.3). These include mainly psychometric measures of EPP (Activity,

Impulsivity & Sociability) and all measures of EASI of Buss and Plomin,

except fear and distress, aggression measures of Buss and Perry, experimental

measures of unpulsivity components (reflection, controlled and discipline) as

70 -

well Galvanic skin response (GSR) under normal state (Basal) and

experimentally induced states of emotionality.

By and large, profound sex differences were observed which attest to the

significant source of variance in 23 variables. Hence, it was deemed fit to

analyze the observations separately for both sexes.

CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT VALIDITY

Construct validity includes the internal consistency among

the related facets and the dimensions of the construct. Convergent validity

may be established by external criteria using the same methodology

(Monotrait - homoraethod approach) as well using a different method

(monotrait - heteromethod). Construct validity also further includes the

divergent validity wherein different traits should express weak convergence or

poor correlation, thereby, establishing independence among different

dimensions of the construct. Campbell and Fiske (1959) have suggested a

methodology which is known as heterotrait, heteromethod approach wherein all

the above features can be established.

Accordingly, present work was based on a similar approach (see

Methodology: Chap-III). Since, four traits (E,A,S,I) were measured using

standardized questionnaires/inventory, experimental/laboratory measures, and

the physiological measures. The construct (Temperament) includes four

traits - EASI, as operationalized by Buss and Plomin (1975). For similar

method Eysenck and Wilson's Personality Profiler and Buss and Perry's

aggression questiomiaire were used. For different method experimental and

physiological measures were obtained. Appendices XII and XIII describe the

intercorrelation matrices for 49 variables obtained from heterotrait and

heteromethod approach for males (N=103) and females (N=97), separately.

71

Internal Consistency (Monotrait - mono method)

Buss and Plomin's EASI measure includes three components for

emotionality, three for activity and three for impulsivity but single component

of sociability, therefore, the internal consistency was established for EAI only

(Table 4.6, 4.7 & 4.8).

Table 4.4 Intercorrelations among three components of emotionality

Pair (Variables Name)

Anger (Buss & Plomin) — Fear (Buss & Plomrn) Anger (Buss & Plomin) — Distress (Buss & Plomin) Fear (Buss & Plomin) — Distress (Buss & Plomin)

Value of V Male

.18 .23*

.61**

Female -.09 .04

.52**

* = p < .05 ** = p<.01

Table 4.4 presents intercorrelations among anger, fear and distress

components of emotionality (E) for males and females, separately. Correlation

coefficients revealed significant positive correlations of anger and fear with

distress in males (r = .23 and .61) and between fear and distress in females (r

= .52, p < .01). Remaining three coefficient correlations were non-significant.

Thus, moderate intemal consistency of emotionality trait was found.

Table 4.5 : Intercorrelations among three components of impulsivity

Pair (VR. Names)

Control (Buss & Ploinin) - Discipline (Buss & Plomin) Control (Buss & Plomin) - Reflection (Buss & Plomin) Discipline (Buss & Plomin) - Reflection (Buss & Plomin)

Value of V Male .19

.16

.33**

Female .20*

.06

.21*

* = p < . 0 5 **=p<.01

72

Table 4.5 describes intercorrelations among three components of

impulsivity in males and females. Correlations revealed that control and

discipline components of impulsivity were significantly related. Significant

correlations between discipline and reflection in males and females were also

observed. Again it can be said that a moderate internal consistency was

obtained for trait of impulsivity.

Table 4.6 : Intercorrelations among three components of activity

Pair (VR. Names)

Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - Vigour (Buss & Plomin)

Tempo (Buss & Plomin)-Tempo + Energy (Buss & Plomin)

Vigour (Buss & Plomin)- Tempo+Energy (Buss & Plomin)

Value Male

.43**

30**

.42**

Female

27**

.16

.31**

* = p < .05 **=p< .01

Buss and Plomin have operationalized activity in terms of tempo-vigour

and energy. Intercorrelations among the components were reproduced in Table

4.6, which have been sorted from intercorrelation matrices (Appendix -XII and

XIII). It was found that tempo and vigour correlated significantly beyond .01

level of probability in both sexes, but, tempo and energy was found to

correlated significantly in males only. Whereas, vigour and energy significantly

correlated in both sexes. Thus, components of activity were profoundly

consistent internally.

CONVERGENT VALIDITY

EXTERNAL VALIDITY (MONOTRAIT - HOMOMETHOD AND

HETEROMETHOD):

Convergent validity was established at two levels, using the criterion of

the same method (homo) as well as different method (hetero). Description of

each trait has been given separately. Concurrent criterion were used.

73

Emotionality : Anger, fear and distress can be roughly validated against other

similarly placed criteria: Eysenck and Wilson's aggression and anxiety triats

and Buss and Perry's aggression and anger measures. Thus, Buss and Plomin's

three components of emotionality to be taken as measures and above described

variables as criteria (Table 4.7).

