fwjefodjbmpcjt!lbufhpsjb! twbovs!fobTjaxsna zedmetad gawelilia, rac imiT aris gamowveuli, rom saanalizo semantika (gansakuTrebiT inferenciuli eviden-cialobis epistemikuri formebi)

fwjefodjbmpcjt!lbufhpsjb!

twbovs!fobTj

qeTevan margiani-subari

fwjefodjbmpcjt!lbufhpsjb!twbovs!fobTj

qeTevan m

argiani-s

ubariqeTevan margiani-subari aris filologiis doqto-

ri, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis asocirebuli profesori, arnold Ci-

qobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutis zogadi

da iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis ganyofilebis

mecnieri TanamSromeli. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 70-mde

samecniero naSromi, romelTa ricxvSi winamdebare

monografia rigiT mesame wignia.

hyavs meuRle, ori Svili da erTi SviliSvili.

fwjefodjbmpcjt!lbufhpsjb!

twbovs!fobTj


fwjefodjbmpcjt!lbufhpsjb!twbovs!fobTj

qeTevan m

argiani-s

ubariqeTevan margiani-subari aris filologiis doqto-

ri, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis asocirebuli profesori, arnold Ci-

qobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutis zogadi

da iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis ganyofilebis

mecnieri TanamSromeli. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 70-mde

samecniero naSromi, romelTa ricxvSi winamdebare

monografia rigiT mesame wignia.

hyavs meuRle, ori Svili da erTi SviliSvili.

ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

arn. Ciqobavas sax. enaTmecnierebis instituti

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Arn. Chikobava Institute of Linguistics

Тбилисский государственный университ им. Иване Джавахишвили

Институт языкознания им. Арн. Чикобава

qeTevan margiani-subari Ketevan Margiani-Subari

Кетеван Маргиани-Субари

evidencialobis kategoria svanur enaSi

Category of Evidentiality in Svan

Категория эвиденциальности в сванском языке

Tbilisi Tbilisi

Тбилиси

2012

1


Ketevan Margiani-Subari Кетеван Маргиани-Субари




Tbilisi Tbilisi

Тбилиси 2012

2

UDK (uak) m-

winamdebare wignSi mocemulia evidencialo-

bis kategoriis analizi svanur enaSi. naSromi

Sesrulebulia aRweriTi da komparativistuli

meTodebiT, aseve gamoyenebulia tradiciuli se-

masiologiuri (`formidan mniSvnelobisken~) da

onomasiologiuri (`mniSvnelobidan formisken~)

midgoma funqciur-semantikuri, konteqstur-si-

tuaciuri da tipologiuri analizis xerxebiT.

problema ganxilulia rogorc morfosintaqsis,

ise teqstis lingvistikis kuTxiT.

monografia gamoadgebaT zogadi enaTmecnie-

rebis specialistebs, tipologiis sakiTxebze

momuSave lingvistebs, qarTvelologebsa da kav-

kasiologebs, umaRlesi saswavleblebis humani-

taruli fakultetebis studentebs, magistran-

tebsa Tu doqtorantebs, aseve svanuri enis Se-

swavliT sagangebod dainteresebul pirebs.

ISBN

gamomcemloba


3

redaqtorebi:

avTandil arabuli _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-kores-

pondenti

iza CantlaZe _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ilias

saxelmwifo universitetis sapatio profesori

manana tofaZe _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, bernis

(Sveicaria) universitetis post-doqtoranti mkvlevari

recenzenti

ivane leJava _ filologiis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelobis universitetis eqsperimentuli fonetikis

samecniero-kvleviTi laboratoriis xelmZRvaneli

inglisuri teqstis mTargmneli da redaqtori

ana mesxi _ filologiis doqtori, goris saswavlo universi-

tetis sruli profesori

rusuli teqstis mTargmnelebi da redaqtorebi:

maia abalaki _ filologiis doqtori, Tsu-s arnold Ciqoba-

vas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutis mecnieri Tanam-

Sromeli

eTer sabanaZe _ Tsu-s arnold Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmec-

nierebis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli

teqnikuri redaqtori levan vaSakiZe

4

Editors:

Avtandil Arabuli _ Doctor of Philology, Professor, Corresponding Member at the Georgian Academy of Sciences

Iza Chantladze _ Doctor of Philology, Honorary Professor at Ilia University

Manana Topadze _ Doctor of Philology, Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Bern (Switzerland)

Reviewed by Ivane Lezhava _ Doctor of Philology, Head of Research Laboratory of Experimental Phonetics at Ivane Javakhishvili State University

Translated into English and edited by

Anna Meskhi _ Doctor of Philology, Professor, Gori Teaching University

Translated into Russian and edited by:

Maia Abalaki _ Doctor of Philology, Researcher, TSU Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics

Eter Sabanadze _ Researcher, TSU Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics

Technical editor Levan Vashakidze

5

Редакторы:

Автандил Арабули – доктор филологических наук, профессор, член-корреспондент Академии наук Грузии

Иза Чантладзе – доктор филологических наук, почетный профессор государственного университета им. Ильи Чавчавадзе

Манана Топадзе – доктор филологических наук, пост-докторант исследователь Бернского (Швейцария) университета

Рецензент

Иванэ Лежава – доктор филологии, руководитель научно-исследователь-ской лаборатории экспериментальной фонетики государственного уни-верситета им. Ив. Джавахишвили

Переводчики и редакторы:

Анна Месхи (английский язык) – доктор филологии, полный профессор Горийского учебного университета

Майя Абалаки (русский язык) – доктор филологии, научный сотрудник Института языкознания им. Арн.Чикобава при ТГУ

Этери Сабанадзе (русский язык) – научный сотрудник Института языкознания им. Арн.Чикобава при ТГУ

Технический редактор Леван Вашакидзе

6

7

s a r C e v ი

Aavtorisagan .......................................................................................................... 11

Tavi I

evidencilobis raoba; mokle cnobebi sakiTxis

Seswavlis istoriidan

$1. $1. evidencialobis cneba ........................................................................... 15

2 $2. evidencialobisa da epistemikis urTierTmimarTe-

ba; modaloba da kategoriaE..................................................................

18

3. $3. informaciis wyaroebi .......................................................................... 21

4 $4. evidencialobis markirebis saSualebebi .......................... 24

5 $5. iribi evidencialobis mimarTeba perfeqtTan ............... 27

$6 $6. evidencialobis Seswavlis sakiTxi qarTvelur

enebSi .............................................................................................................................

31

$7 $7. mosazrebebi evidencialobis kategoriis genezisis

Sesaxeb qarTvelur enebSi .......................................................................

33

Tavi II

verbaluri evidencialoba svanurSi

m o r f o l o g i a

$8. I seriis TurmeobiTebi ........................................................................ 39

$9. I SedegobiTis saxeebi (preverbiani, upreverbo

oden a‘sufiqsiani, upreverbo -en-a‘sufiqsiani) da

maTi distribucia evidencialobis mixedviT .......................

50

$10. I SedegobiTis -en-a‘sufiqsiani upreverbo

formebi da maTi specifika .....................................................................

67

s i n t a q s i

$11. nawilakovani `sxvaTa sityva~ ..................................................... 79

8

Tavi III

inferenciuli evidencialoba svanurSi

m o r f o l o g i a

$12. inferenciuli evidencialobisa da epistemikis

urTierTmimarTeba ............................................................................................

1 0 8

$13. sakuTriv inferenciuli mwkrivebi ........................................ 1 1 0

$14. inferenciuli awmyo (resp. myofadusruli) ................... 1 1 1

$15. sruli myofadi ......................................................................................... 1 1 8

$16. pirobiTi .............................................................................................. 1 2 6

$17. II SedegobiTi .............................................................................................. 1 3 3

$18. evidencialobis morfologiuri niSnisaTvis

svanurSi ..............................................................................................................

1 4 0

$19. ucnobi inferenciuli (epistemikuri) mwkrivebi _

pirobiT SedegobiTi I da pirobiT-SedegobiTi II ...........

1 4 8

§20. kilosa da evidencialobis urTierTmimarTebisa-

Tvis svanurSi .......................................................................................................

1 6 4

s i n t a q s i

$21. evidencialoba da hipotaqsi ....................................................... 1 6 8

Tavi IV

s e m a n t i k a

$22. subkategoriebi da evidencialTa detalizacia .... 1 7 9

$23. evidencialebisa Tu semebis formaluri

damTxvevisaTvis ..................................................................................................

1 9 0

$24. Txrobis iribevidencialuri formebidan

pirdapirevidencialurSi (renaratividan indikativSi)

gadasvlis tendencia .....................................................................................

1 9 4

9

Tavi V

l e q s i k a

$25. evidencialuri leqsikuri saSualebebi ......................... 1 9 7

ZiriTadi daskvnebi .......................................................................................... 2 2 1

danarTi 1 (dro-kiloTa opoziciebi) ........................................... 2 3 9

danarTi 2 (opoziciaTa amsaxveli ilustraciebi

sametyvelo situaciebis mixedviT) .................................................

2 4 1

Summary .......................................................................................................................... 2 4 4

Резюме ............................................................................................................................. 2 5 8

gamoyenebuli literatura ...................................................................... 2 7 4

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi ................................................................................ 2 8 3

Semoklebani ............................................................................................................ 2 8 4

sityvaformaTa da formantTa saZiebeli ................................. 2 8 5

10

11

vuZRvni profesor

mixeil qurdianis naTel xsovnas

Dedicated to the bright memory of Professor Micheil Kurdiani

Посвящается светлой памяти профессора Михаила Курдиани

Aa v t o r i s a g a n

naSromis miznad gvesaxeboda svanur enaSi evidencia-

lobis kategoriis sinqroniul WrilSi aRwera, saWiro iyo

am kuTxiT enis semantikuri da gramatikuli SesaZleblobe-

bis dadgena, saanalizo kategoriis morfologiurobis Se-

saxeb sakiTxis dasma da WeSmaritebasTan miaxloebuli da-

skvnis gamotana...

sul sxva moTxovnebi wamogviyena muSaobis procesma _

verafriT avuareT gverdi diaqronias (Tumca ki gvqonda

amis survili, radganac umwerlobo enaSi, romelic kompa-

rativistikis saSualebas naklebad iZleva, bevri ram hipo-

Teturobis farglebs ver scildeba da xSirad sadavoc

xdeba xolme), ramac sabolood araerT tradiciulisgan

gansxvavebul mosazrebamde migviyvana.

muSaobis process arTulebda is faqtic, rom qarTul

enaTmecnierebaSi teqstis lingvistikis poziciebidan es

Tema aravis Seuswavlia; marTalia, manana tofaZem diserta-

cia swored qarTul eviedencialobaze daicva (evropaSi,

italiur enaze), magram, vinaidan naSromi jer ar gamoqvey-

nebula, mTlianobaSi masze xeli ar migviwvda, Tumca ki av-

toris mosazrebebs vicnobT. ucxoeli kolegebis naSro-

mebs, sakuTar alRosa da, rac mTavaria, àkvnis enis~ (a. Sa-

niZe) flobas mivendeT... SevecadeT ki Teoriuli da praqti-

kuli kvlevis meTodologiuri principebi ar dagverRvia:

12

àma Tu im gramatikuli kategoriis kvlevisas saWiroa ga-

viTvaliswinoT ara marto paradigmatuli dapirispirebani,

aramed isic, Tu ra sintagmatur garemocvaSi xorcieldeba

isini. cal-calke unda daxasiaTdes kategoriis morfosin-

taqsuri funqcia da misi semantikuri ekvivalenti (xazi Cve-

nia _ q. m.). analizi unda exebodes ara marto aRweris, ara-

med warmoqmnis dones. gaTvaliswinebuli iyos, Tu romel

enobriv moqmedebasTan gvaqvs saqme, avtomatur qvecnobier-

Tan, Tu araavtomatur cnobier moqmedebasTan~ (maWavariani

1980: 65). Tu ramdenad gamogvivida _ mkiTxvelma gansajos;

yvela gulwrfel SeniSvnasa da safuZvlian mosazrebas

mxolod sargeblobis motana SeuZlia CvenTvis.

erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba Seiqmnas STabeWdileba, rom

naSromSi Warbad moyvanili ilustraciebis mniSvnelobaTa

axsna zedmetad gawelilia, rac imiT aris gamowveuli, rom

saanalizo semantika (gansakuTrebiT inferenciuli eviden-

cialobis epistemikuri formebi) saliteraturo enaSi or-

ganuli zmnuri formebiT ar gadmoicema, gadmoqarTulebi-

sas es svanuri zmnebi qarTuli ama Tu im mwkrivis formas-

Tan damxmare leqsemasac moiTxoven, semantikuri ekvivalen-

turoba Znelad miiRweva; es ki, TavisTavad cxadia, enis ar-

mcodnisTvis (ufro zustad, imisTvis, vinc zedmiwevniT ar

icis, visac svanurad ar audgams ena), rTuli aRsaqmelia,

moulodnelia es mniSvnelobebi, radganac `semantikuri

kvleva, formalurisgan gansxvavebiT, moiTxovs zedmiwevniT

karg codnas ara mxolod gramatikis, aramed leqsikis, sti-

lisa da sxva mxriv. enobrivi niWiT dajildoebuli adamia-

nic ki amgvarad flobs, mSobliuris garda, mxolod ramde-

nime enas, tipologiuri da universaluri kvleva ki mra-

valze mravali enis monacemebs iTvaliswinebs ara marto

formaluri, aramed semantikuri TvalsazrisiTac~ (maWava-

riani 1980: 65).

swored zmnam Seqmna gansakuTrebuli sirTule muSo-

bis procesSi, zmnam, romelic qarTveluri metyvelebis

RerZia da arc evidencialobis kategoria aRmoCnda am

mxriv gamonaklisi, miT ufro, rogorc sxva enebis mkvlev-

13

rebic aRniSnaven, evidencialoba gacilebiT farTo cnebaa,

zmnuri evidencialoba ki misi mxolod nawilia, magram _

centraluri.

g. gogolaSvilis `qarTuli zmnis~ bolosityvaobaSi

vkiTxulobT: `...zmna isev rCeba Cveni fiqris mTavar sagnad...

RvTis madliT, amouwuravi madania qarTuli zmna...~ (gogo-

laSvili 2010: 479); marTlac rom asea... Tanamedrove qarTve-

lur enebSi arqaulobiT gamorCeuli enis _ svanuris zmna-

Si ki, sadac istoriis araerTi fenaa Calagebuli, kidev me-

tadaa labirinTebi CaxlarTuli, maTi gavla umwerlobo

enaSi gacilebiT rTulia...

wigns, bunebrivia, ara aqvs pretenzia srulqmnilobi-

sa, Cven SevecadeT kategoria gangvesazRvra maqsimaluri

ganzogadebiT rogorc morfosintaqsuri funqciis, ise se-

mantikuri datvirTvis mxriv, Tanac, vinaidan qarTul lin-

gvistikaSi sakvlevi enis (svanuris) warmomadgeneli lin-

gvistis mier pirvelad Seiqmna am mimarTulebis naSromi,

miRebul samecniero Sedegebsa da Teoriul pozicias, vfiq-

robT, garkveuli mniSvneloba eqneba danarCeni qarTveluri

enebis saanalizo mimarTulebiT gamokvlevisTvis, sakiTxiT

dainteresebul mkvlevrebs es monografia daexmareba Sea-

mowmon misi arseboba-ararsebobis pirobebi TavianT sa-

kvlev enebSi; SesaZloa, miRebuli daskvnebi garkveulwi-

lad gasaTvaliswinebeli iyos enobrivi universaliebis da-

sadgenadac. Tuki es wigni am mxriv mcire samsaxurs mainc

gaswevs, Tavs bednierad CavTvliT.

naSromSi gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi enobrivi ilustra-

ciebi mopovebulia svanuri zepirsityvierebis gamocemebi-

dan, aseve Cven mier savele muSaobisas Cawerili jer kidev

gamouqveynebeli masalebidan. balszemour da balsqvemour

dialeqtTa Taviseburebis gamomxatveli zogierTi svanuri

magaliTi Sedgenilia Tavad avtoris, rogorc am dialeqte-

bis matareblis, mier.

vinaidan saanalizo problemis TvalsazrisiT dialeq-

tebs Soris arsebiTi sxvaoba ar aRmoCnda, naSromSi Ziri-

Tadad zemosvanuri enobrivi masala ganvixileT, Tumca, sa-

14

Wiroebis mixedviT, moxmobilia qvemosvanuri monacemebic.

dasasrul, uRrmesi madloba minda gadavuxado am wig-

nis redaqtorebs: iza CantlaZes da avTandil arabuls, ro-

melTac, miuxedavad saocrad datvirTuli ganrigisa, ar

daizares, rom maTi sayovelTaod cnobili profesionaliz-

mi SemoeSvelebinaT da amiT Seufasebeli daxmareba gami-

wies.

aseve, didia manana tofaZis, saanalizo sakiTxis er-

TaderTi qarTveli specialistis, wvlili am saqmeSi, ro-

melmac, miuxedavad geografiuli siSorisa Tu cnobili ev-

ropuli drois deficitisa, uyoymanod mohkida saqmes xeli,

gulmodgined waikiTxa naSromi da gasaTvaliswinebeli

rCevebic momca.

didi madloba recenzents, ivane leJavas, romlis max-

vili goneba da Tvali mniSvnelovnad daetyo winamdebare

wigns, filologiis doqtors _ rusudan ioselians,

romelmac saguldagulod gadaamowma yvela ilustracia

da agvarida uneblie uzustobani.

aseve, uzomo madliereba minda gamovxato mTargmnele-

bis _ ana mesxis, maia abalakisa da eTer sabanaZis mimarT,

romelTac metad rTul teqsts (terminologiuri Tu seman-

tikuri TvalsazrisiT), maRali kvalifikaciisa da maTTvis

Cveuli gulmodginebis SemweobiT, SesaniSnavad gaarTves

Tavi.

didi madloba teqnikur redaqtors _ levan vaSakiZes

poligrafiulad Zalze rTuli samuSaos gulisxmierad da

kvalificiurad SesrulebisTvis.

dabolos, ar SemiZlia maradiuli madlierebiTa da

gulistkiviliT kidev erTxel ar gavixseno profesori mi-

xeil qurdiani. Mam didebuli pirovnebisa da mecnieris da-

intereseba sakvlevi TemiT da, SeiZleba iTqvas, lamis an-

derZad qceuli bolo saubari saavadmyofoSi, ukanasknel

sarecelze, CvenTvis iqca gadamwyvet stimulad, rom es mo-

nografia aucileblad Semdgariyo...

