gazeTi `iveria~ da saqarTvelos istoriis zogierTi …dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/139555/1/GazetiIveri...`istoria georgisa anu saqarTveloisa, qmnili vaxuS-tis mier bagratovanisa

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ilia vadaWkoria

gazeTi ìveria~ da saqarTvelos istoriis zogierTi problema (1886 - 1893 ww)

Tbilisi 2014

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UDK (uak) 070. 22 iveria~+ 94 (479 . 22)

v _ 126

naSromi exeba gazeT iveria~_Si 1886_ 1893 wlebSi gamoqveynebul imsaistorio wyaroebsa da sabibliografio werilebs, romlebicfeodaluri saqarTvelos istoriis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebis da-zustebas isaxavda miznad. im periodis qarTuli istoriuli azrovneb-is fonzea warmoCenili ama Tu im mniSvnelovani movlenebisadmi qarTv-el swavlulTa midgoma, Sefasebis done da is didi roli, rasac isinifarTo sazogadoebaSi saqarTvelos istoriis popularizaciis mizniTakeTebdnen. naSromSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba qarTvel mkvlevarTa imdamsaxurebas, romelic gaswies werilobiTi Zeglebis Segroveba_ ga-darCenis saqmeSi. wina planzea wamoweuli `qarTlis cxovreba~_sTanmimarTebaSi qarTvel istorikosTa gansakuTrebuli interesis ganma-pirobebeli mizezebi. am umniSvnelovanesi saistorio Zeglis mecnier-uli Rirebulebisa da wyaroTmcodeobiTi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb maTmier gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi. naSromSi didi adgili aqvs daTmobilisaqarTvelos istoriis gamyalbebelTa winaaRmdeg qarTvel istoriko-sTa da publicistTa damokidebulebas. dasbuTebulia, rom Cveni war-sulis arakeTilmosurneTa mier gamoTqmuli yoveli mcdari debuleba,qarTveli istorikosebisa da publicistebis mxridan, qarTul da ucx-our wyaroebze dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli argumentirebuli daskvnebiTiqna uaryofili. naSromSi dasabuTebulia, rom qarTvel gmir mefeTada politikur moRvaweTa Sesaxeb gazeT ìveria~_Si gamoqveynebuliistoriuli saxis werilebi, qarTvel xalxSi erovnul_ ganmaTavisu-flebeli moZraobis ideis, erovnul saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis, qvey-nisadmi Tavdadebisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis gadarCenisaTvis

brZolis propagandas emsaxureboda.

redaqtori SoTa vadaWkoriaistoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

recenzenti beJan xoravaistoriis doqtori, profesori

© `georgika~

Tbilisi

2014 ISBN 978-9941-0-6905-5

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Sesavalo

XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTul presas udidesimniSvneloba aqvs im periodis ara marto sazogadoe-brivi azris, aramed saqarTvelos politikuri da so-cialuri istoriis SeswavlisaTvis. mxedvelobaSi maqvsis mdidari da mravalferovani masala, romelic saqa-rTvelos feodaluri istoriis Sesaxeb im periodispresis furclebze qveyndeboda. am SemTxvevaSi yura-dRebas mxolod gazeT ìveriaze~ gavamaxvilebT. rogorc cnobilia, yovelkvireulma gazeTma ìveri-am~ gamosvla 1877 wlis 3 martidan daiwyo. xolo 1879_1885 wlebSi Jurnalis saxiT gamodioda. 1886 wlidan kiyoveldRiuri gazeTis saxiT 1906 wlamde gamodioda.unda aRiniSnos, rom CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan da-kavSirebiT gazeTma uamravi masala gamoaqveyna, am ma-salebis Seswavlisa da misi SerCevis safuZvelze Sevec-adeT gveCvenebina Tu rogor da ra formebSi hpova asa-xva gaz. iveriis~ furclebze saqarTvelos feodaluriistoriis ama Tu im mniSvnelovanma sakiTxebma. gaz. iveriaSi~ gamoqveynebuli saqarTvelos istori-isadmi miZRvnili masalebi ZiriTadad Cveni eris wars-ulis wina planze wamowevis fonze, qarTvel erSi erovnu-li TviTSegnebis amaRlebas isaxavda miznad. am faqtsim etapze Taviseburi gamarTleba hqonda im Tvalsazr-isiT, rom carizmis koloniuri reJimis periodSi, ruseT-is xelisufalTa saxelmwifoebrivi politikuri kursi,ararusi erebis cnobierebidan erovnuli TviTSegnebisamoSanTvas, warsulis daviwyebas da mis gadagvarebasisaxavda miznad. am mavnebluri Canafiqrisadmi dapiris-pirebis erT_ erT saSualebad, qarTvelma istorikoseb-ma da sazogado moRvaweebma, saqarTvelos istoriis um-niSvnelovanesi movlenebis win wamoweva da farTo pop-ularizacia pirvelxarisxovan amocanad miiCnies. am Se-mTxvevaSi maT mizans qarTvel erSi patriotuli su-

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liskveTebis aRdgena_ ganmtkicebis propaganda warmoad-genda. im periodis presis furclebze gamoqveynebuliistoriuli xasiaTis publikaciebi ara marto ide-ologiuri datvirTvis xasiaTs atarebda, aramed igierovnuli istoriuli mecnierebis ganviTarebasac uwy-obda xels. saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb Jurnal_gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli Sromebis didi nawili gazeTìveriaSi~ ibeWdeboda. es publikaciebi, srulad Tu ara,zogad warmodgenas mainc iZleva XIX saukunis meorenaxevris qarTuli istoriografiis ganviTarebis don-is Sesaxeb. cnobilia, rom XIX saukunis meore naxevris istori-kosTa Tavdadebuli da uangaro SromiT, qarTuli ist-oriografia bevri SesaniSnavi naSromiT gamdidrda. didRvawlad unda CaiTvalos iseTi Sromatevadi da rTu-li saqmis Sesruleba, rogoricaa saqarTvelos istori-isaTvis saTanado masalebis Segroveba_ gamomzeureba,wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis gafarToeba, riTac im peri-odSi moRvawe qarTvelma istorikosebma fasdaudebeliRvawli dasdes qarTuli istoriuli mecnierebis Se-mdgom ganviTarebas. am did saSviliSvilo saqmes Ta-vdadebiT emsaxurebodnen: m.brose, d.baqraZe, a.cagareli,m.janaSvili, a.xaxanaSvili, s.baraTaSvili, n.urbneli, T.Jo-rdania, al.garsevaniSvili da sxvebi, romlebic Tavian-Ti istoriuli Tu wyaroTmcodneobiTi xasiaTis Sromebsumeteswilad gazeT iveriis~ furclebze aqveynebdnen.swored aman ganapiroba, rom Cveni naSromis ZiriTaddasayrden wyarod am etapze mxolod gazeTi ìveria~avirCieT. masSi gamoqveynebuli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ama Tu im nusxidan motanili zogierTi citirebebi,sandoobis TvalsazrisiT SeZlebisdagvarad s.yauxCiS-vilis redaqciiT gamocemul `qarTlis cxovrebis~ te-qstTan SevadareT. rac Seexeba samecniero litereturas, XIX saukunismeore naxevris qarTuli istoriografiis sakiTxebsspecialuri gamokvleva miuZRvnes: ar.baramiZem,1 a.io-

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selianma,2 g.nadiraZem,3 r.dodaSvilma,4 S.xanTaZem,5

m.dumbaZem,6 g.anCabaZem,7 S.badriZem8, m.lorTqifaniZe9 dasxvebma. Tumca dasaxelebuli avtorebi im periodisqarTuli istoriografiis miRwevebs ZiriTadad qarTv-el istorikosTa im Sromebis mixedviT ganixilaven,romlebic monografiebisa da broSurebis saxiT Tavisdroze iqna gamoqveynebuli. zemoaRniSnuli avtorebi-sagan gansxvavebiT, gaz. ìveriaSi~ dabeWdil masalebsTavianT SromebSi iyenebs q.nadiraZe,10 d.malazonia.11 dasxva. naSromis werisas yuradReba ZiriTadad XIX saukunismeore naxevris qarTvel istorikosTa im Sromebze Se-vaCereT, romlebic zemoT aRniSnul avtorebs an sru-lebiT ara aqvs ganxiluli, an zogadad exebian mas. wi-namdebare naSromis mizans, swored aseTi masalebis winaplanze wamoweva da misi analizi warmoadgens.

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$ 1. gazeTi ìveria~ saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebisa da gamoqveynebuli samecniero literaturis Sesaxeb

gazeTi iveria~ mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo qarTu-li Jurnalistikis flagmani, erovnul_ demokratiuliinteligenciis miswrafebaTa mTavari gamomxatveli.i.WavWavaZem Tavis `pirmSos,~ miznad Tavidanve dausaxaqarTveli xalxis erovnuli da kulturuli TviTmyo-fadobisaTvis brZola. erovnuli TviTSemecnebis erT_erT saukeTeso saSualebad eris warsulis mecni-erul_kritikuli Seswavla, axlad gamovlenili xel-nawerebisa da istoriuli dokumentebis gamomzeu-reba_popularizacia iqna miCneuli. dasaxuli miznisgansaxorcieleblad, gazeTsa da mis redaqtors, Tanadgo-ma qarTvelma istorikosebma da kulturis istoriismkvlevarebma aRmouCines. amas xeli imanac Seuwyo, romXIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli istoriografiaaRmasvlas ganicdida da misi warmomadgenlebi pirvel-wyaroebisadmi gansakuTrebul kritikul damokidebule-bas iCendnen. movlenaTa axsnis pragmatulma midgomamda mizez_Sedegobrivi meTodis gamoyenebam, saqarTvel-os istoriis (kulturuli, ekonomikuri, politikuri daeTnikuri) sakiTxebis axleburad gaSuqebis SesaZleblob-is pirobebi Seamzada.1 aRniSnul problematikaZe Seqmn-ili produqcia, gazeT iveriis~ furclebze qveyndebo-da da eris erTianobis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda. gazeT iveria~_Si gamoqveynebuli masalebi, TematuriTvalsazrisiT ramdenime jgufad SeiZleba daiyos. erT_erT maTgans, saqarTvelos istoriis pirvelwyaroebiwarmoadgens. marTalia, gazeT iveria~_s 1886_1893 wlebSiTiTqmis arcerTi matiane ar gamouqveynebia, magram bibl-iografiis~ rubrikiT dabeWdil werilebSi, axladaRm-oCenili matianis mokle Sinaarssa da daxasiaTebas iZle-odnen. qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis Sesaxeb aseTi

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bibliografiuli rubrika gazeTma 1887 wlidan Sem-oiRo. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas T.Jordanias weriliàxlad aRmoCenili gelaTis matiane~ iqcevs. igi saz-ogadoebas amcnobs, rom am mniSvnelovani xelnawerisaRmoCena (1829 weli) da litografiuli wesiT misi pi-rveli gamocema, m.broses saxels ukavSirdeboda. T.Jo-rdanias azriT, es matiane vaxuSti batoniSvils gamouye-nebia Tavis TxzulebaSi. amis damadastureblad igierTmaneTs udarebs `gelaTis matiane~_sa da vaxuStibatoniSvilis àRwera samefosa saqarTveloisa~_s imgverdebs, sadac misi msgavseba aSkarad dasturdeba. T.Jo-rdanias mtkicebiT, matiane genaTeli beris mier undayofiliyo Sedgenili, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSisxva pirebs gaugrZelebia.2

g.alasanias mtkicebiT, aRniSnuli matianesadmi gela-Tis matianis~ saxelwodebis mikuTvneba, gaumarTlebe-li unda iyos, Tundac im motiviT, rom igi mxolod ge-naTeli beris mier ki ar aris Sedgenili, aramed sxva-dasxva pirebis mieraa `ganvrcobili.~3 am TxzulebisparizSi dacul xelnawers e.TayaiSvilima parizis qr-onika~ uwoda. saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevarTa azriT,`parizis qronika~_s ZiriTadi wyaroebia: 1).gelaTuriqronikoni, 2).mesxuri matiane, 3).ioseb Tbilelis istor-iuli poema didmouraviani,~ 4).rostom mefis 1648 wlisgujari, 5).grigol dodorqelis cxovreba da wameba qe-Tevan dedoflisa,~ 6).farsadan gorgijaniZis Txzulebisukanaskneli nawili.4 aRniSnuli faqtebis gaTvaliswine-bidan gamomdinare, g.alasaniam gamoTqva mosazreba imisSesaxeb, rom `parizis qronika,~ anu `gelaTis matiane~sxvadasxva Txzulebebze damyarebul naSroms warmoad-gens da pirobiTad XVIII saukunis 30_iani wlebiT undadaTariRdes.5

gazeT iveriis~ furclebze gamoqveynebuli masaleb-is Seswavla adasturebs, rom saqarTvelos istoriiswyaroebisadmi, kerZod, `qarTlis cxovrebisadmi~ XIXsaukunis meore naxevris qarTveli istorikosebi gan-

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sakuTrebul interess iCendnen. yoveli axali xelnaw-eris aRmoCenas didi sixaruliT xvdebodnen da amisSesaxeb Sesabamis informacias gazeT ìveriis~ furc-lebze beWdavdnen. gazeT iveriaSi~ dabeWdil werilSiàxali wyaro saqarTvelos istoriisa,~6 T.Jordania sa-zogadoebas mesxiSvilis mier 1888 wels werakiTxvisgamavrcelebeli sazogadoebisadmi gadacemul xelnaw-erebSi tyavze daweril `moqcevai qarTlisai~_s d.ba-qraZis mier gamovlenili xelnaweris Sesaxeb auwyebda.am istoriuli wyarosadmi T.Jordanias mier gamoTqmu-li Tvalsazrisidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas wmin-da ninos Rvawlisa da cxovrebis sruli aRweris oriredaqciis arsebobis mtkicebis faqti iqcevs. igi oriveredaqciis mokle daxasiaTebas iZleva. misi azriT, mo-qcevai qarTlisais~ aRniSnuli redaqcia, manamde cno-bil redaqciaTa Soris yvelaze Zveli iyo, ris gamoc,igi T.Jordanias sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, manamde arse-bul xelnawerTa Soris ‘ufro SesaniSnavi da Zvirfa-sia.~ rogorc werilidan irkveva, T.Jordania, aRniSnu-li redaqciebidan gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas pirv-el xelnawers aniWebda, radgan igi Seicavda `didZalfriad saWiro masalas Cveni uZvelesi istoriisas.~7

amis dasasabuTeblad `moqcevai qarTlisais~ is adgi-lebi moyavda, sadac qarTvel mefeTa sia iyo CamoTvl-ili. imave matianeze dayrdnobiT, gaerTianebuli saqa-rTvelos pirvel mefed azos asaxelebs. misi mtkice-biT, aleqsandre makedonelis mier saqarTvelos dapyr-obis Semdeg, mefed mas azo dausvams. am SemTxvevaSi mk-vlevarma ukritikod miiRo da sarwmunod miiCnia `moq-cevai qarTlisaiSi~ aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSimoTxrobili ambebi. qarTul istoriografiaSi dResgarkveulia, rom `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ daculi cno-ba, aleqsandre makedonelisgan qarTlis dalaSqvrisSesaxeb, legendarulia da wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba.8

Tu aleqsandre makedonels qarTlSi ar ulaSqria daigi ar daupyria, bunebrivia, gaerTianebuli saqarTvel-

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os mefed azos ver dasvamda. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gr.qavTaria Semdegs am-bobs; `gavrcelebuli versia, TiTqos azoni mcxeTaSialeqsandre makedonels Semohyva, mcdaria, magram dia-doxosebis xanaSi misi aq damkvidreba realobad undaCaiTvalos. azoni mcxeTaSi movida aleqsandres gar-dacvalebis Semdeg, Cveni varaudiT lizimaxes lasqar-Tan erTad. isic dasaSvebia, rom laSqrobis iniciato-rad azoni vigulisxmoT, radgan lizimaxesTan dade-buli SeTanxmeba mas sabrZaneblis gafarTovebas hpird-eboda.~9

xelnaweris aRwerisas T.Jordania dasZens, rom `mo-qcevai qarTlisai~_s xelnaweri daviT reqtori_ mesx-iSvilis biblioTekis ganZs warmoadgenda da 1141 erT-euls Seicavda. iqve gulistkiviliT SeniSnavda, romdaviT reqtoris xelnawerebis es biblioTeka, misi gar-dacvalebidan 60 wlis Semdeg ganadgurebula da misg-an mxolod 60 xelnaweri wigni darCenila. aseTive bediergo mcxeTis xelnawerTa biblioTekas. (7000 xelnawe-ri wignidan, 6800 ganadgurda). am faqtebis winwamoweviT,T.Jordanias erovnuli xelnawerebis movla_patronobisaucileblobisaken qarTveli sazogadoebis yuradReb-is gadatana surda. werilis avtoris mier moqcevai qa-rTlisai~_dan saqarTvelos warsulis Sesaxeb motani-li cnobebi da misi analizi iTvaliswinebda: 1).saqarTve-los uZvelesi istoriisadmi sazogadoebis yuradReb-is mipyrobas da arsebuli wyaros gacnobas, 2).Cveni er-is warsulis, misi kulturis istoriisadmi uZvelesixelnawerebis mniSvnelobis win wamowevas. gazeT ìveriaSi~ dabeWdili masalebidan gansakuTre-bul yuradRebas n.urbnelis mier gamoqveynebuli giorgibrwyinvalis samarTlis wigni Zeglisdeba~ iqcevs. aRniS-nul dokuments n.urbneli Sesabamis ganmartebas urT-avs da amiT ufro sainteresos xdis Tavis werils. igi`Zeglisdebas~ maRal Sefasebas aZlevs, ganixilavs doku-mentSi naxseneb samoxeleo terminebs da ganmartavs maT

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funqciebs. zog SemTxvevaSi n.urbneli ar eTanxmeba Zeg-lisdebaSi~ ama Tu im samoxeleo aparatis Sesaxeb mot-anil cnobas da misadmi aSkarad kritikul damokide-bulebas iCens. ase magaliTad: `sakuTrad ixseniebamouravi, romelic darbazs arafers hkadrebs~, magramimis brZanebas ki asrulebs,_ mouravTa pirTa mamulieboZoso~. `maSasadame,_ wers n.urbneli_ mouravi brZa-nebis aRmsrulebelia da amas garda, Tu marto Zeglis-debas davemyarebiT, mouravs ara ekiTxeboda ra, magrames ase rodi iyo, mouravs mravalgvari movaleoba epyrada amisdagvarad mouravobac sxvadasxvanairi iyo.~10

n.urbneli mokled aRwers Tu ra funfciebi hqondamouravs dakisrebuli, rogori iyo misi statusi dadasZens, rom `sxva mouravebis msgavsad~ mTiuleTismouravebic marto darbazis brZanebis aRmsrulebeliar unda yofiliyo da vgoneb, arc iyo....~11

SesaZloa n.urbneli sworad msjelobs, magram aqgasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom mTaSi did ufle-bebs xevisberebi flobdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, mTaSimouravis saxelo SezRuduli uflebiT rom yofiliyowarmodgenili savsebiT SesaZlebelia. radenadac imdroisaTvis mTisa da baris mosaxleoba wes_ Cveulebe-bis TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeboda, sworedam faqtorma aiZula giorgi mexuTe, mTis mosaxleobi-saTvis calke kanonTa krebuli Seeqmna. yovelive zem-oTqmulidan gamomdinare, mTisa da baris mouravTa uf-lebrivi Tanasworobis daSveba SeuZleblad unda iqn-as miCneuli. yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom aRniSnuliwyarosadmi n.urbneli metad kritikul damokidebule-bas amJRavnebs da misadmi brma ndobas ar iCens, racmkvlevaris dadebiT Tvisebad unda CaiTvalos. Tavisvrcel werils n.urbneli `Zeglisdebis” teqstis dabe-WdviT asrulebs. aRniSnuli dokumenti SemdgomSii.doliZem gamosca.12

gaz. ìveriaSi~ saqarTvelos istoriis werilobiTiwyaroebis Sesaxeb dabeWdili publikaciebidan gan-

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sakuTrebul yuradRebas m.janaSvilis werili iqcevs.igi sazogadoebas vaxuSti batoniSvilis Txzulebisìstoria georgisa anu saqarTveloisa, qmnili vaxuS-tis mier bagratovanisa Zisa vaxtang mefisa~ axlad aR-moCenil xelnawers acnobs.”13 es xelnaweri sof. iyal-ToSi vasil mayaSvilis sakuTreba yofila. m.janaSviligvaZlevs xelnaweris srul aRwerilobas. TematuriprincipiT CamoTvlis TiToeuli kabadonis dasaxele-bas. misive TqmiT, 262 kabadonze aRniSnuli yofila, romxelnaweri 1817 wels spiridon iaSvils gadauweria.m.janaSvilma es xelnaweri sxva variantebTan Sedarada gaarkvia, rom 1817 wels gadawerili zemoaRniSnu-li teqstis umetesi nawili, rogorc saistorio, isevegeografiuli, d.baqraZis redaqtorobiT gamocemul vax-uSti batoniSvilis saqarTvelos istoriaSi,~ da m.br-oses mier 1842 wels qarTlis cxovrebis~ meore tomSi_`ReoRrafia saqarTveloisi~ saxelwodebiT iyo Seta-nili. m.janaSvilis dakvirvebiT, dabeWdilsa da mayaSv-iliseul xelnawers Siris mTeli rigi gansxvavebebiSeiniSneboda. dabeWdilSi _weri igi _ara Tu mravalisityvebi damaxinjebulad aris moyvanili, aramed mraval-gan gamotovebulia mTeli frazebi da periodebi.~14

1898 wels gaz. ìveriis~ #203_ Si daibeWda dRiurisformiT Sedgenili ioane qarTvelovis xelnaweri. teq-stis Seswavlidan irkveva, rom mis Sedgenas ioane qa-rTvelovi etapobrivad ki ar axdenda, aramed misi dawe-ra 1801 wlis 10 seqtembers dauwyia15 da 1801 wlis 3 oq-tombers dausrulebia.16 swored amtom aris, rom mTelirigi istoriuli movlenebis daTariRebasTan dakavSire-biT igi Secdomebs uSvebs. ase magaliTad; ganja_ yarab-axze erekles 1787 wlis laSqrobis Sesaxeb Semdegn-airad wers: `Tvesa seqtembersa welsa amas Sina (igu-lisxmeba 1787 weli i.v) warvida mefe irakli jariTaqarTlisa, kaxeTisa da ruseTisa ganjasa da yarabaxsazeda.~17 dReisaTvis istoriografiaSi dadgenilia, romaRniSnuli laSqroba 1787 wlis ivnisis bolos ganx-