Table 4.7: Intercorrelations of anger, fear, distress with similar criteria

Pair (VR. Names)

Fear (Buss & Plomin) - Aggression (Buss & Perry)

Fear (Buss & Plomin) - Aggression (EPP)

Fear (Buss & Plomin) - Anxiety (EPP)

Anger (Buss & Plomin) - Aggression (EPP)

Anger (Buss & Plomin) - Anxiety (EPP)

Anger (Buss & Plomin) - Aggression (Buss &

Perry))

Distress (Buss & Plomin) - Aggression (Buss &

Perry)

Distress (Buss & Plomin) - Anxiety (EPP)

Distress (Buss & Plomin) - Aggression (EPP)

Anger (Buss & Plomin) - Anger (Buss & Perry)

Value of 'r' Male .01

.10

.34**

.25**

.21*

.14

.28**

.55**

27**

.10

Female .10

.05

T-y**

-.02.

-.10

.04

.10^ ,^\

43**

.13

.19

* = p < . 0 5 **=p<.01

Table 4.7 presents correlation coefficient of males and females for

components of emotionality with homomethod criteria. Fear correlated

significantly with anxiety trait of EPP in both sexes but it did not correlate

significantly with aggression of EPP and Buss & Perry's. Anger emerged to be

converging more strongly with aggression and anxiety (EPP) in males, but not

with aggression and anger of Buss and Perry's measure.

74

The distress component of emotionality too significantly correlated with

anxiety and aggression of EPP and aggression of Buss & Perry in males,

whereas, it significantly correlated anxiety of EPP in females. Thus, using

criterion of similar method and related components fair convergent validity of

emotionality was observed (Table 4.7). By and large, anxiety of EPP may be

considered the most consistent criterion for emotionality trait.

Table 4.8 Intercorrelation of emotionality with experimental measures

Pair (VR. Names)

Anger (Buss & Plomin) - Tune to get anger

Distress (Buss & Plomin) - Time to get distress

Value of'r ' Male

-.18

-.25**

Female

.12

-.18

* = p < .05 * * - p < . 0 1

The convergent validity of various components of emotionality can be

established by using criteria of measuring the same trait with different methods

(monotrait - heteromethod). The validity coefficients have been listed for

experimental and observational measures in which the subjects were provided

the situations, so that one experiences fear, distress and anger (See

Methodology: Chapter 111). However, there was no experimental/observational

measure of fear. Anger scores on Buss & Plomin measure and time to get angry

in experimental situation did not correlate significantly. Whereas distress trait

score correlated significantly in males with time to get angry. Subjects high on

distress measure too distressed quickly (r = -.25).

75

Table 4.9 : Intercorrelations of Psychometric measure of Buss and Plomin (Fear) with Physiological Measures

Pair (VR. Names)

Fear (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in nornial state Fear (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in nomial state Fear (Buss & Plomin) - Pulse rate in normal state Fear (Buss & Plomin) —GSR in normal state Fear (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in fear state Fear (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in fear state Fear (Buss & Plomin) - PR in fear state Fear (Buss & Plomin) - GSR in fear state

Value of 'r'

Male

.04

.02 -.02 -.01 .01 .02 -.18 .04

Female

.016 .04 .03 -.02 .03 -.04 .09 -.06

* = p < . 0 5 ** = p<.01

Another external criteria were the physiological measures (BP, PR and

GSR) in emotional state after inducing fear in the subjects (Table 4.9). Buss

and Plomin measure of fear did not correlate significantly with any of the

physiological measures, thus, showing poor external validity.

Table 4.10 : Intercorrelations of Psychometric measure (distress) of Buss and Plomin with Physiological Measures '

Pair (VR. Naines)

Distress (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in normal state Distress (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in normal state Distress (Buss & Plomin) - Pulse rate in normal state Distress (Buss & Plomin) GSR in normal state Distress (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in distressed state Distress (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in distressed state Distress (Buss & Plomin) - PR in distressed state Distress (Buss & Plomin) - GSR in distressed state

Value of 'r' Male .07 .08

.02 -.06 -.08

.02

.07 -.10

Female -.16 -.13

-.23* .01 -.00

.05

-.22* .01

* - p < . 0 5 **=p<.01

76

In case of distress (Table 4.10) only in females. One's distress scores

were found to be negatively correlated with pulse rate in normal state as well as

in experimentally induced distressed state. B.P. and GSR were not related with

distress component of emotionality. Females high on distress had lower basal

pulse rate (r = -.23). Even in situation of distress they has lower pulse rate

(r = -.22).