15

Tavi I

Eevidencilobis raoba

(mokle cnobebi sakiTxis Seswavlis istoriidan)

$1. evidencialobis cneba

evidencialoba pirvel rigSi teqstis kategoriaa da

gulisxmobs damokidebulebas am teqstSi gadmocemul in-

formaciasa da informators Soris; sxvagvarad: es katego-

ria gulisxmobs mTqmelis subieqtur mimarTebas konteqst-

Tan, anu informacia informatorisTvis pirdapiri aRqmis

nayofia da idealurad sando, Tu sxva wyarodan (`meore xe-

lidan~) miRebuli da, amdenad, movlenis Sesaxeb ìdealur

codnas~ (S. DeLancey) daSorebuli, zogjer ki _ sulac mxo-

lod savaraudo.

albaT Znelad Tu warmovidgenT sazogadoebas, rome-

lic mxolod aqsiomebis enaze saubrobs, an mTqmels, rome-

lic mis mier gadmocemuli informaciis Sesaxeb, saWiroebi-

sa da enis SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisad, ar miuTiTebs pir-

velwyaroze, ar afiqsirebs saeWvoobis, savaraudoobis niu-

ansebs, radgan SeuZlebelia es informacia mudam mxolod

percefciis Sedegi iyos. Aaqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivia,

saanalizo kategoria saerTaSoriso lingvistikis proble-

maa da didi xania, enaTmecnierTa interesis sagans warmo-

adgens. mas jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi miaqcies yu-

radReba da aRweres amerikeli indielebis enaTa mkvlevreb-

ma f. boasma (1911 w.), e. sepirma (1912 w.) da sxvebma; mogviane-

biT evidencialobis, rogorc gramatikuli kategoriis, Te-

oriuli safuZvlebi Camoayaliba r. iakobsonma naSromSi

`Шифтеры, глагольные категории и русский глагол~ (1957); avtori zmnis gramatikul kategoriaTa CamonaTvalSi gamoyofs da-

dasturebulobis (засвидельствованность) semantikasac. Mmisi

16

gansazRvrebiT, es aris kategoria, romelic miuTiTebs

gadmocemuli faqtis wyaroze. mTqmeli movlenis Sesaxeb

gvatyobinebs sxva pirisgan miRebuli informaciis (cita-

cia), sizmrebis, winaswari Wvretis an sakuTari gamocdile-

bis monacemebze dayrdnobiT. Aam Teoriis mixedviT dadas-

turebuloba, romelsac qarTvelur enaTa struqturaSi

naxuli da unaxavi moqmedebis aqti Seesabameba, miekuTvneba

Sifterul kategoriebs imdenad, ramdenadac is axasiaTebs

`Setyobinebul (gadmocemul) faqts (Eⁿ) Setyobinebis faqt-

Tan (E) da romeliRac `mesame situaciasTan~ (mTqmelis mier

informaciis miReba romeliRac wyarodan _ Eⁿs) kavSirSi~

(Козинцева 2007: 14). amdenad, r. iakobsonis formulis gaTvaliswinebiT,

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evidencialobis kategoria uSualo

kavSirSia naTqvamis semantikasTan, romelSic gamoxatulia

Tavad mTqmelis damokidebuleba sakuTari naTqvamis mimarT

informaciis im wyaroze miTiTebis TvalsazrisiT (pirda-

pir Tu iribad), romelsac igi eyrdnoba.

evidencialobis kategoria gansakuTrebuli yuradRe-

bis sagani da safuZvliani Seswavlis obieqti gaxda ukanas-

kneli 30-40 wlis manZilze; specialur literaturaSi miu-

TiTeben, rom es kategoria dadasturda Zalian bevr gan-

sxvavebuli struqturis mqone enaSi. kerZod, a. i. aixenval-

dis naSromSi (Aikhenvald 2004: XII) gamoyenebulia 500-ze meti

enis gramatikuli aRwerilobis monacemebi: bulgaruli, ma-

kedoniuri, albanuri, somxuri, Turquli, sparsuli, taji-

kuri da kavkasiuri: qarTuli, svanuri, arCibuli, lakuri,

bagvaluri da sxv. masStaburi kvlevis Sedegad [Козинцева 1994; Ницолова

2003; Friedman 1979; 1984; Givón 1982; Chafe, Nichols 1986; Palmer 1986; Willet 1988; Guentchéva 1996; Aikhenvald, Dixon 1998; Lazard 1999; Aik-henvald 2004; Корди 2007; Ханзен 2007; Сумбатова 2007 da sxv.] gamo-ikveTa mniSvnelovani Sedegebi am kategoriis interpretaci-

17

isa da tipologiuri daxasiaTebis mimarTulebiT, aseve,

gansxvavebuli konstruqciebis mqone enebSi misi arsebobis

dadasturebis TvalsazrisiT. kavkasiur enebSi aRniSnuli

kategoria Tavis droze sagangebod Seiswavles a. kibrikma

(1977 w.) da v. fridmanma (1979; 1984).

SemdgomSi ganviTarda Teoria evidencialobis Sesa-

xeb; gafarTovda sagnis ganxilvis arealic: evidencialo-

bis kategoria ukve ganixileboda rogorc naTqvamis garega-

ni modaluri CarCos elementi, romelic siaxloves amJRav-

nebs propoziciis (naTqvamis) epistemikur SefasebasTan,

radganac mTqmelis mimarTeba informaciis wyarosTan1, Cveu-

lebriv, ukavSirdeba sakiTxs, darwmunebulia Tu ara igi

`sxva xelidan~ miRebuli da mis mier gadmocemuli, gaxmo-

vanebuli informaciis sandoobaSi, ueWvelobaSi, anu evi-

dencialoba farTo gagebiT gulisxmobs ara marto infor-

maciis sxva wyaros (arapirdapir, iribad aRqmul informa-

cias), aramed konteqstSi mTqmelis mier sakuTari naTqvamis

mimarT damokidebulebis dafiqsirebas sarwmunooba-savara-

udoobis TvalsazrisiT.

amrigad, evidencialoba farTo gagebiT iTvaliswinebs

opozicias _ movlenis Sesaxeb ìdealuri codna~ : sxva xe-

lidan miRebuli an teqstis subieqtis mier logikurad na-

varaudevi (ìdealurisgan~ gadaxrili) codna; specialur

literaturaSi es mimarTeba ZiriTadad dafiqsirebulia

rogorc opozicia: pirdapiri evidencialoba : iribi eviden-

cialoba, an araevidencialuri : evidencialuri (magali-

Tad, wavida : wasula / iqneb wavida; dawers : dawerso / al-

baT dawers);

im principis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom opoziciis krite-

riumad percefciis arseboba-ararsebobas asaxeleben, logi-

ka TiTqos irRveva, radgan momavlis movlena Tu moqmedeba

1 wyaro `sxva xeli~ gulisxmobs ara mxolod informaciis si-

tyvierad gadmomcem konkretul an Tundac impersonalur pirs, aramed inferenciasac.

18

percefciuli ver iqneba winaswar. specialur literatura-

Sic aRniSnaven, rom im enaTa umravlesobaSi, romlebSic

saanalizo kategoria Camoyalibebulia gramatikulad an

Tundac mxolod leqsikurad, markirebulia iribi evidenci-

aloba, pirdapiri evidencialoba (vfiqrobT, mas ufro ter-

mini „neitraluri“ mouxdeboda; q. m.) specialur aRniSvnas

(markirebas) ar saWiroebs; amasTan, ar aRiniSneba (Tumca

rogorc pirdapirdadasturebuli ganixileba) is informa-

ciac, romelic Sedis mTqmelis saerToO (zogadi) codnis

fondSi mocemul enaze. mokled, „pirdapiri evidencialoba

ufro farToa, vidre aRqmuloba“ (Корди 2007:255); Tumca de-

buleba mxolod iribi evidencialobis markirebis Sesaxeb,

rogorc Cans, ZiriTadad, mainc indoevropul enebze

vrceldeba, vinaidan, magaliTad, a. aixenvaldis mixedviT,

amerikel indielTa aborigenul enaTa Soris gvxvdeba ise-

Ti (tuiukus, tukanos, Sipibo-konibos, vintus...) enebic, sa-

dac savaldebuloa sazogadod evidencialobis tipis mar-

kireba (rogorc pirdapiris, ise iribis), ufro metic, zo-

gierT enaSi cal-calke markerebiT aRiniSneba vizualuri

evidencia, ynosvadi evidencia da a. S. (Aikhenvald 2004).

$2. evidencialobisa da epistemikis

urTierTmimarTeba; modaloba da kategoriaE

evidencialobis kategoriis rogorc aRqma, aseve gan-martebac sxvadasxva enis specialistTa mier araerTgvaro-

vania.

lingvistTa nawili (t. givoni, p. dendali, l. tasmov-

ski, j. nuitsi) Tvlis, rom SesaZlebelia evidencialobis

kategoriis ori gageba: farTo da viwro; farTo gagebiT,

evidencialoba da epistemikuri (saeWvo, savaraudo, dauzus-

tebeli) modaloba ganixileba rogorc erTi kategoria

(Givón 1982), xolo, viwro gagebiT, evidencialoba da episte-

19

mika ori sxvadasxva kategoriaa, Tumca erTmaneTTan dakav-

Sirebuli: evidencialoba emsaxureba informaciis wyaroze

miTiTebas, epistemikuri modaloba _ informaciis sandoo-

bis xarisxis markirebas (Dendal, Tasmowski 1994; Козинцева 2007: 85); sxvagvarad: es ori damoukidebeli kategoriaa, radga-

nac maTi Sinaarsobrivi mxare gansxvavebulia: evidencialo-

ba informaciis wyaros miemarTeba, epistemikuri modaloba

ki _ informaciis sarwmunoobas: „evidencialur formebs

arcTu iSviaTad SeuZliaT gamoxaton rogorc citaciuri

(gadmocemiTi), aseve epistemikuri funqciebi“ (Плунгян 2000: 321-325), amitomac termins „iribi evidencialoba“ mkvlevrebi

iyeneben ara marto citativis, aramed inferenciulobisTvi-

sac (Вимер 2007: 199). e. kordi saanalizo kategorias franguli enis mona-

cemebis mixedviT ganixilavs, romelSic epistemikuri seman-

tikis gamoxatvis funqcias zmnis kavSirebiTi forma iTav-

sebs (Sdr. qarTveluri enebi, Tumca svanurSi epistemikuro-

bac gramatizebulia, morfologizebulia _ garda kavSire-

biTis mwkrivebisa, am enaSi sxva specialuri dro-kiloTa

formebic Camoyalibda swored epistemikuri mniSvnelobis-

Tvis, razedac dawvrilebiT qvemoT vimsjelebT). n. kozin-

ceva iziarebs T. viletis mosazrebas, rom evidencialoba,

marTalia, axlos dgas informaciis sandoobis semantikas-

Tan, magram gansxvavdeba imiT, rom TavisTavad wyaroze mi-

TiTeba ar Seicavs raime informacias Tavad informaciis

sandoobis Sesaxeb: „es ori sxvadasxva kategoriaa, ramdena-

dac erTi da igive wyaro SeiZleba Sefasdes sarwmunod an

saeWvod sxvadasxva mTqmelisa da msmenelis mier“ (Willet 1988; Козинцева 2007: 85), xolo s. delensi evidencialobas

ganixilavs rogorc movlenis Sesaxeb „idealuri codnisa“

da „misgan gadaxrili, daSorebuli codnis“ opozicias, anu

rogorc codnis markirebul da aramarkirebul statuss

(DeLancey 2001: 380).

20

evidencialobisa da modalobis urTierTmimarTebis

Sesaxeb lingvistTa araerTgvarovani Sexedulebebi sam Zi-

riTad mosazrebad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:

a) modaloba da evidencialoba dizunqciur urTier-

TmimarTebaSia, anu isini arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmane-

Tisagan _ aseT SemTxvevaSi gulisxmoben evidencialobas am

sityvis viwro gagebiT;

b) modaloba da evidencialoba inkluziur urTier-

TmimarTebaSia, anu evidencialobaSi igulisxmeba movlenis

Sesaxeb mTqmelis codnis sarwmunoobac _ es „evidencia-

lobis“ farTo gagebaa; an piriqiT _ xSirad evidencialoba

Sedis epistemikuri modalobis SemadgenlobaSi;

g) modaloba da evidencialoba nawilobriv faraven

erTmaneTs _ aseT SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba inferenciuli

evidencialoba _ konkluzivi (Dendal, Tasmowski 2001: 341-342). amerikeli enaTmecnieris f. haanis azriT, „evidencia-

loba aris ara modaluri, aramed deiqturi kategoria, ro-

melic gamoxatavs mimarTebas mTqmelsa da mis mier aRwe-

ril moqmedebas Soris“ (Haan 2005: 379-397). logikuria aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT e. kor-

dis daskvna: evidencialobis kategoriis nebismieri gageba

mainc metyvelebs misi arsisa (informaciis wyaroze miTiTe-

ba) da epistemikuri modalobis (informaciis sandoobis xa-

risxi) mWidro kavSirze (Корди 2007: 255). svanur enaSi am TvalsazrisiT ramdenadme sxvagvara-

daa saqme; zmnis paradigmis specifikidan gamomdinare, infe-

renciuli evidencialoba SeiZleba gamoixatos e. w. „unaxa-

obis“ formebiT im SemTxvevaSi, roca mTqmeli erTi per-

cefciuli (an sandoobis TvalsazrisiT masTan gatolebu-

li) movlenis safuZvelze akeTebs daskvnas meore unaxavi

movlenis Sesaxeb: oxæuCxa! („uwvimia“) _ ambobs svani sveli

balaxis danaxvisas, Tumca wvimis process ar Seswrebia.

xæóО mus рmвedлli („didi Tovli mosula“) _ mTqmelma mii-

Ro informacia, rom svaneTisken gza Caketilia... am zmnur

21

formebSi dauzusteblobis, saeWvoobis niuansisTvis adgi-

li ar rCeba, Tumca informacia aSkarad inferenciulia.

sxva SemTxvevaSi mTqmeli sakuTriv inferenciuli

zmnebis gamoyenebiT mTlianad sakuTari cnobierebis, mexsi-

erebis, zogadi codnis fondis safuZvelze Seqmnil infor-

macias gvawvdis, am zmnebSi mniSvnelovania savaraudoobis,

gansakuTrebiT _ dauzusteblobis semantika: aTxe Sæрns iSdæìni (/iSduæni) _ „axla svaneTSi albaT Tovs“ (da ara

„iTovebs“!) _ ityvian, roca TbilisSi qaria (mexsierebis is-

toriuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare).

aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, varCevT, svanurSi epis-

temikuri mniSvnelobisad CavTvaloT mxolod es ukanaskne-

lni da ara inferenciulobis gamomxatveli yvela zmnuri

forma an konteqsti. sxvagvarad: vinaidan enas moepoveba in-

ferenciulobis organulad gamoxatvis (inferenciul wya-

roze miniSnebis) ori saxeoba (erTi _ logikuri msjelo-

bis niadagze gamotanili daskvna, romelic saeWvoobas, al-

ternatiulobas ar gulisxmobs, da meore _ sakuTriv infe-

renciuli informacia _ varaudis, dauzusteblobis Semcve-

li), amitomac winamdebare naSromSi termini epistemika da

epistemikuri gamoyenebulia ara zogadad inferenciuli

evidencialobisTvis, aramed swored dauzusteblobis, saeW-

voobis, savaraudoobis (/albaTobis) amsaxveli semantikis

zmnebisTvis (/informaciisTvis); Cveni midgoma saanalizo

terminisadmi Seesabameba p. dendalisa da l. tasmovkis in-

terpretacas aRniSnul sakiTxze (ix. zemoT).

$3. informaciis wyaroebi

met-naklebad gansxvavebulia mkvlevarTa mosazrebebi

informaciis wyaroTa Sesaxebac, Tumca ZiriTadad mainc

gamoyofen informaciis yvelaze gavrcelebul sam wyaros,

romelTa Sesaxebac mTqmeli amcnobs an mianiSnebs msme-

nels: movlenis percefcia, verbaloba da inferencia (Den-

22

dal 1994: 4), anu: pirdapiri aRqma, „gadmocemiToba“ da logika

(Козинцева 1994: 95). e. kordis formulirebiT, informaciis wyaro SeiZle-

ba iyos „grZnobis organoebis mier uSualo aRqma (pirdapi-

ri evidencialoba) da arauSualo aRqmis (iribi evidencia-

loba) ori tipi: verbaluri (sxvisgan miRebuli) informa-

cia da inferenciuli _ logikur daskvnebze dafuZnebuli

informacia, romelic, ZiriTadad, emyareba mTqmelisTvis

cnobil faqtebs“ (Корди 2007: 255). Gevidencialobis cnebisa da misi wyaroebis Sesaxeb

evropuli enebis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT arsebuli Se-

xedulebebi Semdegnairad Sejamdeba: evidencialobis seman-

tikuri niSani naTqvamSi an aris, an ar aris, anu:

a) pirdapiri evidencialoba aris semantikurad ara-

markirebuli (mTqmels informacia miRebuli aqvs uSualod

da amis miTiTeba ar aris savaldebulo); b) iribi evidencialoba semantikurad markirebulia

(mTqmels Sesatyobinebeli informacia miRebuli aqvs Sua-

lobiTi formiT, garkveuli instanciis gavliT).

Gim enebisTvis, sadac saanalizo kategoriaSi markire-

bulia iribi evidencialoba, xolo pirdapiri _ ara, miiCne-

ven, rom opoziciaSi _ pirdapiri evidencialoba : iribi

evidencialoba _ semantikurad amosavali wevri aris pirda-

piri evidencialoba (Храковский 2007: 608). mijna pirdapir da irib evidencialobas Soris, aseve

maTi mniSvneloba da daniSnuleba erTmaneTs ar emTxveva

sxvadasxva enaSi (Козинцева 1994: 93); rogorc saerTaSoriso

lingvistikaSi sakiTxis Seswavlis Sedegebidan Cans,

garkveul enebSi uSualo aRqmiT miRebuli informacia mi-

iCneva pirdapirevidencialurad, magram uSualo aRqmis wya-

roebic enaTa mixedviT gansxvavebulia: maT did nawilSi

xuTive grZnoba (mxedveloba, smena, ynosva, gemo, Sexeba) da

zogjer intuiciac iTvleba pirdapiri aRqmis saSualebad,

Tumca arsebobs enebi, romlebSic mxolod mxedvelobiT mi-

23

Rebuli informacia gamoixateba pirdapirevidencialuri

formebiT, danarCeni ki (suni, gemo da a. S.) codnis Sualo-

biTad miRebis saSualebad aRiqmeba da markirebac Sesabami-

sia _ am wyaroebiT miRebul informacias mTqmeli iribevi-

dencialurad gadmoscems.

rogorc Cans, erTaderTi universalia am sakiTxTan da-

kavSirebiT SeiZleba ase Camoyalibdes: pirdapirevidencia-

lobas yovelTvis ganekuTvneba mxedvelobis meSveobiT mi-

Rebuli informacia; grZnobaTa sxva organoebiT aRqmuli

informaciis Sefaseba evidenciasTan mimarTebiT enebSi ara-

erTgvarovania. Tumca pirdapiri evidenciac yovelTvis ro-

dia percefciis Sedegi: „pirdapirdadasturebulad ganixi-

leba aseve is informaciac, romelic mTqmelis saerTo

codnis fondSia Sesuli, sxvagvarad, pirdapiri evidencia-

loba ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre percefciuloba“ (Корди 2007: 255). rasakvirvelia, roca vambobT: „qristianoba saqar-

TveloSi IV saukuneSi Semovida (da ara „Semosula“)“, in-

formacia percefciuli ver iqneba. Ggarda amisa, percefci-

uli ver iqneba informacia momavlis movlenebis Sesaxebac.