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orcielda,18 xolo 1787 wlis seqtemberSi rusTa jarisaqarTvelodan iyo gasuli. ase, rom seqtemberSi rus-Ta jariT erekle ganja_ yarabaxze ver gailaSqrebda.igive xelnawerSi ioane qarTvelovi aRa mahmad_ xanissaqarTveloze laSqrobas da Tbilisis aRebas aRwersda am konkretul SemTxvevaSi momxdar faqts sworadaTariRebs. ioane qarTvelovis imave dRiurebSi gan-sakuTrebuli yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli rusTa jarissaqarTveloSi meored SemosvlasTan dakavSirebiT daigi 1895 wlis noembriTaa daTariRebuli.19 am faqts,m.dumbaZe da z.cqitiSvili azusteben da mas 1895 wlisdekemberiT aTariReben.20

ivane qarTvelovis es xelnaweri imiTacaa sainteresoda mniSvnelovani, rom masSi sasaxlis karis cxovrebisdetalebia aRwerili. ramdenadac igi uSualod sasax-lis karze msaxurobda da samefo ojaxis cxovrebisSesaxeb saintereso cnobebs flobda, mis mier motani-li faqtebi sandod unda miviCnioT. miTumetes, es xel-naweri dakveTiT ar iwereboda da samefo karis mxri-dan mis avtorze raime saxis zewola ar xdeboda. aqedangamomdinare, masSi moTxrobili ambebi naklebad miker-Zoebulad unda miviCnioT. aRniSnuli xelnaweri imi-Tac aris mniSvnelovani, rom masSi piradi cxovrebissaintereso faqtebis paralelurad, qarTvelovi sa-qarTvelos istoriis Sesaxebac sakmaod bevrs saubrobs.am xelnawerSi Tanabrad aris warmodgenili im perio-dis rogorc saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis mniSv-nelovani movlenebi, ise avtoris piraduli gancdebida is socialuri siduxWire, romelSiac saqarTveloaRa mahmad_ xanis Semosevis Semdeg Cavarda. am mxriv,xelnaweri Cveni qveynis istoriis Sesaxeb uaRresadsayuradRebi wyaros warmoadgens. XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli istoriogra-fia, saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavlisas, ZiriTadad`qarTlis cxovrebis~ ama Tu im xelnawerebs eyrdno-boda, magram, paralelurad ucxouri wyaroebis moZie-

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basa da mis gamomzeurebasac cdilobda. am did saS-viliSvilo saqmeSi qarTvel istorikosebs mxarSi gaze-Ti ìveria~ edga. igi periodulad im axlad aRmoCeni-li wyaroebis mokle anotirebul monacemebs aqveyneb-da, romlebic saqarTvelos warsulis Sesaxeb cnobebsSeicavda. amis erT_erT nimuSs, gazeT ìveria~_Si 1886wels àxli ambavis~ rubrikiT dabeWdili vrceli in-formacia warmoadgens. masSi somexi istorikosis mala-qia beris Txzulebis Sesaxebaa saubari. gazeTi mkiTx-vel sazogadoebas auwyebda, rom aRniSnuli naSromi,monRolTa periodis saqarTvelos istoriis umniSvnelo-vanes movlenebTan dakavSirebiT sayuradRebo cnobebsSeicavda da masSi motanili faqtebis umetesoba qarT-lis cxovrebis~_aTvis ucnobi iyo. aseTi preambulisSemdeg, qarTveli istorikosebis misamarTiT garkveu-li miniSneba iyo gakeTebuli: `saintereso iqneba, Tukivinme xels mokidebs mis qarTulad gadmoTargmnas.~21

aseTi saxis informaciis miuxedavad, Txzulebis sax-elwodeba gaurkveveli rCeboda, radgan zemoaRniSnulrubrikaSi amis Sesaxeb araferi iyo naTqvami. dRei-saTvis cnobilia, rom malaqia beri, igive grigol akane-lia, avtori moisarTa tomis istoriisa.~ misi qarTul-ad Targmna da stamburi wesiT gamocema mxolod XXsaukunis 60_ian wlebSi gaxda SesaZlebeli.22

gazeTma iveria~_m 1886 wels, mkiTxvel sazogadoebasromaeli istorikosis tacitusis (56_117 w.w.) Sesaxebmiawoda cnoba.23 Cveni welTaRricxvis I_II saukuneebisistoriis SeswavlisaTvis aRniSnuli istorikosis naS-romis mniSvneloba srulad rom warmoeCina, gazeTmamokled, magram sainteresod warmoadgina saqarTv-elo_somxeTisa da romis urTierTobis istoriis amsa-xveli masalebi. miuxedavad amisa, tacitusis ànaleb-is~ da ìstoriebis~ qarTulad Targmna im etapze vermoxerxda. igi mxolod 1973 wels iqna ganxorcielebu-li.24

wminda istoriuli wyaroebis farTo propagandasTan

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erTad, gazeTi ìveria~ sazRvargareT gamoqveynebulisamecniero Sromebidan, saqarTvelos istoriasTan dakav-Sirebuli ucnobi masalebis amokrefas, ukidures SemTx-vevaSi masze miTiTebas axdenda. amis nimuSad, peterbur-gis arqeologiuri sazogadoebis aRmosavleTmcodneo-bis ganyofilebis sxdomaze, s.veselevskis mier wakiTx-uli moxsenebis (1889 w. 23 marti) Sesaxeb dabeWdiliinformaciuli xasiaTis cnoba gamodgeba.25 imave ga-zeTidan irkveva, rom am moxsenebas iranSi myofi rusielCebis 1597_1599 wlebis aRweriloba dadebia safuZv-lad. gazeTisave cnobiT, momxsenebels dawvrilebiTganuxilavs qarTveli mefis aleqsandres mier spar-seTSi gagzavnili elCebisa da misi Svilebis, qalaqyazvinSi rus elCebTan Sexvedris faqtebi. misive mo-nacemebiT, qarTvel elCs Sah_abasisaTvis mSvenieriqarTveli qali mihyavda, romelic Sahma colad SeirTo,xolo mefis vaJiSvili daasaCuqra. igive gazeTi mkiTx-vels auwyebda, rom n.veselevskis moxseneba aRmosav-leTmcodneobis Sromebis 21_e tomSi daibeWdeboda.gazeTi arafers ambobda, Tu romel aleqsandresTangvqonda saqme da ra erqva Sahisadmi gagzavnil Svilebs.arc imis Sesaxebaa miniSnebuli, romeli Sahi iyo ira-nis mmarTveli. sakiTxis gasarkvevad, imave gazeTis miersaelCo aRwerilobis daTariReba (1598_1599 wlebi)gamodgeba. am monacemebis mixedviT rusi elCebi, kaxe-Tis mefe aleqsandre II_is (1474_1506 w.w.) mier wargzav-nil qarTvel elCebs Sexvedria, romelsac Sah_abaspirvelTan (1487_1529 w.w.) aleqsandre meoris qaliS-vili (saxeli ucnobia) da vaJi konstantine (igi imdros 12 wlis iyo) mihyavda. aRniSnuli masalebis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT,rom 1886_1889 wlebSi, gazeTi ìveria~ saqarTvelos is-toriis werilobiTi wyaroebis zogadi monacemebisgamoqveynebiTac ki, sasargeblo saqmes akeTebda. igisaqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevarT, dasaxelebuli wyaroe-bis arsebobaze mianiSnebda da mis mecnierul mimoqce-

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vaSi Semotanis SesaZleblobas qmnida. gazeT ìveriaSi~ gamoqveynebuli masalebis Seswav-lam gviCvena, rom qarTvel da ucxoel mematianeTa Tx-zulebebis popularizaciis paralelurad, igi qarTu-li saistorio sabuTebis gamoqveynebas, mis propagan-das gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda. amis magal-iTs, saqarTvelos mefis bagrat didis (1510_1565) mierSergilaZeTa saxelze gacemuli sasisxlo sigeli warm-oadgens.26 am dokumentis teqstTan erTad, gazeTma TviTsigelis aRwerilobac dabeWda. gazeTis monacemebiT,sigeli tyavze iyo dawerili. misi sigrZe àlab naxev-ari,~ xolo sigane `mesamedi alabi~ iyo (erTi alabiudris 68.8 sm-s.) sigelis Tavze mefe bagratis suraTiyofila gamosaxuli warweriT mefeT_mefe bagrat didi.~sigelis boloSi mefis xelmowera iyo darTuli. aseTisaxis aRwerilobis Semdeg, TviT sigelis sruli teqs-ti iyo dabeWdili. aRniSnuli dokumentidan irkveva:1).sigeli gaucia bagrat mefes didad erTguli aznau-ris jakva da misi Svilis maTe SergilaZeebis saxelze,maTive Txovnis Semdeg. dagveajnes da vismineT aja damoxseneba maTni: SeviwyaleT da uboZeT sasisxlo sige-li.~ 2).sigelSi mocemulia SergilaZeTa ojaxisadmi xel-Seuxebloba. Tuki vinme Seecdeboda SergilaZeTa ojaxiswevrebisadmi odnavi Seuracyofa mieyenebina, Seuracmy-ofeli Sesabamisi gadasaxadiT isjeboda. iqve, CamoTvl-ili iyo sxvadasxva danaSaulebebTan dakavSirebiT dawe-sebuli gadasaxadTa raodenoba. 3).sigeli garkveul war-modgenas gviqmnis im periodis saqarTveloSi aznaurTawodebis uflebebsa da movaleobebze. 4).sigelidan vge-bulobT, rom misi gacemis momentisaTvis bagrati mTe-li dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe yofila. amis SesaxebdokumentSi vkiTxulobT: `daudeviT ese Cvengan boZe-buli sigeli da misi wesiTa da rigiTa gasinjeT dadaaurvebdiT aw qristes mier kurTxeulo episkoposnoqarTlisa da afxazeTisa, kaTalikosno samcxes mawyver-elno da aTormetno meudabnoeno, Wyondidelo, caiSe-

16

lo, moqvelo da bedielo Tqvenca asre daumtkiceT, sx-vani karisa Cvenisa Tavadno erisTavTa erisTavo dasvanTa erisTavo da mandaturTuxuceso, dadiano, amirspasalaro, gurielo Tqvenc asre daumtkiceT sxvanokarisa Cvenisa vezirno amiraT amirao, amilaxoro cix-isaTa karisa Cvenisasa.~27

rac Seexeba sigelis gacemis konkretul dros, imavedokumentis boloSi vkiTxulobT: `daiwera boZeba dasigeli ese xeliTa karisa Cvenisa divnisaTa Tvesa martsaocdacxrasa da mTvaresa moqcevasa ocdaxuTsa indiq-tonsa. mefobisa Cvenisasa qronikonsa oras ormocdaor-sa.~28 e.i.1554 wels. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas,rom imerTa mefe bagrat mesame 1510_1565 wlebSi mefob-da, maSin aRniSnuli sigeli, romelsac bagrati didissaxeliTaa moxseniebuli, bagrat III mier unda iyosgacemuli. rogorc gazeTidan irkveva, es sigeli sof.obujSi (zugdidis mazra) Sengelaiebis ojaxSi aRmouCe-niaT. ojaxis wevrebs gazeTis redaqciisaTvis miuwode-bia asli da ara dedani. amasTan dakavSirebiT, gazeTiìveria~ dasZenda: `kargi iqneba b_nma Sengelaiebma essigeli gaasinjinon Cveni istoriisa da arxeologiismcodne kacebs an droebiT mainc gamougzavnon werak-iTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas.~29 ramdenadac, sige-li araspecialistis mier iqna gadawerili, gamoricxu-li araa, saqme gvqondes gadaweris dros daSvebul Sec-domebTan. rac Seexeba TviT sigelis beds, igi gaurkveve-lia. yovel SemTxvevaSi gazeTi ìveria~_s Semdeg, misipublikacia sigelgujrebis arcerT gamocemaSi ar mox-vedrila. gazeT ìveriis~ furclebze gamoqveynebuli saisto-rio sabuTebidan, Cveni yuradReba `JurulianT gvarisgujarma~ miiqcia.30 aRniSnul dokuments win uZRvisredaqciis mier gakeTebuli mokle mimoxilviTi xasia-Tis werili, romlidanac vgebulobT, rom es gujaripergamentze iyo dawerili. sigane sam goj naxevari,xolo sigrZe ori arSini qonda. gujaris Tavze macxo-

17

vari iyo gamosaxuli, xolo mis qvemoT taxtze fex-morTxmiT mjdomi giorgi mefe. imave werilidan irkve-va, rom es gujari 1848 wels frangulad gamucia m.broses.xolo d.baqraZes, vaxuSti batoniSvilis ‘istoriis~SeniSvnebSi gamouyenebia. dokumentis teqstidan irkveva, rom aRniSnul gujarsmefe giorgi aZlevs winamZRvars Juruls, mis Zmebs avga-rozs da ratis. JurulianT STamomavlebs am doku-ments uaxlebs giorgis Zmiswuli mefe bagrati. giorgimefis mier gacemul gujars 1463 weli azis, xolo bagrat-is mier ganaxlebuls 1472 weli. es saSualebas gva-Zlevs gavarkvioT Tu romeli giorgis da bagratismier aris igi gacemuli. Cvens mier motanili daTar-iRebiT Tuki vimsjelebT, gujari giorgi VIII (1446_1466w.w.) mier unda iyos gacemuli,31 xolo bagrat VI (1466-1478) mier ganaxlebuli.32 imave saredaqcio werilSi,gvaris Jurulis warmomavlobis garkvevis mcdeloba-caa. gazeTis azriT, Jurulni unda iyvnen qsnis erisTavniSalvasa da largviselis erT_tomni da erT sisxlni.~33

rogorc samecniero literaturidan irkveva, amJamadgvari Juruli mxolod axalgoris raionis sofellargvisSi gvxvdeba.34

saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb gazeT iveria~_Si dabe-Wdili masalebidan, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ori do-kumenti iqcevs: 1).`mziTvis wigni anuka batoniSvilisada misi ganmarteba,~35 2).mgalobliSvilTa saxelze ereklemeoris mier gacemuli wyalobis wigni.36 pirveli maTga-nis publikacia da saTanado gamokvlevleva m.janaSvilsekuTvnis. am dokumentis istoriul_eTnografiuli mniS-vnelobis garkvevis paralelurad, igi misi Seqmnis ga-nmapirobebel mizezebsac Seexo da vaxtang VI_s droinde-li saqarTvelos socialur_ekonomikuri da politikuriistoriis suraTi sainteresod warmoaCina. rac Seexe-ba meore dokuments, sofel WalaSi vinme xucess erT_erTojaxSi karze gakruli unaxavs, gauwmendia da teqstigadauweria. dokuments boloSi darTuli hqonda Tari-

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Ri k welsa CRJz. rac 1797 wlis aprils niSnavs. igierekle meorisa da anton kaTalikozis xelmoweriT dabeWdiTaa dadasturebuli. Cven ar SevudgebiT am do-kumentebis daxasiaTebas da misi mniSvnelobis garkve-vas, radgan amis Sesaxeb gazeT ìveriaSi~ sakmaod vr-cladaa saubari. mxolod avRniSnavT, rom aseTi pirve-ladi wyaroebis gamoqveynebam, erovnuli istoriografiiswinsvlaSi garkveuli roli Seasrula. marTalia, ammasalebis umetesobis publikaciis done mecnierebismaSindel moTxovnebs srulad ver pasuxobda, magram,saqarTvelos istoriis ukeT Seswavlisa da qarTvelxalxSi erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebis TvalsazrisiT,gansakuTrebuli rols asrulebda.37

gaz. ìveriis~ 1890 wlis #187_ Si daibeWda mRvdel_monazon kalistrates werili, sadac aRwerili iyo Zve-li xelnaweri saxareba, romelic ucxo adamianis xel-Si unaxavs. garegnuli aRweris Semdeg, mRvdel_ mona-zon kalistretes mohyavs teqstis Sinaarsi, romelicsaxarebis bolo or furcelze iyo dawerili da romel-ic mas gadmouweria. teqstSi naTqvamia: `zeadidnes dadaamyarnes RmerTman, Zlierni da uZlevelni, TviT xe-lmwifebiT mflobelni yovlisa saqarTvelosani, daviT,mefeT mefe da RvTiv gvirgvinosani TinaTin mefeTa mefeda dedofali da warmarTnen auot (?) Zisa maTisa me-foba, umetes yovelTa mefeTa qveynisaTa da adiden wmindamRvdelT_ moZRvari Teodore anCel mTavarepiskoposida aTormetTa udabnoTa moZRvrebasa maTsa vigulis-modgine me suliTa sawyalobelma da naTelgebiT odenqristianeman, didad ganmarisxebelman da SemcodemanRvTisaman sofrom mwignobarman,... odesme RvTisa swor-Ta TviTmpyrobelman... saydrisa anCisa saCinooba... sim-didre da samkauli saydrisa xrwnilebasa daenTqes...da kvalad Sekninebul iyo esreT, rom vikadre saxareb-isa amis mosyidva wmindis udabnos wyarosTaviT daSemsgavsebulad Zalisa Cemisa movaWedine RvTisa mierkurTxeuls Rirssa oqros mqandakebelsa beqasa... da

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dausvene xatsa RvTaebisasa salocvelad Zmisa CemisasvimonisTvis... da gamikeTes salocavi ioane rkinelman,netarebiT moxseniebulman siwmindes gadayenebasa... daamis saxarebisaTvis Teodore anCel mTavarepiskopos-man ganmiweses kedelsa zeda warwera...~38

aRniSnuli vrceli amonaweris aq moyvana aucile-blobas warmoadgens, radgan is Seicavs istoriul pir-Ta saxelebs. saxarebis daweris TariRi ucnobia. arcminawerzea qoronikoni. mRvdeli kalistrate cdilobsdaadginos saxarebis daweris TariRi da fiqrobs, rom,radgan mefeT_ mefe daviT kurapalati (958_ 994)`mfarvelobda qarTul mwerlobas da avrcelebda TavissamefoSi aTonel mamaTagan naTargmn wignebs. sworederTi maTgani unda iyos es saxareba.~39 rogorc zemoTavRniSne, saxarebis bolos aris minaweri, romelic eWv-gareSea, rom mogviano xanisaa vidre Tavad saxareba,CvenTvis ucnobia Tu rodis gakeTda es minaweri, TumcaSegviZlia daaxloebiT ganvsazRvroT misi dawerisTariRi. minaweris Tanaxmad saxarebis zanduki siZvelis-agan gacveTil_ gaZarculi iyo, misi Tavidan moWedvaki òqros mqandakebel~ beqasTvis miundvia minawerisavtors sofrom mwignobars. Tu vivaraudebT, rom oqrosmqandakebeli beqa~ CvenTvis kargad cnobili beqaopizaria, maSin, Cveni azriT aRniSnuli minaweri XIIsaukuneSi unda iyos Sesrulebuli. mRvdeli kalis-trate am faqts gverds uvlis. ufro metic, mas minawer-Si naxsenebi daviT mefeT_ mefe daviT kurapalatadmiaCnia, xolo vin aris `TinaTan~ zustad ver arkvevs,Tumca fiqrobs, rom is aris giorgi pirvelis mier mok-luli TinaTini (906 w.)40 T.Jordania sruliad gansxvav-ebiT xsnis am yvelafers. TinaTini~_s Sesaxeb T.Jordaniapirdapir ambobs araviTari eWvi ar aris, rom aq moxse-niebulia Tamar (es sityva kalistrates waukiTxavs Ti-naTin~T.J) mefe da qmari misi mefe daviT. sabuTad amisasakmaoa: 1)arcerTi dedofali garda didebulis Tama-risa Cvens istoriaSi ar iwodeba mefed, mxolod Tama-

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ri iwodeba Tamar mefed da dedoflad~, 2) magram ume-tesad es mtkicdeba imiT, rom aq moxseniebuli ioanerkineli, Semdeg anCel_ mTavarepiskoposi, da mqandakibeqa Tamar mefis dros scxovrobdnen.~41

T.Jordanias gamoTvliT, minaweri unda Sesrulebu-liyo 1204_ 1207 wlebSi, radgan daviTi 1207 wels gar-daicvala, laSas ki pirvelad 1205 wels daadges gvir-gvini. swored am or TariRSi aqcevs T.Jordania sax-arebaze minaweris gakeTebas. Tumca SesaZloa aRniSnu-li minaweri ufro adrindelic iyos. amis safuZvelsis gvaZlevs, rom minawerSi giorgis saxeli ar aris mo-xseniebuli. laSa_ giorgi rom yofiliyo mefed kurTx-euli sofrom mwignobari mas saxeliT moixseniebda,rogorc es aris 1205 wlis Semdgom warwerebSi. asemagaliTad: 1205 wlis q. karze laSqrobis SesaxebT.Jordanias afxazTa qronikidan mohyavs Semdegi fra-zebi: `maSin Ze misi (Tamaris) laSa Tormetis wlisaiyo~42 an kidev `1207w_ qks :ukz: dasabamiTgan :xyia: amaswelsa kari aiRes da Tamar dedofali gardaicvala.maSin Ze misi laSa Tormetisa wlisa iyo laSqarispirvelsa galaSqrebasa.~43 aqedan gamomdinare savsebiTSesaZleblad migvaCnia, rom radgan saxarebis minawerzelaSa saxeliT ar aris moxseniebuli is unda gakeTebu-liyo 1205 wlamde. T.Jordaniaseuli daTariReba (1205_ 1207 wlebi), Sei-Zleba 1192_ 1204 wlebiT CavanacvloT. rogorc saxare-bis minaweridan Cans, saxareba wyarosTavis taZridanwamouRia sofrom mwignobars. cnobilia, rom beqa opizar-ma wyarosTavis saxareba moWeda, amave saxarebaze ariswarwera, saidanac vgebulobT, rom saxareba.... gadaawe-rina da moaWedvina tbeTis episkoposma, `glaxakma~ io-ane safarel_ mtbeverma. ydazevea beqas xelmowerac:`qriste Seiwyale oqromWedeli beqai opizari~... sxvaminawerSi naTqvamia, rom es saxareba gadawera ormamweralma_ fukaralisZem da giorgi seTaisZem. `qoron-ikonsa uie (1195w).~44 yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamom-