Table 4.11 : Intercorrelation of Psychometric measure (Anger ) of Buss and Plomin with Physiological Measures

Pair (VR. Names)

Anger (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in normal state

Anger (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in normal state

Anger (Buss & Plomin) - Pulse rate in nonnal state

Anger (Buss & Plomin) GSR in normal state

Anger (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in anger state

Anger (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in anger state

Anger (Buss & Plomin) - PR in anger state

Anger (Buss & Plomin) - GSR in anger state

Value of 'r' Male -.05

-.21*

.14

-.03

-.03

-.10

.06

-.03

Female -.11

-.04

-.13

-.06

.01

.11

.04

-.08

* = p<.05 ** = p<.01

Anger score did not correlate significantly with physiological measures

except that m males (Table 4.11) angry persons tend to have low diastolic

Blood pressure (r = -.21).

Activity: Activity temperamental trait as measured by Buss and Plomin in

terms of tempo, vigour and energy was correlated with EPP's activity trait

taken as criterion measure (Table 4.12) i.e. mono trait - homomethod.

77

Table 4.12 : Intercorrelation of Activity (Psychometric Measures of Buss) with EPP activity and Experimental Measures

Pair (VR. Names)

Activity (EPP) - Tempo (Buss & Plomin)

Activity (EPP) - Vigour (Buss & Plomin)

Activity (EPP) - Tempo + Energy (Buss & Plomin)

Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - Tapping frequency (physical activity) Vigour (Buss & Plomin) - Tapping frequency (physical activity) Tempo + Energy (Buss & Plomin) - Tapping frequency (physical activity)

Value of 'f

Male

.28**

.17

.13

-.02

.09

-.02

Female

.25**

.21*

-.06

.05

.24*

.04

* = p < . 0 5 **=p< .01

It was found that tempo and vigour component correlated significantly

with EPP activity in females, whereas tempo component correlated

significantly with activity (EPP) in males. Vigour and energy components

exhibited poor convergent validity using the criterion of same method. ^.*

Table 4.12 also presents correlations of component of activity and the

experimental measures. Activity components were validated against an

experimental measure of finger tapping frequency in a fixed unit of time with

an instruction of motivated fast-paced. It was found that except vigour, neither

tempo nor energy significantly correlated with tapping frequency in both sexes.

Females having high vigour could produce greater tapping frequency (r = .24).

Again, it was found that the components of activity did not expressed sfrong

experimental/external validity.

78

Table 4.13 : Intercorrelations of Tempo with Physiological Measures

Pair (VR. Names)

Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in normal state

Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in normal state

Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - Pulse rate in normal state

Tempo (Buss & Plomin) GSR in normal state

Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) after doing

physical activity

Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) after doing

physical activity

Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - PR after doing physical

activity

Tempo (Buss & Plomin) - GSR after doing physical

activity

Value o f r'

Male

.16

.14

.08

-.16

-.05

-.04

.12

.07

Female

-.18

.02

-.09

-.05

.03

-.01

-.11

-.05

* = p < . 0 5 **=p<.01

Table 4.13 to 4.15 present correlation coefficients for three components

of activity and physiological measures in normal state and after doing tapping

tasks for both sexes, separately. It was found that tempo temperament did not

correlate with blood pressure, pulse rate and GSR in normal state or after

physical activity in both sexes (Table 4.13).

79

Table 4.14 : Intercorrelations of Vigour with Physiological Measures

Pair (VR. Names)

Vigour (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in normal state Vigour (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in normal state Vigour (Buss & Plomin) - Pulse rate in normal state Vigour (Buss & Plomin) GSR in normal state Vigour (Buss & Ploinin) - BP (sys.) in doing physical activity Vigour (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in doing physical activity Vigour (Buss & Plomin) - PR after doing physical activity Vigour (Buss & Plomin) - GSR after doing physical activity

Value of 'r' Male .01 -.07 .14 .04 -.16 -.04 .12 .13

Female -.06 -.06 .10 .04 .06 -.04 .16 .02

* = p < . 0 5 **=p< .01

The similar picture emerged in vigour (Table 4.14). However, tempo

plus energy was found to correlate significantly with basal pulse rate in males.

GSR after physical activity also positively correlated with tempo + energy in

males. Thus, none of the component of activity exhibited satisfactory external

validity using physiological measures as criteria.

Table 4.15 : Intercorrelations of tempo + energy with Physiological Measures

Pair (VR. Names)

Tempo + energy (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in normal state Tempo + energy (Buss & Ploinin) - BP (dias.) in normal state Tenpo + energy (Buss & Ploinin) - Pulse rate in normal state Tenpo + energy (Buss & Plomin) GSR in normal state Tempo + energy (Buss & Plomin) - BP (sys.) in doing physical activity Tempo + energy (Buss & Plomin) - BP (dias.) in doing physical activity Tenpo + energy (Buss & Plomin) - PR after doing physical activity Tenpo + energy (Buss & Plomin) - GSR after doing physical activity

Value of 'r' Male .14 -.03 .24* .01 -.19

-.07

.14

.22*

Female .02 -.08 -.06 -.02 - -.02"

.01

.07

-.03

* = p < . 0 5 ** = p<.01

80

Impulsivity: Table 4.16 presents correlations (mono-trait - homomethod) for

convergent validity of control, discipline and reflection with impulsivity (EPP).