SesaZloa, enaTa umravlesobaSi myofadisTvis evidencialo-

bis TvalsazrisiT opozicia arc arsebobdes, magram sva-

nurSi, konkretulad, zmnaSi, swored myofadis (erTi da

imave mwkrivis) ori forma gvaqvs, romelTa Soris semanti-

kuri saopozicio niSani mxolod da mxolod inferenciu-

li evidenciaa. (Sdr. Zveli qarTuli enis viTareba, roca

„TxrobiT kilos momavalSi sakuTari mwkrivi ar hqonda, is

an I kavSirebiTs iyenebda, an II-s. amaTgan I usruli iyo, II _

sruli: davswerde _ буду писать, davwer напишу“ _ SaniZe 1973: 267).

M

24

$4. evidencialobis markirebis saSualebebi

evidencialobis gamoxatvis gramatizebuli Tu arag-

ramatizebuli potenciali da saSualebebic sxvadasxva ti-

pis enaSi gansxvavebulia. specialur literaturaSi miTi-

Tebulia, rom rig enebSi (Turquli, kavkasiuri, finur-ung-

ruli, amerikel indielTa enebi, afrikuli enebi da sxv.)

mocemuli mniSvnelobebi gramatikulad savaldebuloa na-

Tqvamis garkveuli tipebis gasaformeblad, zogierT enaSi

ki (magaliTad, rusulSi, inglisurSi, germanulSi, fran-

gulSi,...) es mniSvnelobebi ar aris gramatikulad savalde-

bulo; saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi isini gadmoicema sintaqsu-

rad da leqsikurad (Козинцева 2007: 14). SesaZloa, romelime

enaSi arc iyos evidencialobis gamomxatveli gramatikuli

Tu leqsikuri formebi; maSin informacia misi wyarosa da

uSualo momwodeblis Sesaxeb gadmoicema vrceli konteq-

stiT (Ницолова 2007: 108).M qarTveluri enebis monacemebTan tipologiuri mimar-

Tebis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresod gveCveneba

balkanuri enebis, kerZod, bulgarulis monacemebi, vinaidan

es ena, rogorc specialur literaturaSi (Ницолова 2007: 110) aRniSnaven, „gamoirCeva zmnuri formebisa da mniSvne-

lobebis gansakuTrebuli simravliT“, riTac, zogadad, mo-

gvagonebs qarTvelur enebs. r. nicolova, romelmac specia-

luri naSromi uZRvna evidencialobis problemas, aRniS-

navs, rom „msoflios enebSi evidencialebis Teoriuli

gamokvlevebis didi deficitis gamo, bulgarulSi maT (evi-

dencialebs) Tavidan ganixilavdnen rogorc gansakuTre-

bul zmnur droebs, Semdeg rogorc Tavisebur kilos, ro-

gorc statuss, damoukidebel kategorias, gamoTqmis saSua-

lebas an saxeobas, metyvelebis moduss, mediativs da sxv“.

mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom sinamdvileSi „evidencialoba bul-

garulSi warmoadgens specifikur gramatikul kategorias,

romelic mWidrod ukavSirdeba epistemikur modalobasa da

(ad)miratiulobas“. Mmisi azriT, „bulgarulSi, rogorc

25

sxva balkanur enebSi, saxezea „modalizebuli evidencia-

luri sistema“ (v. plungianis terminologiiT), anu moda-

loba da evidencialoba nawilobriv faraven erTmaneTs. es

SeiniSneba dubitativis mniSvnelobaSi, romelic gamoxatavs

sxvisgan miRebuli informaciis gadmocemisas misi namdvi-

lobis eWvqveS dayenebas (sandoobis ganxilvas, informaci-

is namdvilobis, rogorc arapirdapir aRqmuli movlenis,

Sesaxeb pasuxismgeblobis moxsnas; Sdr. „TiTqos svaneTis-

ken gza Caketilao...“), xSirad _ ironias („maS, me vyofil-

var suleli!..“); aseve _ konkluzivSi2 (erT-erTi aqtiuri

evidenciali svanurSi), romelic asaxavs sakuTriv inferen-

ciaze dafuZnebul mosazrebas an sazogadoebis gamocdile-

baze damyarebul „sust“ (aramyar), unaxav codnas (Ницолова 2007: 113). r. iakobsoni miuTiTebs am kategoriis gamoxatvis

saSualebebze zogierT enaSi: bulgarulSi es aris „gadmo-

cemiTi (пересказивательное) kilo“, rusulSi specialuri na-

wilakebi де, мол, pirdapiri da iribi naTqvamis sxvadasxva

formaSi gamoyenebuli xerxebi da a.S.

svanurSi evidencialoba Camoyalibebulia rogorc mo-

rfosintaqsuri kategoria, ena gamoirCeva evidencialur

(verbalur Tu inferenciul) damxmare leqsemaTa simravli-

Tac;

rogorc aRvniSneT, saerTaSoriso lingvistikaSi ga-

ziarebulia mosazreba, rom enaTa did umravlesobaSi pir-

dapiri evidencialobaa aramarkirebuli (maT Soris _ qar-

Tvelur enebSic), xolo iribi evidencialoba _ markirebu-

li (enis struqturisa da gamoxatvis saSualebaTa potenci-

alis farglebSi). n. kozinceva am TvalsazrisiT gamoyofs

2 pirvelad es termini gamoiyena e. deminam (1970 w.); paraleluri

terminebia daskvniTi, savaraudo, subieqturi formebi, silogistikuri konstativi, silogistikuri narativi da sxv. termin `konkluzivs~ iyenebs bulgaruli enis specialisti r. nicolovac. vinaidan gveCveneba, rom sakvlevi problemis TvalsazrisiT es enebi, qarTveluri da bulgaruli, sakmaod uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, Cvenc varCevT aRniSnul termins.

26

or tips: 1) enebi, romlebSic evidencialoba gadmoicema

specialuri saSualebebiT; 2) enebi, romlebSic evidencia-

loba gamoixateba kombinirebuli saSualebebiT.Mspecialur

saSualebebSi mkvlevari ganixilavs:

1) gramatikuls (rogorc Cans, igulisxmeba mxolod

morfologia _ q.Mm.) _ perfeqtuli droebi, morfemebi, da-

mxmare metyvelebis nawilebi...

2) leqsiko-sintaqsurs:

a) rTuli qvewyobili winadadeba amxsnel-damazuste-

beli damokidebuli winadadebiT;

b) modaluri leqsemebi: мол, дескат, де, якобы…;

g) iseTi CarTuli frazebi da winadadebebi, romlebic

Seicaven sityvas, semantikurad dakavSirebuls naTqvamTan

(metyvelebasTan), azrovnebasTan, aRqmasTan (aseT sityvebad

dasaxelebulia leqsemebi, romlebic miuTiTeben informa-

ciis wyaroze: rusulSi _ судя по всему; говорят…; inglisurSi

_ I hear…). mkvlevari ganmartavs, rom, magaliTad, winadade-

baSi _ Петров, говорят, поправился _ `говорят~ awmyo drois for-

maa, Tumca Setyobineba warsulSi moxda, rac imaze miuTi-

Tebs, rom ufro mniSvnelovani swored informaciis iribi

xasiaTis gamoxatvaa (da ara misi miRebis momentisa) da

swored amaSia am strategiis kardinaluri gansxvaveba

rTuli qvewyobili winadadebisgan;

d) zmnizedebi, romlebic miuTiTeben informaciis irib

wyaroze (ingl. Reportedly `как сообщается~, evidently `очевидно~…);

e) konstruqciebi kvazipasiuri zmniTurT (считается, називается, зовется, представляется…): `Универсальным средством, выступающим в европейских языках, имеющих пассив, выступает квазипассивная конструкция~ (Козинцева 2007: 21-22).

e. kordis klasifikaciiT, evidencialobis markirebis

saSualebebi sxvadasxva tipis enaSi SeiZleba iyos:

1) specialuri gramatikuli formebi, romelTaTvisac

es mniSvnelobebi erTaderTi an ZiriTadia;

27

2) mravalmniSvnelobiani gramatikuli formebi, rom-

lebic gamoyenebulia Tavisi araZiriTadi mniSvnelobiT;

3) leqsikuri saSualebebi garkveul sintaqsur kon-

struqciebSi (Корди 2007: 256). rogorc vxedavT, evidencialobis markirebis saSuale-

bebTan dakavSirebiT lingvistTa SexedulebebSi arsebiTi

gansxvaveba ar aris, Tumca, zogad SefasebasTan erTad, bu-

nebrivia, rom mkvlevarma sakuTari kvlevis obieqtis, kon-

kretuli enis (enebis) monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT, formu-

lireba garkveuli detaliT Seavsos an koreqtivi Seita-

nos. ZiriTadad ki enaSi iribi evidencialoba gadmoicema

rogorc ori tipis maCvenebelTa _ modalobisa da perfeq-

tis konteqsturi mniSvnelobani. sazogadod, ufro metad

gavrcelebulia iribi evidencialobis gamoxatva perfeq-

tiT, pirdapiri evidencialobisa ki _ aoristiT.

$5. iribi evidencialobis mimarTeba perfeqtTan

specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom, rogorc

wesi, enebSi xdeba unaxaobis semantikis gramatizacia (Willet 1988; Palmer 1986). opoziciaSi _ pirdapiri evidencialoba :

iribi evidencialoba _ morfologiurad markirebulia es

ukanaskneli, morfologiur markirebaSi ki igulisxmeba

zmnis sistemaSi saanalizo semantikis integracia da per-

feqtis sistemasTan dakavSireba (Izrovski 1997: 6), anu unaxao-bis semantikis gramatizacia gulisxmobs perfeqtuli zmnis

gamoyenebas (SabaSvili 2009: 100).

„Tanamedrove qarTulSi udavod mkvidrad arsebobs e.

w. „unaxaobis“ semantika. amasTanave, im nakvTebisTvis, ro-

melTa saxeldeba am mniSvnelobis mixedviT xdeba (I da II

TurmeobiTebi) unaxaobis gamoxatva garkveulad fakulta-

turia... I TurmeobiTs unaxaobis semantikur velTan mxo-

lod nawilobrivi Sexebis are gaaCnia“ (arabuli 1992: 100).

28

sxva mosazrebiT ki winadadebaSi unaxaobis konteqstSi

perfeqtis morfologia ukve aRar asrulebs Tavis Cveuleb-

riv, droul-aspeqtur rols da rCeba, ubralod, epistemiku-

ri modalobis indikatorad, gansxvavebiT Zveli qarTulis-

gan, sadac awmyos perfeqtuli forma, faqtobrivad, erTa-

derTi Camoyalibebuli da gavrcelebuli TxrobiTi re-

zultativia da aSkaraa misi zogadad perfeqtuli Sinaarsi

(SabaSvili 2009: 106).K

n. kozinceva, romelsac didi wvlili miuZRvis eviden-

cializmis, rogorc universaluri kategoriis, SeswavlaSi,

araerTi enis (rusuli, somxuri, inglisuri,...) monacemebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, semasiologiis mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniS-

vnelovnad miiCnevs rezultatiuri Sinaarsis perfeqtisa da

admiratiuli Tu inferenciuli gamoyenebis perfeqtis siax-

loves _ samsave SemTxvevaSi saxezea moqmedebis Sedegi (re-

zultati), romelic aRiqmeba mTqmelis mier. mkvlevari Se-

niSnavs, rom es mniSvnelobebi „cudi gasarCevia“ erTmane-

Tisgan. lingvistikaSi mniSvnelobebs Soris aseT urTier-

TmimarTebas gansazRvraven rogorc difuziurobas. Mam

TvalsazrisiT msgavsi viTarebaa qarTvelur enebSic; mar-

Talia, aq perfeqti mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba indoevro-

puli enebis perfeqtisgan, magram is gramatikuli droebi,

romelTac tradiciulad perfeqtulad movixseniebT (gansa-

kuTrebiT I TurmeobiTi), srulyofilad gadmoscemen ro-

gorc unaxav, `sxva xelidan~ miRebul informacias movle-

nis Sesaxeb (1), aseve admirativsa (2) Tu inferenciul (3)

mniSvnelobas:

(1) verbaloba: „nikom miTxra, rom svaneTSi Tovli mo-

sula“;

(2) pirdapiri aRqma moulodnelobis efeqtiT (admira-

tivi): „Sexede, Tovli mosula!“

(3) logikuri daskvna, inferencia: „nikom miTxra, rom

svaneTisken gza Caiketa, e. i. didi Tovli mosula...“

jer kidev a. SaniZe aRniSnavda, rom „dauswrebeli mo-

29

qmedebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba orgvarad gaigos moubarma:

sxvisgan gaigos amis Sesaxeb an TviT naxos moqmedebis Se-

degi da am Sedegis mixedviT gaiTvaliswinos, Tu ra unda

momxdariyo“ (SaniZe 1973: 212).

konkretuli enis monacemTa kvlevisas, cxadia, dgeba

sakiTxi: aqvs Tu ara mocemul enaSi perfeqts iribi eviden-

cialobis mniSvneloba an misi gamoxatvis funqcia? n. Kko-

zincevas SexedulebiT, `mravali enis masalaze aisaxeba,

rom perfeqtis istoriul ganviTarebas mihyavs igi sakuT-

riv perfeqtuli (rezultatiuri) mniSvnelobis daCrdilvi-

saken (Бyвee 1994): Semdegi stadiaa perfeqtis gamoyeneba Tan-

mimdevrul moqmedebaTa gadmosacemad da Semdgomi Semosa-

zRvra (daviwroeba) perfeqtisa Tu sxva warsuli drois

formebisa evidencialoba-araevidencialobis kategoriiT~

(Козинцева 2007: 25). rogorc vxedavT, miuxedavad mosazreba-

Ta araerTgvarovnebisa saanalizo sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Ziri-

Tad nawilSi _ rom perfeqti Tanamedrove etapze evidenci-

alobis gamoxatvis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualebaa _ mecni-

erTa Sexedulebebi erTmaneTs emTxveva.

Cveni azriT, qarTveluri enebis ganviTarebis am etap-

ze iribi evidencialobis gamoxatva perfeqtuli droebis

erT-erTi mTavari funqciaa; saerTaSoriso lingvistikaSi

Camoyalibebulia mosazreba, rom qarTul enaSi gvaqvs evi-

dencialuri perfeqti evidencialobis mxolod farTo ga-

gebiT, Semdgomi dapirispirebebis gareSe (Willet 1988: 75), xo-lo `svanurs, iseve, rogorc qarTuls, iribevidencialuri

formebis zedmiwevniTi diferenciacia ar axasiaTebs (xazi

Cvenia _ q. m.), Tumca Tavad evidencialur formaTa mniSvne-

loba sakmaod tevadia, farToa“ (Сумбатова 2007: 328); es mo-sazreba, Cveni azriT, koreqtivs saWiroebs. svanurSi evi-

dencialuri formebi oden unaxaobis aqtiT (`Semdgomi de-

talizacia-diferenciaciis gareSe~) an inferenciisTvis

unaxaobis formaTa funqciuri gamoyenebiT ar Semoifar-

gleba, ufro metic, am enaSi gvaqvs unikaluri, ara unaxao-

30

bis, aramed swored saeWvo-savaraudoobis gamomxatveli

perfeqtuli formebi, romlebic inferenciaze dafuZnebul

savaraudo informacias organulad gamoxataven (specialur

literaturaSi zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebis Camoyalibebas,

vfiqrobT, xeli Seuwyo svanuri zmnis uRlebis paradigmis

usrulobam: enaSi arsebuli zogierTi mwkrivis daufiqsi-

reblobam da myofadi drois sxvadasxva warmoebis formaTa

semantikuri gansxvavebis gauTvaliswineblobam).

rogorc aRvniSneT, svanuri enis damatebiTi ori per-

feqtuli mwkrivis (Cven mier miniWebuli kvalifikaciiT, pi-

robiT-SedegobiTi I da pirobiT-SedegobiTi II, romelTac

qvemoT sagangebod ganvixilavT) formaTa ZiriTadi (SeiZle-

ba iTqvas, perfeqtulobis garda, erTaderTi) daniSnuleba

mTqmelis epistemikuri damokidebulebis an konkluziis (sa-

varaudo daskvna) gamoxatvaa mis mier gadmocemuli infor-

maciis mimarT, romlis wyaroc inferenciaa (margiani-suba-

ri 2009₁: 72). aRniSnuli zmnebis gadmoqarTulebisas an zo-

gierT indoevropul enaze Targmnisas semantikuri Tanxved-

ris miRweva SeuZlebelia modaluri leqsemebis (albaT, iq-

neb, SesaZloa, vaiTu, nuTu...) gamoyenebis gareSe, rac adas-

turebs Semdeg mosazrebas: `Tu TargmanSi modaluri si-

tyvebi aucilebelia, es imas niSnavs, rom wyaro-enaSi (Ziri-

Tad metyvelebaSi) zmnuri forma kompleqsurad gamoxatavs

inferenciulobas da gamonaTqvamis arasrulad sarwmunoo-

bis (sandoobis) modalur mniSvnelobas. wyaro enaSi aseTi

fraza uSvebs minimum ori alternatiuli situaciis arse-

bobis SesaZleblobas~ (Храковский 2007: 616-618). vfiqrobT, svanurSi am specifikuri perfeqtuli epis-

temikuri formebis arseboba dasturia enis Sinagani mo-

Txovnilebisa _ hqondes yvela ZiriTadi nakvTis Sesabamisi

perfeqtuli (rezultatiuri) forma, xolo radganac sva-

nurSi, Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo enasTan Seda-

rebiT, mwkrivTa raodenoba I seriaSive metia, Sesabamisad

III seriaSic Camoyalibda imave raodenobis (anu ufro meti)

perfeqtuli formebi saTanado semantikiT.