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dinare Cvens winaSe ismeba kiTxva; es ori saxareba xomar aris erTi da igive. iqneb mRvdel_ monazon kalis-trates siCqaris gamo wyarosTavis saxarebis gadamwer-Ta saxelebi da qoronikoni gamorCa, romelic 1195 welsmianiSnebs? am eWvebis gasaqarwyleblad SegviZlia mov-iyvanoT ramodenime damajerebeli argumenti. 1)warweraromelic kalistrates mier napovn saxarebaSia, garkveviTambobs, rom simdidre da samkauli saydrisa xrwnile-basa daenTqa.~45 es imas mianiSnebs, rom saxareba beqasmoWedvamde didi xniT adre unda daweriliyo. 2)am orisaxarebis moWediloba ar emTxveva erTmaneTs, rac kideverT mtkice arguments gvaZlevs. mRvdel_ kalistratesmier napovni saxarebis Wedur ydaze gamosaxuli yofi-la jvrebi da iambiko macxovris Sobisa.46 xolo CvenTviskargad cnobil wyarosTavis saxarebis ydaze taxtzemjdomi qristea gamosaxuli.47 rogorc Cans beqa opizarsori saxareba mouWedia da orive wyarosTavidan yofi-la gazeTi iveria~_s yuradRebis centrSi, mecxrametesaukunis meore naxevris qarTveli da ucxoeli istori-kosebis Sromebic moeqca. rubrikaSi `saistorio dasabibliografio werilebi,~ gazeTi xSirad aqveynebdarecenziebs. ama Tu im naSromis mecnierul Sefase-basTan erTad, mis popularizaciasac axdenda. am mxriv,yuradRebas m.janaSvilis vrceli recenzia iqcevs. igid.baqraZis naSromis_‘werilebi saqarTvelos istori-isa da siZveleTa Sesaxeb,~ Sefasebas isaxavs miznad. esnaSromi oTx samecniero werils Seicavs. 1).sad da vindaiwyo saqarTvelos werilobiTi naSTebis Seswavla,2).axlad napovni Zveli qarTuli matiane, 3).sigeli XIsaukunisa, 4).saqarTvelos naSTebi ganxilulni akademi-is mindobilobiT. `yvela es werilebi_wers m.janaS-vili_Tavisi SinaarsiT friad sainteresoa...naTels hfenssaqarTvelos istoriasa da matianes.~48

aRniSnul recenziaSi m.janaSvili dawvrilebiT exe-ba sazRvargareT qarTvelologiis ganviTarebas da missaTaveebs sen_martenis mier parizSi 1822 wels daarse-

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bul aziur sazogadoebas ukavSirebs. rogorc cnobilia,es sazogadoeba, aRmosavleTis qveynebis istoriisa dakulturis Seswavlas isaxavda miznad. m.janaSvili mkiTx-vels dawvrilebiT acnobs im titanur Sromas, romel-ic sen_martenma, Sulcma, rotiesma, klaprotma da brosemgaswies sazRvargareT qarTvelologiis ganviTarebi-saTvis. iqve sinanuliT dasZens, rom im xanebSi, ra xana-sac Cven vexebiT, saqarTvelos Semswavlelni erTi me-ores Semdeg gardaicvalnen da cocxali daSTa mx-olod brose, amitom urigo ar iqneba am moRvawezedramdenime vrceli cnobebi moviyvanoT.~49

recenziis meore nawilSi50 dawvrilebiTaa saubarimari broses (1802_1880) cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis mniS-vnelovan momentebze. kerZod, mari brosesadmi Teimu-raz batoniSvilis daxmarebaze, ramac m.broses qarTve-lologiis did mkvlevarad CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTre-buli roli Seasrula.51 es garemoeba hqonda mxedvelo-baSi m.broses, roca ruseTis saimperatoro akademiiserT_erT krebaze warmoTqmul sityvaSi (1838 weli) acx-adebda: `ganucvifreblad ar SemiZlian movixsenio me-fis Ze Teimurazi, romelsac maRal zneobasTan erTad,mohmadlebia ganviTarebuli Wkua da vrceli codna, igimwerlobiTs SromaSi hpovebs keTilSobilur sitkboe-bas da siamovnebas. imisi sagania SromiT ukvdavhyos sa-xeli Tavisis erisa. gavtydebi da vityvi, rom misi mor-Cili mowafe var me.~52

m.janaSvili imave recenziaSi d.baqraZis meore wer-ils exeba, sadac `qarTlis cxovrebis~ SedgenasTandakavSirebiT, mecnierTa erT jgufSi Seqmnil gauge-brobazea saubari. d.baqraZis werilidan mas, Sesabamisiamonaweri moaqvs, sadac am gaugebrobis Seqmnis ZiriTa-di mizezia axsnili. `zogierTi xelnaweri `qarTliscxovrebisa~_vkiTxulobT recenziaSi_iwyeba imiT, romvaxtang VI_em Sehyara swavlulni da imaT SemweobiTSeaswora qarTuli matiane da Seavso somxuri da spars-uli matianeebis cnobebiT...am garemoebam zogierT mec-

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nierSi eWvi warmoSva, TiTqos qarTlis cxovreba Sedge-nili yofiliyos vaxtang VI_isagan da igi ar SeiZle-boda mieCniaT sandoT.~ am Sexedulebis erT_erTi avtorTagani q.patkanoviiyo. m.janaSvilis recenzia, sazogadoebas auwyebda, romaRniSnul sakiTxs d.baqrqZem sagangebod daweril gamokv-levaSi, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ nusxebze dayrdnobiT,`qarTlis cxovrebisadmi~ skeptikurad ganwyobil mec-nierebs daudastura, rom qarTvel ers, `qarTlis cx-ovreba~ vaxtang VI_mde hqonda da igi saqarTvelos is-torias XIV saukunemde aRwerda.53 Tanamedrove qarTulistoriografiaSi garkveulia vaxtang VI_s swavlulkacTa komisiis mier Catarebuli samuSaoebi. `vaxtang-is swavlul kacTa komisiam_ wers prof. s.yauxCiSvili_erTi mxriT Zveli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ damaxinjebu-li adgilebi gaaswora (`ganmarTes~), xolo meore mxriT,bolo saukuneebis istoria dawera (àRweres~), radganZvel `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Txroba wydeboda giorgibrwyinvalis mefobaze (XIV s. dasawyisi). axlad dasawe-ri iyo XIV_XVII saukuneebis istoria. es orive davalebamecnier kacTa komisias pirnaTlad Seusrulebia.~54

m.janaSvilma vrceli recenzia miuZRvna `saero ga-naTlebis saministros JurnalSi~ #7, gamoqveynebul maribroses naSroms: mosazrebebi saqarTvelos istoriisada literaturis Sesaxeb~ (rusul enaze).55 rogorc m.ja-naSvili SeniSnavs, m.brose qarTvelTa eTnogenezis saki-Txebs leonti mrovelis cnobebze dayrdnobiT ganixi-lavda. qarTlis cxovrebis~ uZvelesi nawilis avtorismier gamoyenebul zepir gadmocemebs, sandod miiCnevda.aqedan gamomdinare, qarTlosis, misi Svilebisa da Targ-amosis istoriulobas aRiarebda. am ukanasknelis STam-omavlobaSi calkeul qarTvel tomTa jgufebs gamoyo-fda. m.broses amosaval safuZvels bibliuri genial-ogiuri principi warmoadgenda.56 aRniSnuli Tvalsazris-is safuZvlidan Seswavlidan gamomdinare arCil baramiZesamarTlian daskvnas akeTebs, rom broses eTnologiuri

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koncefcia arsebiTad ptriarqalur_genealogiuria daarafers axals ar Seicavs, rac mas ganasxvavebda miswinamorbed qarTvel istorikosTagan.~57 saqarTvelosistoriis kvlevisas, m.brosem qarTuli wyaroebis ucx-ourTan Sedarebis meTodis gamoyenebis aucileblobissakiTxi daayena.58 aRniSnul recenziaSi m.janaSvilimxolod m.broses ZiriTadi debulebebis gadmocemiTdakmayofilda da Tavisi pozicia ar daufiqsirebia. esgaremoeba gvafiqrebinebs, rom igi m.broseseul Sexed-ulebebs iziarebda da farTo sazogadoebaSi mis popu-larizacias uwyobda xels. m.broses samecniero kvlevis sferoSi, erT_erTi gan-sakuTrebuli adgili qarTuli literaturis istori-is sakiTxebs eWira. igi qarTuli literaturidan samZiriTad dargs (RvTismetyveleba, poezia, istoria) gamoy-ofda.59 am principiT ganixila man qarTuli litera-turis istoriis sakvanZo sakiTxebi Zveli droidan XVIIIsaukunis CaTvliT. SoTa rusTavelis, besikis da guramiS-vilis Semoqmedebas maRali Sefaseba misca.60 imavdrou-lad, qarTvelolog mkvlevarTa sayuradRebod ganacxa-da: `saqarTvelos siZveleni elian bejiT gamokvlevas,rom saqarTvelos moepoveba TiTqmis yovelgvari saukeTe-so Txzulebani, rom saqarTvelo Tavisi geografiulimdebareobiT da istoriuli cxovrebiT, axlo dgas daurTierTobaSi iyo aziis yvela udides erebTan. TumiviRebT yvela amas mxedvelobaSi, unda vaRiaroT, romsaqarTvelo iseTi asparezi iyo, rom gasinjvas da gamokv-levas unda mivmarTod, Tu gvinda avxsnaT bevri sayura-dRebo sagani aRmosavleTis istoriis Sesaxeb.~61

rogorc vxedavT, aq garkveviTaa dasmuli sakiTxi, max-lobeli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoriis gaTvaliswineb-is fonze, saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevis warmarTvisaucileblobis Sesaxeb. sakiTxis am formiT dasma, SemTx-veviTobidan ar gamomdinareobda. mecnierul alRosTanerTad, mas qarTveli eris warsulis yovelmxrivi Ses-wavla edo safuZvlad. mTeli misi sicocxlis manZilze,

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m.brose am kuTxiT ikvlevda saqarTvelos warsuls,riTac fasdaudebeli amagi dasdo qarTvel ers. exebo-da ra am sakiTxs, m.janaSvili gazeTi ìveria~_Si gamo-qveynebul werilSi `Sesavali, `qarTlis cxovreba~m.broses moRvaweoba saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaswav-lad da Semdgom istorikosebisaTvis~ _miuTiTebda:`Tuki vinme mogvepoveba, romelic sindisierad ikvlevsqarTveli eris istorias, maT Soris erTi maTgani maribrosea, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTvelTa ers man daudgasaukuno Zegli. man frangul enaze gadaiRo qarTulimatianis nawili, agreTve mravali sxva qronikebi. amasar dasjerda da fexiT moiara mTeli saqarTvelo daadgilebze gamoikvlia sigel_ gujarni, taZar_ monas-terTa warwerebi, cixeni, nangrevebi, gamoqvabulni. Sea-grova zogierTi zepiri Tqmulebani da am gziT mopove-buli cnobani_ istoriulni Tu qronologiurni Seadara,SeuTanaswora qarTvel mematianeTa TqmulebaTa da cno-baTa... ucxo tomTa qronologiani Seadara mTel am ma-salas da amnairaT uaryo mravalTa mcdari, ukuRmarTiazri saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb.~62 marTalia, esdaxasiaTeba srulad ver asaxavs qarTvelologiis gan-viTarebaSi m.broses damsaxurebas, magram aRniSnulidanacnaTeli xdeba, Tu raoden didad iyo dafasebuli igijer kidev XIX saukunis 80_iani wlebis qarTveli moR-vaweebis mier. m.janaSvili akritikebs g.wereTelis naSroms. g.we-reTelma Tavis wignSi `drevnosti vastoCnaia~_ s 1891wlis pirvel tomSi ganaviTara azri imis Sesaxeb, romTiTqos gelaTis taZari daviT aRmaSenebelis mier arunda iyos aSenebuli, rom misi aSeneba daviTis mefobasuswrebda win. amis dasamtkiceblad mas taZris kedelzeZveli warwera mohyavda: adidnes RmerTman mefeTmefo-ba, bagrat. dedoflisa elene da ZeTa maTTa orTave cx-ovrebasa Sina. amin.~63 g.wereTlis mcdari mosazrebisgasabaTileblad m.janaSvili, prof. kandakovis gamokv-levas iSveliebs, sadac naTqvamia, rom XV, XVI da XVII

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saukuneSi aSenebul Zeglebsac ki SeiZleba hqondesmecxre an meaTe saukunis warwera. garda amisa m.ja-naSvili g.wereTlis mosazrebas abaTilebs myari argu-mentiT da iqve dasZens: `g.wereTlis azri usafuZvloaim garemoebis mixedviT, rom gelaTis kedelze hxatiagoliaTiseburi surTi daviT aRmaSeneblisa, romelsacxelSi taZris gegma uWeria. xolo bizantiaSi, somxeTsada saqarTveloSi saydris gegmiT marto eklesiis maSene-belT hxatavdnen.~64 ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoTm.janaSvils, radgan dReisaTvis ar arsebobs imis utyuarimtkicebuleba, rom gelaTi daviT aRmaSeneblis aSeneb-uli ar aris. g.wereTlis kritika kvlav gagrZelda gaz. iveriaSi~da am konkretul SemTxvevaSi kritikis obieqti gaxdamisi naSromi ìstoriul_ filologiuri gamokvleva.~romelic g.wereTelma gaz. `kvalSi~ daibeWda. aRniSnul naSromSi g.wereTeli ambobs, rom `Tamarmefis Svils giorgis laSa rom erqva, eg sityva rusu-li luC~_ iao, Tamarma luC~_i iswavla pirveli qmrisrusisaganao.~65 am faqtTan dakavSirebiT n.xizaniSviliqarTul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT uaryofs g.wereTlismosazrebas da wers: matiane pirdapir ambobs, rom laSaafxazTa enaa, e.i. afxazuri sityvaa da niSnavs qveynismanaTobelsao.~66 n.xizaniSvili aRniSnul sakiTxTandakavSirebT broses Sexedulebas iSveliebs da iqvedasZens: brose pirdapir ganmartebs, mefe giorgis met-saxeli laSa~ afxazuri sityvaa da sakvirveli aq arafe-ria, radganac im dros afxazeTi saqarTvelos nawilsSeadgenda da imis mefeebs eqvemdebarebodao.~67

igive sakiTxs m.janaSvili Seexo, romelmac ìveriis1893 wlis #199_ Si gamoqveynebul werilSi, g.wereTlis`filologiur gamokvlevaSi~ laSas” warmoSobis Sesax-eb gamoTqmuli mosazreba mkacrad gaakritika.m.janaSvils mohyavs g.wereTlis Sexeduleba, TiTqos:`qarTlis cxovreba aWorebs, rodesac ambobs, rom laSaafsarTa eniT ganmanaTlebels niSnavso; safiqrebelia,

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rom àfsarTa ena~ SesTxzes meTvramete saukunis mema-tianeTo.~68 amasTan dakavSirebiT m.janaSvili princip-ulad svams kiTxvas: ra kavSiri aqvs meTvramete sauku-nis mematianes `qarTlis cxovreba~_ sTan?!~ da iqvepasuxobs: nuTu b.ni giorgi wereTeli dResac im azrzeadgia, rom viTom `qarTlis cxovreba~ SeTxzulia, anuSedgenili XVIII saukuneSi? piriqiT, qarTlis cxovre-bis~ zedmiwevniT Seswavla sisruliT gvarwmunebs, romigi Cvenis eris didebuli Zeglia, rom igi Sedgenilianawil_ nawilad, droiT_ dro, rom mas Wori arsad arSemoaqvs, rom igi araTu azviadebs Txrobas SesaxebqarTvelebisa, aramed kidec amoklebs, rom baqiaoba,trabaxi aravin daswamos.~69

rogorc vxedavT g.wereTels saqmeSi kargad Caxedu-li mecnierebi daupirispirda da Rirseuli pasuxi gasc-es. es is mecnierebia, romlebic saqarTvelos istoriissadarajoze idgnen da mis augad moxseniebas aravis arpatiobdnen. swored isini scemdnen sakadris pasuxsistoriis gamyalbeblebs da gazeTi iveriis~ saSvalebiTsaqveynod aaSkaravebdnen. unda aRiniSnos, rom m.ja-naSvilis kritika g.wereTelma sxva mxrivac daimsaxu-ra. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs, g.wereTlis mier `kvalSi~ da-beWdili is mcdari Sexeduleba, romelic afxazeTi-sa da somxeTis mefeebis damoyvrebis sakiTxs exeba.`meaTe saukuneSi_ wers g.wereTeli_ bednierma SemTxve-vam daamoyvra afxazeTis mefis gvari didi somxeTismefesTan (?), adarnase kurapalatis ojaxTan,_ romlisSvilma didma daviT mefem taoelma umemkvidroobis gamoiSvila Tavisi Zmiswuli da afxazeTis mefis giorgipirvelis SvilisSvili bagrat mesame.~ amasTan dakavS-irebiT, Sesabamis wyaroebze dayrdnobiT m.janaSviliwers: yvela istoriul wyaroSi sweria, rom xsenebulidaviT didi taoeli aris saqarTvelos kurapalatisadarnases da ara somxeTis mefis adarnases Ze, rom amdaviTma iSvila ara Tavisi Zmiswuli bagrat mesame,aramed Tavisi biZiswuli bagrat mesame.~70

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aRniSnul polemikaSi CaerTo vaJa_ fSavelac, romel-mac metad sayuradRebo mosazreba warmoadgina laSa~_swarmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT. Cemis fiqriT_ ambobs vaJa_am mosazrebaTa Soris arc erTia marTali da arc me-ore.~71 vaJa_ fSavela laSa~-s warmoSobas qarTul fes-vebSi eZebs da iqve dasZens: afxazur enasTan rad undagavrbodeT, roca fesvi `las~ TviT qarTul enaSi moi-poveba. aviRoT Tundac sityva laSqari, qarTuli gvarilaSauri.~72 garda amisa vaJa ambobs, rom fSavSi sityva`laSi~ aRniSnavs pirs da mohyavs aseTi magaliTi: bevrsnu laparakob daayenene laSni~.73 swored `laSi~_ dannawarmoebad miaCnia mas sityva laSqari, radgan `jarisaomrad mudam mReriT gaemarTeboda, pirsa hqarvida,JRavJRuvobda.~74 Cveni azriT, vaJaseuli versia damafiqre-belia, Tumca mainc SeuZlebelia gadaWriT ramis Tqma.zurab WumburiZe laSas~ Semdegnairad ganmartavs: la-Sari salocavia fSav_ xevsureTSi, alaSara afxazuradsinaTles niSnavs. laSa kavSiria am sityvebTan, igi mo-mdinareobs warmarTuli RvTaebis saxelisagan.~75

saqarTvelos istoriis SeswavlaSi wingadadgmul na-bijs a.cagarelis (1844_1929 w.w.) mier rusul enaze daw-erili gamokvleva `Zveli qarTuli Zeglebi wminda mi-waze da sinaize~ warmoadgenda.76 igi 1888 wels, `pales-tinis marTlmadidebeli sazogadoebis~ IV tomis pirv-el nawilSi daibeWda.77 misi gamoqveynebisTanave, gazeT-ma ìveria~_m m.janaSvilis vrceli recenziiT gamoex-maura. recenzentma a.cagarelis qarTvelologiuri saqmi-anoba m.broses damsaxurebis fonze ganixila da mkiTx-vel sazogadoebas dasaxelebuli naSromis arqiteqton-ika SesTavaza. a).winasityvaoba, b).mogzauroba wmindaqveyanasa da sinaize g)istoriuli mimoxilva saqarTve-los mimosvlisa da urTierTobisa wminda qveyanasa dasinaisTan, d)aRwera qarTulis naSTebisa wminda qveya-nasa da sinaize, e).qarTveli moaxalSeneni palestinas.wignis damatebaSi, rogorc recenzenti wers, CarTuliiyo: 1).ierusalimis jvrisa da sinas monasterTa qarTu-

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li wignebis katalogebi, 2).palestinis qarTuli warw-erebi, 3).erekle meoris werili. sarecenzio wignze dayrd-nobiT, m.janaSvili Tanmimdevrulad gadmoscems siria-Si, palestinasa da sinas mTaze qarTvelTa moRvaweobisTxuTmet saukunovan istorias. a.cagarelis aRniSnulnaSroms, sagangebo recenzia miuZRvna st.WrelaSvilmasaTauriT `saqarTvelos naSTni palestinaSi da sinasmTaze.~78 avtorma, m.janaSvilis mier yuradRebis miRmadatovebuli sakiTxebi wamoswia wina planze, sazoga-doebas a.cagarelis naSromze darTuli, ierusalimisada palestinis monastrebis 946 cali qarTuli xel-nawerebis katalogi gaacno. a.cagarelis naSromidanmotanil masalebze dayrdnobiT, st.WrelaSvili daskv-nis saxiT dasZenda: ès mcireodeni cnobebi am weril-isa sakmarisia dainaxos kacma, Tu ra mdidari yofilaZveli mwerloba saqarTvelosi.~79

gazeT ìveriaSi~ dabeWdili weriliT n.urbneli mie-salma a.xaxanaSvilis mier gamocemuli `gujrebi~_skrebuls (1891w quTaisi). mas kargad esmis sigel_ gujre-bis roli istoriaSi da aRniSnavs; `visac qarTulimatiene qarTlis cxovreba~ waukiTxavs, SeniSnavda, romiq Cvenis warsulis Sinaurs wes wyobilebazed metadcotaa naTqvami da naambobi. matiane ufro politikur-sa da garegnuls cxovrebas mogviTxrobs, amitom Seu-Zlebelia samSoblos istoriis Semswavleli qarTve-li, marto qarTlis cxovrebas~ dasjerdes. aseTi Sromanaklianic iqneba da unayofoc, radgan matiane uyurad-Rebod stovebs Sinaurs cxovrebas, im wessa da rigs,romelic warsulis namdvili sulia da romelic imisgamacxovelebels Zalas Seadgens.~80 aRniSnul sferoSiarsebuli xarvezebidan gamomdinare n.urbneli gulist-kiviliT werda: `warsulis Sinauris cxovrebis codn-as.... jer fexic ar audgams~81 aqedan gamomdinare a.xa-xanaSvils erT_ erT im istorikosad miaCnevda, vinc yu-radReba saqarTvelos Sinaurs cxovrebas miaqcia da amcxovrebis Sesaswavlad mokle xanSi sakmao Sroma gaswia.