Control and reflection in females did not significantly correlate but discipline

correlated positively and significantly with EPP's impulsivity.

Table 4.16 : Intercorrelations of components of impulsivity with EPP's impulsivity and experimental measures

Pair (VR. Names)

Impulsivity (EPP) - Control (Buss & Plomin) Impulsivity (EPP) - Discipline (Buss & Plomin) Impulsivity (EPP) - Reflection (Buss & Plomin)

Control (Buss & Plomin) - Control/Uncontrol Reflection (Buss & Plomin) - Time in Maze Learning Reflection (Buss & Plomin) - EiTor in Maze Learning Discipline (Buss & Plomin) - Time in disciplined (Experimental)

Value Male .03 .24* .13

-.10 -.01 .01 -.14

Female -.03 .21* .08

-.12 -.05 .03

.23*

* - p < .05 **=p< .01

Experimental measures of control, discipline and reflection were

correlated (Table 4.16) with their psychometric measures. It was found that

only in case of discipline in females, the correlation was significant. Those who

were high on discipline component of Buss & Plomin's measure too took more

time to violate the instructions of the experimenter.

Table 4.17 : Intercorrelations of Sociability (Psychometric and Experimental measures)

Pair (VR. Names)

Sociability (EPP) - Sociability (Buss & Plomin) Sociability (Buss & Plomin) - Sociability/ Unsociability (Laboratory)

Value Male .15 -.07

Female 29**

-.02

* = p<.05 p<.01 * *

81

Sociability: The trait sociability was validated against the criterion of EPP's

sociability and the experimental preference of social situation than isolation.

For experimental measures in both sexes the correlations was non-significant.

However, in females sociability (Buss & Plomin) significantly correlated with

EPP measure. Thus homomethod criterion was partly validating it.

Divergent Validity

Divergent validity is a feature of the construct to be purified or to be

validated that a trait which happens to be distinct from another trait should

distinguish itself by not showing correlation coefficient beyond chance.

Therefore, intercorrelation matrix for between trait correlation coefficient were

prepared (Table 4.18 or 4.19).

Table 4.18 : Intercorrelaiton Matrix for Males between traits

in *->

H

Ajiger

(Buss & Plomin) Fear (Buss & Plomin) Distress (Buss & Plomin) Tempo (Buss & Plomin) Vigour (Buss) T+E (Buss & Plomin) Soc. (Buss & Plomin)

S

to P

'a' S o

[/I

3 ©

« 1

3

6 => .2

S ^ CO

3

.1*4

.09

.24*

©a a,

.26**

-.16

-.06

3

.26**

-.05

.10

•gey

.07

-.22*

-.29**

-.08

.21*

.07

S °

3 ©

.25**

.28**

.38**

.14

.16

.13

.20

•S .2

'^ 3 ©

.22*

.23*

.28**

.08

.01

.01

-.11

• • • ©

.32**

-.04

.07

.28**-

44**

.31**

.09

*=p<.05 ** = p<.01

82

Table 4.19 : Intercorrelaiton Matrix for Female s between traits

> - l

1 Anger (Buss & Plomin) Fear (Buss & Plomin) Distress (Buss & Plomin) Tempo (Buss & Plomin) Vigour (Buss & Plomin) Tempo +Energy (Buss & Plomin) Soc. (Buss & Plomin)

'a'

a

3

e o

re E

-1 a a,

3

o o

S is!

3

.15

.04

.14

27**

-.13

.01

i i 4-

.07

.04

.11

-.15

.01

.06

-.19

-.02

.17

o ^

3 ©

.01

.25**

.24*

-.00

.02

-.01

.09

Hi tn ^^

^ 3 ©

.18

27**

.26**

.16

.19

.04

.11

'•S E

Pi ^ ©

.08

.16

.19

-.01

.08

.37**

.34**

* = p<.05 * * - p < . 0 1

The matrices consists of correlation coefficients among four traits of

EASI Table 4.14 showing intercorrelation for males.

Inercorrelaiton coefficient revealed that out of 36 such pairs 16

intercorrelations were significant beyond chance. Whereas, in females

(Table 4.19) there were 7 such intercorrelations were significant which happen

to be beyond chance. Thus, certain traits revealed concordance with other traits,

thereby degradmg the divergent validity of the construct. Notable congruence

was between emotionality component and impulsivity components.

Further it was also noted that the divergent validity was poorer in males

than females.

83

FACTOR ANALYSIS

In order to establish factorial validity of the construct, factor analysis at

the level of measures of components of various temperamental traits was done.