31

$6. evidencialobis Seswavlis sakiTxi

qarTvelur enebSi

qarTveluri jgufi enaTa im rigs warmoadgens, sadac

rogorc verbaluri, aseve inferenciuli evidencialoba

gramatizebulia. rogorc zemoT iTqva, saanalizo sakiTxi

didi xania, Cveni ucxoeli kolegebis interesis sagania.

evidencialobis problemas qarTulSi v. boederma miu-

ZRvna SesaniSnavi naSromi: Èvidentiality in Georgian~; garda imi-sa, rom statiaSi srulad aris aRwerili evidencialoba

sinqroniul WrilSi qarTulis monacemebiT, mkvlevari sa-

kiTxis Sesaxeb msjelobs diaqroniuli TvalsazrisiTac:

è. w. `qarTvelur enaTa ojaxis~ yvela enas: qarTuls, sva-

nurs, megrulsa da lazurs moepoveba evidencialobis

gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba. Ees funqcia ar aris winareqar-

Tulis memkvidreoba, is, rogorc Cans, sakmaod axali mo-

vlenaa, radganac ar dasturdeba Zvel qarTulSi... meore

mxriv, evidencialoba aris erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli, rome-

lic saziaroa mraval kavkasiur enaSi. Ees aris erT-erTi

im movlenaTagani kavkasia-TurqeTis arealSi, romlebic am

enaTa konvergenciiT aixsneba~ (Boeder 2000: 275); v. boederi sagangebod gaxazavs, rom qarTvelur enaTa jgufis SigniT

dasavlurma enebma (svanuri, megruli, lazuri) da qarTu-

lis zogierTma dasavlurma dialeqtma SeimuSaves zmnis

evidencialuri formebis ufro rTuli sistema, Tumca, misi

azriT, `nebismier SemTxvevaSi, balkaneTisa da CrdiloeTis

regionebis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT, evidencialoba aris

saerTo arealuri movlena, romelic advilad gaiTavises

sxvadasxva dialeqtisa Tu enis warmomadgenlebma~ (Boeder 2000: 276).

e. w. `sxvaTa sityva~, anu pirdapiri da iribi naTqvami

nebismier enaSi evidencialobis umTavresi sferoa, Tumca

misi gadmocema yvela enaSi rodia gramatizebuli. qarTve-

lur enebSi `sxvaTa sityva~ sintaqsuri kategoriaa, gamoxa-

32

tuli garkveuli konstruqciiTa da specialuri nawilake-

biT. aRniSnuli problema svanurSi gamowvlilviT Seiswav-

la i. CantlaZem da araerTi mniSvnelovani daskvnac Semo-

gvTavaza. misi azriT, svanurSi nawilakovani sxvaTa si-

tyvisTvis uZvelesi da bunebrivi konstruqcia samive pirSi

mxolod mesamepiriseulia, `zmnis pirian formebTan mimar-

Teba TiTqmis unificirebulia, samsave SemTxvevaSi, Cveu-

lebriv, III piris forma gamoiyeneba da gageba imisa, Tu ro-

mel pirzea laparaki, mxolod konteqstis saSualebiT xer-

xdeba~ (CantlaZe 1998: 223);

swored mesame piriseuli konstruqciis gamo, j. hiui-

ti svanur pirdapir naTqvams `naxevradiribs~ uwodebs

(Hewitt 1982: 206); am termins mxars uWers v. boederic: `naxev-radiribi naTqvami upiratesi variantia svanurisTvis da,

rogorc erT-erTma Cemma svanma informatorma Tqva, es ùf-

ro svanuria~, vidre iribi naTqvami~ (Boeder 2002: 18). svanuri `sxvaTa sityva~ aseve specialurad ganixi-

lesKk. tuitma (1997) da l. palmaitisma (1986)... Aase rom,

verbaluri evidencialoba, rogorc sintaqsuri odenoba,

rogorc `nawilakovani sxvaTa sityva~ (da ara teqstis ka-

tegoria) amomwuravad aris damuSavebuli rogorc qarTul,

ise ucxour enaTmecnierebaSi, rasac ver vityviT inferen-

ciul evidencialobaze, vinaidan qarTvel lingvistTagan

evidencialoba, rogorc damoukidebeli kategoria, bolo

dromde sistemurad aravis gamoukvlevia, ucxoeli kolege-

bisTvis ki, rogorc zemoT aRvniSnavdiT, xelmisawvdomi

ver gaxdeboda saTanado masala, radgan zogi forma

(mwkrivi) svanuri zmnis uRlebis paradigmaSi an srulebiT

ar iyo dafiqsirebuli (pirobiT-SedegobiTi I da II), an se-

mantikurad arasrulad iyo interpretirebuli (ZiriTadpre-

verbiani myofadi, pirobiTi...).

33

$7. mosazrebebi evidencialobis kategoriis

genezisis Sesaxeb qarTvelur enebSi

saerTaSoriso lingvistikaSi arsebobs sapirispiro

mosazrebebi saanalizo kategoriis warmoSobis Sesaxeb

qarTvelur enebSi: zogi enaTmecnieri (D. Slobin, A. Aksu-Koç) mas Turqulis gavlenas miawers, sxvani ki Camoyalibebis

originalur formazec saubroben, Tumca, rogorc Cans, sa-

wyis fazad sxva enis gavlenasac ar gamoricxaven, vinaidan

Tvlian, rom es kategoria Zvel qarTulSi ar dasturdeba;

v. boederis azriT, àq ori pirobaa gasaTvaliswinebeli.

pirveli _ es aris varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom qarTuli enis

perfeqtuli zmnis msgavsma rezultatiurma formebma SesaZ-

lebelia advilad da `damoukideblad~ ganiviTaron eviden-

cialuri mniSvnelobebi (Lohmann 1937); es kontaqtebis erT-

erTi im SemTxvevaTagania, romelic SeiZleba namdvilad

uWerdes mxars iribobisken arsebul latentur (dafarul)

tendeciebs~ (Johanson 1996). Mmeore _ enaTa kontaqtidan gamo-

mdinare, raime movlena SeiZleba gacilebiT ufro Sors ga-

vrceldes, vidre kontaqtis uSualo zona: svanuri yovel-

Tvis Zlier Sors iyo osmalTa Turquli batonobisgan, mag-

ram misi evidencialuri formebi SesaZloa ganapiroba me-

zobel megrulze momxdarma gavlenam... anu: Tu megrulis

evidencialuri sistema nawilobriv Turqulis gavlenis Se-

degia, igi SesaZloa svanurisTvis Suamavali modeli yofi-

liyo~ (Boeder 2000: 277). iyo Tu ara e. w. ùnaxaoba~ Zvel qarTulSi? (cxadia,

vgulisxmobT I da II TurmeobiTis formebis semantikas da

ara sazogadod evidencialobas). es sakiTxi qarTul tra-

diciul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi araerTgvarovnad

ganixileba; mecnierTa nawili (Ciqobava 1962; qavTaraZe 1956;

fxakaZe 1984; boederi 2000) miiCnevs, rom unaxaoba uRlebis

kategoriaa da I TurmeobiTis erT-erTi gvian ganviTarebu-

li funqciaa, Zvel qarTulSi ki is wminda rezultativia.

34

sapirispiro mosazrebiT, ùnaxaoba~ Zvel qarTulSive

dasturdeba;

a. SaniZe aRniSnavs, rom ùnaxaoba I TurmeobiTs Zvel

qarTulSic axasiaTebda: I TurmeobiTi (anu I Sedegebrivi)

iseTi namyoa, romelic gadmogvcems, rom Sedegi awmyoSi

Cans, daskvna warsulSi momxdari ambis Sesaxeb saubris mo-

mentSia gakeTebuli im kvalis mixedviT, romelic warsul-

Si momxdar faqts dautovebia~ (SaniZe 1930: 124); (es ganmar-

teba CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia, vinaidan masSi

swored inferenciuli evidencialobis mTavari principia

Camoyalibebuli _ Qq. m.).

unaxaobis aqtis niuansis gamomxatveli araerTi metad

damajerebeli magaliTi daadastura Zvel qarTul werilo-

biT ZeglebSi z. sarjvelaZem:

`...Seni adgili dagitevebies da sxuad wasrul xar~

(SuSanikis wameba, agiogr. Zegl., I, 14,20-21);

`saxlisa Cuenisa meWurWle qali iyo da yoveli mona-

gebi Cueni ÃelTa misTa iyo, da mamasa grigols aqa wamouy-

vanebia~ (grigol xanZTelis cxovreba, iqve, 297, 29-32)...

mkvlevris azriT, `Zvel qarTul zmnas unari Seswevs,

gadmosces unaxaobis niuansi, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, igi uf-

ro gavrcelebulia saSualsa da axal qarTulSi~ (sarjve-

laZe, ninua 1985: 85).

evidencialobis arsebobas qarTuli enis ganviTarebis

adreul etapze adasturebs m. beriZec da miaCnia, rom per-

feqtul formebSi mTavar semantikur maxasiaTeblebad gamo-

yofili unaxaobisa da unebliobis mniSvnelobebi miRebu-

lia aoristul formebSi evidencialobis modalobis ganvi-

Tarebis Sedegad (beriZe 2009: 101).

iv. qavTaraZe, miuxedavad imisa, rom TurmeobiTis

mwkrivis gamoyenebas unaxavi moqmedebis gamosaxatavad gvi-

andel movlenad miiCnevs (roca drois gageba masSi ramde-

nadme daiCrdila), ar iziarebs unaxaobis kategoriis sxva

enis (Turqulis) gavleniT gaCenis mosazrebas qarTulSi:

35

`Turqul formas eZebneba qarTulSi garkveuli Sinaarsis

nakvTi, magram ara imgvarive forma da imgvarive warmoeba

da, amdenad, maTi erT sibrtyeze dayeneba sadavoa~, _ aRniS-

navs mkvlevari (qavTaraZe 1956: 191-192).

a. arabulis azriT, qarTulSi Ì TurmeobiTis ZiriTa-

di mniSvnelobaa rezultatiuroba, SeZenili da istoriu-

lad ganmtkicebuli funqcia (Tanafunqcia) _ unaxaoba,

TurmeobiToba~. Mmkvlevari gaxazavs, rom rom `perfeqtis

bazaze unaxaobis modelis aRmoceneba, rac dasturdeba

sxvadasxva jgufis enebSi, kanonzomieri faqtia, is erTgva-

ri universaliaa~ (arabuli 1984: 139-149).

analogiur mosazrebas warmoadgens n. sumbaTova sva-

nuri pereqtuli droebis Sesaxeb:

`sazogadod meoreuli posesiuri rezultativebi xSi-

rad gardaiqmneba perfeqtis gardamaval formebad, sruli-

ad mosalodnelia, rom svanuri perfeqti warmoiSva analo-

giurad~ (Сумбатова 2007: 336), Tumca Tavad unaxaobis aqtis

Sesaxeb mkvlevari arafers ambobs. es arc iyo mosalodne-

li, radgan umwerlobo enaSi raime gramatikuli movlenis

daTariReba (miT ufro, araqarTulenovani mkvlevrisTvis)

miaxloebiTac Znelia.

qarTvelur enebSi evidencialobis ucxo enis gavle-

niT Camoyalibebis Teorias aseve marTebulad ar iziarebs

m. tofaZe; misi azriT, evidencialuri formebi ukve Zvel

qarTulSi, marTalia, SedarebiT iSviaTad, magram mainc

gvxvdeba, Turqulis gavlenis SesaZlebloba ki, istoriis

gaTvaliswinebiT, mxolod XI saukunidan iqneboda mosa-

lodneli (Topadze Gäumann 2008: 95). saanalizo sakiTxze amave azrisaa l. joansoni, ro-

melmac araerTi seriozuli gamokvleva uZRvna rogorc, sa-

zogadod, Turqul da bulgarul enaTa sakiTxebs, aseve sa-

kuTriv evidencialobis problemas. misi mosazrebis mixed-

viT, ùgunureba iqneboda imis Tqma, rom evidencialoba

qarTuli enisa, romelic kavkasiis teritoriaze Turqula-

36

mde didi xniT adre arsebobda, Camoyalibda Turqulis ga-

vleniT~ (Johanson 1999: 248). movlenis arealuroba (Turquli enebi, kavkasiuri ene-

bi), Cveni azriT, ar gamoricxavs ama Tu im enaSi kategori-

is damoukideblad ganviTarebas (vfiqrobT, igive igulis-

xmeba ucxoeli kolegebis gamonaTqvamebSic). magaliTad,

bulgarulSi Tavis droze evidencialoba Turqulis grama-

tikul kalkad iTvleboda, Semdeg etapze gamoiTqva mecnie-

rulad dausabuTebeli mosazrebacY (Бородич, 1963) eviden-cialebis arsebobis Sesaxeb jer kidev Zvel bulgarul

enaSi (Zvel slavurSi), xolo dRes, istoriul-SedarebiTi

kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, dadasturebulia, rom

`Turquli ena SeiZleba mxolod da mxolod ganixilebodes

rogorc katalizatori im procesebisa, romlebic viTarde-

boda bulgaruli zmnis sistemaSi~ (Ницолова 2007: 129); Cveni azriT, msgavsi viTareba unda iyos qarTvelur

enebSic: mas Semdeg, rac saliteraturo enam zogierTi

mwkrivis (ZiriTadad, xolmeobiTisa da perfeqtuli droe-

bis) funqciuri gamoyenebiT (aseve sintaqsurad _ sxvaTa si-

tyva) evidencialobas gza gauxsna, umwerlobo enam grama-

tikulad ufro srulad da organulad ganaviTara es kate-

goria _ svanurSi morfemis (-en-) doneze Camoyalibda ùna-

xaoba~ perfeqtul formebSi (aRarafers vambobT I seriis

TurmeobiTebze!); rogorc cnobilia, perfeqti orgvaria: na-

xuli da unaxavi; es ukanaskneli evropuli enebisTvis ar

aris damaxasiaTebeli, qarTul saliteraturo enaSi ki

orive tipi (naxulic da unaxavic) erTi da imave formebiT

gadmoicema da vrcel konteqstzea damokidebuli, procesis

unaxaoba unda vigulisxmoT, Tu _ ara: `perfeqti naxulia,

roca mosaubre rogorc moqmedebis, ise Sedegis mowmea

(Sdr. svanuri upreverbo, oden a’sufiqsiani I SedegobiTi:

x-í-m-a _ ùWamia~ = `naWami aqvs~ _ q. m.), magram, roca moqme-

debaze warmodgena iqmneba aposteriorulad _ misgan dato-

vebuli kvalis, Sedegis mixedviT, perfeqti unaxavi gamodis

37

(Sdr. svanuri upreverbo, -en-a’sufiqsiani I SedegobiTi: x-a-

m-ën-a _ `[Turme] uWamia~ = `naWami hqonia~; preverbiani I Se-

degobiTi: lo-x-mam-a `[Turme] SeuWamia~ _ q. m.); amdenad, aS-

karaa, rom unaxaoba, TurmeobiToba perfeqtuli mniSvnelo-

bis nayaria~ (arabuli 1984: 140).

svanur enaSi aseve Camoyalibda epistemikuri mniSvne-

lobis perfeqtuli formebi _ pirobiT-SedegobiTebi, ris-

Tvisac monacemi, savaraudod, ukve arsebobda inferenciu-

li awmyos (resp. myofadusrulis) saxiT, romelic, Cveni az-

riT, enis ganviTarebis adreul (preverbis gaCenamde) sta-

dias ganekuTvneba da romlis calsaxad epistemikuri seman-

tika metyvelebs imaze, rom is neitraluri awmyos opozi-

ciaa; ufro metic, inferenciuli forma moepoveba statikur

zmnasac: xoОra (ùweria is mas, misTvis aris dawerili~) _

xeОri (èwereba = iqneb/albaT uweria is mas~), xaxtaæa

(àxatia~) _ xextрæi (èxateba = albaT axatia~), xкg (àd-

gas~) _ xegni (àlbaT adgas~); xatæar /xatæra (ànTia~) _

xetæri (àlbaT anTia~); g. maWavrianic SeniSnavs, rom

`gamoricxuli ar aris SesaZlebloba, usruli myofadis

formebi svanurSi Tavdapirvelad statikur zmnebs ganevi-

TarebinaT, xolo Semdeg maTi analogiiT _ dinamikur

zmnebsac~ (maWavariani 1974: 139); rac Seexeba dinamikur

zmnebSi epistemikuri mniSvnelobis formebs, Cven mier evi-

dencialobis afiqsad miCneuli un’is (ix. $18) arqaulobas

mkvlevaric varaudobs: `safiqrebelia, -un || -in (< -en) su-

fiqsebi warmoSobiT awmyos fuZis sawarmoebeli formante-

bi iyvnen. kauzativis -un || -en (>-in) sufiqsebic amave warmo-

Sobisa Canan~ (maWavariani, iqve). Ees mosazreba amyarebs

Cvens Teorias imis Sesaxeb, rom aRniSnuli afiqsi uZvele-

sia; is funqciaTa mixedviT gadanawilda uZveles droSi;

enis ganviTarebis adreul safexurzeve misi erT-erTi fun-

qcia evidencialoba (inferenciuloba) iyo, radgan amgvari

semantikuri opozicia statikur zmnebSi ukve arsebobda.

Sesabamisad, vTvliT, rom evidencialobis ganviTare-

38

bis gza qarTvelur enaTa sistemaSi da, miT ufro, maT So-

ris arqaulobiT gamorCeul udamwerlobo enaSi, Sinagani

tendenciebiT aixsneba da ara ucxo enis gavleniT an sxva

garegani faqtorebiT.

rogorc kvlevam aCvena (romlis Sedegebic winamdeba-

re naSromSia asaxuli), svanuri, iseve, rogorc danarCeni

qarTveluri enebi (qarTuli, megrul-Wanuri) miekuTvneba im

enaTa ricxvs, romlebSic evidencialobis kategoriis mniS-

vnelobebi TavianT gamoxatulebas poveben rogorc morfo-

logiaSi, ise sintaqsSi: TiToeul enas aqvs e. w. moqmedebis

aqtis opoziciis (nanaxi an unaxavi moqmedebis) Sesabamisi

zmnuri dro-kiloTa formebi, svanursa da zanurSi ki, qar-

TulTan SedarebiT, mwkrivTa raodenoba metia da „met“

mwkrivebSi swored e. w. ùxilavobisa~ da sakuTriv infe-

renciulobis gamomxatveli mwkrivebi Sedis. amasTan, qar-

Tvelur enebSi „sxvaTa sityvis“ nawilakovani (i. CantlaZe)

sistemaa ganviTarebuli, romlis mixedviTac teqstis subi-

eqti (mTqmeli) Sesabamisi nawilakiT miuTiTebs, Tu romeli

piria wyaro mis mier gadmocemuli informaciisa _ I, II

Tu III.

svanurSi Warbadaa inferenciuli nawilakebic, romle-

bic, qarTul saliteraturo enasTan SedarebiT, am mimar-

TulebiT ufro meti niuansis gadmocemis resurss qmnian.A

SeiZleba iTqvas, svanurSi evidencialoba yvela (se-

mantikuri Tu gramatikuli) mimarTulebiT srulad ganvi-

Tarebuli kategoriaa, gamoxatvis morfologiuri, sintaq-

suri da leqsikuri saSualebebiT, rac enis ganviTarebis

Sinagani tendenciiT unda iyos gapirobebuli.

39

Tavi II

verbaluri evidencialoba svanurSi

m o r f o l o g i a

$8. I seriis TurmeobiTebi

rogorc Sesaval nawilSi aRvniSneT, mTqmelis mier

unaxavi, arapirdapir aRqmuli, gareSe wyarodan (III piri,

xmebi xalxSi, masmedia, folklori...) miRebuli informaci-

is gadmocema, anu informaciis verbaluroba iribi eviden-

cialobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi qvesaxeobaa, romelsac zogad

lingvistikaSi mediativis saxeliTac moixsenieben.

specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom èvidenci-

aloba, am sityvis farTo gagebiT, aris teqstis kategoria,

zmnis evidenciloba ki mxolod erT-erTi saSualebaa, Tum-

ca ki _ centraluri, mis gamosaxatavad~ (Ницолова 2007: 122). svanur enas, romlis zmnac mwkrivTa simdidriTa da

gansakuTrebuli semantikuri moqnilobiT gamoirCeva, ara-

erTi organuli forma moepoveba informaciis verbaluro-

bis aRsaniSnavad, maT Soris qarTuli saliteraturo enis-

gan gansxvavebuli dro-kiloTa formebic; `qarTul-megrul

zmnasTan SedarebiT svanuri zmna ufro rTulia~, _ aRniS-

navs v. Tofuria, _ ukanasknels meti gaaCnia subieqturi in-

kluzivisa da obieqturi eqskluzivis formebi, myofad-us-

ruli da -sruli, TurmeobiTi I da II (Tofuria 1967: 18).