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èxlac Tavisi gujrebi_ wers igi_ im azriT daubeWdia,rom masala misces mkiTxvels da daexmeros warsulisSinauris cxovrebis SeswavlaSi.~82 misi samarTlianimtkicebiT, a.xaxanaSvilis gujrebi~ did samsaxurs gauw-evda qarTvel mecnierebs. isic sayuradReboa, rom si-gel_ gujrbis Seswavlis gareSe, istorias n.urbneliarasrulfasovnad miiCnevda. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, roma.xaxanaSvilis naSromis gamoqveynebiT dRis wesrigSisaqarTvelos istoriis Sinauri cxovrebis~ Seswavlisaucileblobis sakiTxi dadga. erovnuli cnobierebis amaRlebas isaxavda miznadm.janaSvilis werili, romelic daibeWda gazeT ìveri-aSi~ `saistorio da sabibliografio werilebi~_s ru-brikiT. m.janaSvili qarTvel sazogadoebas acnobs erTxelnawers, romelic `wera_ kiTxvis gamavrcelebelisazogadoebis biblioTekaSi~ #1489 nomriT iyo dacu-li. Tavis xelnawerSi `moTxroba qcevaTa da Cveule-baTaTvis qarTvelTa~_Si fanaskertel_ ciciSvili yura-dRebas amaxvilebs qarTvelTa zne_ Cveulebebze dadadebiTad afsebs Zvel wes_ Cveulebebs. misi mtkice-biT, yvela es wes_ Cveuleba arsebobdnen 1800 wlamde,_ambobs fanaskertel_ ciciSvili_ am wlidgan movidnenmravalni ucxo Teslni da daeSvnen saqarTvelosa. ma-Sin qarTvelT daiviwyes Tavisi qcevani da yoveliveSiwahbaZes ucxoelT. moiZules bunebiTini Cveulebani daTviT ena da ubnoba Tvisni esreT, romel garda moxuc-Ta, ukeT romelime qarTveli ubnobs qarTulsa enaTa....qarTuli wigni enis daviwyebis gamo ègonebisa ucxosqveynisa,~ ganiryvnen Zvelni zneni da Semoxdnen urcx-vinoeba, ficxeli moqrTameoba....~83

aRniSnuli werili pirdapir Seaxsenebs qarTvelo-bas Tu rogorebi iyvnen isini 1800 wlamde da rogorebigaxdnen XIX saukuneSi. msgavsi datvirTvis aris m.ja-naSvilis mier gamoqveynebuli meore publikacia, romel-ic aseve ekuTvnis fanaskertel_ ciciSvils da wera_kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis biblioTekaSi

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#1490 nomriT iyo daculi. Fanaskertel_ ciciSviliTavis xelnawerSi `qarTuli enis literaturisaTvis~yuradRebas amaxvilebs qarTuli enisa da misi Rrsebisdacvis aucileblobis Sesaxeb.84

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, gaz. ìveria~ aqveynebdasaqarTvelos istoriis masalebs, magram ar gvisaubriaim wyaroze, romlis meSveobiTac xdeboda Zveli sisto-rio masalebis moZieba da gadarCena. qarTuli werilo-biTi wyaroebis gadarCenaSi didi roli Seasrula`qarTvelTa Soris wera_ kiTxvis gamavrcelebelmasazogadoebam.~ gaz. iverias~ mier Zveli xelnawerebisgadarCenis, misi movla_ patronobis aucileblobisSesaxeb gaweulma farTo propagandistulma saqmianobamdadebiTi Sedegi gamoiRo. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs qarTulojaxebSi Semonaxuli xelnawerebis wera_ kiTxvis sa-zogadoebisaTvis gadacemis faqtebi. magaliTad, iasondaviTis Ze ciciSvili acxadebda, rom mas surda wera_kiTxvis sazogadoebisTvis gadaeca Tavisi biblioTeka,sadac mravlad iyo daculi Zveli xelnawerebi. am faqt-Tan dakavSirebiT mas moaqvs aRniSnul xelnawerTavrceli sia romelTa Soris yofila: `mokle istoriaqarTvelT mefeT bagratovanT STamomavlobisa~, isto-ria aleqsandres didis makedonelisa~ da mravali sxva.85

Zveli xelnawerebis SegrovebaSi aqtiurobda Tav. gr-igol daviTis Ze gurieli, romelmac mravali xelnawe-ri Seagrova da gadasca wera_ kiTxvis gamavrcelebelsazogadoebas.86 msgavsi uamravi magaliTis moyvana arisSesaZlebeli. am etapze mxolod am mcirediT Semovi-farglebiT. Cvenda samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi iyo ada-mianTa iseTi kategoria, romelebsac ar adardebdaT dapativs ar cemdnen Zvel xelnawerebs. gaz. iveriaSi~_Simravlad SexvdebiT iseT guldasawyvet gamonaTqcamebsrogoricaa: `Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebi saxev qa-Raldad uxmariaT.~ mravali cnobaa imis Sesaxeb, Sav ba-zarze Tu rogor iyideboda ama Tu im ojaxebidan gamo-tanili Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebi. qarTveli mec-

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nierebi ver axerxebdnen maT Sesyidvas da amasTan dakav-SirebiT mxolod wuxils gamoTqvamdnen. gaz. ìveria~sazogadoebas erovnuli kulturis dacvisa da gadar-Cenisken mouwodebda. imavdroulad, miZinebul erSierovnuli meobis gaRviZebas cdilobda. ìveria~qarTvelobas warsulis siamayiT avsebda da samomavlogzas usaxavda. igi qarTvelobas Seaxsenebda Tu visigorisani yvnen.amrigad, 1).axlad gamovlenili saqarTvelos istoriis

wyaroebisa da samecniero literaturis Sesaxeb gazeTìveria~_Si gamoqveynebuli mimoxilviTi xasiaTis pub-likaciebi, pirvel rigSi, saqarTvelos istoriis mkvl-evarTa da mkiTxveli sazogadoebis yuradRebis miapy-robas iTvaliswinebda. 2).warsulis RirsSesanisnavifaqtebisa da movlenebis fonze, istoriuli pirovnebe-bis naRvawis popularizaciiT, gazeTi iveria~ qarTve-li xalxis erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebas da war-sulisadmi pativiscemis gacocxlebas isaxavda miznad.

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$ 2. gazeTi ìveria~ saqarTvelos istoriis gamyalbebelTa winaaRmdeg.

saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaswavlad umTavres pirvel-wyaros `qarTlis cxovreba~ warmoadgens. amitom iyo,rom jer kidev XIX saukunis 30_iani wlebidan Cvenierovnuli istoriis gayalbebis msurvelT mTavari ieri-Si qarTlis cxovrebaze~ mihqondaT. am sakiTxTan dakav-SirebiT i.WavWavaze wers: somexTa mecnierTa da maTTaamqarTa oinebi karga xnis ambavia. sxva rom ara vTqvaT_ramTeli samoci weliwadi mainc aris mas aqeT.... rac erTida igive Weqa_ quxili erTisa da imave tendenciisaCvens vinaobas erCis da dRemudam ufro metis kadniere-biT, ufro metis gabedviT, metis silaRiT tyavs aZrobsda warRvnas uqadis.~1 i.WavWavaZis asTi guliswyromaimiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom saqarTvelos istoriiswerilobiTi wyaroebis falsifikatorebi yalb versiasqmnidnen `qarTlis cxovrebis~ XVIII saukuneSi SeTxz-vis Sesaxeb. kerZod, qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ moTxrobiladrindel ambebs mogonilad miiCnevdnen. gamyalbebelavtorTa Soris yuradRebas peterburgis universite-tis profesorebi_ osip senkovski da qerope patkanoviiqcevs. osip senkovski qarTlis cxovrebas zRapradTvlida da askvnida, rom qarTvelebi aleqsandre make-donelidan vidre petre didamde mSvidad cxovrobdnenyovelgvari matianeebis gareSe.~2 senkovis am mcdar mo-sazrebas pasuxi mari brosem gasca, romelmac mecnier-ulad daamtkica, rom vaxtangis dros Sedgenili saist-orio Txzuleba, romelsac qarTlis cxovreba~ ewode-ba, Zvel saistorio Txzulebebze da sxva wyaroebzedayrdnobiT iyo dawerili. mari brose aRniSnavda, romvaxtangamde arsebobda ara mxolod calke cnobebisaqarTvelos Sesaxeb, aramed iyo qarTuli matianeebic,romelsac ewodeboda qarTlis cxovreba~ ewodeboda.3

mari broses mecnieruli mtkicebulebis miuxedavad,

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qerope patkanovma (1833_1889 w.w.), 1883 wlis dekemberSiJurnal `ministerstvo prosveScenie~_Si gamoaqveynastatia `qarTuli qronikis Sesaxeb.~ patkanovi amtki-cebda, TiTqos qarTvelebs ar qondaT Zveli istoria.misi azriT, amas adasturebda Turme, ara marto mwer-lobis, aramed zepiri Tqmulebebis ararsebobac saqarTve-los Zvel istoriaze. q.patkanovis `mtkicebiT,~ Tukiarsebobda werilobiTi istoria, isic erTaderTi somx-ur qronikaSia daculi.~ marTalia, es qronika qarTul-idan iyo naTargmni, magram misi dedani SeTxzuli, anuSedgenili unda yofiliyo ùswavlelisa da umecarissomxisagan meTormete saukuneSi, rodesac qarTvelebmaistoriis saWiroeba igrZnes.~ rac Seexeba cnobebssaqarTvelos Zveli istoriis Sesaxeb, q.patkanovi Tvl-ida, rom Tu aseTi ram saerTod arsebobda, isic mx-olod somxur istoriul wyaroebSi.4 igi kategoriu-lad uaryofda qarTvel tomTa pirveli sacxovrisisSesaxeb arsebul cnobebs. patkanovis am fsevdomecnier-ul mtkicebulebebs~ i.WavWavaZem Semdegi pasuxi gasca:`vinc gangeb gonebadaxSuli ar aris an gangeb Tvale-bze xelafarebuli, vinc kiTxva icis da gageba wakiTx-ulisa, gana ikadrebs Tqmas, rom vefxis_ tyaosnis~ Sem-qmneli eri imdenad briyvi iyo, rom istoriis saWiroe-bis grZnobac ar hqoniao. vis mouva amis Tqma fiqradTu ara somexTa filosofosebsa da profesorebs.~5

maSindelma qarTvelma istorikosebma da publicisteb-ma uaryofiTi Sefaseba misca q.patkanovis aramecnier-ul `koncefcias.~ cnobilma qarTvelma istorikosmadimitri baqraZem da ilia WavWavaZem safuZvlianad gaar-Cies patkanovis Sexedulebani da maTTvis damaxasiaTe-beli mecnieruli sabuTianobiT cxadyves patkanovismosazrebaTa mcdaroba. Tu ra konkretuli miznebiamoZravebda q.patkanovs, amis Sesaxeb ar.baramiZe sa-marTlianad SeniSnavs: `peterburgis universitetisprofesors ar swamda mis dros dasavleT evropis mec-nierTa Soris gabatonebuli azri qarTvel tomTa naTe-

35

saobis Sesaxeb istoriuli armeniis teritoriaze mcx-ovreb urartuelebTan. Tu q.patkanovi SeZlebda imisdamtkicebas, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ uZvelesi naw-ili qarTvel tomTa Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis Sesax-eb yalbi, sicruis Semcveli da unayofoa, romelic SeT-xzulia XII saukuneSi uvici somexi beris mier, maSin,arapirdapiri gziT, SeiZleboda uaryofiliyo XIX sauku-nis evropel orientalistTa azri qarTvel da urar-tuel tomTa genetikur naTesaobaze.”6

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ uZvelesi nawilisadmi q.patka-novis calmxrivma da tendenciurma damokidebulebam,igi istoriuli sinamdvilis srul gayalbebamde miiyv-ana. patkanovis winaaRmdeg qarTvel mecnierTa argumen-tacia kidev ufro safuZvliani gaxada dimitri baqraZismier 1884 wels aRmoCenilma qarTlis cxovrebis~ XVIIsaukunis xelnawerma,_ `mariamiseulma~ nusxam, romel-ic mis mierve 1636_1646 wlebiT iqna daTariRebuli. prof.k.grigoliam aRniSnuli TariRi daazusta. misi azriT,xelnaweri 1633_1645 wlebSi unda yofiliyo gadawer-ili.7 mariam dedofliseuli qarTlis cxovrebis~ nusx-is aRmoCenam da d.baqraZiseulma daTariRebam, romelicvaxtang VI_is saxeliT cnobil `qarTlis cxovrebas~(1703 weli) 57 wliT win uswrebda, d.baqraZes SesaZle-bloba misca q.patkanovis sawinaaRmdego pasuxi imavewelsve gamoeqveynebina: profesori patkanovi da qarTu-li istoriis wyaroebi,~ romelic 1884 wels calke wig-nad, xolo Semdeg rusuladac gamoica. qarTul daucxour wyaroebze dayrdnobiT d.baqraZem, q.patkanovisyvela mcdari debuleba safuZvlianad uaryo.8

qarTuli erovnuli istoriis dacvas gazeTmaìveria~_m 1886_1893 wlebSi garkveuli xarki gadauxada.am SemTxvevaSi ganvixilavT mxolod im Sromebs, rom-lebic gazeTis furclebze gamoqveynda da pirdapirTu arapirdapir patkanovisa da mis msgavs mecnierTamimarT pasuxs warmoadgenda. am mxriv yuradRebas iqcevsaaa...n. fsevdonimiT gamoqveynebuli werili `qarTlis

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cxovreba~ rumiancevis muzeumisa.9 igi zogadad ganix-ilavs q.patkanovis Sexedulebebs, qarTlis cxovrebis~`mariamiseul~ da rumianceviseul~ nusxebze dayrdno-biT da `qarTlis cxovrebasTan~ mimarTebaSi patkano-vis ZiriTad debulebaTa mcdarobas asabuTebs. gazeTma ìveria~_m, imave problematikas sagangeborubrika ìcvne igini_karavsa Sensa sxdomisagan ena-Tasa~_ miuZRvna. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, `s.bara-TaSvilis da a.golovinis wignisagan Sedgenili `saqa-rTvelos mokle istoriis~ avtorisa da sxva àxalimodis~ meistorieTa winaaRmdeg.~10 dabeWdili statiaiqcevs. masSi kritikis maxvili im istorikosTa winaaRm-deg iyo mimarTuli, romlebic `qarTlis cxovrebaSi”motanili cnobebis siyalbed da zRaprad gamocxade-bas brmad, wyaroTa Sejerebis gareSe cdilobdnen.`saqarTvelos istoria, rac matianeSia moTxrob-ili_werdnen isini_mogonili ambavia. arc Tamari gyo-liaT, arc arCili, arc vaxtangi da arc erekle.~11 aqedangamomdinare, werilis avtori, q.patkanovis mimarT gulisw-yromiT SeniSnavs: gamoCnda erTi vinme haosiani ararat-is mwvervalze da gaiZaxis: arc `qarTlis cxovreba~gqoniaT, arc qarTveli yofila dedamiwazeo. yovelipiri dedamiwaze somxebs eWiraT. qarTvelebi da sxvaerebi axlo xanebSi gaCndnen~_o.12

qarTvel istorikosTa mier, patkanovisa da mis mimde-varTa Tvalsazrisis safuZvlianad uaryofis miuxeda-vad, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebze aramecnierulida yalbi informaciis Semcvleli publikaciebis beWd-va rusuli presis furclebze kvlavac grZeldeboda.am faqtma, patkanovisa da misi mimdevrebisadmi, damajer-ebeli pasuxis gaecema aucilebeli gaxada. gazeTma iv-eria~_m am mxriv gansakuTrebuli aqtiuroba gamoiCina.mxedvelobaSi, aRniSnul problematikasTan mimarTeba-Si gamoqveynebuli publikaciebi gvaqvs. gansakuTrebulyuradRebas m.janaSvilis statia `glovis wesi saqa-rTveloSi~13 iqcevs. avtoris mtkicebiT, erovnuli cno-

37

bierebis srulad Camoyalibeba da warsulis gacno-bisadmi moTxovnileba, mxolod ganviTarebis maRalsafexurze mdgom erSi warmoiqmneboda. aseTi preambu-lis Semdeg, igi kanonzomierad svamda kiTxvas; ra gzaaerCiaT istorikosebs, romlebsac xelT pirvelwyaroe-bi ar gaaCndaT da erovnuli istoriis dawera hqondaTganzraxuli. erTad_erT gamosaval saSualebad, m.ja-naSvili mezobeli qveynebis istorikosebis cnobebismoSveliebas da winaparTa Sesaxeb eris tradiciuligadmocemebis gaTvaliswineba miaCnda aucileblobad.14

aseTi saxis gadmocemebs igi uxvad xedavs herodotes,titus liviusis, mose xoronelis da sxva avtorTaistoriul SromebSi, maT Soris `qarTlis cxovreba-Sic~. kvlevis sferoSi aseTi saxis masalis SemotaniT,m.janaSvilis azriT, qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesaxeb yal-bi Sexedulebebis uaryofasTan erTad, imis mtkicebisSesaZleblobac Seiqmneboda, rom qarTveli eris dasawy-isi istoria gamogonili ki ar aris erTi kacisagan, ro-gorc hgonia prof. patkanovs, aramed damyarebulia erisgadmonacemebzed.~15 am Tvalsazriss igi `qarTlis cx-ovrebis~ `rumiancevisa~ da `mariamiseuli~ nusxebidanmotanili Sesabamisi faqtobrivi masalebiT asabuTeb-da. saqarTvelos warsulis Sesaxeb, `qarTlis cxo-vreba~_Si arsebuli faqtebis sisworis damadastureb-lad, ucxoel avtorTa monacemebze da TviT qarTulinivTieri kulturis Zeglebze dayrdnobiT, m.janaSvilmaqarTveli xalxis kulturuli ganviTarebis evoluci-uri procesis warmoCenas uZvelesi periodidan Seeca-da. am mizans emsaxureboda gazeT ìveriaSi~ gamoqveyn-ebuli misi rva werili saTauriT_ ìstoriuli mimox-ilva.~16

gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs saqarTvelos warsul-is falsifikatorebis m.janaSviliseuli xedva. man da-wvrilebiT ganixila eris istoriaSi qristianobis, xel-ovnebis, xuroTmoZRvrebis da a.S. mniSvneloba da iqveim avtorebzedac miuTiTa, romlebic qarTveli eris

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kulturis TviTmyofadobas uaryofdnen. mas asureTidan,saberZneTidan, arabeT_sparseTidan Semosulad acxadebd-nen. aseTi mecnieri_ vulgarizatorebis misamarTiTm.janaSvili werda: `ratom iviwyebT batonebo...rom aw-indeli evropis kulturac TavisiT ar dabadebula, romigi RviZli Svilia italiis Zveli kulturisa...TqvenilogikiT dRes xom unda uarvyoT evropis yvela erTakultura?~17

aseTi preambulis Semdeg m.janaSvili oponentebis mis-amarTiT dasZenda: qarTvelma kacma, romelmac 2000_3000weliwadi icxovra, nuTu am drois manZilze uqmad iyoda veraviTari sargebloba ver moutana ara Tu kaco-briobas, TviT Tavis qveyanasac ki?...ramdenadac mowi-naaRmdegeebs ar swamT `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ mocemu-li faqtebisa, Cven mxolod qarTuli civilizaciis sa-kiTxebTan dakavSirebiT mivmarTavT ucxoel avtorebs.~18

momdevno statiebSi, m.janaSvilma ucxoel avtorTaSromebze dayrdnobiT saqarTvelos istoriis mniSvnelo-vani momentebi_ uZvelesi droidan XVIII saukunis CaTv-liT warmoaCina. damajereblad aCvena qarTveli erisroli da damsaxureba saerTo civilizaciis ganviTare-bis saqmeSi. imave problematikas exmaureba gazeTiìveria~_s furclebze gamoqveynebuli aleqsandre xax-anaSvilis werilebis seria kvali saero poeziisa qarT-lis cxovrebaSi.~19 igi sapolemiko xasiaTisaa da pat-kanovis mcdari Sexedulebebis dasabuTebul uaryofasSeicavs. qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesaxeb q.patkanovis Sexed-ulebebsa da romis istoriasTan mimarTebaSi avgustvilhem Spengleris `Teorias~ Soris, a.xaxanaSvilmaparaleli gaavlo da mecnierebisaTvis maTi miuReblo-ba safuZvlianad daadastura.20 somxebis mier `qarT-lis cxovrebis~ avtorobis uaryofis fonze, a.xaxanaS-vilma qarTvelTa genealogiis, misi gvartomobis sak-iTxi dawvrilebiT ganixila. qarTvelTa warmomavlo-bis `qarTlis cxovrebiseuli~ sqema mogonilad gamo-acxada da misi warmoSobis mizezebic axsna. ès genea-

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logia,_ wers a.xaxanaSvili,_ mogonilia mxolod imis-aTvis, rom qarTvelebisa da somxebis STamomavlobadauaxlovon `dabadebis~ gadmocemas...visi mogonilicunda iyos es fuWi genialogia, ginda somxebisa da gin-da qarTvelebisa,_ visac unda mieTvisos Semdeg estyuili varjiSi, mainc da mainc amas araferi mniSvn-eloba ara aqvs saero gadmocemisaTvis, tradiciisaTvis.qristianobis miRebis Semdeg istoriuli mweralnicdilobdnen TavianTi eris gvartomoba daekavSirebi-naT dabadebisaTvis~ Tavisi eris gasapatiosneblad dagansadideblad. es iyo survili berebisa da amaSi wiliar udevs TviT ers da imis gulis Tqmas.~21 am debuleb-is dasadastureblad, a.xaxanaSvilma dasavleT evropissaistorio mwerlobas mimarTa da dasavleT evropiserTa Soris analogiuri miswrafeba Sesabamisi faqteb-iT daadastura. yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Semdeg, a.xaxanaSvilma qarT-lis cxovrebis~ daweris daTariRebis sakiTxic ganixi-la. misi azriT, igi warmarTul periodSi, qristianob-is miRebamde unda daeweraT. rac Seexeba Txzulebisteqstologiur cvlilebebs, a.xaxanaSvils qristiano-bis Semdgomi periodis `naRvawad~ miaCnda.22 es mosazrebap.ingoroyvam da r.baramiZem gaiziares da aRniSnulidebulebis sasargeblod damatebiTi masalebic moit-anes.23 p.ingoroyvas dakvirvebiT, qarTlis cxovrebaSi~`gadarCenilia fragmentebi warmarTuli xanis ZveliqarTuli mwerlobisa.~ misi mtkicebiT, leonti mrove-lis Txzuleba sagmiro romanebis Janris gavlenas gan-icdida. `saero mwerlobas,_ werda p.ingoroyva,_ ad-ridanve SeuTvisebia tradiciebi Zveli falauri sagm-iro eposisa.~ am mosazrebas mxars uWers mkvlevarir.baramiZe. èWvs ar iwvevs mosazreba,_ wers igi,_ romleonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi fragmentebis saxiTSemorCenilia adreuli Zeglebis eqscerptebi.~24 Tukiam Sexedulebas gaviziarebT da vaRiarebT, rom qarT-lis cxovrebaSi Zveli warmarTuli qarTuli mwerlo-