The programme revealed Kaiser Meyer - Olkin measure of sampling

adequacy for females (97 x 49) and males (103 x 49) matrices as equal to .566

and .523, respectively. The measures were spherical as checked by Bartlett's

test of sphercity, the approximate chi-square values being 2826.769 and

3379.632, respectively, which were significant beyond .000 level of

probability. 'Principal component' extraction method with varimax rotation

method through Statistica Package" was used. The data were grouped in two

ways - male/females accordingly, two separate factor analyses on 'T' scores

were run. In the factor analysis on female data (N=97), 16 factors having eigen

value greater than unity were obtained, which together explained 76.274% of

the total variance in 49 variables. The obtained matrix was rotated through

varimax rotation with Kaiser Normalization technique. Varimax rotation

converged in 19 iterations. «_

In the second analysis for data on males (N=103), Principal component

(PC) method yielded 15 factors having eigen value greater than unity which

together explained 72.625 of the total variance. The obtained matrix was

rotated through varimax rotation with Kaiser Normalization technique. Which

converged in 18 iterations. Factor loadings above 0.39 were considered as

significant for uiterpretation.

Both factor analyses will be detailed side by side to facilitate

comparison and to avoid repetition. For ease of interpretation, sorted tables for

each factor were prepared. They have been described below, one by one.

Rotated factor matrices described in Appendix-II for females and Appendix-I

for males. i

84

Table 4.20 : Sorted factor matrix (Females) for Factor 1

FACTOR NO.

Factor-1

VARIABLE NAME

Blood pressure(diastolic)after doing physical activity

Blood pressure(diastolic) in anger state

Blood pressure(diastolic) in fear state

Blood pressure(systolic) in distressed state

Blood pressure(systolic) in anger state

Blood pressure(diastolic)in distressed state

Blood pressure(systolic)after doing physical activity

Blood pressure(systolic) in fear state

Blood pressure(diastolic) in nonnal state

Blood pressure(systolic) in nornial state

LOADING

.846

.820

.805

.789

.777.

738

.661

.625

.456

.448

The first factor contributed a variance of 10.103 percent to the total

variance and had an eigen value of 4.950. This factor represents two aspects of

blood pressure under different psychological states such as - relaxed, fear,

anger, distress and physical activity. Higher the value of B.P. (both

systolic/diastolic), the more the arousal it indicates. The output of both the

measures is related to the sympathetic branch of ANS, this factor can

appropriately be called "Sympathetic Arousal - Cardiac". Method specific

variance was indicated in the factor along in the physiological similarity.

85

nd Table 4.21 : Sorted factor matrix (Females) for 2 factor

FACTOR NO.

Factor-2

VARIABLE NAME

GSR in normal state

GSR after doing physical activity

GSR in distressed state

GSR ill fear state

GSR in anger state

Blood pressure(systolic) after doing physical

activity

VALUE

-.985

-.976

-.974

-.924

-.893

-.415

The 2"' factor explains 7.811% of the total variance and its eigen value

is 3.827. On this factor, GSR in different situations (normal state, distressed,

anger, fear and activity) was represented along with systolic BP after physical

activity. This factor also explains one aspect of arousal and therefore, can be

named as "Sympathetic Arousal - GSR. Since GSR indicates sweat glands'

activity which are regulated by sympathetic division of Autonomic Neryous

System. All the variables having significantly loadings were negative whereas

their positive counterparts were non-significantly loaded.

Table 4.22 : Sorted factor matrix (Females) of third factor

FACTOR NO.

Factor-3

VARIABLE NAME

Aggression (Buss & Perry)

Anger (Buss & Perry)

Physical Aggression (Buss & Perry)

Hostility (Buss & Perry)

Verbal aggression (Buss & Perry)

Aggression (EPP)

LOADING

.967

,'.827

.779

.713

.694

.400

86

The third factor contributed a variance of 6.738 to the total variance and

had an eigen value of 3.302. The factor had significant loadings on all the

aggression variables, which are based on self-report aggression measure of

Buss and Perry and EPP of Eysenck and Wilson. Thus, this factor may be

named as "aggression." It also indicates high internal consistency of aggression

questionnaire in terms of physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and

hostility as components. Apart from factorial validity of Buss and Perry's

measure, it also stands with EPPs aggression trait. Content and method

commonness among the loaded variable was notable.

Table 4.23 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Females) of Factor 4

FACTOR NO.

Factor -4

VARIABLE NAME

Pulse rate after doing physical activity

Pulse rate in distressed state

Pulse rate in normal state

Pulse rate in anger state

Pulse rate in fear state

LOADING

.890

.877

.768

.587

.391

The 4" factor describes 6.303 % of the total variance with an eigen

value of 3.089. This factor can also be named as "sympathetic arousal - pulse

rate". It represents by pulse rate measures, under different psychological states

.It indicated that when an individual's experienced anger, fear, distress and

involved in physical activity it tend to have high pulse rate. However, high

basal pulse rate (in nonnal state) correlated with heightened pulse rate in

emotional status.