`TurmeobiTebi~ mwkrivebs moqmedebis unaxaobis seman-

tikis safuZvelze daerqva. unaxavi moqmedebis Sesaxeb in-

formacia ki mTqmels, cxadia, imisgan eqneba, vinc Seatyobi-

na, anu informaciis am formebiT gadmocemisas mTqmelis-

Tvis wyaro verbaloba iqneba. Sesabamisad, nebismieri saxis

`TurmeobiTis~ erT-erTi daniSnuleba teqstis informaciu-

40

lobis TvalsazrisiT analizisas verbaloba aRmoCndeba

(Tumca garkveul viTarebaSi inferenciulobasac gamoxata-

ven).

v. Tofuria `Turmes~ gagebis Semcvel oTx mwkrivs

gamoyofs svanurSi: qarTuli I da II TurmeobiTis badal

mwkrivebs _ namyosrulsa da namyo winarewarsuls (resp. re-zultatiuri I da II; SedegobiTi I da II) III seriaSi ganixi-

lavs, xolo specifikur, sakuTriv svanur I da II Turmeo-

biTs, maTi fuZidan gamomdinare, _ I seriaSi. a. oniani am

ukanasknelT, erT-erTi arsebuli Sexedulebis Sesabamisad

(g. rogava, z. WumburiZe), IV seriis saxiT gamoyofs (oniani

1998: 205), z. WumburiZe ki mogvianebiT SeniSnavs, rom es sa-

kiTxi jerjerobiT Seuswavlelia (WumburiZe 2007: 155). Cven

varCevT, termini TurmeobiTi gamoviyenoT mxolod I seriis

iribevidencialuri formebisaTvis, III seriaSi ki qarTuli

TurmeobiTebis Sesabamis mwkrivebs mxolod SedegobiTe-

bad movixseniebT; amis safuZvels iZleva maTi (III seriis

mwkrivTa) perfeqtuloba-rezultatiuroba da zog SemTxve-

vaSi (upreverbo oden a’sufiqsiani formebi) pirdapireviden-

cialuri (araTurmeobiTi) semantika. amasTanave, ase Tavs

avaridebT im sirTules, romelsac erTi da imave terminis

sxvadasxva seriaSi gamoyeneba qmnis da saqmes gavumarti-

vebT yvelas, vinc svanuri enis SeswavliT sagangebod aris

dainteresebuli.

sakiTxis ukeT gasaSuqeblad, vfiqrobT, saanalizo

formebis morfonologiac (tradiciulic da Cven mier

SemoTavazebulic) unda warmovadginoT; svanur enaSi I

TurmeobiTis forma Sedgeba awmyos sazedao qceva + bal-

sqvemourSi -ÖÍ-À, balszemour-qvemosvanurSi -ÉÍ-À sufiqsebi-

sagan. iTargmneba `Turme~ nawilakiani namyousrulis for-

miT:

41

áðÁÌÉÍÀ (bz.), áðÁÌÖÍÀ (bq.) _ àbamda /ubamda3 Turme is

mas mas~. áðÂÌÉÍÀ (bz.) áðÂÌÖÍÀ (bq.) _ àSenebda (zed) /uSenebda

Turme is mas mas~.

-ÉÍÀ, -ÖÍÀ sufiqsebis Tavkiduri xmovani SesaZlebelia

SeikumSos:

áÀÃÂðÒ-Í-À (bz.), áÀÃÂÀÒ-æÍ-À || áÀÃÂÀÒ-Í-À (bq.) àklavda

(zed) /uklavda Turme is mas mas~;

amis gamo v. Tofuria fiqrobs, rom -ÉÍÀ, -ÖÍÀ bolo-

sarTebi SeiZleba daiSalos -ÉÍ-À, -ÖÍ-À elementebad, sadac

-À SesaZloa namyo drois mawarmoebeli iyos. -ÖÍ- da -ÉÍ

elementebis Sesaxeb ki aRniSnavs, rom, vinaidan -ÉÍ- wina

xmovans aumlautebs (bz. áÀÌóÒ-ÉÍ-À „umzadebda Turme“,

áÀÔóÁ-ÉÍ-À ùTlida, aTlida Turme~), -ÖÍ- ki am mxriv uZlu-

ria (bq. áÀÌÀÒ-ÖÍ-À, áÀÔÀÁ-ÖÍ-À), isini erTmaneTis nasubstitu-

cievad ver CaiTvlebian; sakiTxs am sufiqsTa warmomavlo-

bis Sesaxeb (sxvadasxva amosavlidan momdinareoben isini

Tu erTi formantis sxvadasxva saxes warmoadgenen) mkvle-

vari Riad tovebs (Tofuria 1967: 130-132).

gansakuTrebiT Taviseburi Sedgenilobisaa II Turmeo-

biTis formebi: Ëé + ÌÀ + awmyos fuZe + ÖÍ-Ä. semantikurad

am mwkrivs ufro zustad gamoxatavs qarTulis dasavlur

dialeqtebSi da megrulSi dadasturebuli forma _ ÍÀ-

prefiqsiani mimReoba + meSveli zmna: ËéÌÂóÌтÍ ËÉ, ËéÌÂóÌÉÍ

ËÉ (bz.), ËéÌÂÄÌÍÄ ËÉ / ЛéМВДМ{æ}ЙН (bq.) _ àSenebda Turme =

na-Seneb-a~ (Sdr. megr. Nno-War-u-e(n) < *no-War-u-ore(n) „wer-

da Turme“).

am mwkrivis warmoebisas prefiqsebi yovelTvis warmo-

dgenilia, Ëé- xSirad kumSavs momdevno formants: -ÌÀ- > -Ì-

3 sazedao (x-р-Оr-i “awers”) da sasxviso (x-o-Оr-i „uwers“) qcevis

zmnebs I TurmeobiTSi erTi da igive forma (bz.: x-р-Оr-in-a /bq.: x-р-Оr-un-a („awerda /uwerda Turme“) Seesabameba, sasxviso qcevis niSani aRar Cans da, amdenad, qcevis garkveva mxolod konteqstiT aris SesaZlebeli.

42

(es ukanaskneli yovelTvis daculia lentexurSi: ËéÌÀÂÄÌ

ËÉ àSenebda Turme~; zogjer sxva dialeqtebSic: bz.

ËéÌóÆ, bq. ËéÌðÆ `midioda Turme, minavala~).

rac Seexeba sufiqss -ÖÍ-Ä, masSi -Ä xSiradaa mokveci-

li da amitomac wina xmovani gaumlautebulia (-ÖÍ-Ä > -тÍ),

an SekumSulia (-ÖÍ-Ä > -æÍ-Ä); fonetikur niadagze es for-

manti icvleba -æÉÍ-ad, zogjer bilabialobas kargavs da

gvevlineba -ÉÍ-ad (-ÖÍ-Ä > -тÍ > æÉÍ > -ÉÍ); -Ä mokvecili

formebi III pirSi xSirad meSveli zmnis gareSea:

Ëé-Ìé-ÃÀÂÒ-ÖÍ-Ä ËÉ > Ëé-Ì-ÃÀÂÒ-òÍ > Ëé-Ì-ÃÀÂÒ-ÉÍ _

`klavda Turme, naklava is mas~;

Ëé-Ì-âÀÍ-æÉÍ || Ëé-Ì-âÀÍ-ÉÍ _ `xnavda Turme, naxnava is

mas~;

Ëé-Ì-ÌêÒ-æÉÍ || Ëé-Ì-ÌêÒ-ÉÍ _ àmzadebda Turme, namzade-

ba is mas~;

aseve, SekumSul -ÖÍ-Ä > æÍ-Ä formantSi fonetikur ni-

adagze Tu daikarga -æ-, maSin meSveli zmnis win sufiqsad

rCeba -ÍÄ: Ëé-Ì-âÀÍ-ÍÄ ËÉ (bq.). -ÖÍ-Ä’Ó adgilas SeiZleba Se-

gvxvdes mxolod -Ä’c (gansakuTrebiT balsqvemourSi):

ËéÌðÒÃ-Ä-ËÉ, ËéÌðÒ-Ä-ËÉ `yofila~...

-ÖÍ-Ä (-æÍ-Ä || -Í-Ä, -òÍ || -æÉÍ || -ÉÍ) sufiqsi xSirad ar

moudis -óË (bz.) /-ðË (bq.) da -ÉëË (bz.) /-ÉÄË (bq.) elementian

zmnebs (zogierT sxvasac) zemosvanurSi:

ËéÌÙÉÒól (bz), ËéÌÙÉÒðË (bq.) _ `mReroda Turme~;

ËéÌéÒÁОëË (bz.), ËéÌéÒÁðË (bq.) _ àcxobda Turme~;

ËéÌÆæÄÁ | ËéÌÆПÁÉÍ (bz.), ËéÌÆÄÁ || ËéÌÆÄÁÉÍ (bq.) `Wamda

Turme~ (Tofuria 1967: 130)...

v. Tofuria II TurmeobiTis afiqsebSi (Ëé- + ÌÀ-... + ...

-ÖÍ-Ä) Ëé-‘s namyos mimReobiseul prefiqsTan aigivebs. amis

safuZvels mas aZlevs aRweriT formaTa (Ëé-Â-Ä ËÉ àSene-

bulia~, Ëé-áæÒÄË-Ä ËÉ àkrefilia, Segrovebulia~...) maxa-

siaTeblebis gamovlena saanalizo masalaSi: 1. -e bolosar-

43

Ti; 2. meSveli zmna; 3. ÀÍ-, ÄÓ-, ËÀ- ZiriTadi preverbebi:

ÀËÌóÆ (bz.) ÏËÌðÆ (bq.) <*ÀÍ-ËéÌóÆ _ `modioda Turme,

monavala~.

ÄËÌóÆ (bz.) ÏËÌðÆ (bq.) _ `midioda Turme, minavala~...

TurmeobiTTa Soris, Sedgenilobis mxriv didi gan-

sxvavebis miuxedavad, bevria saerTo:

1) orive formiT gadmoicema unaxavi aqti,

sxvisgan gagonili ambavi;

2) orive mwkrivi iyenebs awmyos fuZes _ fuZe-

monacvle defeqtur zmnaTa -ÄÌ, -ÄÒ, -ëÓÂÉ awmyoseuli dabo-

loebani swored aq aRdgeba:

awmyo: ÃëÓÂÉ (bz.), ðÃÉÓÂ (bq.) _ `debs~;

aoristi: ÄÓÃÄ (zs.) _ `dado~;

Turm. I: áÀÃëÓÂæÍÀ (bz.), áðÃÉÓÂæÍÀ (bq.) _ àdebda, udeb-

da Turme~;

Turm. II: ËéÌÃóÓÂæÉÍ (bz.), ËéÌÃÉÓÂæÉÍ (bq.) _ `debda

Turme~;

(SevniSnavT, rom semantikuri gansxvaveba I seriis Turmeobi-

Tebs Soris mxolod qcevaSia: I TurmeobiTi sazedao an

sasxviso qcevas gamoxatavs, II TurmeobiTi ki _ saarvi-

sos. _ q. m.).

`vnebiTi gvaris TurmeobiTi I da II moqmedebiTis

TurmeobiTisagan mxolod -íË/-ÏË formantiT gansxvavde-

ba, romelic CaerTvis zmnis fuZesa da TurmeobiTis ni-

Sans Soris~: ËéÌÂðÌíËÉÍ || ËéÌÂíËÉÍ (bz.), ËéÌÂÄÌÏËÍÄ ËÉ ||

ËéÌÂÏËÉÍ (bq.) `Sendeboda Turme~, magram es formanti

gvxvdeba sxva mwkrivebSic, amitom v. Tofurias igi vnebi-

Tis erT-erT mawarmoeblad miaCnia, Tumca iqve SeniSnavs,

rom Ä-s Semcvel fuZeebSi, sadac TurmeobiTis niSani

(*-ÖÍ-Ä > 1. -æÉÍ > -ÉÍ da 2. -ÍÄ) uSualod daerTvis balsze-

mourSi, xolo -ÏË/-íË-is CarTviT balsqvemoursa da

laSxurSi gvaqvs ËéÌÔðáæÉÍ (bz.), ËéÌÔÄáÏËÉÍ (bq.), vnebi-

Tobas fuZiseuli -Ä- gamoxatavs, -ÏË-/-íË- ki gviandeli

`keTilSenaZeni~ mawarmoebeli (xazi Cvenia _ q. m.) unda

44

iyos~ (Tofuria 1967: 193).

mkvlevari II TurmeobiTis mawarmoebelTa genezisTan

mimarTebiT aRniSnavs, rom ÌÀ-, -ÖÍ- afiqsTa funqcia sarkve-

via (Tofuria 1967: 135).

saanalizo mwkrivs qarTul uRlebaSi zusti semanti-

kuri Sesatyvisi ar moepoveba, aRweriTad ki misi badali

iqneba namyousruli + `Turme~, romelic, Cveulebriv, daus-

rulebel, gangrZobiT moqmedebas an mdgomareobas gamoxa-

tavs. amdenad, es mwkrivi, miuxedavad gardamavloba-garda-

uvlobisa Tu zmnis semantikisa (moqmedebas gamoxatavs Tu

mdgomareobas), asaxavs process warsulSi, aCvenebs dinami-

kas, aqtivobas: werda Tu iwereboda _ orive procesia, ro-

melic ar dasrulebula, ijda’c procesia, Tu SeiZleba iT-

qvas, mdgomareoba dinamikaSi... Cveni azriT, swored am aqti-

vobas, dinamikas asaxavs -Ìé- (<-ÌÀ-) prefiqsi svanuris II

TurmeobiTSi, romelic, savaraudod, agreTve mimReoburia,

kerZod sasubieqto mimReobisa. v. Tofuria aRniSnavs, rom

Ìé- _ -Ä formantebi namyos mimReobaSi zogjer Ëé- _ -Ä’s enacvleba:

ËÖ-ÔæðÒ || Ëé-ÔæÒ-Ä = ÌÖ-ÔæðÒ ànTebuli~;

Ëé-JÒ-Ä = Ìé-JÉÒ `sveli~... (Tofuria 1967: 221).

a.oniani namyos mimReobis formantebs Soris moixseniebs Ìé-, Ìé- _ -Ä afiqsebs, romlebTanac Tavisuflad mo-

nacvleobs Ëé-:

Ìé-ãðÁ || Ëé-ãðÁ `moxarSuli~

Ìé-ÔÚðÁ || Ëé-ÔÚÁÄ `Semwvari~

Ìé-à-Ä || Ëé-à-Ä `gamomcxvari~... (oniani 1998: 269).

vfiqrobT, am afiqsTa funqcia mimReobebSi mxolod

drois asaxva ar unda iyos; isini erTmaneTs ubralod ki

ar enacvlebian (Tumca tendencia maTi gaerTmniSvnelianebi-

sa marTlac Zlieria), aramed aqtiv-pasivis niuanss afiqsi-

reben sxvadasxvagvarad:

45

Ëé-ÊÒ-Ä _ `{ga}Rebuli~ (vinmesgan), ÌéÊðÒ _ `Ria~:

Ëé-JÒ-Ä `dasvelebuli~, Ìé-JÉÒ `sveli~;

Ëé-ÍðÚ || Ëé-ÍÚÄ _ `{gamo}cxobili~, Ìé-ÍðÚ _

`{gamo}mcxvari~;

Ëé-àÄ _ `{gamo}cxobili, gamoSrobili~, Ìé-àÄ _

`{gamo}mcxvari~...

mékрr yorisga4 cicæd laОskine _ `Ria karSi kata

Semoxta~ (`katam {Semo}iskupa~) Sdr.:

yor Culékre 5 (/mékрr ) deS mad, ejji cicæd la-

iskine _ `kari gaRebuli ver mqonda, ise kata Semoxta~;

méJir gimJi liyænрl mara maæin xar _ `svel miwa-

ze {da}wola kacs avnebs (`mavne aqvs~) ~ Sdr.:

uCxas gim CuléJre (/CuméJir) deS xar _ `wvimas mi-wa dasvelebuli vera aqvs~...

specialur literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba,

rom „m- TavsarTiT nawarmoebi mimReoba yovelTvis sasubie-

qtoa (calke dgas inversiuli zmnebi) da gardauvali

zmnidan iwarmoeba“ (osiZe 1957: 188-193); Cveni azriT, Ì’ian

4 xazgasma aqac da sxvaganac, rogorc svanur, ise qarTul na-wilSi, gamoyenebulia saanalizo kuTxiT saintereso urTi-erTSesabamisi formebisTvis.

5 zmniswinebi (Ji, Cu, sga, qa), romelTac v. Tofuriam `windebul-

Tandebulebi~ uwoda, svanuri teqstebis adrindel publikaciebSi TanxmovniT dawyebul fuZeebTan yvelgan gamocalkevebulia (Ji lizi àsvla~, Ji Réri à-va~, Cu Syedni `Camo-vardeba~); mxolod

`kodorul qronikebSi~ (2010 w.) SevcvaleT amgvari marTlwera (zmniswini zmnasTanac da saxelzmnasTanac SevaerTeT) Semdegi mo-sazrebiT: zmniswini xSirad mniSvnelobas ucvlis zmnur leqsemas da misi calke gamoyofis SemTxvevaSi es semantika iCrdileba

(Sdr. Syedni `vardeba~, magram Cu Syedni `Camovardeba~), rac saZieblebsa Tu leqsikonebSic aisaxeba. winamdebare wignSi adreuli gamocemebidan citirebul

masalasTan daculia tradiciuli marTlwera (zmniswini fuZisgan gamoyofilia), xolo `kodoruli qronikebidan~ da zepiri metyve-lebidan moxmobil ilustraciebSi zmniswini SeerTebulia zmnasTan.

46

mimReobebs is zmnebi Seesabameba, `romelTa subieqti TviT-

moqmedia, TviTmoZravia, misi moqmedeba ukumimarTulebisaa,

ukuqceviTia~ (d. meliqiSvili), magram mxolod semantiku-

rad; gramatikulad isini gardauvali zmnebia da nominatiu-

ri konstruqciisa, Tumca es Ìé-s funqcias eWvqveS ver aye-

nebs _ vinaidan TurmeobiTi II nebismier SemTxvevaSi pro-

cess, dinamikas gulisxmobs, mwkrivSi damkvidrda -Ìé- (<-ÌÀ-) afiqsi, romlis funqciac dinamikis, aqtivobis asaxvaa (na-

mimReobari leqsema msge-c ki, romelic TiTqos pasiuri

unda iyos, `Zes~, `memkvidres~ niSnavs, aqtivobas moicavs se-

mantikaSi _ ìs, vinc `kvidrobas~ izams, sg-ir‘s, anu Ziri-

Tad saxls, keras gaamagrebs da gaagrZelebs~...).

specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom statikur

zmnebSi SinaarsiT meSvelzmniani formebi (`vzivar~) umeS-

velzmno formebs (`vzi~) upirispirdebian statusis katego-

riis mixedviT. marTalia, orive rigis forma vzi _ vzivar

mdgomareobas gamoxatavs, magram meore formaSi var meSve-

li zmnis darTvam, ase vTqvaT, statikur vzi formas mobi-

luri Sinaarsi SesZina. amasTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZleba

ar gagvaxsendes, rom wyvetilis ijda, idga formebi (Zv.

jda, dga) dRes gamoxataven ara aoristis gagebas (sadac

aqtiuroba, dinamika miCqmalulia), aramed uwyvetlis Sina-

arss, romelSic dinamika, moqmedebis procesi xelSesaxebia;

qarTulSi àqtivis konversiuli konstruqciis zmnebi, rom-

lebic pasivad iwodebian, evropul enaTa pasivisagan gan-

sxvavdebian imiT, rom maTi gramatikuli subieqti (igive aq-

tivis pirdapiri obieqti) xSirad moqmedebis agensia (rea-

lurad moqmedi piria) da ara paciensi (anu moqmedebis, vne-

bis ganmcdeli)~ [meliqiSvili 2001: 177].

swored es aspeqtia win wamoweuli svanuris II Turme-

obiTSi, amitomac gardauvali zmnebic, gardamavlebis kva-

lobaze, agenss imave Ìé- (< ma-) prefiqsiT afiqsireben; svanu-

ri enis (iseve, rogorc qarTulis) uwyvetelSi aqtivoba,

dinamika mudam sufiqsiTaa gamoxatuli, magram II Turmeo-

47

biTs (romelic analizuria) dinamikurobasTan erTad unaxa-

obac unda gamoexata, risTvisac man sufiqsacia gamoiyena,

xolo aqtivobis, dinamikurobis gamosaxatavad (semantiki-

dan gamomdinare) -m{é}- (<-ma-) prefiqsi daurTo ara mxolod

gardamaval, aramed gardauval zmnebsac:

Ëé-Ì-ÛÉá-æ-ÉÍ-áæÉ `vwvavdi Turme~, Ëé-Ì-ÛÉá-íË-ÉÍ-áæÉ

`{da}viwvodi Turme~, Ëé-Ì-ÓÂÖÒ-ÏË-ÍÄ áæÉ `vjdebodi Tur-

me~, Ëé-Ì-ÓÂæÉÒ áæÉ `vijeqi Turme~.