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bis damadasturebli saTanado fragmentebi namdviladarsebobs, maSin savsebiT sworad unda miviCnioT a.xa-xanaSvilis mosazreba. yuradReba unda mivaqcioT imgaremoebas, rom aseTi fragmentebis aRmoCenam da Semdgo-mi periodis `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Camatebebis Ziebam,a.xaxanaSvili qarTlis cxovrebis garkveuli nawiliswarmarTul epoqaSi Seqmnis SesaZleblobis daskvnamdemiiyvana. qarTlis cxovrebis~ am uZveles nawilSi eZebdaigi Zveli saero poeziis kvals. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ XI_XII saukuneebis naRvawadgamocxadebis paralelurad, masSi motanil cnobebsq.patkanovi, firdousis Sahnamedan aRebulad acxadeb-da. am mosazrebis uarsayofad, a.xaxanaSvils myari ar-gumentebis moSveliebis SesaZlebloba `qarTlis cx-ovrebaSi~ warmarTuli epoqis droindeli fragmenteb-is mikvlevam misca. q.patkanovis `mtkicebas,~ `qarTliscxovrebaze~ firdousis Sahnames zegavlenis Sesaxeb,a.xaxanaSvilma mileris Sexeduleba_ qarTlis cxovre-ba~ Tavis cnobebs firdousis dauxmareblad poulobs~daupirispira,_ Cvens matianes da firdouss,_ wers igi,_aqvs erTi da igive wyaro, romlidanac erTmaneTis daux-mareblad amoaqvT Tavisi cnobebi. es wyaro aris saer-To tradicia, xalxSi daculi ambebi Zveli droisa, isambebi, romlebic erTnairad iqneboda gavrcelebulirogorc sparseTSi ise saqarTveloSi.~25 am SemTxvevaSi,a.xaxanaSvilma zogadad miuTiTa `qarTlis cxovrebis~da firdousis saerTo wyaroze da igi xalxSi gavrc-elebul tradiciaSi dainaxa. aRniSnul sakiTxze, konkre-tuli pasuxis gacemas g.mamulia Seecada. man qarTliscxovrebis~ wyarod falauri eposis~ is versia miiCnia,romelic firdousis leqsad gawyobil `falaur epo-sTan~ SedarebiT axlos idga.26

qarTlis cxovrebis~ XI_XII saukuneebSi Seqmnis Sesa-Zleblobis uarsayof argumentad, a.xaxanaSvili imave`qarTlis cxovrebidan~ Sesabamis amonawers iSvelieb-da, sadac garkveviTaa naTqvami, romA`wigni ese qarTvel-

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Ta cxovrebisa, vidre vaxtangisamde (gorgasali,) aRiw-ereboda JamiTi_ Jamad, xolo vaxtang mefidan, vidreaqamomde aRwera jvanSerman jvanSerianman, Zmiswulisqmarman wmindisa arCilisaman, naTesavman revisman, mur-manis Zisagan da amieriTgan SemdgomTa naTesavTa aRw-eron viTarca ixilon da winamdebareman Jamman uwyebadmosces gonebasa maTsa, RvTiv ganbrZnobelsa.~27 am mo-nacemebze dayrdnobiT, a.xaxanaSvili juanSers VIII sauku-nis istorikosad acxadebda, xolo Txzulebas `qarT-lis cxovrebis~ pirvel kompilaciad. aqedan gamomdinare,XI_XII saukuneebSi misi Sedgenis yovelgvari saxismtkicebas anaqronizmad Tvlida.28

amrigad, Cvens mier gazeT ìveria~_dan motanilimasalebis gacnobam da analizmma daadastura, rom, pirve-ladi wyaroebis srulad aRmouCenlobis miuxedavad, XIXsaukunis meore naxevris qarTulma istoriografiam, imetapze xelmisawvdom qarTul da ucxour wyaroebzedayrdnobiT SeZlo; 1).`qarTlis cxovrebis~ rogorcistoriuli wyaros sandoobisa da misi mniSvnelobisdasabuTeba, 2).`qarTlis cxovrebis~ garSemo warmoqm-nilma diskusiam da qarTveli istorikosebis Sromebma,`qarTlis cxovrebis~ aRmoCenili nusxebis Seswavlasda farTo sazogadoebaSi popularizacias Seuwyo xeli. axla davubrundeT sakiTxs qarTvel tomTa Tavda-pirveli sacxovrisis Sesaxeb. rogorc zemoT vTqviTevropaSi gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad qarTvelitomebi istoriuli armeniis teritoriaze cxovrobda.am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia ilia oqromW-edliSvilis mier naTargmni werili, romelic gaz. iver-iaSi~ gamoqveynda. es aris fransua leronmanis wer-ili de loriesadmi. fr. leronmani lursmul warw-erebs kiTxulobda, frangi armenologi de lorie dain-teresda lursmul warwerebSi napovni cnobebiT arme-niis Sesaxeb. swored am mizniT man fr.leronmans sTx-ova, raTa misTvis armeniis Sesaxeb cnobebi miewodebi-na. sapasuxo werilSi fr.leronmani ambobs, rom lursm-

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nul warwerebSi, romlebic aRmoCnda armeniis terito-riaze, marTlac aris cnobebi armeniis Sesaxeb da iqveaRniSnavs: `Cvenis azriT, armeniaSi napovn lursmnulwarweraTa ena metad emsgavseba qarTuls enas, Tu yura-dRebas mivaqcevT sagnis gamokvlevas imdenad, ramdena-dac Cven es SegviZlian axla. imedi maqvs momavalSi,rodesac exlandeli Cemi gamokvleva win waiwevs, blo-mad warmovadgino Seuryevelni sabuTni, am msgavsebisa.axla ki warmogidgenT marto erT Seuryevel sabuTs,dafuZnebuls arsebiTi saxelis brunvazed.~29 aqvefr.leronmans Sesabamisi magalaTebi mohyavs. gardaarsebiTi saxelebis brunvisa, fr.leronmani lursmulwarwerebSi amokiTxul sityvebSi da qarTul sityvebSidid msgavsebas poulobs ris Sedegadac akeTebs Semdegdaskvnas: àmnairad filologia, es metad Zlieri damaRali saSualebaa aRmadginebeli Zvelis eTnografi-isa, romelic gvimtkicebs, rom pirvelni memkvidreni immiwisa, romelsac armenia ewodeba, iyvnen qristianobiswin meSvide saukunis bolomdis, imave naTesavisa, rasisaromelsac ekuTvnian qarTvelebi.~30 aqve fr.leronmaniambobs: `gTxovT miaqcioT gansakuTrebiTi yuradRebaim garemoebas, rom armeniis lursmnebrivi warweraTaena ararigad, arafriT, ganSorebiTac ara hgavs haosian-Ta enas. im xalxs, romelsac gamouWria es warwerani daqristianobis win meeqvse saukunemdis umefnia armenia-Si, ara hqonia ararigi Tviseba somxebTan, haosianTan,rogorc Tavisis STamomavlobiT, rasiT, ise eniT: haosi-anni Semovidnen armeniaSi vanis sul bolondel warwe-ris gamoWris Semdeg, im dros, rodesac TviT warwerisgamomWrelma xalxma, Sesustebulma ramdenisame sauku-nis ganuwyvetel brZoliT... nineviisa da babilonismflobelobasTan, daiwia CrdiloeTisaken, swored immiwebisaken, romelsac ZveleTi uwodda iverias da exlauwodeben saqarTvelos.~31

aRniSnuli daskvna mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeba patkano-vis mosazrebas da, rac mTavaria, wminda mecnierul anal-

43

izzea dafuZnebuli. aqve unda aRiniSnos is faqti, romfr.leronmani ar iyo qarTvelologi da amitom mas aramoZravebda raime interesi somxebis winaaRmdeg da misidaskvnac ar unda miviCnioT subieqturad. fr.leronmaniam SemTxvevaSi qarTveli mecnierebis wisqvilze asxam-da wyals. is undoblobas ucxadebda Zvel somxur saist-orio mwerlobas, gansakuTrebiT ki mose xorenelis`somxeTis istorias.~ `yvelam WeSmaritad unda mivi-RoT,_ ambobs fr.leronmani,_ somxebs ar abadiaT ararigi nacionaluri gadmocema pirvel tigranamde, romel-ic kirosis Tanamedrove iyo. rac ki Seexeba amazedwina dros, yvela moTxroba somexTa mwerlobisa mom-dinareobs mose xorenelis wignisagan da es wignic,rogorc TviT xoreneli gvemowmeba, aris ubralo axlo(kopia) mar_ abas katinis crusityvaobisa. es batonikatini scxovrobda qristianobis pirvel saukunes, adgaliteratorobis xelovnebas, ...man Seadgina kompilacia,saca simarTleze ufro meti sicruve Seitana.~32

rogorc vxedavT fr.leronmanisaTvis lursmul war-werebze win araferi dgas, miTumetes mose xoreneli.swored lursmulma warwerebma miiyvana igi im daskvnam-de, rom istoriuli armenis adgilas qarTuli tomebicxovrobdnen. aq Cndeba paralelebi CvenTvis kargadcnobili `moqcevi qarTlisai~-s cnobasTan. rogorcaRniSnuli matianidan viciT, azo wavida Tavisi mamissamkvidroSi da àrian qarTlidan~ wamoiyvana Tavisisaxleuloba. dRemde ucnobia Tu ra geografiuli ar-eali moiazreba àrian qarTli~_Si. s.janaSia cdilobs gaarkvios, Tu ras warmoadgenssityva àrian.~ piris saxelia es Tu ara. saboloodmkvlevari midis im daskvnamde, rom msazRvreli rian~miekuTvneba rogorc qveyanas, ise mis mcxovrebTac.~33

àrian qarTlis~ Sesaxeb ki askvnis, rom `rogorc arunda gadawydes ariana~_s sakiTxi, Cven vfiqrobT, rom`qarTlis moqcevis~ Txrobis arian qarTli warmoad-gens mogonebas hari qveynis, rogorc qarTvelTa uZve-

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lesi sacxovrisis Sesaxeb. realurad aq SesaZlebeliaigulisxmebodes rogorc, miTani, ise urartuc, vanis tbismidamoebi, radganac, rogorc vnaxeT, hari_qveyana Sei-cavs erTsac da meoresac.~34

g.meliqiSvili àrians~ `sparsuls~ (àriuls~) ukav-Sirebs, garda amisa g.meliqiSvili arianis~ axsnis sxvavariantebsac ganixilavs. ‘Cven_ ambobs g.meliqiSvili_àrianis~ axsnis kidev sxva SesaZleblobebi gvesaxeba.raki Zvel samyaroSi esoden popularuli iyo azriespaneTis (pirineis) iberiidan kavkasiis iberiaSi xalxisgadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb, xom ar SeiZleba arian~ `pere-neis~ damaxinjeba iyos? Cveni yuradReba kidev sxva Sesa-Zleblobam miiqcia. pontos samefos damaarsebeli_`dariosis satrapi miTridate~, romelic mose xorene-lis cnobiT, aleqsandre makedonelma daayena iberTammarTvelad (qarTuli wyaroebis arian qarTlis mefisZe azo), rogorc cnobilia iTvleboda~ kirosisa daarrinas mefed~; kirosis adgilsamyofeli cnobilia,xolo arrina~_ ze Cven araferi viciT. xom ar SeiZle-ba, rom romelime literaturuli wyaros safuZvelZeam àrrina~_ dan qarTuli àriani~ warmomdgariyo?~35

arian qarTlias geografiuli mdebareobis SesaxebangariSgasawevi Tvalsazrisi aqvs gamoTqmuli gr.qa-vTarias. igi `moqcevai qarTlisai~_s arian qarTls,istoriuli saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi moiazrebs dakonkretul istoriul geografiul arealSi aqcevs.36

`moqcevai qarTlisai~_s arian qarTli,_ wers gr.qavTar-ia,_ mdebareobda saqarTvelos samxreT nawilSi. essakiTxi qarTul mecnierebaSi davas arasodes iwvevda.`moqcevai qarTlisai~ werda ise, rogorc esmodaT dadamkvidrebuli iyo azonis xanaSi misi mSobliuri mx-aris saxeli. leonti mrovelis epoqaSi arian_qarTligaugebari termini iyo mkiTxvelisaTvis da mas uwodeb-da im saxels (klarjeTs), romliTac icnobdnen misiTanamedroveni. eWvs ar iwvevs, rom istoriuli klarje-Ti moicavda im teritorias, romelic Sedioda aqemenide-

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bis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. saxelwodeba arian_qarTli,rogorc miTiTebulia istoriul literaturaSi, ix-mareba ìranis qarTlis~ Sesatyvisad.~37

mravali mcdelobis miuxedavad dRemde dauzustebe-lia arian qarTlis~ adgilmdebareoba. fr.leronmanismier Catarebuli kvlevis Semdeg Cndeba eWvi imis Sesaxeb,rom ‘moqcevai qarTlisai~-s àrian qarTli~ xom araris iverTa is Zveli samkvidrebeli, romelic lursm-nul warwerebSi armeniad~ ixseniabe. iqneb arian qarT-li~ àrmenuli qarTlis~ an àrmin qarTlis~ igiveobaaris, romelmac saxecvlileba ganicada gadamwerTa mieran sxva mizezTa gamo. Tu es marTlac asea, maSin arianqarTli~-s mdebareobac advili dasadgenia. aRmoCenili lursmuli wyaroebis miuxedavad somx-uri istoriografia isev agrZelebda qarTuli miwebis`mecnierulad~ mitacebas. aRniSnuli tendecia damaxa-siaTebelia rogorc Zveli ise axali somxuri istori-ografiisaTvis. xSir SemTxvevaSi msgavsi gamoxtomebisruliad usafuZvlo da aramecnieruli iyo, Tumca yov-lad usafuZvlo mtkicebulebasac unda gaeces sakadrisipasuxi. es ar eSleboda gaz. iveriis~ irgvliv drazmulqarTvel mecnierTa jgufs, isini yovelTvis mowodebissimaRleze iyvnen da Rirseul pasuxs aZlevdnen isto-riis gamyalbeblebs. swored ìveriis~ meSveobiT m.ja-naSvilma istoriis gayalbebaSi amxila somexi istori-kosebi. man argumentirebulad uaryo Zveli somexi ist-orikosebis cnoba, rom TiTqos Woroxis, Ralis, mtkvrisda alaznis xeobebi somxebis iyo. somex istorikosebsm.janaSvilma daupirispira qarTuli dokumenturi dapaleografiuli wyaroebi. mraval wyaroTa ganxilvisSedegad mopovebuli myari argumentebis safuZvelzem.janaSvili dasZens, rom `yvela zemore CamoTvlilisabuTi amtkicebs. rom aq somxebis Soreuli gavlenacki ar yofila ara Tu Zvelad, aramed qristianobisdrosac.~38 yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinarem.janaSvili iqve wers: miuxedavad amgvari sabuTebisa,

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somxis istorikosebi alaznis xeobas somxebis samefosnawilad hxdian. am azrs amtkicebs mag. p_niana (patkani-ani) viTomda adgilobrivi saxelebis somxur sityvebT-an monaTesaveobiT.39 patkanovis aRniSnul arguments m.janaSvili pasuxobs gaterianos sityvebiT: `gaterianotyuilad ki ar ambobs: `qarTulisa da somxuri enisSeswavlam damarwmuna, rom didi nawili qarTuli si-tyvebisa da yvela fesvni am enisa ekuTvnian gansakuTre-buls qarTul jgufsao. Tu mravali ricxvi am fesvTamoipoveba somxurSiac, es imas amtkicebso, rom somx-urs miuRia isini qarTulisaganao, romelic odesme did-armeniis umetes nawilze unda yofiliyo gavrcelebu-lio, sanam iq arielebi movidodneno.~40 rogorc vxe-davT, aq isev is azria ganviTarebuli, rom istoriuliarmeniis teritoriaze qarTveluri tomebi cxovrobd-nen. saqarTvelos istoriis somex gamyalbebelTawinaaRmdeg, evropeli mecnierebis Teoriebis gamoyene-ba metad momgebian pozicias uqmnida qarTvel mecnierebsda isinic siamovnebiT iyeneben mas. erT_erT sapolemiko sagnad, gazeT ìveriis~ fur-clebze im etapze qarTuli anbanisa da enis warmoSobissakiTxi iqca. mecnierTa erTi nawili acxadebda, rom`qarTuli anbani farnavazma ki ara, adamma SemoiRovo.~41

meoreni Tvlidnen (q.patkanovi), rom `TavdapirveladqarTvelebis ena somxuri iyo, xolo farnavazma brZane-ba gasca, raTa yvelas, mTels saqarTveloSi qarTuladelaparaka.~42 mecnierTa mesame nawili miiCnevda, romxucuri damwerloba qarTvelebs TiTqos mesrofma Seu-qmna.43 aRniSnuli sakiTxebi, il.oqromWedliSvilmadawvrilebiT ganixila ìveriaSi~ 1881 wels gamoqvey-nebul werilSi vin moigona qarTuli anbani.~ man qarTu-li anbanis Seqmna farnavazs daukavSira. `farnavazma,_werda igi_saqarTveloSi SemoiRo zenduri (fehleuri)anbani sparsulisagan. amas gvimtkicebs saocari msgavsebaqarTul_zendur anbanebisa. magaliTebr, 25 zenduri asosrulad miagvanan qarTulsa.~44

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il.oqromWedliSvili qarTuli anbanis warmoSobisaRniSnul Tvalsazriss, mxedrul anbans ukavSirebda.mas mxedruli ufro Zvelad miaCnda, vinem asomTavrulida nusxuri. cxadia, il.oqromWedliSvilis `Teoria~qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis Sesaxeb aradamajerebeliiyo. mis mizans, aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi zogi-erTi mecnieris mcdari Sexedulebebis gabaTileba war-moadgenda. erovnuli mizandasaxulobis miuxedavad, mankvlevis araswori gza airCia, ramac igi qarTuli anban-is warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT araswor daskvnamdemiiyvana. 1).il.oqromWedliSvilma mxedruli ufro ad-reulad gamoacxada vinem asomTTavruli da xucuri,2).qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis saTaveebi sruliad usa-fuZvlod zendur_sparsuli damwerlobis jgufs daukav-Sira. qarTvel mkvlevarTagan qarTuli anbanis warmoSobismecnierul doneze Seswavla dimitri baqraZem daiwyo.aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT prof. m.dumbaZe Seni-Snavda: `d.baqraZem safuZveli Cauyara Cveni istoriisdamxmare disciplinas_qarTul paleografias... marTa-lia, d.baqraZes qarTuli paleografia saTanado mec-nierul simaRleze ar auyvania, es mxolod akad. ivanejavaxiSvilma gaakeTa, magram d.baqraZis mier mopove-bulma masalam da misma pirvelma dakvirvebebma essagani Taviseburad gaaformes.~45

qarTuli ambanis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, Tavisi Sexed-uleba d.baqrqZem ruseTis arqeologTa mexuTe yrilo-baze (1881 weli) gakeTebul moxsenebaSi `qarTuli pa-leografia~_ Camoayaliba. es naSromi, arqeologTa yri-lobis masalebSi 1887 wels daibeWda. am faqtTan dakav-SirebiT, gazeTma ìveriam~ 1888 wels m.janaSvilis vr-celi recenzia gamoaqveyna saTauriT `qarTuli pa-leografia~ werili d.z.baqraZisa.~46 d.baqraZis naSro-mis Sinaarsis da ZiriTadi debulebebis TanmimdevrulgadmocemasTan erTad, m.janaSvilma misi mecnieruliSefasebac mogvca. `d.baqraZis sapaleografio Sromis

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gamoqveynebis Semdeg_ vkiTxulobT recenziaSi_ qarTulipaleografia mkvidr safuZvelze damyarebulad undaCavTvaloT.~47 d.baqraZem aRniSnul gamokvlevaSi safuZ-vlianad daarRvia qarTuli anbanis warmoSobisil.oqromWedliSviliseuli Sexeduleba. qarTuli dam-werlobis sawyisad asomTavruli, xolo Semdeg safex-urad ki nusxa xucuri miiCnia. maTi ganviTarebis mom-devno safexurad mxedruli gamoacxada. qarTul _berZnu-li anbanis urTierT SedarebiTma analizmma, d.baqraZeqarTuli anbanis berZnulidan warmomavlobis mtkice-bamde miiyvana.48

qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis sakiTxs Seexo m.janaSviligazeT ìveriaSi~ gamoqveynebul werilSi `ra dros dasaidan SemoiRes qarTuli anbani.~49 igi il.oqromWedliS-vilis zemoaRniSnuli naSromSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebe-bis pasuxs warmoadgenda. faqtobriv masalaze dayrd-nobiT, man il.oqromWedliSvilis Sexedulebebis safuZ-vlianad uaryofis paralelurad, kritikis maxvilikoriunis Teoriis~ winaaRmdeg_mesrof maStocis mierTiTqosda qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis uarsayofad mimar-Ta. qarTuli wyaroebidan aRebuli masalebisa da imavekoriunis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, romlis mixedviTacmesrofi qarTuli enis ucodinari Cans, am `Teoriis~damcvelTa misamarTiT, m.janaSvili kanonzomierad svamdakiTxvas: `rogor moigonebda mesrofi qarTul anbans,rodesac man sruliad ar icoda qarTuli ena, saWiroki iyo, rom zedmiwveniT scodnoda am SemTxvevaSi yove-li xma ucxo enisa.~50 aqedan gamomdinare, gamoricxavdamesrofisagan qarTuli anbanis Tundac Sevsebis raimecdas da daaskvnida: `qarTvelebs anbani hqondaT aramesrofis zRaprul mogzaurobis dros saqarTvelosada albaneTSi da farnavazis dros, ara mesame saukunisdasawyisSi qristes win, rogorc amas amtkicebsil.oqromWedliSvili, aramed farnavazis mefobis ram-denime saukunis uwinares.~51

zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxis Seswavlis saqmeSi didi wv-

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lili Seitanes ramaz patariZem da Tamaz gamyreliZem.maTi gamokvlevebi safuZvlianad uaryofs mesrop maSt-ocis mier qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis Teorias. T.gamyrel-iZe erTi martivi magaliTiTac ki acamtverebs aRniSn-ul Teorias. `mesrop_ maStoci,_ wers T.gamyreliZe,_TviT ar iyo dauflebuli qarTuls, rac sruliad gamor-icxavs SesaZleblobas mis mier qarTuli anbanis Seqm-nisas. axali damwerlobis Seqmna... axali grafikulisimboloebis gamogoneba_ SeTxzvas ki ar niSnavs mxo-lod; igi gulisxmobs uwinares yovlisa enis Rrma li-ngvinisturi analizis Catarebas, enis fonetikuri siste-mis danawevrebas calkeul bgeriT erTeulebad, rom-lebic unda gamoixatos saTanado grafikuli niSnebiT.es aris swored axali damwerlobis Seqmnis procesSilogikurad pirveli da ZiriTadi etapi, rasac arsebi-Tad emyareba mTeli Semdgomi procedura bgeraTagrafikuli gamoxatvisa da maTi anbanTrigSi gawyoba.yovelive es SeuZlebels xdis konkretuli enisaTvisdamwerlobis Seqmnas iseTi piris mier, romelic Rrmadar aris dauflebuli, romelsac winaswar am enis Tavise-buri lingvinisturi analizi ar Cautarebia.52

r.patariZe siRrmiseulad ganixilavs qarTuli anba-nis warmoSobisa da misi monaTesaveobis problemassomxur anbanTan mimarTebaSi. igi xasgasmiT aRniSnavsim gansxvavebebs rac qarTuls ganasxvavebs somxuris-agan. 1).asoTa moxazuloba, 2).aso_ niSnebis anbanuri rigi,anu Tanmimdevroba, 3). aso_ niSnebis ricxviTi mniSvneloba,4). qarTuli da somxuri enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aso_bgrebis anbanuri rigi, 5). qarTuli da somxuri enisa-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli aso_ bgerebis grafikuli safuZv-eli da 6). qarTuli da somxuri asoebis saxelebi.53

r.patariZe mxolod garegnul sxvaobebze ar Cerdebada ufro siRrmiseuli gamokvlevis safuZvelze akeTebsSesabamis daskvnas. r.patariZe leonti mrovelis cnobas qarTuli dam-werlobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb angariSgasawevad Tvlis.