87

th Table 4.24 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Females) of 5'" Factor

FACTOR NO.

Factor -5

VARIABLE NAME

Fear (Buss and Plomin)

Distress (Buss and Plomin)

Anxiety (EPP)

Instrumental aggressive behaviour

Control (Buss and Plomin)

LOADEMG

.837

.750

.569

-.478

.406

The fifth factor explains 5.164 percent of the total variance and has an

eigen value of 2.530. This factor got significant loadings on fear, distress,

anxiety, control. Experimental aggressive behaviour got negative loading

which indicates that in females fear, distress and anxiety go together as well

along with low impulsiveness (control) and low aggressiveness (instrumental).

The factor may be described as "emotionality - fear".

Table 4.25 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Females) for 6* and f^ Factors

Factor's No.

Factor 6

Factor 7

VARIABLE NAME

Sociability (Buss & Plomin) Reflection (Buss & Plomin) Sociability (EPP)

Teinpo + Energy (Buss & Plomin) Vigour (Buss & Plomin) Reflection (Buss & Plomin)

LOADING

-.825 -.590 -.463

.825

.639

.443

The 6* factor contributed 4.286 percent to the total variance and had

eigen value of 2.100. In this factor sociability and reflection (impulsivity) got

significant loadings. It revealed that sociable females tend to be reflective or

lonely tend to be unpulsive. The factor can be named as "sociability".

88

The seventh factor emerged in females data was represented by three

variables with significant loadings, however, the factor together explained

4.08% of the total variance with an eigen value of 1.999. It represents activity

temperament components of energetic tempo and vigour as well reflection

component of impulsivity. So factor may be named as "Activity - impulsivity"

or "energy-reflections". Thus, females having vigourous and energy tend to be

reflective.

th th Table 4.26 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Female) for 8'" and 9'" factors

Factor's No.

Factor 8

Factor 9

VARIABLE NAME

Error in maze learning

Time to distress

Pulse rate in anger state

Time to get anger

Time - discipline (Experimental)

LOADING

-.770

-.730

.421

.847

.552

Eighth factor in female data was grouping three measures belonging to

two traits. It explained 4.04 percent to the total variance having an eigen value

of 1.98. The factor may be named as 'Impulsivity - Emotionality.' It was found

that errors in maze learning, less time to get distressed in a distress prone

situation and low pulse rate in anger inducing situation go side by side. That is

to say - non-reflective behaviour (impulsive) distress tolerance (low

impulsivity) and low heart rate in anger are related.

The 9* factor contributed 3.834 percent to the total variance and had an

eigen value of 1.879. The significant loadings show strong learning towards

taking more time in getting angry and also staying longer in disciplined

situation. So, the factor may be named as "emotionality - impulsivity".

89

th. |th Table 4.27 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Female) for 10""and IV" factors

Factor's No.

Factor 10

Factor 11

VARIABLE NAME

Pulse rate in fear state

Blood pressure (systolic), in fear state

Tempo (Buss and Plomin)

Instrumental aggressive behaviour

Sociable-unsociable (Laboratory)

Activity (EPP)

LOADING

.678

-.595

.471

-.432

-.816

.470

The tenth factor contributed 3.804 percent to the total variance and had

an eigen of value 1.864. In this factor higli pulse rate in fear, fast tempo, low

blood pressure in fear and low aggression to others loaded significantly. The

factor may be named as "emotionality - activity'. It seems that when one is

afraid, the heart rate increases, blood pressure decreases, speed of action

increases but one does not inflict physical harm to others. The factor in its

pattern represents physiological, psychometric and experimental measures.

The eleventh factor contributed 3.601 percent to the total variance and

had an eigen value of 1.764. In this factor the sociability /unsociability has got

-ve loading but +ve significant loading for activity indicates that females who

are more sociable they more active." This factor may be named as "sociability-

activity".

90

th >th Table 4.28 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Female) for 12'" and 13'" Factors

Factor's No.

Factor 12

Factor 13

VARIABLE NAME

Aggression (EPP)

Blood pressure (diastolic) in normal state

Time (Maze learning)

Blood pressure (diastolic) in nornial state

LOADING

.669

.409

-.793

-.532

Nth The 12 factor contributed a variance of 3.843 percent and had an eigen

value of 1.736. Aggressive females had high tonic blood pressure (diastolic).

The thirteenth factor contributed a variance of 3.312 percent to the total

variance and had an eigen value of 1.623. Variables loaded on it are thinking or

reflection during a task correlated with tonic blood pressure i.e. those who take

more time to solve a problem have high tonic blood pressure.

th , c t h 'th Table 4.29: Sorted Factor Matrix (Female) for 14 ,15"* and 16'" Factors

Factor's No.