Sdr. III seriis brunvaucvlelobieqtian absolutur

zmnaTa namyosrulis forma, romelic aseve aRweriTia da

mimReoburi: ÀËÛÉáëËÉ (<*ÀÍ-Ëé-ÛÉá-Ä ËÉ) `damwvara~,

ÄËÓÉÐëËÉ (< *ÄÓ-Ëé-ÓÉÐ-Ä ËÉ) `gadaqceula~; rogorc vxe-

davT, am formebSi Ìé- prefiqsi ar figurirebs, rac, albaT,

imiT aixsneba, rom isini process ki ara, Sedegs gadmosce-

men, amitomac maaqtivebeli afiqsi saWiro aRaraa!

-ÖÍ-Ä sufiqsis Sesaxeb gardamaval zmnebSi v. Tofuria

samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom -Ä ar unda iyos -ÖÍ- elemen-

tis kuTvnileba, rac iqidanac Cans, rom igi -ÖÍ-is gareSec

SeiZleba zmnaSi gvqondes: Ëé-Ìé-ÒÃ-ë/-ËÉ (bz.) Ëé-Ìð-ÒÃ-Ä-

ËÉ (bq.) `yofila, namyofa~. Ä-s mokvecis Sedegad gaumlaute-

bulia bolo xmovani zogierT zmnaSi: Ëé-ÌÆÄËóË `dadioda

Turme~, Ëé-ÌÙÉÒóË `mReroda Turme~... (Tofuria 1967: 134).

Cveni azriT, unaxaobis formebSi gamovlenili -ÖÍ-/-

in- sufiqsi (romelic, vfiqrobT, uZvelesi morfemis tran-

sformirebuli saxea, razedac ufro dawvrilebiT qvemoT

warmovadgenT Cvens mosazrebebs) mxolod materialurad

rodi emTxveva svanurSi inferenciuli awmyos, tradiciu-

lad _ myofadusrulis (À/ÉÌкÒ-ÖÍÉ àlbaT amzadebs/amzadeb-

des iqneba~, À/ÉËêÛÖÍÉ àlbaT Tesavs/iTesavs~; `Tesavdes iq-

neba~), pirobiTisa (áæ-É-ÁÌ-ÖÍ-É-ÃðÓ / áæ-É-ÁÌ-тÍ / áæ-É-ÁÌ-ÖÍ

àlbaT, SesaZloa, vabamdi; rom /Tu meba me is~, ÉÂÌ-ÖÍ-íl

àlbaT, SesaZloa aSenebda /rom eSenebina~...) da I Turmeobi-

Tis [áðÂÌ-ÉÍ-À < *áðÂÌ-тÍ-À / áðÂÌ-ÖÍ-À ùSenebda / aSenebda

(zed) Turme~...] sufiqss! aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi zmnuri

48

formebiT gamoxatulia erTgvari distancia mTqmelsa da

naTqvams Soris, vinaidan informacia mTqmelisTvis aris an

sxvisgan miRebuli, an mis mier navaraudevi: a) kvalis

mixedviT _ am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba ùnaxaobis~ formebi

(zs. á-ð-ÎÒ-Í-À < *á-ð-ÎÒ-æÍ-À / á-ð-ÎÒ-ÖÍ-À àwerda / uwerda

Turme~, bz. ËéÌìÒ-Í-Ä-ËÉ < ËéÌéÉÒÍÄËÉ | ËéÌìÒ-æЙÍ, bq.

ËéÌÉÎÒæÉÍ < Ëé-Ìé-ÉÒ-æÉÍ, /ËéÌéÎÒ-ÖÍ-Ä-ËÉ `werda Turme~),

informacia inferenciulia, magram ara _ epistemikuri; b)

zogadi, istoriuli fonuri codnis mixedviT _ aseT

SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba sakuTriv inferenciuli mwkrivebi

(bz. ð-ÎÒ-ÖН-Й, bq. Й-ÎÒ-ÖН-Й àlbaT wers~, ð-ÎÒ-ÖÍ-íË, É-ÎÒ-

un-iæ àlbaT werda~) da informacia epistemikur

mniSvnelobas atarebs6; vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli arqauli sufiqsis fesvebi mainc

saZiebelia, dResdReobiT ki mniSvnelobebi, romelTac es

sufiqsi aniWebs sxvadasxva mwkrivs, evidencialobaSi erTi-

andeba _ I da II TurmeobiTis semantikaSi is mTqmelis mier

movlenis unaxaobas da informaciis evidencialurobas

(verbalurobas an inferenciulobas)Yafiqsirebs, danarCen

(myofadi, pirobiTi) mwkrivebSi ki _ teqstis subieqtis

fonuri codnis safuZvelze gamotanil savaraudo daskvnas

an msjelobas movlenis (moqmedebis) Sesaxeb.

amrigad, yvela CamoTvlil SemTxvevaSi (TurmeobiTebi,

inferenciuli awmyo / resp. myofadusruli, pirobiTi) mTqme-

lis damokidebuleba naTqvamTan percefciis ararsebobas

6 SevniSnavT, rom svanurSi epistemikas yovelTvis inferencia

ganapirobebs, anu, Tu epistemikuria zmnis semantika, informaciis wyaro aucileblad inferenciaa (da ara verbaloba), magram inferencia yovelTvis epistemikur Sinaarss ar gulisxmobs (magaliTad, TurmeobiTebis SemTxvevaSi _ erTi unaxavi faqtiT meores vvaraudobT: `wasula~ askvnis mTqmeli, radgan manqana aRar dgas! _ igi faqts aRniSnavs, rogorc ueWvels). svanurSi erTmaneTs gamoricxaven epistemikuroba da unaxaoba (da ara sazogadod evidencialuroba da epistemikuroba; isini sakuTriv inferenciul mwkrivebSi erTmaneTs kveTen).

49

ukavSirdeba da informaciis irib wyaroze miuTiTebs; ami-

tomac vfiqrobT, rom aRniSnul formebSi -un- sufiqsi

(romlis funqciis garkveva specialur literaturaSi dRe-

mde gaurkvevelia), evidencialobis (farTo gagebiT) niSa-

nia. mTqmeli -un-iani formebis gamoyenebiT, ase vTqvaT, dis-

tanciaSi dgeba sakuTari naTqvamis namdvilobis mtkicebas-

Tan, mianiSnebs msmenels, rom Tavad ar aris informaciis

pirvelwyaro; sxvagvarad: mTqmeli zmnur formaSive àTav-

sebs~ informaciis Sesaxeb informacias, rom igi pirdapiri

aRqmis Sedegs ki ar gadmoscems, aramed _ sxvisgan gago-

nils an Tavis mier navaraudevs, magram ara ueWvels, ara

ìdealur codnas~ (s. delensis terminologiiT) movlenisa

Tu moqmedebis Sesaxeb; yvela gansaxilveli mwkrivi

upirobod, konteqstis moSveliebis gareSe gaxazavs an

`Turmes~, an saTuooba/savaraudoobis gagebas da amis piro-

bas, savaraudod, swored sufiqsi qmnis.

svanuri I da II TurmeobiTis semantikurad Sesatyvisi

formebi moepoveba megruls, romlebic ganixileboda ro-

gorc III seriis _ inversiuli TurmeobiTis _ formaTa va-

riantebi; SemdegSi g. rogavam, funqciuri TvalsazrisiT,

warmoebisa da sintaqsuri konstruqciis gaTvaliswinebiT,

isini awmyos jgufis formebTan daakavSira da IV seriad

gamoyo. es mwkrivebi (TurmeobiTi III da TurmeobiTi IV) age-

bulebiT aRweriTi xasiaTisaa da iwarmoeba -u xmovniT da-

boloebul fuZeebze no- prefiqsis, -e sufiqsisa da meSve-

li zmnis darTviT (yifSiZe 1994: 140-141; rogava 1953: 17-31;

margvelaSvili 1980: 43-48).

megruli no- prefiqsiani TurmeobiTis analogiuri

warmoeba dadasturebulia qarTuli enis dasavlur dialeq-

tebSi (nazomava, nawerava...) da varaudoben, rom na-‘prefiqsi-

ani formebi aq swored megrulis gavleniTaa damkvidrebu-

li (Ciqobava 2008: 155). rac Seexeba Wanurs, tradiciul spe-

cialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom „TurmeobiTebis

warmoebis mxriv ara marto qarTuli da megruli gansxvav-

deba erTmaneTisagan, gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan megruli-

50

ca da Wanuric“ (Ciqobava 2008: 155). Mm. Cuxua aRniSnavs, rom

aq mxedvelobaSi aqvT na-/no- warmoebis SemTxvevebi, romle-

bic lazurSi ar iyo dafiqsirebuli (Cuxua 2009: 273). r. Se-

rozias azriT, „megrulis no- prefiqsiani formebi gaCnda

mas Semdeg, rac megruli da Wanuri erTmaneTs daSorda“

(Serozia 2004: 86).

metad mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia is faqti, rom m. Cuxuam

J. diumezilis mier Caweril arqabul teqstebSi daadastu-

ra no- prefiqsiani TurmeobiTebi (no-Zic-u-doren „gaxumre-

bia Turme“, no-wur-u-e-n „aswavlida Turme “...), ris safuZ-

velzec wamoayena mosazreba, rom „arcAno- prefiqsiani

warmoebiT scildeba lazuri da megruli erTmaneTs. ufro

metic, na- prefiqsiani TurmeobiTebis rekonstruqcia unda

movaxdinoT saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enisTvisac, rasac la-

zuris monacemebic uWers mxars“ (Cuxua, iqve).

sabolood dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi, es Teoria sru-

liad gaaqarwylebs qarTvelur enebSi evidencialobis ga-

reSe enis gavleniT ganviTarebis Teorias, Tumca, vfiq-

robT, argumentacia isedac sakmarisadaa.

$9. I SedegobiTis saxeebi (preverbiani, upreverbo

oden -a‘sufiqsiani, upreverbo -en-a‘sufiqsiani)

da maTi distribucia evidencialobis mixedviT

evidencialobis TvalsazrisiT yvela qarTvelur ena-

Si III seria mniSvnelovan suraTs xatavs _ semantikurad aq

„Turmes“ gageba (ZiriTadad I TurmeobiTSi) yvelgan fiq-

sirdeba, inferencia (àlbaT~, ètyoba~...) ki _ mxolod um-

werlobo enebSi. gansxvavebulia warmoebac: „gardamaval

zmnaTa TurmeobiTi droebi WanurSi pirdapiri wyobisaa, me-

grulSi _ ZiriTadi tipi inversiuli wyobisa; inversiuli

wyobis TurmeobiTebi WanurSi mxolod naSTis saxiTRa moi-

poveba“ (Ciqobava 2008: 204).

saanalizo problema svanuri enis I SedegobiTSi gan-

51

sakuTrebiT specifikurad gamoiyureba, vinaidan aq, SeiZle-

ba iTqvas, ormagi dapirispirebaa evidencialobis Tvalsaz-

risiT TviT mwkrivis SigniT: erT mxaresaa pirdapireviden-

cialuri oden -a‘sufiqsiani upreverbo eqsperienciuli

formebi, meore mxares ki _ iribevidencialuri (unaxaobis)

-en-a‘sufiqsiani upreverbo da aseve iribevidencialuri

(unaxaobis) preverbiani zmnebi. maSasadame, ara marto mwkri-

vis SigniT mogvepoveba opozicia pirdapirevidencialuri :

iribevidencialuri, aramed TviT mwkrivis upreverbo (usru-

li) saxeobis SigniTac.

rogorc cnobilia, I SedegobiTis (resp. I rezultatiu-

ri; namyosruli) erT-erTi funqciaa unaxaoba, `TurmeobiTo-

ba~; amitomac saWirod miviCnevT, met-naklebad gadavxedoT

mas formobrivadac.

damkvidrebulia mosazreba, rom svanurSi III seri-

is TurmeobiTebi semantikurad Seesabameba qarTulis saTa-

nado mwkrivebs, warmoebiT ki sakmaod gansxvavdeba maTgan;

namyosrulis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi yvela zmnasTan

aris -a-: ÌÉÂ-À `miSenebia~, ðÌáÀÔæ-À `damixatavs~, ðÌìÒ-À /ðÌЙОÒ-

À `damiweria~, ðÌÈПÒ-À `Semiswavlia~...; a- prefiqsian gardau-

val da awmyos statikur formebs -a bolosarTis win xSi-

rad CaerTvis -ëÍ/-ÄÍ sufiqsi: áðÌÈØæÀ `sCvevia~ _ áð/ÀÌÈØæ-ëÍ-À / áðÌÈØæ-ДÍ-À `sCve-

v(eb)ia~ = `sCveoda Turme~;

áÀ×ÒÀ (bz.), áÀË×ÀÒÀ (zs.) àfaria~ _ áÀ×Ò-ëÍ-À/áÀË×ÀÒ-ë/ÄÍ-À `hfar(eb)ia~ = èfara Turme~;

es mwkrivi, Cveulebriv, meore seriis fuZes iyenebs,

zogjer ki pirveli seriisasac:

awmyo wyvetili namyosruli

àÚ

zs. ÉØæÈÄÒ ìparavs~ ðÃØæÉÈ `moipara~ áÏØæÈÀ

bq. áÏØæÉÈÀ/ áÏØæÈÄÒÀ

`mouparavs~ ÀØÜÄÍÉ `Wris~ ÀØðÜ `daWra~ áÏØÜÀ /áÏØÜÄÍÀ `dauWria~

52

cnobilia, rom `qarTul enaSi TurmeobiTis mwkrivebs

saxeli daerqva unaxaobis elementis mixedviT. am mwkrivTa

formebi gadmogvcemen iseT moqmedebebsac, romelTa Sedegi

Cans (an Canda) da am Sedegis mixedviT gaazrebulia TviT

moqmedeba. amitom maT Sedegobrivic (rezultatiuri) SeiZ-

leba vuwodoT~ (SaniZe 1973: 223).

maSasadame, TurmeobiTTa semantikaSi mniSvnelovani

elementia moqmedebis aqtis kategoria, romelic gviCvenebs,

naxa moubarma zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis procesi, Tu _

ara: `naxulis forma gadmogvcems pirdapir, uSualod mopo-

vebul cnobas moqmedebis Sesaxeb (pirdapiri evidencialoba

_ q. m.), unaxavisa ki iseTs, romelic ise momxdara, rom mou-

bari im dros iq ar yofila (iribi evidencialoba _ q. m.),

anda, Tu yofila da daswrebia, cnobiereba mainc ar hqo-

nia... amitom, Tu naxulis forma sazogadod cnobieria, sa-

magierod, unaxavis forma ucnobeli iqneba~ (SaniZe 1973:

211).

rogorc cnobilia, gardamavali zmnis I TurmeobiTi

qarTvelur enebSi emTxveva Sesabamisi statikuri zmnis aw-

myos:

stat. vn: anTia (qarT.) áÀáÔÀæÀ (svan.) àxatia~ Warun

(megr.) `weria~

I Turm.: aunTia áÏáÔÀæÀ `{da}uxatavs~ uWaruna

`{da}uweria~

Tumca, miuxedavad am mwkrivTa formobrivi msgavsebisa,

I TurmeobiTis (da saerTod III seriis nakvTebis) genezisis

Sesaxeb qarTvelologiaSi mosazrebebi araerTgvarovania;

akaki SaniZis azriT, Ì TurmeobiTi nawarmoebia sta-

tikuri vnebiTis sasxviso qcevis formiT, magram qcevis ga-

geba ara aqvs~ (SaniZe 1973: 435).