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`qarTul istoriul matianeSi_ wers r. patariZe dacu-lia udidesi mniSvnelobis cnoba qarTuli damwerlo-bis SemoRebis Sesaxeb, risi xelaRebiT uaryofa Seu-Zlebelia. kidev erT garemoebas unda gaewios angari-Si: XI saukuneSi moRvawe qarTvel mematianes_ leontimrovels miaCnia, rom qarTuli damwerloba SemoRebu-lia warmarTul xanaSi da warmarTuli kulturis Zeg-lia da ara qristianulisa. qarTuli damwerloba romqristianuli kulturis Zegli yofiliyo, gana mrovelepiskoposs da qarTvel mematianes es ar unda scodno-da?~54

somexi istorikosebis Teoriebs qarTuli anbanis Se-qmnis Sesaxeb ewinaaRmdegeba TviT somexi istorikosi,XIII saukunis moRvawe mxiTar airivaneci. mxiTar airi-vaneci Tavis istoriaSi wers, rom: `pirveli qarTvelimefe farnavaz, romelmac eqvsi enidan Seqmna qarTuli.manve Seqmna maTi damwerloba~.55 ucnobia Tu ra wyarozedayrdnobiT wers amas mxiTar airivaneci. safiqrebe-lia, rom mas ar uxelmZRvanelia leonti mrovelisTxzulebidan, radgan leonti arsad ar wers, rom far-navazma eqvsi enidan qarTuli Seqmnao. rogorc CansmxiTar airivaneci sxva wyaros eyrdnoba, romelsac Cve-namde ar mouRwevia. rogorc vxedavT, XIX saukunis somexistorikosTa usafuZvlo Teoriebs Tavad somexi is-torikosi mxiTar airivaneci abaTilebs.amrigad, qarTuli damwerlobis sakiTxebTan dakav-

SirebiT, gazeTi ‘iveriis~ furclebze gamoqveynebulSromebSi motanili yvela debulebebi, marTalia ma-Ralmecnieruli mtkicebulebebiTa da doniT ar gam-oirCeoda, magram, im etapze mas garkveuli praqtikulida istoriuli Rirebuleba gaaCnda. 1).qarTvel istori-kosTa mier qarTuli damwerlobis sakiTxebze gamo-qveynebulma gamokvlevebma, qarTuli paleografiis me-cnieruli SeswavlisaTvis garkveuli safuZveli moamza-da, 2).gazeTi ìveriaSi~ dabeWdilma samecniero wer-ilebma, koriunis mcdari Sexedulebis_mesrof maSto-

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cisagan qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis Tvalsazrisis das-abuTebul uaryofas Seuwyo xeli, 3).qarTuli damwer-lobis Sesaxeb armenofiluri Tvalsazrisis uarmyo-feli werilobiTi da epigrafikuli masalebis samec-niero brunvaSi Semotanas da mis popularizacias, ga-zeTma iveria~_m udidesi amagi dasdo.

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$ 3. feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri da socialuri istoriis sakiTxebi gazeTi ìveriis~_s furclebze.

gazeT ìveriis~_s mier gamoqveynebuli publikacie-bidan, mniSvnelovani adgili feodaluri saqarTvelospolitikuri da socialuri istoriis sakiTxebis Ses-wavlas uWiravs. am problematikisadmi miZRvnili statie-bi saqarTvelos istorias ama Tu im mefis an romelimegamoCenili saxelmwifo moRvawis saqmianobis fonzeganixilavda. miuxedavad amisa, X1X saukunis meore nax-evris qarTuli istoriografia, gamoCenil pirovnebaTaistoriis SeswavliT ar kmayofildeboda. misi mesveurebiistoriis Semoqmedad calkeul pirovnebebs ki ar miiC-nevdnen, aramed prioritets xalxs aniWebdnen. amis dam-adasturebelia `qarTlis cxovrebisadmi~ d.baqraZisada i.WavWavaZis kritikuli damokidebuleba. poema àCr-dilTan~ dakavSirebiT, 1872 wels daviT erisTavisadmimiweril erT_erT werilSi ilia WavWavaZe xazgasmiTaRniSnavda: àm àCrdilma~ tyavi gamaZro. istoriulsnawilzed Sevdeg da erTi nabiji win ver wavedi, arvici ra vqna? vambob am àCrdils~ Tavi davanebo meTqi.eg oxeri Cveni istoria...marto omebisa da mefeebis is-toriaa, eri arsada sCans, me ki aseTis agebulebis ada-miani var, rom mefeebisa da omebis saxe ar mizidavs xo-lme. saqme xalxia da xalxi ki Cvens istoriaSi arCans.~1

60_ianelebis mier `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mimarT way-enebuli es pretenzia, ZiriTadad XX saukunis istori-ografiamac gaiziara. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSire-biT akad. n.berZeniSvili savsebiT samarTlianad SeniS-navda: ‘dimitri baqraZe, ilia da sxva samocianelebi, raTqma unda, ar iyvnen marTalni `qarTlis cxovrebis~Sefasebisas. maT aviwydebodaT, rom `qarTlis cxovre-ba~ samociani wlebis ideebis saqadagod ki ar iyo daw-

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erili, aramed Tavisi droisaTvis, romelsac is didiswarmatebiT emsaxureboda...asevea TiTqmis dResac...zogirasa sTxovs, zogi rasa da aravin fiqrobs, Tu rogoriunda yofiliyo qarTlis cxovreba,~ rom mas qarTulifeodaluri sazogadoebis, qarTveli xalxis momsaxurebaSeZleboda.~2

saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevisas, samocianelebs mar-Talia ZiriTadi yuradReba xalxze gadahqondaT, magram,istoriul pirovnebaTa damsaxurebas da Rvawls ariviwyebdnen. Tu ramdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnenpirovnebis popularizaciis aucileblobas da misiRvawlis win wamowevas, kargad Cans gazeTi ìveriaSi~dabeWdili daviT aRmaSeneblis xsovnisadmi miZRvnilii.WavWavaZis werilidan. èri Tavis gmirebSi_wers i.Wa-vWavaZe_ hpoulobs Tavis sulsa da gulsa, Tavis mwvrT-nelsa, Tavis Rones da SemZleblobas, Tavis xatsa da ma-galiTs,...amitomac saWiroa imaTi xsovna, imaTi dauviwy-aroba.~3 am SemTxvevaSi i.WavWavaZe garkveuli mosazrebeb-iT xelmZRvaneklobda. prof. a.ioselianis sityvebiTrom vTqvaT, i.WavWavaZes da samocianelebs, carizmis ru-sifikatoruli politikis fonze, didi pirovnebebis da-msaxurebis winwamoweva da misi popularizacia xalxSièrovnuli siamayis grZnobis Casanergad esaWiroebo-daT.~4

qarTvel xalxSi erovnul_ganmaTavisuflebeli mo-Zraobis aRorZinebisa da qarTveli eris gamoRviZebiserT _erT saSualebad, i.WavWavaZe erovnuli istoriisardaviwyebas da mis popularizacias miiCnevda. ar vicisxva rogor fiqrobs_ambobda didi ilia_da Cven ki asegvgonia, rom eris dacema da gaTaxsireba maSin iwyeba,roca eri Tavis saubedurod, Tavis istorias iviwyebs,rogorc kacad ar ixsenieba is mawanwala bogano, visacaRar axsovs vin aris, saidam modis da sad midis, isecerad saxsenebeli ar aris igi, romelsac RmerTi gaswy-romia da Tavisi istoria ar axsovs.~5 istoriis cnebisganmartebisa da misi daniSnulebis winwamowevis fonze

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i.WavWavaZe iqve dasZenda: ìstoria Tavis gulis fi-carzed iWedavs marto sulisa da gulis moZraobaserisas da am daWdeviTa, rogorc sarke, gviCvenebs imRones da sagzals, romelic momadlebuli aqvs ama Tuim ersa dRegrZelobisaTvis da gaZlierebisaTvis.~6 aseTipreambulis Semdeg, pirvelwyaroebze dayrdnobiT igisazogadoebis yuradRebas eris winaSe daviT aRmaSene-belis damsaxurebaze miapyrobda da dasZenda: `dResTu Cven, Cvens binazed varT, es, iqneba imisi Rvawli, imisisamsaxuric ufro iyos, dideba saxelsa missa.~7

daviT aRmaSenebelis mier qveynisadmi gaweuli Rvawl-isa da damsaxurebis CamoTvlis paralelurad, araqarTve-li erebisa da maTi sarwmunoebis Semwynareblobaze-dac miuTiTebda i.WavWavaZe. amisTana sxva eris Rirse-bis Tayvanismcemeli im droSi_ werda ilia_ roca kacikacs SesaWmeladac ar zogavda, amisTana kacTmoyvrulipativiscema sxvis erovnebisa, sxvis sarwmunoebisa nuTusakvirveli ar aris meTormete saukunis kacisagam?...ganameti did bunebovneba moeTxoveba XII saukunis kacsmaSin roca dRes mecxramete saukunis dasasruls,sakvirvelebad migvaCnia gladstoni, romelic irlan-diis erovnebas da sarwmunoebas esarCleba imave kacT-moyvareobiT, ra kacTmoyvareobiTac daviT aRmaSenebe-li sxva ers pativsa scemda.~8 marTalia, aRniSnuli wer-ili zogadi xasiaTisaa, magram Rrma Sinaarsis momcv-lelia. i.WavWavaZem qarTveli politikuri moRvawisSemwynarebluri politikuri kursi XIX saukunis msof-lio istoriis sinamdvilis WrilSi ganixila. mkiTxv-el sazogadoebas auwya, rom XIX saukunis meore nax-evris moRvawis uiliam gladstonis (1809_1898) daTmobebida Semwynarebloba,9 Tuki iZulebidan gamomdinareobdada irlandieli xalxis erovnul_ ganmaTavisuflebe-li moZraobis zewoliT iyo ganpirobebuli, gladsto-nis reformamde Svidi saukuniT adre, bevrad ukeTesida humanuri reformebi daviT aRmaSenebelma piradiiniciativiT ganaxorciela. samocianelTa mier daviT

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aRmaSenebelis am kuTxiT Sefasebas ivane javaxiSviliciziarebda. qarTul da ucxour wyaroebze dayrdnobiT,daviTis pirovnebas da mis Sinagan Tvisebebs Semdeg-nairad warmosaxavda: didebuli gvirgvinosanis sulieriTviseba yovelmxrivi da farTo yofila; TviT mefe xomkeTilmorwmune da uerTgulesi marTlmadidebeli qris-tiane iyo; magram mainc mas sxva moZRvrebisa da sju-lis kacic uyvarda da pativsa scemda. amitomac iyo,rom mahmadian istorikosTa sityviT igi ucxo erovneb-is Svilebsac Tavis ganaTlebuls da Zliers mfarvel-obas ar aklebda; mas, qristianes mahmadianTa pozici-isa da mecnierebisadmic uZgerda siyvaruliT guli.~10

daviT aRmaSenebelis moRvaweobas gazeTma ìveriam~sagangebo publikaciebi miuZRvna. gansakuTrebul in-teress iwvevs T.Jordanias saxsovrad wmindisa saqarTve-los mefis daviT aRmaSeneblisa~11 da gr.yifSiZis `dav-iT aRmaSeneblis Rvawli,~12 `saqarTvelos mefe daviTaRmaSenebeli 1089_1125~13 statiebi. am SemTxvevaSi yura-dRebas mxolod bolo maTganze gavamaxvilebT. gr.yi-fSiZis es naSromi daviT aRmaSenebelis gardacvaleb-is dRisadmia miZRvnili. istoriografiaSi garkveulia,rom daviTi 1125 wlis 24 ianvars gardaicvala. imavewlis 26 ianvars eklesiam igi wmindanad Seracxa. amdRidan mokidebuli, yoveli 26 ianvari mis mosaxsenebeldReT iTvleba. rac Seexeba TviT statias, giorgi II_isdroindeli saqarTvelos Znelbedobis aRweris fonze,avtori giorgis gadadgomis da daviTis gamefebis Ziri-Tad mizezebs warmoaCens da iqve sdasZens: Ronemixdilmaerma giorgis uari aTqmevina mefobaze da aiZula sico-cxleSive gadaeca gvirgvini 19 wlis SvilisaTvis dav-iT mesamisaTvis.~14 am SemTxvevaSi gr.yifSiZe or Secdo-mas uSvebs: 1).qarTul istoriografiaSi dadgenilia, romdaviTi gamefda 16 wlis asakSi 1089 wels.15 2).igi iyoara daviT III, aramed daviT VI.16 aRniSnulis miuxedavad,qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebis gamoyenebiT, gr.yifSiZemZiriTadad sworad gaaSuqa daviT aRmaSenebelis moR-

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vaweoba. maRali Sefaseba misca mis mier ganxorciele-bul administraciul da saeklesio reformebs. aq erTisayuradRebo momenticaa gasaTvaliswinebeli. kerZod,daviT aRmaSenebelis pirovnebis ukeT warmoCenisa dasazogadoebis yuradRebis miqcevis mizniT, gr.yifSiZemSedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebas mimarTa. roca igidaviTis samxedro reformebs da mis mier CatarebulbrZolebs Seexo, daviTi rogorc samxedro strategida saxelmwifo mmarTveli napoleon bonapartes Seadara.misi azriT, ìseve rogorc napoleoni iyo didi mex-sierebis, aseve daviTic iyo didi mexsierebis, romelsacaxsovda ukanaskneli meomris saxeli da gvaric ki.~17

aseTi saxis analogiiT, gr.yifSiZe sazogadoebis winaSedaviT aRmaSenebelis, rogorc didi saxelmwifo moRva-wis ukeT warmoCenas isaxavda miznad. meore mxriv, igimkiTxvels am didi pirovnebis ukeT gacnobierebis Sesa-Zleblobas aZlevda. `Tu saqarTvelos gauxaria odes-me_ werda igi_ Tavis Sav_ ukuRma dReTa svlaSi, Tu misRvawliT mosil marjvenas nayofi umkia, amgvar droTunda CaiTvalos dro daviT aRmaSenebelis mefo-bisa...TviT brwyinvale mefoba Tamarisa sxiv moklebu-li iqneboda daviTis Rvawli win rom ar wasZRolo-da.~18 Cvens mier motanili es faqtebi imis damadasture-belia, rom XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTvel ist-orikosTa mier gazeT iveriaSi~ gamoqveynebul SromebSi,qarTveli eris winaSe daviT aRmaSenebelis Rvawlisworad iqna gagebuli da Sefasebuli. saqarTvelos Suasaukuneebis istoriis problema-tikisadmi miZRvnili publikaciebidan, romelic gazeT-ma ìveria~_m dabeWda, gansakuTrebul yuradRebasn.urbnelis (xizaniSvili) metad sayuradRebo naSromi`giorgi brwyinvale mefe saqarTvelosi~ iqcevs. igiTxrobas laSa giorgis mefobidan, saqarTveloSi mon-RolTa pirveli gamoCenidan iwyebs. am faqtTan dakav-SirebiT, kerZod, monRolTa pirveli Semosevis TariRisdazustebis mizniT, Tanmimdevrulad ganixilavs vaxuS-

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tis, broses, da sxvaTa mosazrebebs. miuxedavad amisa,sakiTxis dakonkretebas ar axdens da mas Riad tovebs.qarTul istoriografiaSi garkveulia, rom monRolTa20000 jari saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan pirvelad jebeda subudais meTaurobiT 1220 wels gamoCnda da maTTanbrZolaSi qarTvelebi damarcxdnen.19

saqarTvelos istoriis mniSvnelovani momentebis gad-mocemis fonze, n.urbneli Seecada mkiTxvelisaTvis eCvene-bina monRolTa mier saqarTvelos dapyrobiT, monRol-Ta batonobiT da saqarTveloSi ormefobiT warmoqmni-li uaryofiTi Sedegebi. aseTi preambulis Semdeg, mandawvrilebiT ganixila giorgi brwyinvalis saxelmwi-foebrivi saqmianoba. misi daxasiaTebiT, ìm didsa dagrZel sivrceze, romelic mongolebis mflobelobasuWiravs, giorgi mexuTe ganmartoebiT sdgas da aRmo-savleTis varskvlaviviT hbrwyinavs, elvare sxivsa hfenswinaparTa samefo gvirgvins. mTels ocdarva wels samefotaxtidan es varskvlavi aciskrovnebda samSoblos daam drois ganmavlobaSi TviT samSobloc feniqsebrganaxlda, gaspetakda, pativi da dideba moixveWa ...krZa-lviTa da mowiwebiT vumzerT am did bunebovanis mefiscxovrebas, imis moRvaweobas da ar viciT, ra ufro metadunda gvakvirvebdes_ imisi Zliereba, Tu `sibrZne go-niereba~ da mecniereba...mTeli saukuneebis ganmavloba-Si giorgi mexuTes swori da toli ara hyavda da mismoRvaweobasa da moqmedebas Tavisi msgavsi ar moepove-boda.~20 es amonaweri saukeTesod axasiaTebs giorgibrwyinvales, rogorc pirovnebasa da saxelmwifo moR-vawes. meore mxriv, gamokveTilad moCans giorgi brwyin-valisadmi n.urbnelis gansakuTrebuli simpaTia. saxe-lmwifoebriv sarbielze giorgi brwyinvalis warmateb-ebi, misi azriT, mimdinare istoriulma procesebma gana-piroba. igi `mefis niWierebis gamovlinebis~ xelSemwy-obi istoriuli situaciis warmoCenas aucileblobadmiiCnevda.21 saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweobis sferoSigiorgi brwyinvalis saqmianobis analogs n.urbneli,

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daviT aRmaSenebelTan eZebda. `bevri saerTo Tvisebada Rirseba moipoveba maT Soris. didad mogvanan iginierTmaneTs, TiTqo gangebamac erTnairi xvedri argunaam or SesaniSnav mefes, TiTqo bedis weram erTsa daimave garemoebaSi Caayena da moaTavsa es ori sakvirveliadamiani.~22

Tu ramdenad mizanSewonilia am ori pirovnebis erT-maneTisadmi Sedareba, amis gasarkvevad aucileblobaswarmoadgens Tvali gavadevnoT giorgi brwyinvalis miergatarebul RonisZiebebs. istoriografiaSi garkveulia,rom giorgi brwyinvalem gamefebis pirvelive dRidanvedaiwyo brZola saqarTvelos saxelmwifosaTvis XIIsaukunis droindeli saerTaSoriso avtoritetis das-abruneblad, gareSe mtris winaaRmdeg moqnili damravalmxrivi daxvewili politikis gasatareblad, Sin-auri mtrebis asalagmavad, samarTlianobisa da kanoniere-bis aRsadgenad. Tuki am fonze ganvixilavT am oripirovnebis saqmianobas, maT Soris msgavseba aSkara gaxde-ba. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT g.nadiraZe samarTlianadSeniSnavs; `Zneli araa, aRniSnul mefeTa epoqebis Ses-wavlisas mkvlevarma maT moRvaweobaSi msgavseba aR-moaCinos, saerTod ki, giorgi brwyinvales gansakuTre-buli adgili uWiravs saqarTvelos politikur istor-iaSi da am mxriv aqac n.urbnelis mier miniSnebuli mi-si msgavseba daviT aRmaSenebelTan marTebuli undaiyos.~23

n.urbnelis dasaxelebul naSromSi mniSvnelovani ad-gili giorgi brwyinvalis bavSvobas, aRzrdas da misgamefebas aqvs daTmobili. vaxuSti batoniSvilze dayrd-nobiT, giorgi brwyinvalis gamefebis TariRad n.urbneli1318 wels asaxelebs.24 am mosazrebas mxars iv.ja-vaxiS-vili25 da v.kiknaZe uWers.26 saqarTvelos istoriisnarkvevebSi da qarTul sabWoTa enciklobediaSi gior-gi brwyinvalis gamefebis TariRad 1314 welia dasax-elebuli.27

rac Seexeba giorgi brwyinvales saxelmwifoebriv mo-

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Rvaweobas, n.urbneli dawvrilebiT gadmoscems im RonisZ-iebebs, romelic saqarTvelos gasaerTianeblad da urCifeodalebis asalagmavad gaatara giorgi V brwyinvalem.yovelive amas, rogorc qarTul istoriografiaSicaadadasturebuli, giorgi brwyinvale frTxili da moxe-rxebuli politikis Sedegad aRwevda, romelsac saxe-lmwifos marTvis maRali niWiereba gansazRvravda. gi-orgi brwyinvale_ wers n.urbneli_ uxvad iyo cxebulisaxelmwifoebrivis niWiT, saxelmwifo asparezzed manSemoqmedebiTi Zala gamoiCina da, rasakvirvelia, sakuT-ari mimarTulebac hqonda, sakuTars sistemas misdevda.es mimarTuleba da sistema ori sityviT gamoiTqmis:jer sibrZne_ goniereba da mere moqmedeba. mefe garem-oebas akvirdeboda, droebis Sesaferisad iqceoda. imisgamWriaxi da frTxili goneba swrafad swvdeboda dr-oisa da Jamis viTarebas da mefe mklavs maSin aamuSavebda,roca samjobino iyo, roca saqmis xelidan gaSveba arSeiZleboda. am gamWriaxobaze da sifxizleze aris aS-enebuli da damyarebuli mTeli moRvaweoba giorgi br-wyinvalisa.~28 dadasturebulia, rom giorgi brwyinvalemarto saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianebiT da qvey-anaSi mSvidobis damyarebiT ar ifargleboda. mas karg-ad esmoda, rom saqarTvelos normaluri ganviTarebisa-Tvis, monRolTa batonobis Sedegad qveyanaSi Selaxu-li kanonebisa da samarTlis dauyovneblivi aRdgenaaucileblobas warmoadgenda. am mimarTulebiT pirve-li nabiji man, samarTlis wignis `Zeglisdeba~_s Seqm-niT gadaidga. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT akad. iv.javax-iSvili werda: es samarTlis wigni giorgi brwyinval-isagan mowveuli saxelmwifo darbazis sakanonmdeblokrebisagan aris Sedgenili da aragvisa da qsnis xeo-bis mTielTa TemebisaTvis iyo gaCenili.~29 aRniSnuldokuments n.urbnelma sagangebo naSromi Zeglis dadebamefe giorgi brwyinvalesi~30 miuZRvna. sakanonmdebloaqts n.urbnelma maRali Sefaseba misca. imavdroulad,giorgi brwyinvalis Semdgomi Taobebis misamarTiT