Factor 14

Factor 15

Factor 16

VARIABLE NAME

Discipline (Buss and Plomin)

Tapping frequency-physical activity

Anger (Buss and Plomin)

Control/Uncontrol (Experimental)

Blood Pressure (Systolic) in normal state

LOADING

.387

.831

.401

-.724

-.386

91

The fourteenth factor explained a variance of 3.3% and had an eigen

value of 1.617. Discipline component of impulsivity was the only significant

variable which loaded on it exhibiting some unique variance. .

The fifteenth factor contributed a variance of 3.296 and had an eigen

value of 1.615. This factor knits together the variables of activity (tapping

frequency) and anger component of emotionality. This relationship suggests

that females oftenly doing more physical activity tend to be high on anger

component of emotionally. Factor may be named as "Activity - emotionality".

This sixteenth factor explains almost 3.061% of the total variance and

has an eigen value of 1.500. In this control /uncontrol, blood pressure (systolic)

in normal state loaded significantly. It revealed that those which had control (to

resist temptation), they had low basal blood pressure.

In the next section, description of factors emerged in the data of males

with same variable shave been described. A total of 15 factors emerged. Some

of them match with females however, their order have changed.

Table 4.30: Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) of first factor

FACTOR NO.

Factor 1

VARIABLE NAME

Blood pressure(systohc),in fear state

Blood pressure(systolic), in anger state

Blood pressure(systolic), in distressed state

Blood pressure(systolic),after doing physical

activity

Blood pressure(diastolic), in distressed state

Blood pressure(diastolic), in anger state

Blood pressure(diastolic), after doing physical

activity

Blood pressure(diastolic), in fear state

LOADING

.881

.862

.852

.740

.691

.682

.592

.589

92

The first factor in males explained a variance of 10.429 and had an eigen

value 5.110. The structure and variable representation was similar to that of

females and may be named as: "Sympathetic arousal cardiac- Blood pressure".

Table 4.31: Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) for 2"'' Factor

FACTOR NO.

Factor - 2

VARIABLE NAME

Aggression (Buss & Perry) Anger (Buss & Perry) Hostility (Buss & Perry) Verbal aggression (Buss & Perry) Physical aggression (Buss & Perry)

LOADING

.963

.802

.797

.768

.676

The 2"'^ factor contributed 8.808 percent to the total variance and had an

eigen value of 4.316. A similar factor too emerged in factor analysis of females

(Factor-3, Table, 4.22). The variables having significant loadings, were

aggression, anger, physical aggression, hostility and verbal aggression. Thus,

this factor can be more appropriately called "Aggression". All the measures

belong to Buss and Perry's questionnaire that show its factorial validity and

internal consistency. .

Table 4.32 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) for 3'*' Factor

FACTOR NUMBER

Factor - 3

VARIABLE NAME

Pulse rate in fear state Pulse rate in distressed state Pulse rate in anger state Pulse rate after doing physical activity Pulse rate in normal state

LOADING

.890

.885

.877

.874

.801

The third factor explains 7.958 percent variance and its eigen value is

3.899. This factor can be named "Somatic Arousal". "High cardio-vascular

output was indicated. This factor implies that in different emotions and in

93

activity males show high pulse rate. Similar factor (No. 4) emerged in females

also (Table 4.23).

Table 4.33 ; Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) for 4th factors

FACTOR NUMBER

Factor-4

VARIABLE NAME

Fear (Buss and Plomin)

Distress (Buss and Plomin)

Anxiety (EPP)

Control (Buss and Plomin)

LOADING

.869

.767

.598

.450

Fourth factor in males was represented by four variables explaining

5.29% of the total variance with an eigen value of 2.59. It was quite similar to

fifth factor in females (Table 4.24). Variables represent emotionality (fear and

distress) components of Buss & Plomin's measure, anxiety of Eysenck and

Wilson's measure and control component of non-impulsivity, thus showing

concordance in E and I traits. This factor can be named as 'Emotionality'

th -th Table 4.34 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) for 5'" and 6'" Factors

FACTOR NUMBER

Factor-5

Factor-6

VARIABLE NAME

Instrumental aggressive behaviour Discipline (Buss's & Plomin) Sociability (EPP)

Impulsivity, (EPP) Error in maze learning Sociability (EPP) GSR after doing physical activity

LOADING

-.833 -.463 .433

.769 -.501 .480 -.398

The fifth factor contributes 4.994 percent to the total variance and has an

eigen value is 2.447. This factor got significant loadings on sociability,

instrumental aggressive behaviour and discipline component of impulsivity.

94

This factor may be named as "emotionality sociability - non-impulsiveness". It

also matches with factor-6 of females (Table 4.25).