I TurmeobiTis statikur awmyosTan kavSiris sa-

kiTxs svamsAarnold Ciqobavac, Tumca aRniSnavs, `stati-

kuri vnebiTis adgili mainc garkvevas moiTxovso~-o (Ci-

53

qobava 1942: 139).

a. arabuli statikuri da perfeqtuli zmnebis da-

mTxvevas formaTganviTarebis Sedegad miiCnevs; misi azriT,

`statikuri zmnebi mcirericxovani jgufia imisTvis, rom

romelime nakvTs safuZvlad dasdeboda, maTgan SeiZleboda

mxolod modelis aReba, rac gamoyenebul iqna gardamaval

zmnaTa fuZeebis sawarmoeblad. statikuri zmnebis mode-

liT nawarmoebi I TurmeobiTis formebi daemTxveoda sta-

tikuri zmnis fuZes mxolod iq, sadac statikuri zmnis Se-

sabamisi gardamavali zmnis namyo-xolmeobiTis fuZe emTxve-

oda statikuri zmnis fuZes~. Camoyalibebadi nakvTis mier

warmoebis maincdamainc am konkretuli modelis sesxebas

ki mkvlevari imiT xsnis, rom ìs ukeTesad gadmoscemda Se-

degobiTobas, rezultatiurobas, Tanac, misiT yvelaze mci-

rericxovani jgufi sargeblobda~ (arabuli 1984: 3637).

d. meliqiSvili fiqrobs, rom `statikur zmnaTa inver-

siaqmnil formebSi isaxeba perfeqtuli Sinaarsis gageba da

dasabami eZleva perfeqtul droTa formebis ganviTarebas

qarTuli zmnis uRlebis sistemaSi. statikur zmnaTa inver-

siis Sedegad qarTuli zmnis uRlebis sistemaSi TandaTan

Camoyalibda dro-kiloTa sruliad axali jgufi, romelic

dRes III seriis saxeliTaa cnobili~ (meliqiSvili 2001: 23-24).

n. naTaZe I TurmeobiTis pirvandel mniSvnelobad àwmyo

srulis~ semantikas miiCnevs da mwkrivis sxva niuansebs Sem-

deg ganviTarebulad Tvlis. I TurmeobiTi qarTulSi xSirad

ar Seicavs `Turmes~ gagebas: ìseTi gamoTqmebi, rogoricaa

ès suraTi ginaxavs~? `moskovSi ar vyofilvar~, srulebiT

moklebulia TurmeobiTis gagebas da mxolod imas gamoxa-

tavs, rom zmniT aRniSnuli moqmedeba dasrulebulad iva-

raudeba am momentisaTvis~ (naTaZe 1955: 87). svanuri uRlebis SedegobiT I-Si (namyosruli) moqme-

debis aqtisadmi damokidebuleba gansxvavebulia zmniswinian

da uzmniswino formebSi. Tu qarTulSi ukrefia _ moukre-

fia, uSenebia _ auSenebia mxolod aspeqturi opoziciaa da

54

es formebi moqmedebis (movlenis) unaxaobas calsaxad, kon-teqstis gareSe, ar gulisxmoben (`Turmes~ gagebas garkve-

ul winadadebebSi ver inarCuneben), svanurSi sakiTxi sxvag-

varad dgas; brunvacvalebadsubieqtiani upreverbo zmnebi

or qvejgufs qmnian: a) qarTuliseburi warmoebisa, anu

oden -a’sufiqsanebi da b) -en-a sufiqsianebi; pirveli tipis

zmnebi mxolod eqsperienciulobas7 gamoxataven da maTs se-

mantikaSi unaxaoba gamoiricxeba: xodgara _ `{mo}uklavs

mas is~, xíma /xoma ùWamia mas is~ _ moqmedebas adgili hqo-

nia Tundac erTxel (an, negatiur winadadebaSi _ araso-

des), oRond es informacia mTqmelisTvis percefciis done-

zea cnobili. am formebs unaxaobis, iribi evidencialobis

gamoxatva mxolod da mxolod esnрr{i} `Turme~ nawilakTan

erTad, anu aRweriTad SeuZliaT iseve, rogorc, vTqvaT,

aorists an romelime sxva pirdapirevidencialur mwkrivs:

esnрr Cæadgрr `Turme mokla~...

magaliTad: winadadebaSi ðÂÉáðÍ ËðЙÒ ÃëÓÀ ÌðâÃÀ _ `Si-

nidan werili ar momsvlia~ _ zmna mxolod faqtis konsta-

tacias axdens (qarTulSi es winadadeba SeiZleba iribevi-

dencialuric iyos _ `momsvlia~ formas percefciuli Sina-

arsic SeuZlia gamoxatos, gadmocemiTic da inferenciu-

lic), magram ðÂÉáðÍ ËðЙÒ ÃëÓ’ÀÌâÄÃÀ ukve iribevidencialu-

ria, radgan zmnis preverbianma formam (ÃëÓ’ÀÌâÄÃÀ `Turme

ar momsvlia~) ukve savaldebulo unaxaobis semantika Semo-

itana8 _ mTqmelma informacia an sxva pirisgan miiRo, an

logikurad daaskvna; ZiriTadpreverbiani (an-, ad-/a-, es-/as-,

7 Eeqsperientivis mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba rogorc moqmedebis

ganxorcieleba warsulSi Tundac erTxel; aqcenti Tavad moqme-debis faqtzea (Comrie 1976: 58).

8igive winadadeba sxva konteqstSi SesaZloa admiratiuli aRmoCndes, Tu, vTqvaT, mTqmelma fosta gadaaTvaliera da mou-lodnelad aRmoaCina, rom misTvis ar aris werili. Ees is Se-mTxvevaa, roca garkveuli TvalsazrisiT evidencialoba da admi-ratiuloba erTmaneTs emTxveva. Aam sakiTxze vrclad visaubrebT sxva TavSi.

55

la-) an rTulpreverbiani (ÜæÀÈ-, ÜæÀÍ-, Ñ’ÀÍ-, Ñ’ÄÓ-...) zmnebi mxolod e. w. ùnaxaobis aqtis~ gamomxatvelad gvevlinebi-

an aRniSnuli mwkrivis formaSi: eja ×ðÚÓ ÀäëÍÀ ØæÉÈÒðÒÓ (sv. pr. t. I, 1939:54) _ ìs faySi

daswevia qurdebs~;

ÓÀÌ ÛÀÖÒÙÀ äÄÁ Ü’ÏÈÚÉÃÀ (iqve) _ `sam Saurad bali miu-

yidia~;

ÌðÂ ÀÛáæÑÉ ËÉæÑÄÓ ÃÄÛ ÀÈÌÖÍÃëÍÀá (iqve, 151) _ `yvelas

erTbaSad daZineba ver gaubedavT (`yvela erTbaSad daZine-

bas ver ndobian~)~;

ÛÖÊæÑÉ ÜæÀÈÁÖÒÄÍÀá (iqve) _ `gzaSi dahRamebiaT~;

kodor. bz.: ÏáÓÉÐÀ É ÍÄ×áæÍÀ Ü’ÏáØæÉÝÀ (Salva gujejiani,

78 wlisa, omariSali) _ `mouqnevia da cxviri CamouWria (<

`Ca-mo-u-quc-mac-eb-i-a~)~;

ÈÖÉÒØðÒÓ ÈëÒðË ÜæÀÈÂÄÍÄÍÀá É ÌëÒÌÀ ËÀÃðÙ ÁÖÁÍÉÓ

Ñ’ÏáÖÒÌêËÀ (iqve) _ `Turqebi dabrmavebulan (“Turqebs Tva-

lebi dasdgomiaT”) da meore dRes bubnis dauWeria~.

moyvanil ilustraciebSi moqmedebis unaxaobis aqti

udavoa, ufro metic, uzmniswinoTagan gansxvavebiT, isini

nebismier SemTxvevaSi mxolod unaxavs an ùcnobels~ (a.

SaniZe) gamoxataven. maT ara aqvT iseT kiTxviT, uaryofiT

Tu warTqmiT winadadebebSi monawileobis unari (qarTuli-

sebur uzmniswinoTa sapirispirod), romlebic ùnaxaobas~,

ùcnobelobas~, `Turmes~ ar gulisxmoben, anu svanuri me-

tyvelebis Tanamedrove etapze zmniswiniani I SedegobiTis

(namyosrulis) preverbiani formebi iseve calsaxad iribevi-

dencialuria, rogorc I seriis TurmeobiTebi; ase magali-

Tad, bunebrivi konstruqciaa: ÌÉÛÂæÀ ИАНÓÂæÄÁÉÍ áæóÎÍ áÏÚÃÀ,

áÀäëÍÀ, áÀÁæÒëÍÀá, áÏÓÐÀ, áÏØæìÝÀ, áðÂÍëÍÀ, áÏÒÌêËÀ... (`Cem

Tvalwin xSirad uyidia, {da}swevia, {Semo}hRamebiaT, {mo}uq-

nevia, {mo}uWria, {da}sdgomia, {da}uWeria...~), magram stiluri

anomaliaa: ÌÉÛÂæÀ ÈАНÓÂæÄÁÉÍ áæðÎÍ ÏáÚÉÃÀ, ÀäëÍÀ, ÀÈÁÖÒëÍÀá,

ÏáÓÉÐÀ, ÏáØæìÝÀ, ÄÓÂëÍÀ | ÄÓÂÄÍëÍÀ, ÏáéÒÌêËÀ..., vinaidan sintag-

56

ma `Cem Tvalwin~ TavisTavad gamoricxavs evidencialobas

(rogorc gadmocemiTs, aseve inferenciuls), xolo I Sede-

gobiTis ZiriTadpreverbiani formebis semantika mkacrad

SezRudulia swored unaxaobis gamoxatvis niSniT (Tu

gamonaklisi Segvxvda, maSasadame, igulisxmeba, rom subi-

eqts cnobiereba ar hqonia _ eZina, gonebagafantuli iyo...).

es formebi opoziciuria wyvetilis mimarT: рnyid (ìyida~) :

oxyida (ùyidia = Turme iyida~), рTburónx (`dauRamdaT~) :

ÀÈÁÖÒëÍÀá (`dahRamebiaT = Turme dauRamdaT~); aRniSnuli

mwkrivi (wyvetili) esnрr{i} (`Turme~) nawilakTan erTad

cvlis I SedegobiTis ZiriTadpreverbian formas.

saanalizo formaTa semantikuri evoluciis Tval-

sazrisiT sayuradReboa is faqti, rom svanur sasimRero

leqsebSi xSirad paralelurad gvxvdeba preverbiani da up-

reverbo variantebi: oTdagra||xodgara..., rasac axsna, SesaZ-loa, teqstis specifikaSi daeZebnos. aRniSnuli movlena

(moqmedebis aqtis mixedviT dapirispireba) exeba ZiriTad-

ad rTulpreverbian zmnebs; oden windebul-Tandebuliani

(v. Tofurias terminologiiT) formebi msgavs unars (unaxa-

obis damoukideblad gamoxatva, Tundac vrceli konteqstis

farglebSi) ver amJRavneben, anu Tanamedrove svanurSi uz-

mniswino formebs namyosrulSi evidencialoba ar axasia-

TebT (Tu -en- sufiqsic ara aqvT darTuli; ix. qvemoT); ro-

gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, isini saTanado konteqstebSic fun-

qciurad mxolod esnðr (`Turme~) nawilakTan erTad gamoxa-

taven unaxaobas. qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, dRes maT arc

momentobriobis semantikis gadmocema SeuZliaT; magali-

Tad, qarTuli `petres saWmeli uWamia da wasula~ moqmede-

bis unaxaobasac gulisxmobs da momentiobriobasac, magram

svanurad amave winadadebaSi preverbiani forma loxmama

(`Turme SeuWamia~) aris aucilebeli, radgan upreverbo

бíМА konkretul momentobriv qmedebas ki ara, zogad, ase

vTqvaT, drois konkretuli monakveTis miRma situacias asa-

xavs: moqmedebas odesRac, momentobrioba-gangrZobiTobis

57

gverdis avliT, Ï konkretizaciis gareSe: sazogadod moqme-

deba momxdara (an ar momxdara), movlenas Tundac erTxel

adgili hqonia (an ar hqonia). sxvagvarad (anu upreverbo da

preverbiani formebis erT subieqtTan erTdroulad gamoye-

nebiT) atrofirebul winadadebas miviRebT (ÐДÔÒДÓ ЛДÆæДÁ

áíÌÀ Й рÌÜÄÃлËÉ), romelic qarTulad ase aJRerdeba: `petres

saWmeli naWami aqvs ( `Turme uWamia~) da wasula~.

i. CantlaZe SeniSnavs: ÌII seriaSi Tanamedrove svanur-

Si Cveulebrivia zmnaTa rogorc preverbiani, ise maTi up-

reverbo variantebi. am ukanasknelT perfeqtuli Sinaarsis

gadmocema aRar SeuZliaT da, garda garkveuli aspeqtis

aRniSvnisa, TiTqos zmnis statikurobasac gaxazaven~ (Ca-

ntlaZe 1983: 10). marTlac, dRes svanurSi I SedegobiTis

preverbiani da upreverbo formebi erTmaneTisgan safuZvli-

anad gansxvavdebian: erTni gamoxataven moqmedebis unaxao-

bas da momentobriobas, upreverboTaTvis ki moqmedebis

konkretuli dro (momenti) prioriteti ar aris (ufro me-

tic _ srulebiT ver gamoxataven mas: petres lрdi mкmgæeS

xíma _ `petres dRes araferi uWamia~, Sdr. petres lezæeb

loxmama _ `petres saWmeli SeuWamia~), mniSvnelovania, mo-

qmedebas adgili hqonda Tu ara saerTod (eqsperientivi);

amitomac aris, rom maTs semantikaSi naxva-unaxaobis aspeq-

ti saerTod ignorirebulia, amdenad, arc evidencialurni

arian. A

maSasadame, saanalizo formebis mimarTeba salitera-

turo enis monacemebTan aseTia: qarTulSi brunvacvelebad-

subieqtiani zmnebis I TurmeobiTis upreverbo formebi (uWa-

mia, unadiria, uTamaSia...) konteqstis mixedviT pirdapir

evidencialobasac SeiZleba gamoxatavdes da iribsac: `beT-

qils bevri unadiria~ _ 1) pirdapiri evidencia, wyaro _

percefcia an masTan gaTanabrebuli, gaTavisebuli informa-

cia (mTqmeli `sakuTar codnas~ aRniSnavs; aseT SemTxvevaSi

unaxaoba, cxadia, ar igulisxmeba); 2) iribi evidencia: a)

wyaro _ verbaloba (mTqmels uTxres amis Sesaxeb); b) wyaro

58

_ inferencia (mTqmelma nadiris tyavebi dainaxa da Tavad

daaskvna); svanurSi Sesabamisi formebi (xíma ùWamia~,

xoTxæiara / xoTxæara ùnadiria~, xoSdrкla ùTamaSia~)

CamoTvlilTagan mxolod pirvel SemTxvevas miesadageba,

iribi evidencialobis gamoxatvis unari am zmnebs svanurSi

ara aqvT.

amgvarad, Tanamedrove svanur metyvelebaSi preverbia-

ni I SedegobiTi nebismier konteqstSi mxolod unaxaobis

semantikas gamoxatavs da, Sesabamisad, an verbalur infor-

macias gadmoscems, an _ inferenciuls; upreverbo qarTu-

liseburi warmoebis (oden -a’sufiqsiani)9 I SedegobiTi ki

_ piriqiT, yovelTvis pirdapirevidencialuria (gansxvave-

biT qarTulisgan, sadac I TurmeobiTis uzmniswino formeb-

sac SeuZeniaT iribi evidencialobis _ ùnaxaobis~ gamoxat-

vis funqcia).

cnobilia, rom `preverbis ZiriTadi funqcia svanur-

Sic, rogorc sxva qarTvelur enebSi, moqmedebis mimarTu-

lebis an sagnis adgilmyofobis aRniSvnaa. Semdeg mas dae-

kisra sruli aspeqtis gamoxatva, myofadi srulis warmoeba

da agreTve zogi Ziris mniSvnelobis cvlac~ (Tofuria

2002: 179). preverbi mxolod rezultatiurSi ar erTvis

zmnas, amitom aralogikuri iqneboda am mwkrivSi aqtis

gamoxatva mis funqciad migveCnia. Cveni azriT, aqtis kate-

goriis mixedviT, svanurSi aseTi opozicuroba preverbiani

da upreverbo formebisa qronologiaSi povebs saTaves; Se-

saZloa, namyosrulis upreverbo formebi enis ganviTarebis

im etaps asaxaven, roca gansaxilveli mwkrivi àwmyo sru-

lis~ (n. naTaZe) semantikas iziarebs da sxva, damatebiTi,

niuansebi jer ar SeuZenia. mis semantikaSi arc evidencia-

loba da arc momentobrioba ar igulisxmeba.

i. CantlaZe aspeqtis kategoriis istoriasTan dakavSi-

rebiT aRniSnavs, rom svanurSi arsebul preverbTa ori ri-

9 -en-a'sufiqsiani upreverbo formebis semantika saanalizo

kuTxiT mkveTrad gansxvavebulia; maT calke TavSi ganvixilavT.

59

gidan (ZiriTadi da meoreuli, zmnisarTuli) `dRes (xazi

Cvenia. Qq. m.) sruli aspeqtis gagebas pirveli rigi iZleva,

xolo mimarTulebas e. w. windebul-Tandebulebi gamoxata-

ven~. mkvlevari aspeqtis Camoyalibebis gzas amgvarad warmo-

gvidgens: áÏ×ìÛæÃÀ, ÜÖ áÏ×ìÛæÃÀ, ÏÈ×ìÛæÃÀ, ÜÖ ÏÈ×ìÛæÃÀ >

Ü’ÏÈ×ìÛæÃÀ `CauSvia~ (CantlaZe 1983 :11).

d. meliqiSvilis azriT, `mas Semdeg, rac statikur

zmnaTa awmyos inversiaqmnilma formebma dinamikuri gageba

miiRes (zmniswini dairTes da gaagrZeles gardamavali

zmnebis paradigma), maT warsuli (perfeqti-rezultativis)

drois gageba SeiZines _ gamoxataven moqmedebis process

warsulSi~ (meliqiSvili 2001: 54). mkvlevari varaudobs,

rom, mas Semdeg, rac statikur zmnaTagan ganviTarebulma

dinamikurma Sinaarsma formaluri gamoxatulebac pova (mi-

weries tipis formebs daerTo zmniswini, ganviTarda erT-

erTi ZiriTadi, dRes yvelaze gamokveTili, Sinaarsobrivi

niuansi _ uneblioba-unaxaoba, TurmeobiToba, e. w. unaxavi

an uneblie aqtis gageba (meliqiSvili 2001: 23).

Cveni azriT, mkvlevarTa am mosazrebebis SejamebiT

logikurad aixsneba preverbian-upreverbo formaTa aqtis

mixedviT dapirispirebis faqti svanurSi; kerZod, namyosru-

lis upreverbo formebi ganekuTvneba im adreul etaps, ro-

ca isini jer ar gaTavisuflebulan awmyoseuli gavlenisa-

gan _ marTalia, gamoxataven moqmedebis process warsulSi

da statikur Sedegs awmyoSi, magram unaxaobis gamoxatva

gramatikulad ar ZaluZT, aqts jer kidev konteqsti da da-

mxmare leqsikuri saSualebebi ganapirobeben. Semdeg etapze

ki, roca maT zmniswini dairTes, warsul drosTan erTad

unaxaobis upirobod gamoxatvis unaric SeiZines _ amisTvis

semantikuri safuZveli ukve Semzadebuli iyo upreverbo

formebis mier; Tavad upreverbo formebma ki SeinarCunes

Tavdapirveli funqcia _ rezultatiuroba, moqmedebis mo-

mentTan drouli mimarTebis gareSe.