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sayveduri gamoTqva, rom didi mefis brZnuli Segoneba‘drois Sesaferisad moiqeciTo~ daiviwyes. ‘samwuxar-od, _wers igi_ mefis cxovreba male daaviwydaT, mismcnebas yuradReba ar aTxoves. politikuri `sibrZne_gonierebas‘~ TiTqos aRaravin saWiroebda, nayofic maleaRmocenda.~31 nayofis aRmocenebaSi~ n.urbneli saqarTve-los samefo_ samTavroebad daSlas gulisxmobda. n.urbnelis naSromebi: `giorgi brwyinvale mefe saqa-rTvelosi~ da Zeglis dadeba mefe giorgi brwyinvale-si,~ maSindeli qarTuli istoriografiis mniSvnelo-van SenaZens warmoadgenda. aRniSnul naSromebSi, gior-gi brwyinvalis pirovneba da misi sakanonmdeblo saqmi-anoba, avtorma XIV saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTve-los istoriis fokusSi moaqcia da mTeli misi moRva-weoba, epoqis saerTo fonze ganixila. sakiTxisadmi aseTiformiT midgomam, n.urbnels giorgi brwyinvalis naRva-wis obieqturad Sefasebis SesaZlebloba misca. g.na-diraZis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, istoriaSi pirovnebisrolis gansazRvrisas n.urbneli TiTqmis ar cdeboda,riTac ver daikvexnis ara marto XIX saukunis, aramedTanamedrove istoriografiac ki.32 Tuki es asea, n.ur-bnelis progresuli istoriuli Sexedulebebis pirv-el propagandistad gazeTi ìveria~ unda CaiTvalos. gazeTi iveria~_Si gamoqveynebuli masalebis Seswav-lisas, Cveni yuradReba m.janaSvilis statiam `zogier-Ti cnobebi da mosazrebani Sesaxeb saqarTvelos is-toriisa~33 miiqcia. avtorma, iraneli dampyroblebiswinaaRmdeg qarTveli xalxis brZola uZvelesi droidanganixila. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba XVII saukunissaqarTvelos istoriis monakveTze gaakeTa. iran_ os-malTa mier saqarTvelos dasapyrobad Catarebuli Zal-datanebiTi RonisZiebebi win wamoswia. `sparseTs daosmaleTs gamocdilebam daanaxva_ vkiTxulobT wer-ilSi_ rom ZaliT saqarTvelos damorCileba ar Sei-Zleboda da gamonaxes axali gza, es iyo SefarviTiTavazianobiTi, mzakvrobiT RvarZl_ Suris Tesva

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saqarTvelos mkvidrTa Soris da mahmadianobis gavr-celeba am qveyanaSi.~34 aseTi moqnili politikis ga-tarebiT, sparseTma da osmaleTma, saqarTvelos samefosamTavroebis urTierTdapirispireba, erTmaneTSi SuR-lisa da mtrobis Camogdeba SeZlo. ZmaTa Soris Si-naaSlilobam, saqarTveloze sparseTisa da osmaleTiszegavlenis gaZliereba daaCqara. dasaxelebul weril-Si m.janaSvili saqarTveloSi Sah abasis Semosevebzeamaxvilebs gansakuTrebul yuradRebas. dawvrilebiTaRwers qarTvelTa modgmis amosaZirkvavad mis mierqarTlsa da kaxeTSi gatarebul RonisZiebebs. gadamw-yvet momentSi, qarTvelTa marcxis ZiriTad mizezebsigi Semdegnairad xsnis: `Tumca gonebiTac da simxni-Tac qarTvelni Warbobdnen mters, magram maTgan maincxSirad iZleodnen. amis mizezi ra Tqma unda iyo sim-ravle mtrisa da qarTvelTa Zalis aramTlianoba (Sin-auri SfoTi, dayofa saqarTvelos da sxva). mtris la-Sqari simravliT erTi_orad da erTi aTad WarbobdaqarTvelTa jars mudam.~35 am werilis ZiriTad daniSnu-lebas saqarTvelos istoriis warsulisadmi mkiTxvelTayuradRebis mipyroba da mis fonze, qarTvelTadmi Tavs-damtydari ubedurebis mizezebis axsna warmoadgenda.m.janaSvili miznad isaxavda; warsulis mdidari gamo-cdilebidan gamomdinare, qarTveli erisaTvis Seexsene-bina, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis misaRwevad,eris sulierad da fizikurad gadasarCenad, ZalTTakonsolidacia iyo saWiro. qarTvel xalxs 60_ianeleb-isaTvis mxari unda aeba da gaerTianebuli ZalebiTkarsmomdgar mters dapirispirebodnen. am SemTxvevaSi,mas carizmis reJimis winaaRmdeg brZola hqonda mxed-velobaSi. msgavsi daniSnulebis funqcias atarebda ègeri~_sfsevdonimiT gazeT iveriaSi~ dabeWdili werili, `da-diani cotne da misi vinaoba~36 werilis avtori sazoga-doebas cotne dadianas gmirobis ambavs acnobs. am fonzeigi aRwers xobis monastris freskebis savalalo mdgoma-

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reobas da misi dauyovnebliv aRdgenis aucileblobissakiTxs ayenebs. mis mier dasmuli moTxovnis Sesrulebisaucileblobis erT_erT argumentad, am monastrisfreskebis unikalurobas da istoriisaTvis gansakuTre-buli mniSvnelobis Rirebulebas asaxelebda. `zemox-senebulni suraTni_ vkiTxulobT werilSi_ metadsayuradRebo da Zvirfasi unda iyos YyvelasaTvis, vincafasebs warsuls da gonieris TvaliT uyurebs awmyos.imedi unda viqonioT, rom am Cvenis istoriis moRvaweTasuraTebs da sxvaTac, romelnic srulad moipovebasaqarTveloSi, Cveni sazogadoeba ar dahkargavs; es su-raTni jer kidev sCanan, magram SesaZloa male gahqrnen,rogorc bevri sxva gahqra samudamod Cvenis daudevro-biT.~37 rogorc vxedavT qarTuli sazogadoebis Seg-nebuli nawili sworad afasebda saqarTvelos istori-is kulturuli memkvidreobis gadarCenis mniSvnelo-bas da yovel Rones xmarobda momavali TaobebisTvismis SesanarCuneblad. qarTvel xalxSi erovnuli cno-bierebis gasaRviZeblad, istoriuli movlenebis winwamow-eva da sazogadoebaSi winaparTa damsaxurebis Sesaxeb,samocianelTa ideologiuri saqmianobis erT_ erTmZlavr iaraRs warmoadgenda. gazeT ìveriaSi~ dabeWdili publikaciebidan, CveniyuradReba a.fedaevis werlma miiqcia. igi saqarTvelosukanasknel dedofals mariams Seexeba. werilis avtorigansakuTrebul yuradRebas mariam dedoflis ruseTSigadasaxlebaze amaxvilebs. rogorc cnobilia gen.lazarevi mariam dedoflis ruseTSi ZaliT gadasax-lebas Seecada da am mcdelobas kidec Seewira. gen.lazarevi TviTon mariam dedofalma mokla. am faqtTandakavSirebiT a. fedaevi Semdegs gvacnobs: `sazogadoazri_ ki romelic friad dasajerebelia, imas ambobs,rom lazarevi dedofalma ki ar mohkla sakuTarisxeliT, aramed misma mxlebelma, kaxelma ximSiaSvilma,romelsac dedofalma gadasca xanjali da ubrZana ge-nerlis mokvlao. brZanebis Sesrulebis Semdeg mariam-

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ma mkvlelobis brali TiTon ikisra, rom amiT daexsnanamdvili mkvlelio. amboben, amgvaradve laparakobdamcxeTaSi dasaflavebis dros, (mariam dedoflis mcx-eTaSi gadmosvenebis dros i.v) dedoflis moZRvario.man ganacxada, rom dedofalma aRsareba miTxra, genera-li me ar momiklavso da miTxra gamomeqveynebina esambavi misi sikvdilis Semdegao~38 am konkretul SemTx-vevaSi Cven imis garkveves ar daviwyebT Tu ramdenadSeesabameba es monaTxrobi simarTles. yuradRebas mx-olod aRniSnul werilSi gatarebul tendenciaze Se-vaCerebT. Cvens mier am publikaciis safuZvlianad Ses-wavlidan irkveva, rom a.fedaevma am weriliT Seecada,mariam dedoflisTvis gen. lazarevis mkvlelobisbraldeba moexsna da wina planze mefisa da dedof-lis erTguli adamianis saxe kaxeli ximSiaSvilis sax-iT win wamoewia. garda amisa a.fedaevi ruseTis xelis-ufalTa im agresiul kurs xatavs romelic mariam ded-oflis gadasaxlebis dros warmoCnda. msgavsi saxismasala bunibrivia protestis grZnobas uRviZebda miZineb-ul ers. ruseTis xelisuflebis saxiT daanaxvebdarealur mters da mis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad ganaw-yobda. zemoT aRniSnul werilSi a.fedaevi erT Secdo-mas uSvebs. is giorgi XII_s moixseniebs rogorc gior-gi XIII_s. unda aRiniSnos, rom giorgi XII gaz. ìveria-Si~ xSirad aris moxseniebuli rogorc giorgi XIII.dRevandel qarTul istoriografiaSi kaxeTis ukana-sknel mefed giorgi XII aris miCneuli da am azrs izi-arebs m.dumbaZe39 da a.kikviZ40 aRniSnuli xarvezis miu-xedavad a.fedaevis werili mniSvnelovania imdenad ram-denadac igi samocianelTa ideebis ganxorcielebas ems-axureboda. imave problematikas exeba al.garsevaniSvilis stat-ia `nadir_ Sahi da saqarTvelo.~41 evropel istorikos-Ta Sromebze dayrdnobiT, igi nadir_Sahis gamefebis,mis mier gatarebuli reformebis, qarTl_ kaxeTisadmidamokidebulebis da indoeTis laSqrobaSi erekle

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meoris meTaurobiT qarTvelTa monawileobis mniSvnelo-van momentebs aRwers. sagangebod gamoyofs aRniSnullaSqrobaSi qarTvelTa Seyovnebis ZiriTad mizezebs.faqtobrivi masalis safuZvelze damajereblad uary-ofs samxedro saqmeSi qarTvelTa gawvrTnis nadir_Sahiseul motivs.42 Tuki iranis mbrZanebeli qarTvelmxedrobas sagangebod gawvrTnida, mis pirispir ZlierimowinaaRmdege aRmoCndeboda, romelic imdroindeliiranis xelisufalTa sagareo politikaSi ar Tavsde-boda. savsebiT sworad SeniSnavs al.garsevaniSvili, romim etapze `Sahs ar undoda male daebrunebina qvey-nisTvis iseTi gmiri da warCinebuli sardali, rogoriciyo irakli batoniSvili.~43am SemTxvevaSi, meore mxare-sac unda mivaqcioT yuradReba. istoriografiaSi da-dasturebulia, rom indoeTis laSqrobaSi nadir Sa-hisadmi erekles xleba mZevlobis xasiaTs atarebda.miuxedavad amisa, ereklem nadirTan laSqrobaSi...kargisamxedro da diplomatiuri gamocdileba miiRo...Zlierdampyrobels Tavisi niWi da unari uCvena, nadir_Sahisiranic safuZvlianad gaicno.~44 mas Semdeg rac nadir_Sahma indoeTis laSqroba daamTavra, 1744 wels ereklekaxeTSi, xolo Teimuraz meore qarTlis mefed daamt-kica. mama_ Svilis gamefeba qarTl_ kaxeTSi uaRresadmniSvnelovani movlena iyo damoukideblobisaTvis brZ-olis did gzaze. Teimurazis mefed kurTxevisa da erek-les kaxeTSi mefed damkvidrebis Semdeg, damoukideblo-bisaTvis brZola axal, ufro xelsayrel fazaSi Sevi-da.~45 amas xeli 1747 wlis ivnisSi nadir_Sahis sikvdil-mac Seuwyo. Sahis mkvlelobis ZiriTad mizezad al.ga-rsevaniSvili misi xelqveiTebisadmi gansakuTrebul si-sastikes asaxelebda.46

erekle meoris samxedro niWierebaze mogviTxrobsgazeTi iveria~_Si gamoqveynebuli T.Jordanias statia`samagaliTo omi mefe ereklesi sparseTis Sah azatxan-Tan erevnis axlos 1752 w. ivnisi.~47 avtori dawvrilebiTaRwers brZolis mimdinare momentebs. gansakuTrebiT

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erekles samxedro sazrianobas da didi sardlisadmidamaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis warmoCenas usvams xazs. racSeexeba brZolis 1752 wlis ivlisiT daTariRebas, si-namdviles ar Seesabameba. qarTul istoriografiaSidadgenilia, rom es brZola 1751 wlis 27 ivliss gaim-arTa.48 erekle meoris saxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobisproblemisadmia miZRvnili gazeTi ìveria~_Si dabeWd-ili al.garsevaniSvilis statia: 20 aprili 1770 wlisaanu sakvirveli omi aspinZisa.~49 qarTl_ kaxeTis poli-tikuri mdgomareobis fonze igi ruseTTan urTierTo-bas, general totlebenis meTaurobiT 600 kaciani kor-pusis saqarTveloSi Camosvlas da gansacdelis winaSemyofi ereklesadmi Ralatis Sefasebas iZleva. al.ga-rsevaniSvilis mier motanili faqtebis siswores Tana-medrove qarTuli istoriografiac adasturebs. am mxrivprof. v.maWaraZis naSromi_ aspinZis brZola~ gamoirCevamasSi general totlebenis yvela avantiuristuli na-bijia dawvrilebiT ganxiluli50 da saTanado kvalifi-kaciiTaa Sefasebuli. zemoaRniSnul statiaSi al.garsevaniSvili mkiTxve-lis gansakuTrebul yuradRebas erekles, rogorc sard-lis maRalniWierebaze amaxvilebs. didi siamayiT aRwe-rs aspinZis omSi erekles gamarjvebas da mas did sam-xedro strategad warmogvidgens. imavdroulad, mtrisdasamarcxeblad erekles mier winaswar gatarebuliRonisZiebebis, TiToeuli sardlisadmi dakisrebulifunqciebis maRal doneze Sesrulebis Sefasebis mniS-vnelobasac iZleva. am fonze, augad ixseniebs giorgibatoniSvils, romelmac SeWirvebis Jams, misive sityve-biT rom vTqvaT, mamas ar daexmara da Ralatis tolfa-sovani qmedeba Caidina. amis damadastureblad imowmebselizbar falavandiSvils, zaal baraTaSvils (ereklesmdivanbegi), aleqsandre orbelianis werils àspinZisomi,~ zaal orbelians, daviT orbelians da ereklesmdivans oman xerxeuliZes. erekle meoris Sesaxeb bevri daiwera gaz. iveriaSi

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amaTgan aRsaniSnavia m.janaSvilis `mefe erekle,~51 al.garsevaniSvilis `yaraTafis omi,~52 Teimuraz batoniS-vilis àRa mahmad_ xanis mier Sepyroba Tbilisisa,~53

erekle mefis politikur moRvaweobas ramdenime wer-ili uZRvna p.cxviloelma. man aRwera erekles cxovre-bis istoria gamefebidan mis gardacvelebamde.54 yura-dRebas iqcevs misi werilebi: ìstoriuli masala mefeiraklis cxovrebisa,~55 yvarlis cixe da nursal begi,‘56

‘general_ maiori totlebeni genrixis Ze grafi tot-lebeni da irakli mefe,~57 gmiri aspinZis omisa,‘58 aRniS-nul masalaTa ganxilva metad Sors wagviyvans. Cvenmxolod imas avRniSnavT, rom erekle meoris istoriisTiToeul detals qarTveli moRvaweebi farTod aSu-qebdnen. maT sworad hqondaT gaazrebuli erekles droin-deli istoriuli sinamdvile da arcerTi maTgani arZraxavda erekles 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatisgamo. TiToeuli avtori erekles warmoaCenda gmir mefed,romelic mtris gasanadgurebnad da Tavisi qveynisTavisuflebis dasacavad saocar samxedro strategiasmimarTavda. zemoT CamoTvlil avtorTa werilebi erek-le mefis Sesaxeb metad vrcel informacias iZleva daigi uaRresad mniSvnelovania dRevandeli dRisTvisacki. calke unda aRiniSnos oman mdivanis (xerxeuliZe)saistorio Txzulebis `mefoba irakli meorisa~_ sdabeWdva. aRniSnuli Txzuleba dReisaTvis wignas sax-iTac aris gamocemuli.59

Tanamedrove qarTuli istoriografiis miRwevebisfonze Tuki ganvixilavT T.Jordaniasa da al.garsevaniS-vilis werilebs, davrwmundebiT, rom XVIII saukunis meorenaxevris saqarTvelos politikur mdgomareobas isinisworad asaxaven. am publikaciebis mniSvneloba imaSimdgomareobs, rom erekle meoris pirovnebis wina plan-ze wamoweviT, qarTvel sazogadoebas misi politikurimoRvaweoba gaacnes da qarTveli eris gadarCenis saqmeSi,erekle meoris gadaxdil brZolebs Tavisi adgili mi-uCines. meore mxriv, erekle meores rogorc sardalsa

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da saxelmwifo moRvawes farTo popularizaciagaukeTes. saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis paralelurad, ga-zeTi iveria~ socialuri problematikiTac iyo daint-eresebuli. am mxriv, yuradRebas imave gazeTSi 1889 welsgamoqveynebuli a.xaxanaSvilis naSromi `batonymobasaqarTveloSi ruseTTan SeerTebamdis~ iqcevs. rogorcprof. d.gvritiSvili SeniSnavda, a.xaxanaSvili èvrop-uli feodaluri institutebis mza sqemebis mixedviTswavlobda qarTul feodalur urTierTobas, magram misiSromis gamosvla mainc didi mniSvnelobis movlenaiyo, ramdenadac qarTuli saTanado sabuTebi evropu-lad ganaTlebul mecnieris xelSi sul sxvanairadametyveldnen.~60 a.xaxanaSvilma, romelic saukeTesodicnobda evropis batonymuri urTierTobis formebs, qa-rTulTan misi SedarebiTi analizis Sedegad, bevri saer-To msgavseba aRmoaCina. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebidangamomdinare, igi dasZenda: baton_ ymobasOsaqarTvelo-Si hqonda mravali saerTo mxare, amgvarsave wyobile-basTan evropasa da ruseTSi.~61 SedarebiTma analizmmaa.xaxanaSvili swor, originalur daskvnamde miiyvana.misi mtkicebiT, batonymoba yvelgan da yovelTvis iyopirvelad aSenebuli mamulis mflobelobis niadagze.mas edo sarCulad ekonomiuri damokidebuleba mamul-is patronTa da mis mkeTebelTa, SemmuSavebelTa Soris,igi aSenda pirvelad materialurs uflebebzed da mxo-lod Semdeg Cveulebad miRebuli deda_ azrni ganmtki-cebul iqnen iuridiulis sanqciiT.~62 ekonomikuri safuZ-vlis garda, a.xaxanaSvili batonymobaSi politikur mi-zezsac eZebda. misi azriT, igi SemdegSi mdgomareobda:1).omSi damarcxebuli saxelmwifosgan ayvanili mZevl-is _monad an ymad gadaqceva, 2).tyved ayvanili kacis yi-dva_gayidva, 3).patronis mflobelobis qveS nebayoflo-biT Sesvla (aseT nabijs, ucxo tomTa warmomadgenlebian sxva mxridan mosuli umiwawylo adamianebi dgamda).63

mebatonis qonebis Semadgeneli nawilebis ganxilvis

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fonze, a.xaxanaSvili glexTa sakiTxis ganxilvisasdasZenda: `feodalur saqarTveloSi sxvis mamulzedmosaxle glexebi ganiyofodnen sam saxed, anu klasad:saxelmwifo anu saxaso, sabatono anu sapatrono, saek-lesio anu samonastro.~64 glexTa kategoriaSi igi gamor-Ceul adgils msaxur glexobas akuTvnebda. misi azriT,isini nasyidi, naboZebi, val_ gadauxdeli, Tavis nebiTmisuli da a.S. rTuli tipis ymebs ganekuTnebodnen.65

a.xaxanaSvili cdilobs gansazRvros CamoTvlili kat-egoriebis ufleba movaleobani. naSromis mixedviT TukivimsjelebT, masSi ZiriTadad sworadaa ganmartebuliglexTa kategoriebi da maTi ufleba movaleobebi. ma-galiTad, nasyidi glexis warmoSobis safuZvels a.xa-xanaSvili valis gadauxdelobis gamo, glexis mier ba-tonisadmi Tavisi Tavis gayidvaSi xedavda. glexi meba-tones uflebas aZlevda moexmara igi rogorc nasyidiyma. am SemTxvevaSi mebatone glexs saukunod yidulob-da. nasyidobis dros glexi Tavisuflebaze xelisaReb-is da batonis ymad gaxdomis pirobas debda. amitom,nasyidi glexi batonis srul sakuTrebas warmoadgen-da.66

glexTa kategoriebis gansazRvris, misi ufleba_ mov-aleobis dadgenisaTvis, iuridiul ZeglebSi motaniliglexTa uflebrivi normebi, a.xaxanaSvilma sigel_gujrebiT naCveneb mdgomareobas pirvelma Seudara.aqedan gamomdinare, is ZiriTadi mizezebi gaarkvia ram-ac, samarTlis ZeglebiT dakanonebuli glexTa ufleb-ebi fiqciad aqcia, xolo glexoba ukidures gaWirveba-Si Caagdo. `kanonmdebloba da Cveuleba_ werda igi_aZlevda ymas bevrs garantias, TavdebobiT sabuTebs,rom ymis pirovneba, qoneba da pativi kanoniT daculiada gansazRvrulia moTxovnileba batonisa ymisagan.cxovrebam humanursa da brwyinvale mxares vaxtangissamarTlisas piri ubruna, Tav_ dauWerelma TviTnebobamSemusra kacuri Sexeduleba ymis Sesaxeb, gaavrcelaukanono damokidebuleba batonTa da ymaTa Soris da

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Savi dRe daayena.~67 a.xaxanaSvili samarTlianad SeniS-navda, rom `cxovrebam da praqtikam didi Zala miscabatons ymazed, igi gamefTa ymis pirovnebaze, qonebasada Sromaze. kanonmdebloba xSrad aviwydebodaT, rocapraqtika imis Svelas iTxovda. maT Sua SemaerTebeliZafi gawyda da sagrZnoblad Sors darCa erTmaneTzedkanoni da cxovreba.~68 aRbuRasa da vaxtang meeqvsis ka-nonebis urTierT SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze, a.xa-xanaSvili glexTa kategoriebis uflebrivi mdgomare-obis TandaTanobiTi dakargvis suraTs iZleoda, xsni-da ymebis yidva_ gayidvis warmomSob ZiriTad mizezebs.àm areuls, daulagebels cxovrebaSi_ werda a.xaxa-naSvili_ ymoba da ymaTa gacem_ gamocema warmoadgendasaSinels suraTs kacobriul Rirsebis damcirebisas.ymis aReb_ micemobis sagnad gaxdoma amtkicebs gonebi-Ta da zneobiT dacemulobas maSindels sazogadoebi-sas.~69

qarTuli, dasavleT evropuli da rusuli batonymuriurTierTobebis formebis Sedarebisas, a.xaxanaSviliupiratesobas erovnuls aniWebda, radgan. masSi methumanurobas xedavda. `Tumca vaxtangis ymas_ werdaigi_daetyo berZenTa gavlena da gavrcelda saerTodymazed berZenTa Sexeduleba, mainc Cveni yma darCa bev-rad ukeTes mdgomareobaSi, vidre berZenTa nasyidi~ darusebis yma. Cveni glexi mainc_da_mainc ar hkargavspirovnulsa da qonebrivs uflebas. imas SeuZlian ba-tonis TanxmobiT mamulis gayidva, sakuTrebad SeZenasamkvidro qonebisa...batons aq qonda ufleba, winaaRm-deg rusTa mebatoneTa, ymis sisxlis dasjisa, igi iyomxolod `mfarveli da patroni.~70

marTalia, dasaxelebul naSromSi garkveuli winaaRm-degobebi SeiniSneba, magram, miuxedavad amisa, rogorcprofesori d.gvritiSvili SeniSnavda, masSi motanilibevri debuleba `dResac ar kargavs mniSvnelobas da,rac mTavaria, a.xaxanaSvilis Sromas erTgvari istori-uli mniSvnelobac eniWeba, Tundac im mxriv, rom igi

70

erTi pirvelTagani iyo, romelic glexTa sakiTxiTdainteresTa.~71 amiT, a.xaxanaSvilma qarTul istoriogra-fiaSi, saqarTvelos socialuri istoriis kvlevis sak-iTxebs Cauyara safuZveli.