Sixth factor in males was represented by four variables explaining

4.174% of the total variance with an eigen value of 2.045. It represents

impulsivity (error in maze learning), sociability of Eysenck & Wilson's

measure and low GSR (after doing physical activity). This factor may be

named as: "impulsivity-sociability-Activity".

th )th Table 4.35 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) for 7" and 8'" factors

FACTOR NUMBER

Factor-7

Factor-8

VARIABLE NAME

Control-uncontrol (Experimental) Time to get anger Discipline (Buss's & Ploinin)

GSR in anger state GSR in distressed state

LOADING

-.836 -.601 .385

.895

.826

The seventh factor contributed a variance of 3.848 percent to the total

variance and had an eigen value of 1.886. The significant loadings show strong

leaning towards taking less time to induce anger, control (non-impulsivity) and

more disciplined component of impulsivity. So the factor may be named as

'Emotionality - Impulsivity". Disciplined males had controlled that get quickly

angry.

The eighth factor contributed a variance of 3.660 percent to the total

variance and had an eigen value of 1.793. This is a unidirectional factor. It

contains only one aspects of physiological variable and fails to correlate with

other variables. This factor shows that males have high GSR in anger state and

in distressed state, i.e., emotional arousal and bodily arousal.

95

th Table 4.36 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) for 9'" factor

FACTOR NO.

Factor-9

VARIABLE NAME

Vigour (Buss's & Plomiii)

Tempo + energy (Buss & Plomin)

Reflection (Buss & Plomin)

Anger (Buss & Ploniin)

Tempo (Buss & Plomin)

LOADING

.719

.685

.646

.501

.487

The ninth factor contributed a variance of 3.650 percent to the total

variance and had eigen value of 1.788. In this factor all variables have found

+ve significant loadings. This positive loading indicates that males are more

vigours, more angry, more reflective, and show fnore tempo with energy

(motivational) behaviour. This factor can be named as "activational arousal". It

partly matched with 7* factor in females (Table 4.25).

Table 4.37 : Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) for 10*'' and ll**" factors

FACTOR NO.

Factor - 10

Factor-11

VARIABLE NAME

Blood pressure(diastolic) in normal

state

Blood pressure (systolic) in normal

state

Error in maze leaming

Time (maze leaming)

Time in discipline

LOADING

.846

.700

.676

.667

-.392

The tenth factor contributed a variance of 3.464 percent to the total

variance and had an eigen value of 1.697. This factor was represented by two

aspects of basal blood pressure (systolic/ diastolic) and fails to connect together

96

with. This factor shows that in males blood pressure (systolic/diastolic) in itself

describes a consistent variable. In females both these variables converged in a

more general blood pressure covering all psychological states (Factor-1,

Table 20), put in males these variables did not load on factor-1 ( Table - 30).

The eleventh factor contributed a variance of 3.459 percent to the total

variance and had an eigen value of 1.695. Males who were doing more error

also took more time in maze learning also took more time in discipline. These

variables were taken as measures of reflections component of impulsivity but

did not loaded with other components.

th -th Table 4.38: Sorted Factor Matrix (Males) for 12'" to 15'" Factors

FACTOR NUMBER

Factor-12

Factor - 13

Factor 14

Factor-15

VARIABLE NAME

GSR in normal state

Sociability (Buss's & Plomin)

Tapping frequency - Physical

Activity

Time to distress

Control (Buss & Plomin)

B.P (diastolic) after doing physical

activity

Activity (EPP)

Aggression (EPP)

Sociability-unsociability

(Laboratory)

LOADING

-.794

-.705

-.515

-.713

.486

.449

.743

.545

.756

Factor 12* explains 3.447 percent variance and its eigen value was

1.689. In this, the three variables that is GSR in normal state, sociability (Buss

and Plomin) and tappijig frequency (doing physical activity) got significant

loadings.

97

The thirteenth factor contributed a variance of 3.357 percent to the total

variance and had an eigen value of 1.645. In this factor also the three variables

got significant loadings, these are control, B.P. (diastolic) after doing physical

activity and time to distress. It represented a mixed and furry combination of

variables.

The fourteenth factor contributed a variance of 3.049 percent to the total

variance and had an eigen value of 1.494. This factor knit together the variables

of activity to aggression. This relationship suggests that males doing more

activity tend to be high on aggression. Factor may be named as "Activity -

aggression"

The fifteenth factor explained a unique variance 3.042 percent to the

total variance and had an eigen value of 1.491. Sociability / unsociability v as

the only significant variable which loaded on it. This factor might be the reuslt

of method specific variance.

Overall, it was seen that only one major component explaining more

than 10% of the total variance was obtained in both samples. It was blood

pressure in varied psychological states. Although basic data differed

significantly between two sexes, these seem to be commormess interims of

grouping of variables. Pure factors revealing temperamental traits orthogonally

could not be extracted. Thus, factorial validity of four traits was very poor. The

factor structure suggested convergence of traits sometimes of E and I, other

times of E and A and even S too exhibited closeness with E and A. hence, a

case for two tracts or a single super trait of Arousability (Activation) appears to

underlie the data.