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daskvnebi

XIX saukunis 80_90 iani wlebis qarTveli xalxissazogadoebriv_ politikur cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebulrols gazeTi ìveria~ asrulebda. mis furclebze da-beWdili publikaciebi, imdroindeli epoqisaTvis dam-axasiaTebeli moTxovnis Sesabamis Tematikas Seicavda.ramdenadac im etapze saqarTvelo, ruseTis koloniaswarmoadgenda, qarTveli xalxis denacionalizaciisprocesi winaswar ganzraxuli meTodebiT xorcielde-boda. rusifikatoruli politikisadmi dapirispirebisa daeris TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis erT_ erT saSvale-bad, qarTvelma swavlulebma, saqarTvelos istoriis aqt-ualuri sakiTxebis wina planze wamoweva, sazogadoeba-Si misi farTo propaganda da gamyalbebelTagan qarTve-li xalxis warsulis dacva pirvelxarisxovan amoca-nad daisaxa. am uaRresad sapasuismgeblo da mamuliS-viluri saqmis ganxorcielebas, gazeT iveriis~ meSveo-biT axdendnen.naSromSi Cems mier motanili masalebis Seswavlisa

da misi analizis safuZvelze irkveva:1) gazeT ìveria~_ASi dabeWdili dokumentebi,

saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb iseT siaxles Seicav-da, rom igi mecnierTa garkveuli jgufisTvisac ki uc-nobi iyo. imave gazeTis meSeobiT xdeboda axlad aR-moCenili dokumentebis sajiro ganxilva da sxva ist-oriul wyaroebTan Sejereba. am mxriv, gansakuTrebu-li aqtiuri moRvaweobiT gamoirCeodnen: T.Jordania,m.janaSvili, n.urbneli da sxvebi. 2) saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebis Sesaxeb gazeTìveria~_Si gamoqveynebuli publikaciebidan, naSrom-Si gansakuTrebuli yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli axladaRmoCenili gelaTis matianisa~ da moqcevai qarTl-isai~_ s xelnawerTan mimarTebaSi T.Jordanias damok-idebulebaze. Tanamedrove istoriografiis miRwevis

72

safuZvelze is ZiriTadi mizezebia axsnili, ramac aRniS-nuli matianeebisadmi T.Jordanias mxridan zogierTimcdari daskvnis gakeTeba ganapiroba. miuxedavad amisa,wina planzea wamoweuli T.Jordanias Rvawli da dam-saxureba saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebis moZiebisada publikaciis saqmeSi. am mimarTulebiT gaweulifasdaudebeli Sromis gamo, naSromSi gansakuTrebuliadgili eTmoba qarTuli istoriografiis winaSe m.ja-naSvilis Rvawlis warmoCenas. am fonze, yuradRebagvaqvs gamaxvilebuli mis mier gazeT ìveria~_Si da-beWdili fanaskertel ciciSvilis or xelnawerze:`moTxroba qcevaTa da CveulebaTaTvis qarTvelTa~ da`qarTuli enis literaturisaTvis.~ am xelnawerebisganxilvisas m.janaSvili im savalalo Sedegs exeba,romelSiac qarTuli zne_ Cveulebebi da qarTuli enaaRmoCnda ruseTis koloniuri mmarTvelobis period-Si. m.janaSvilis werilebi qarTuli enisa da kultur-is arakeTilmosurneTa winaaRmdeg mimarTul pirda-pir ieriSs warmoadgenda. naSromSi saTanado adgilieTmoba gazeT ìveria~_Si m.janaSvilis mier vaxuStibatoniSvilis Txzulebis axali redaqciis Sesaxebgamoqveynebul werilebs. aRniSnuli publikaciebiTirkveva, rom m.janaSvilma, vaxuStiseuli Txzulbisaxali redaqcia, m.brosesa da d.baqraZis gamocemebsSeudara. am samuSaos CatarebiT iseTi xarvezebi aRmo-aCina, romelic teqstis Sinaarsze garkveul gavlenasaxdenda. aRniSnuli faqtiT m.janaSvilma, vaxuSti ba-toniSvilis Txzulebis m.brosesa da d.baqraZis gamo-cemebiT sargeblobis SemTxvevaSi, qarTvel istoriko-sebs sifrTxilisken mouwoda da maT winaSe, nabeWditeqstis xelnawerTan Sedarebis aucileblobis saki-Txi daayena. 3) Zveli xelnawerebis gadarCena Segrovebis mizniTgazeT iveria~-s furclebze gaweuli farTo propaga-ndistuli saqmianoba, dadebiTi Sedegis momtani aRm-oCnda im TvalsazrisiT, rom saqarTvelos istoriis

73

wyaroebisa da dokumenturi masalis movla_ patrono-bis aucileblobis Segnebam, qarTul sazogadoebaSifesvi Rrmad gaidga. gazeTis furclebze farTodaasaubari individualur pirTa mier wera _kiTxvis gam-avrcelebeli sazogadoebisaTvis gadacemuli xelnaw-erebis Sesaxeb. 4) gazeT iveria~_s furclebze saqarTvelos istori-is gamyalbebelTa winaaRmdeg dabeWdili publikacie-bi, qarTul da ucxour wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, patka-novisa da misi mimdevrebis yalbi Teoriebis~ winaaRmd-eg mecnierulad dasabuTebul pasuxs warmoadgens. ga-zeTis Semokrebilma saRad moazrovne qarTvelma mec-nierebma da publicistebma, saqarTvelos istoriis umni-Svnelovanes sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, gayalbebisaganRirseulad daicves Cveni eris warsuli. am kuTxiTTuki SevxedavT maT mier gaweul Sromas, isini pativis-cemas udaod imsaxureben. 5) qarTvel erSi minelebuli erovnuli TviTmyofa-dobisa da siamayis amaRlebas isaxavda miznad gazeTìveria~_Si gamoCenili qarTveli saxelmwifo moRvawee-bis da sxva istoriuli pirovnebebis Sesaxeb dabeWd-ili statiebi. qarTveli istorikosebi da publicistebi,yovelmxriv cdilobdnen, sazogadoebaSi farTo pro-paganda gaewiaT daviT aRmaSeneblis, giorgi brwyinva-lis, erekle meoris, cotne dadianisa da sxvaTa Sesax-eb, romlebsac qarTveli eris winaSe udidesi damsax-ureba miuZRviT. amiT qarTvel erSi erovnul_ ganmaT-avisuflebeli moZraobis ideis, erovnuli saxelmwi-foebriobis aRdgenis, qveynisadmi Tavdadebis da erovnu-li TviTmyofadobis gadarCenisaTvis brZolis auci-leblobis_ garkveuli formiT propagandas eweodnen.

74

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura

Sesavali

1. ar.baramiZe. narkvevebi XIX saukunis saqarTvelos isto-riografiidan. Tb. 1979w.

2. a. ioseliani. saqarTvelos iastoriis problemebi daTergdaleulni. Tb. 1972w.

3. g.nadiraZe. nikoloz urbneli saqarTvelos istoriismkvlevari. Tb. 1973w

4. r.dodaSvili. mari brose qarTuli mwerlobis mkvle-vari. Tb. 1962w.

5. S.xanTaZe. mari brose. Tb. 1966w.6. m.dumbaZe. istorikosi dimitri baqraZe. baTumi. 1950w.7. S.badriZe. qarTvelTmcodneobis gamoCenili moWirnaxule

aleqsandre xaxanaSvili. Tb. 1968w.8. g.anCabaZe. dimitri baqraZe rogorc wyaroTmcodne da

arqeografi. Tb 1982w.9. m.lorTqifaniZe. ra aris qarTlis cxovreba. Tb1989w.10. q.nadiraZe. Tedo Jordania saqarTvelos istoriis mkvl-

evari. Tb. 2004w.11. d.malazonia. qarTuli istoriografiuli azrovneba XIX

saukunis meore naxevarSi. Tb. 2001w.

$ 1. gazeTi ìveria~ saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebisa da gamoqveynebuli mecnieruli literaturis Sesaxeb

1. ar.baramiZe. narkvevebi XIX saukunis qarTuli istori-ografiidan. Tb.1979. gv.

2. gaz. ìveria~ 1887. #1933. cxovreba saqarTveloisa (parizis qronika). teqsti gamo-

sacemad moamzada Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebidaurTo giuli alasaniam. Tb.1980. gv.18

4. iqve.5. cxovreba saqarTveloisa (parizis qronika)...gv. 35.

75

6. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #47. iqve.8. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t.1. Tb.1970. gv.3149. gr.qavTaria. azoni. Tb. 2000w. gv.3610. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #26111. iqve.12. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. teqsti gamosca, gamokvle-

va da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i.doliZem t.1 Tb.196313. gaz. ìveria~ 1890. #13114. iqve.15. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #20316. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #26617. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #20918. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t.4 Tb.1973 gv. 71219. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #20520. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t.4 Tb.1973 gv.76721. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #1222. grigol akaneli. ‘moisarTa tomis istoria.~ somxuri

teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT da komentarebiT gamoscanodar SoSiaSvilma. tb. 1961.

23. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #20424. tacitusis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. laTinuri te-

qsti qarTuli TargmaniT, Sesavali narkveviTa da komen-tarebiT gamosca aleqsandre gamyreliZem. Tb. 1973.

25. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #7026. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #19727. iqve.28. iqve.29. iqve.30. iqve.31. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t.3. Tb.1979. gv. 733.32. iqve.33. gaz. ìveria~ 1886. #12434. i.maisuraZe. qarTuli gvarsaxelebi. Tb. 1981. gv.136.35. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #23436. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #17537. a.ioseliani. saqarTvelos istoriis problemebi da

Tergdaleulni. Tb.1972. gv. 201_202.38. gaz. ìveria~ 1890. #187

76

39. iqve.40. iqve.41. T. Jordania. `qronikebi~ t.1 Tb. 2004. gv. 29342. T. Jordania. dasaxelebuli naSromi gv. 29443. iqve.44. v. beriZe. `Zveli qarTveli ostatebi~ Tb. 1967. gv. 4545. gaz. ìveria~ 1890 #18746. iqve.47. v. beriZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi Tb. 1967. gv. 4448. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #6849. iqve.50. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #6951. r.dodaSvili. mari brose_qarTuli mwerlobis mkvlevari.

Tb. 1962. S.xanTaZe. mari brose. Tb.1966.52. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #6953. iqve.54. qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi

xelnaweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier. t.1. Tb.1955. gv.024_025.

55. gaz. ìveria~ 1887. #6156. ar.baramiZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 55.57. iqve. gv. 54_55.58. gaz. ìveria~ 1887. #6159. gaz. ìveria~ 1887. #6660. gaz. ìveria~ 1887. #82, #8361. iqve.62. gaz. ìveria~ 1887. #9363. gaz. ìveria~ 1891. #12464. iqve.65. gaz. ìveria~ 1893. #22366. iqve.67. iqve.68. gaz. ìveria~ 1893. #19969. iqve.70. gaz. ìveria~ 1893. #21171. gaz. ìveria~ 1893. #24772. iqve.73. iqve.74. iqve.

77

75. z. WumburiZe. `ra gqvia Sen~ Tb.1971. gv 8476. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #27477. k.kinwuraSvili. aleqsandre cagareli. Tb. 1974.78. gaz. ìveria~ 1891. #129, #13079. iqve.80. gaz. ìveria~ 1892. #6881. iqve.82. iqve.83. gaz. ìveria~ 1891. #12284. gaz. ìveria~ 1891. #12685. gaz. ìveria~ 1890. #2886. gaz. ìveria~ 1891. #89

$ 2. gazeTi ìveria~ saqarTvelos istoriis gamyalbebelTa winaaRmdeg.

1. i.WavWavaZe. qvaTa RaRadi. Tb. 1994w. gv.82. m.lorTqifaniZe. ra aris qarTlis cxovreba. Tb.1989w. gv.73. iqve. gv.74. a.ioseliani. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 321_322.5. i.WavWavaZe. qvaTa RaRadi. Tb.1994w. gv.126. ar.baramiZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 24.7. k.grigolia. ras mogviTxrobs qarTlis cxovreba. Tb. 1971.

gv. 258. d.baqraZe. profesori patkanovi da qarTuli istoriis

wyaroebi. Tb. 1884 misive. saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroe-bi. `ciskari” 1857. #2. misive. istoria saqarTvelosi uZ-velesi droidan me_X s. dasasrulamde. Tb. 1889.

9. gaz. ìveria~ 1887. #20510. gaz. ìveria~ 1887. #24111. iqve.12. iqve.13. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #11814. iqve.15. iqve.16. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #24. #30. #34. #38. #39. #45. #48

78

17. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #2418. iqve.19. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #3020. S.badriZe. qarTvelTmcodneobis gamoCenili moWirnaxule

aleqsandre xaxanaSvili. Tb. 1968.21. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #15622. p.ingoroyva. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriis

mokle mimoxilva. Txz. t.4. Tb.1978. gv. 241_485.23. r.baramiZe. qarTuli saistorio proza. gv. 71.24. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #15625. g.mamulia. qarTlis cxovrebis wyaros dadgenisaTvis. ix.

saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe. 1969. #1.gv.254.

26. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #24227. iqve.28. gaz. ìveria~ 1887. #24129. gaz. ìveria~ 1890. #4030. gaz. ìveria~ 1890. #4131. iqve.32. gaz. ìveria~ 1890. #3633. s.janaSia. uZvelesi erovnuli cnoba qarTvelTa pirv-

elsacxovrisis Sesaxeb maxlobeli aRmosavleTis si-naTleze. `Sromebi~ t.2 Tb.1952. gv. 46

34. iqve. gv.7035. g.meliqiSvili. saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli

aRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis.Tb.1965. gv.16

36. gr.qavTaria. azoni. Tb. 2000w. gv.1537. iqve. gv.1838. gaz. ìveria~ 1891. #1339. iqve.40. iqve.41. gaz. ìveria~ 1887. #20542. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #2743. gaz. ìveria~ 1881. #1044. il.oqromWedliSvili. vin moigona qarTuli anbani. ix.

gaz. ìveria~ 1881. #1045. m.dumbaZe. istorikosi dimitri baqraZe (cxovreba da moR-

vaweoba). baTumi.1950. gv. 147

79

46. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #2747. iqve.48. iqve.49. gaz. ìveri~ 1887. #115. #116. #117. #118. #121. #122. #123.

#126. #127. #128.50. gaz. ìveria~ 1887. #11751. gaz. ìveria~ 1887. #11852. T.gamyreliZe. weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli

damwerloba. Tb. 1989 gv. 19553. r.patariZe. qarTuli asomTavruli .Tb1980w. gv. 530_53154. r.patariZe. iqve. gv. 6055. mxiTar airivaneci, `qronografiuli istoria.~ Zveli

somxuridan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebidaurTo liana davlianiZe_ tatiSvilma. Tb. 1990w. gv.57

$ 3. feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri da socialuri istoriis sakiTxebi gaze ìveriis~_s furclebze.

1. i.WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t.10. Tb.1961. gv.34.

2. n.berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. wigniIX. Tb. 1979. gv.9.

3. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #174. a.ioseliani. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 327.5. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #176. iqve.7. iqve.8. iqve.9. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t.3. gv.173.10. iv.javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. Txz. t.2. Tb.1965.

gv.216_21711. gaz. ìveria~ 1886. #2112. gaz. ìveria~ 1886. #1813. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #1714. iqve.

80

15. iv.javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. t.2. Tb.1965. gv.193

16. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t.3. Tb. 1979. gv.212_220.17. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #1718. gaz. ìveria~ 1886. #1819. n.berZeniSvili. iv.javaxiSvili. s.janaSia. saqarTvelos

istoria. Tb. 1946. gv.214_21520. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #6221. g.nadiraZe. nikoloz urbneli saqarTvelos istoriis

mkvlevari. Tb.1973.22. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #6223. g.nadireZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 126. gv. 12624. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #6425. iv.javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. t.3. Tb. 1966. gv.

1526. v.kiknaZe. giorgi brwyinvales gamefebis TariRis sakiTx-

isaTvis. studentTa samecniero konferencia XXXVII. is-toriis seqcia. (moxsenebaTa Tezisebi) Tb. 1975. gv. 16.misive. saqarTvelo XIV saukuneSi. Tb. 1989. gv. 49_59.

27. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t.3. Tb.1979. gv. 9. qarTu-li sabWoTa enciklobedia. t.2. Tb.1978. gv. 160

28. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #6629. iv. javaxiSvili qarTveli eris istoria. t.3. gv. 263.30. n.xizaniSvili. rCeuli iuridiuli nawerebi. Tb. 1982.

gv.307_356.31. gaz. ìveria~1889. #7232. g.nadiraZe. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv.14633. gaz. ìveria~ 1886. #93. #94. #9534. gaz. ìveria~ 1886. #9535. gaz. ìveria~ 1891. #24836. iqve.37. gaz. ìveria~ 1891. #24038. gaz. ìveria~ 1886. #9439. m.dumbaZe. qarTl_kaxeTis gauqmeba da ruseTTan SeerTe-

ba. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t.IV Tb.1973w. gv.80240. a.kikviZe. saqarTvelos istoria. (1801_1890ww.) Tb.1977w.41. gaz. ìveria~ 1887. #25942. iqve.43. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t.4. Tb.1973. gv. 449.

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44. iqve. gv.603_604.45. gaz. ìveria~ 1887. #25946. gaz. ìveria~ 1886. #10847. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t.4. Tb. 1973. gv. 44948. gaz. ìveria~ 1888. #8549. v. meWaraZe. aspinZis brZola Tb.1957.50. gaz. ìveria~ 1890. #110; #111; #112; #11451. gaz; ìveria~ 1890. #115; #116; #11752. gaz. ìveria~ 1892. #8453. gaz. ìveria” 1891. #51; #52; #53; #54; #55; #5654. gaz. ìveria” 1890. #133; #135; #164; #165; #16855. gaz. ìveria” 1890. #232; #233; #234; #235; #236; #240;

#247 #248; #24956. gaz. ìveria” 1893. #57; #5857. gaz. ìveria~ 1891. #1158. gaz. ìveria~ 1893. #11359. oman xerxeuliZe. `mefoba irakli meorisa~ teqsti gamo-

sacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZiebelidaurTo l.miqiaSvilma. Tb. 1989.

60. d.gvritiSvili. masalebi qarTveli glexobis istorii-saTvis (XV111 saukune) Tb. 1979. gv.23.

61. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #14762. iqve.63. iqve.64. iqve.65. iqve.66. iqve.67. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #15268. iqve.69. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #15370. gaz. ìveria~ 1889. #15071. d.gvritiSvili. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv.26

82

Ilia Vadachkoria,

Newspaper “Iveria” and some problems of Georgian History (1886-1893)

Summary

The work is about those historical sources and bibliographical lettersthat where published in the newspaper “Iveria” in 1886-1893. Thesepublications aimed to define more precisely the most significant issuesof the history of feudal Georgia. On the background of those days’ his-torical thinking the attitude of Georgian scholars, their evaluation of this or that significant event, their activity in prop-agation of the history of Georgiais shown in the work. The special atten-tion is paid to those Georgian researchers who did a lot togather andrescue the written historical sources. The reasons that determined Geor-gian scholars’ special interest towards “Kartlis Tskhovreba” (the Geor-gian chronicle) are also underscored in the work together with their view-points about scientific value and source study significance of this mostimportant historical source.The attitude of Georgian historians and pub-licists towards falsifiers of the history is much discussed in the work. Itis also shown that based on Georgian and foreign sources all false eval-uationsof our past by malevolent authors was reasonably disproved byGeorgian historians and publicists. It is proved that the articles of his-torical character about Georgian hero kings published in “Iveria” wereserving the propagation purpose of the ideas of: national liberation move-ment, restoration of the national statehood, devotion to the country andsaving national identity among population.

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Sinaarsi

Sesavali _________________________________________ 3

$1. gazeTi iveria~ saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebisa da mecnieruli literaturis Sesaxeb ____________ 6

$2. gazeTi iveria~ saqarTvelos istoriis gamyalbebelTa winaaRmdeg ______________________ 33

$3. feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri da socialuri istoriis sakiTxebi gazeT ìveriis~ furclebze ___________________________________ 52

daskvnebi _________________________________________ 71

damowmebuli wyaroebi da litetratura ____________ 74

reziume (inglisuri) ______________________________ 82

84

ilia SoTas Ze vadaWkoria

gazeTi ìveria~ da saqarTvelos istoriis zogierTi problema

(1886 - 1893 ww)

Tbilisi 2014

saaReicxvo sagamomcemlo Tabaxi 5 sabeWdi qaRaldi 60 X 84 1/16

soxumis universitetis istoriis fakultetis samec-niero sabWom, am naSromis avtors 2011 wels, istoriismagistris akademiuri xarisxi mianiWa.

Documents

gazeTi `iveria~ da saqarTvelos istoriis zogierTi …dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/139555/1/GazetiIveri...`istoria georgisa anu saqarTveloisa, qmnili vaxuS-tis mier bagratovanisa