SeiZleba iTqvas, swored preverbma svanurSi, qarTul-

60

Tan SedarebiT, amjeradac meti SesaZlebloba gamoavlina

da srulad SeiTavsa evidencialobis gamoxatvis funqcia

rezultativSi; E

aseTia viTareba Tanamedrove etapze, magram logikisa

da Cvens xelT arsebuli uZvelesi masalebis safuZvelze,

rac ki SeiZleba udamwerlobo enas moepovebodes, vfiq-

robT, evidencialobis morfologiuri genezisi cota

sxvagvarad unda warmarTuliyo, ufro zustad, mas Camoya-

libebisas garkveuli `qveetapebic~ unda hqonoda; kerZod,

rogorc aRvniSneT, Zveli svanuri xalxuri simRerebis ena-

Si, romelic, Cveulebriv, didi arqaulobiT gamoirCeva, ux-

vad gamoiyeneba namyosrulis formebi, Tumca dRevandeli

gadasaxedidan, cota ar iyos, uCveulo saxiT: aq zmnaTa

preverbiani da upreverbo formebi erTgvarad gaudiferen-

cireblobis STabeWdilebas qmnian aspeqtisa da aqtis

TvalsazrisiT; vgulisxmobT Semdegs: Tanamedrove zemosva-

nur metyvelebaSi, rogorc iTqva, I SedegobiTSi upreverbo

(igulisxmeba ZiriTadi preverbebi) formebi mxolod da

mxolod eqsperienciuli mniSvnelobisaa, Tu ar CavTvliT

iseT gamonaklisebs, rogoricaa: xoZgra ùZgerebia~, xoyra

/ xoyira `{da}urtyams~, ùkravs~ (bq. Si xoyira `xeli uk-

ravs~) tipis zmnebi, romlebic upreverbodve arian warmo-

dgenilni aoristSic da romelTac g. maWavariani anomali-

ur formebs uwodebs (T q v a, h k r a tipi); upreverbo

formaTa eqsperienciulobis Sesaxeb Cveni Tvalsazrisis

sasargeblod metyvelebs mkvlevris msjeloba Zveli qar-

Tuli monacemebis safuZvelze: `SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom

Zveli qarTuli aoristi miuTiTebda warsulSi momxdar

faqtze, romelsac erTxel hqonda adgili.Aanu, sxvanairad

rom vTqvaT, aoristi gamoxatavda wyvetil, erTbaS, er-

Tgzis aspeqts. procesis damTavrebulobas Tu daumTavreb-

lobas arsebiTi mniSvneloba ar hqonda... (xazi Cvenia _ q.

m.) T q v a tipis zmnaTa specifikuri leqsikuri mniSvnelo-

ba gaxda safuZveli imisa, rom maTTvis preverbis darTva

61

saWiro ar aRmoCnda. Aamave mizeziT aRniSnulma zmnebma

dRemde SeinarCunes is gramatikuli mniSvneloba, rac Zve-

li qarTuli aoristisTvis unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebe-

li saerTod~ (maWavariani 1974: 126-127);

sxva viTarebaa am TvalsazrisiT Tanamedrove svanur-

Si: `sxva qarTveluri enebisgan gansxvavebiT, aq Zalian iS-

viaTad gvxvdeba usruli saxis (upreverbo) aoristi. zmne-

bis erTi jgufi, rogorc wesi, upreverbod ixmareba, magram

usruli mainc araa. es aris qarTuli `Tqva~ tipis zmnebi:

bz. róqæ `Tqva~, xóqæ ùTxra~, xaSgæmin `sTxova~, xaвid

`scema, daartya~... es zmnebi imave semantikur wres miekuT-

vneba, rasac `Tqva~ tipis zmnebi qarTulsa da svanurSi~

(maWavariani 1974: 137);

saanalizo sakiTxTan mimarTebiT aseve Zalze sayura-

dRebod gveCveneba i. CantlaZis mosazreba: `áæÀÂÄÍÉ `{mi}va-

deqi~, ÌÉÊÀÒÉ `{ga}miRe~, ÌÀÌÉÍÄá `{Se}maWames~, ãÀЮÂÖÁÖÒÄá

`{Camo}gglijes~, áÀÔÚÏ×É `{mo}artya~ da misTana formebi

(dRes rom aRar gvxvdeba cocxal metyvelebaSi) imaze miu-

TiTeben, rom svanuri zmnis uRleba, upirveles yovlisa,

gulisxmobda swored aspeqtebis mixedviT cvalebadobas _

awmyos nakvTebi usrul saxes gamoxatavdnen, xolo namyoZi-

riTadisa _ sruls, preverbi orsave SemTxvevaSi mxolod

mimarTulebas aRniSnavda~ (CantlaZe 1983: 10).

Cveni azriT, Zveli qarTuli (qarTveluri) suraTis es

anarekli saanalizo sakiTxTan mimarTebiT upreverbo I Se-

degobiTis formebSi Cans, romlebic aspeqtis mxriv rodi

qmnian opozicias preverbian formebTan, aramed _ gansa-

zRvruloba-ganusazRvrelobis niSniT: xomкra `{mo}umzade-

bia~, xodgara `{mo}uklavs~, xíma ùWamia~, xowduna ùCvene-

bia, unaxvebia~, xoОra `{da}uweria~... am tipis zmnebSi pre-

verbis darTva (oxmкra `moumzadebia~, loxmama `SeuWamia~,

oTwedæna ùnaxvebia~, oTìОra `dauweria~...) cvlilebas as-

peqtis TvalsazrisiT ki ar ganapirobebs, aramed konkretu-

li moqmedebis konkretul drosTan mimarTebis mixedviT _

62

upreverboebi gamoxataven, rom ama Tu im moqmedebas / mo-

vlenas adgili hqonda an ar hqonda (erTxel, Tu mraval-

jer _ es ar aris mniSvnelovani, mTavaria, rom precedenti

iyo an ar yofila):

æobрS eser meCdлli eCì laWædónTe, mare dós eser

moS xoWædкna (sv. pr. t. I, 1939: 417,20) _ `mravali wasulao

imis wasakiTxavad, magram veravis {wa}ukiTxavso~;

æobрS lédgрr Cu nadgarunRæe miCa médgрris Cu

xoTæifa (sv. pr. t. II, 1957: 287,38) _ `mravali mkvdari mo-

kvlis Semdeg mis mkvlels {gada}ukargavs (= gadanakargi

aqvs / gauqria xolme)~;

amave dros yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom sasimRero

teqstebSi, Cveulebriv, upreverbo formebi, e. w. `windebul-

TandebulTan~ erTad Tu umisod, saanalizo semantikis

TvalsazrisiT, sruliad sxvadasxva viTarebas afiqsireben:

a). es formebi zogjer araevidencialur konteqstSi

gvxvdeba (swored aseT SemTxvevaSi gaxazaven isini statiku-

robas, rogorc amas i. CantlaZe SeniSnavs):

Cxara yæil врn sgæebin xorkala (sv. poez. I 1939:

8,31) _ `cxra cali xari win urekia (= win hyavs garekili)~;

leCæme-uCæma mрg miCæmina (iqve, 8, 48) _ `saqnar-uq-nari yvelaferi miqnia~;

sga miskina yulay Cuban, sga meвdelxvi tviberTes-

ga (iqve 34,181-182) _ `gadavmxtarvar (sityvasityviT: `{Se}mi-

xtomia~, `Semiskupia~) yulays qvemoT, Semovsulvar tviber-

Si~;

Cxara sрæОрr Cu midgarax, Cxara yæil врn qaæ miqæiTa (iqve, 8,44-45) _ `cxra savebi momiklavs, cxra calu-

Rela xari {mo}miparavs~.

Bb) zogjerac _ evidencialur konteqstebSi; maTSi

xSirad `Wur~ leqsemac monawileobs (romelic `svanuri po-

eziis~ mTargmnel-gamomcemlebis mier xan `Turme~-d aris

63

warmodgenili, xanac ignorirebulia), Tumca mis gareSec

konteqsti zedmiwevniT gvamcnobs, rom mTqmeli udavod una-

xav, gadmocemiT miRebul (mediatiur) informacias gvawvdis:

[mirangula] esnрr рmCed lрОmaxvкlTe sрvОareSi (iqve 6,8) _ `mirangula Turme wasula savebis samtrod~ _ teq-

stis es nawili specialurad Semogvaqvs, vinaidan aq mxo-

lod ZiriTadpreverbiani formaa, romelic uTuodDunaxao-

bas gamoxatavs, rac esnрr (`Turme~) nawilakiTac gaZliere-

bulia, maSasadame ambis gagrZelebac, logikurad, unaxav

istorias unda asaxavdes; dRevandeli viTarebiT uCveuloa,

rom teqsti umTavresad I SedegobiTis upreverbo formebiT

grZeldeba (xom ar aris es Txrobisas svani mTqmelebis-

Tvis gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeli pirdapirevidencia-

lur, d. zlobinis terminologiiT _ ìndikativis yuTSi~

gadanacvleba?):

sgimОрS mejvga Cu xoвaca... (iqve, 8,16) _ `veZis mena-xireebi dauRupavs~ (`danaRupi hyavs~ xom araa? _ q. m.);

eji sрvОрrs10 Cu xobaJax (iqve, 8,18) _ ìs savebs ga-

ugiaT~ (`gagebuli aqvT~?);

ara-Cxara qa xokæara (iqve, 8,20) _ `rva-cxra(jer)

gausvria~ (`nasroli aqvs~?);

ara-ReT sрæОрr xodgara (iqve) _ `rvaode savebi

mouklavs~ (`monaklavi hyavs~?);

Sæana hayras Wur jigena, ala siрО noæ lajseda

(iqve, 16,3) _ `svaneTi ayraze {mi}giyenebia, es Sen numc Se-

grCenia~ _ aq Wur nawilaki TargmanSi ar aris, mosalodne-

10 savebs (rac etimologiurad qarTuli òsebi~-s Sesatyvisia),

svanebi yabardo-balyareTis macxovreblebs eZaxian: òvsebs, anu osebs svanebi uwodeben mTis gadaRma mcxovreb Turqulad molaparake tomebs: Jegemlebs, baxsanlebs, malyarlebsa da yaraCavlebs. gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad (rom mkiTxvels ar aeria is òsebi~ am osebTan, romlebsac Cven sazogadod am saxeliT vicnobT) varCieT TargmanSi svanuri Ziri qarTulad gagveformebina: s a v e b i svanurad: sðжÁðr~; (SaniZe, sv. poez. I 1939: XIV).

64

lia, niSnavdes rogorc `Turmes~, aseve `mgoni~-s (Tanamed-

rove balsqvemour dialeqtSi mas swored ukanaskneli mniS-

vneloba aqvs, balszemour cocxal metyvelebaSi ki aRar

dasturdeba, Tumca `svanur leqsikonSi~ _ Tofuria, qal-

dani 2000: 863 _ zemosvanursa da laSxurSi mis ganmartebad

miTiTebulia `TiTqos~ leqsema, amasTan balszemouri

ilustracia saleqsikono statiaSi aqac mxolod `svanuri

poeziidanaa~ moyvanili...);

guSgæeОd TeОld Ral qa Wur xorkax [Sæanрrs] (iq-

ve, 18,43) _ `CvenTvis Tvali moukravT~ _ Sinaarsis gaTva-

liswinebiT, Wur aqac varauds unda gamoxatavdes: `mgoni

Tvali mogvkres (`moukravT~)~.

g) xandaxan konteqstis daxmarebiTac ki rTulia ga-

rkveva, unaxaobas gulisxmobs mTqmeli, Tu mxolod stati-

kurobas:

merme sрvОрr Ji jixvitax,

eSxæi mare dрr jicvirax.

o, boyæare muJalæare,

ToyiS dagras deS рxвiCed! (iqve, 18,73-74) _

`sxva savebi amogiwyvetiaT,

erTi kaci aravin dagitovebiaT.

o, xokrebo muJalelebo,

Toyis sikvdils ver moinelebT!~

preverbian da upreverbo formaTa àRrevis~ Sesaxeb

Zvel xalxur leqsebSi (ara marto perfeqtul formebSi,

aramed namyoZiriTadSic ki!)D varlam Tofuria aRniSnavs:

`proziTs metyvelebaSi preverbiani zmnebi leqsebSi uwin-

debulod arian gadmocemulni (uSg., bz.): a-j-kvar-e (<*ad-j-

i-kuar-e) _ j-i-kvar-e (XXXI, 34,20) `gadagigdo~, o-x-ímbрv

(dedes isgva) _ x-onbрv (CM, XXXI, 12,21) ùambe (dedas Se-nsa{s}~... vfiqrobT, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom

xalxur poeziaSi sxvadasxva epoqis simReraTa teqstebia da

amitomacaa erTmaneTis gverdiT Zveli (upreverbo) da Seda-

65

rebiT axali (preverbiani) formebi:

áÏÃÀá `{da}udviaT~: ÙæÉÍËÉ ÊÖÐÒðË ÄÜÜÖ áÏÃÀá

(sv. poez. I, 1939: 46,15) _ `Rvinis tikebi iq {da}udviaT~;

áÀÔÄáÀá `{da}hbrunebiaT~: ÌéËáðÒÓ ÌÄÝØæÉË æÄÛÂÃ

áÀÔÄáÀá (iqve, 48,55) _ `mulaxlebs mociquli ukan dahbrune-

biaT~;

áÏÛÚæÉ×À `{ga}uZvria~: ÈæÄ×Ã ÁÉÃ ÜÉ ØÀ áÏÛÚæÉ×À (iqve

48,69) _ `TofisTvis bude yvelas gauxdia (`gauZvria~)~;

áÏÔÉáÀá `{da}ubrunebiaT~: ÄãÎðÒÓ ÐÀÓÖá ÌêÌ áÏÔÉáÀá (iqve

47) _ ìmaT pasuxi ar daubrunebiaT”.

mocemuli konteqstebi erTjerad, momentobriv da unaxav

moqmedebebs gulisxmoben, yvela CamoTvlil zmnur formas ki

dRevandel svanurSi mxolod eqsperientivis (unaxaobis elemen-

tis gareSe) mniSvneloba aqvs, amitom mocemulsave konteqstebSi

es formebi Tanamedrove svanurSi bunebrivi mxolod zmniswin-

Tan erTad iqneba: ÄÓæÃÀá `daudviaT~, ËÀáÔÄáÀá `dahbrunebiaT~,

Ø’íÈÛÚæÉ×À `gauZvria~, ËÏáÔÉáÀá `daubrunebiaT~ _ msgavsi masa-

la svanuri xalxuri poeziis nimuSebSi uxvadaa:

ÀáÓÂÖÒÄÍÀ `mosjdomia / Tavs dasxmia~: ÜÏËÉÒÓ ËÀÛÂðÒ

ÀáÓÂÖÒÄÍÀ (iqve 44,1) _ `Colurs laSqari Tavs dasxmia~ (ze-

moaRniSnuli movlenis sistemurad gatarebis SemTxvevaSi

unda yofiliyo áÀÓÂÖÒÄÍÀ);

ËÀáÜéÃÀ `Serevia~: ãðÒÓ ÀÌÑÉ ÓÂÀ ËÀáÜéÃÀ (iqve, 46,7) _

`jars ase Serevia~ (Zveli viTarebiT SeiZleboda `ÓÂÀ

áÀÜéÃÀ~).

ÄÓàÏÍÀá `gabrunebulan~, ðÌÔÄáËÉá `dabrunebulan~: ÑÉ

ÄÓàÏÍÀá, æÄÛÂÃ ðÌÔÄáËÉá (iqve, 46,10) _ `Setrialebulan,

ukan dabrunebulan~ (nacvlad SesaZlo ` ÑÉ áÏàÏÍÀá, æÄÛÂÃ

ÌÄÔáÄËÉá~ frazisa).

preverbiani da upreverbo formebi gverdigverd, para-

lelurad:

ÓÏ×ÀËæÛ ÄãÀ Ñìæ áÏÛáÖÍÀá, ÑÉ áÏÛáÖÍÀá É Ñ’ÏáæáÏÜæÀá

66

(iqve, 62,10) _ `mTel sofels igi {da}ucavs (`{Se}unaxavT~),

{Se}unaxavT da mourCeniaT (`gamoukeTebiaT~)~;

ÒÏÂæ ÑÉ áÏÆæÒÀá, ÜÖ ÏÈÈéÌÀá (iqve, 48,61) _ `cercvi

{mo}ugrovebiaT, uSoviaT~ („Sovna“ zmnas svanurSi, qarTu-

lisgan gansxvavebiT, zmniswiniani formac aqvs; eqsperien-

ciuli da pirdapirevidencialuri mniSvnelobisaa uzmnis-

wino xoTmax „uSoviaT“ (=naSovni aqvT Tundac erTxel...),

xolo evidencialuri, erTjeradad momxdari da dasrule-

buli moqmedebis gamomxatvelia zmniswiniani oTTémax

„uSoviaT [Turme]“; mTqmelma swored es ukanaskneli gamoi-

yena, Tumca wina zmna upreverbo formiT Tqva);

Tanamedrove zemosvanur metyvelebaSi marTebuli iq-

neboda: ÑÉ áÏÆæÒÀá, ÜÖ áÏÈÌÀá _ ùgrovebiaT, uSoviaT~ (dRe-

vandeli eqsperienciuli mniSvnelobis upreverbo I Sedego-

biTi) an: ÑÉ ÏáÆÏÒÀá, ÜÖ ÏÈÈéÌÀá _ `mougrovebiaT, uSoviaT~

(evidencialuri, momentobrivi).

aseve, erTgvarad anomaliuria dRevandel svanurSi

winadadeba: ÜÖ ÏÈÙÀËÔÀá ÃÏË É äÄÁÖÃ, ÓÂÀ áÀÝÀÃÀá

ÌÄÆÂðËÈÄÎÓÂÀ (iqve, 74,4) _ `dauRalatebiaT doli da hebudi,

{Se}hparvian mosaxleebs~, vinaidan, Tu ÜÖ ÏÈÙÀËÔÀá aris

momentobrivi `dauRalatebiaT~, maSin Separvac, cxadia, er-

Tjeradi unda yofiliyo: ÓÂÀ ÀáÝÀÃÀá (`Sehparvian Turme~.

Sdr. sga xacadax = {Se}naparebi arian”) da ara moqmedebis

konkretul momentTan drouli mimarTebis uqoneli, eqspe-

rienciuli mniSvnelobis `ÓÂÀ áÀÝÀÃÀá~;

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom es movlena (I SedegobiTis

upreverbo formaTa moqmedebis naxuloba-unaxaobis Tval-

sazrisiT uwesrigo gamoyeneba) sasimRero teqstebis speci-

fikasa da stils ukavSirdeba (sasaubro enaSi ki es forme-

bi, SesaZloa, unaxaobas arc maSin gamoxatavdnen da am

mniSvnelobiT ar gamoiyenebodnen), magram, jer erTi, am mo-

vlenas masStaburi saxe aqvs da ara gamonaklisebisa, meo-

rec, sayuradReboa, rom dRevandel lentexur dialeqtSic

I SedegobiTis upreverbo formebi xSirad swored imave se-

mantikas (unaxaobas) aCveneben, rasac poeziis enaSi:

67

zurals qa xoTona [lic parabovilaSd] (sv. pr. t., III

1967: 211,27) _ `qals {mi}uswavlebia (/uCvenebia) [wyali para-

bovilisTvis]~;

al denas qa xowvena lus [merabiSd] (iqve, 191,38) _ àm

gogos uCvenebia ZuZu merabisTvis~;

Tanamedrove zemosvanurSi unaxavi situaciis aRwerisas

mTqmeli usaTuod preverbian formebs gamoiyenebda: qa

loxTína, qa loxwæëna (bz.), qa loxTona, qa loxwona (bq.);

vfiqrobT, lentexuri dialeqtis monacemebi, sasimRe-

ro leqsebis msgavsad, evidencialobis TvalsazrisiT, Sua-

ledur viTarebas, gardamaval etaps asaxaven Tavdapirve-

lad perfeqtulad interpretirebuli statikurebisa (xox-

taæa „uxatavs mas is“ < „uxatia is mas = misTvis xatia“) da

-en-‘ianTa (xaxtaæëna „uxatavs mas is Turme“), sabolood ki

ZiriTadpreverbianTa evidencialuri semantikis Camoyalibe-

bis gzaze.

amrigad, SesaZloa, am arqaul teqstebSi enis ganviTa-

rebis is garkveuli etapebi aisaxebodes, roca zmniswiniani

formebi yalibdeboda da iZenda damatebiT funqciebs (as-

peqti, aqti...), preverbian da upreverbo formaTa funqciuri

àRreva~ ki gardamaval safexurs unda ukavSirdebodes,

Tumca, samwuxarod, svanur xalxur simReraTa nimuSebis

daTariReba da, miT umetes, maTi qronologiur WrilSi da-

lageba arc ise advilia.

$10. I SedegobiTis -en-a‘sufiqsiani upreverbo

formebi da maTi specifika

a-‘prefiqsian gardauval brunvaucvlelsubieqtian da

awmyos statikur formebs namyosrulSi mwkrivis bolosar-

Tis win xSirad CaerTvis -ëÍ/-ÄÍ sufiqsi:

áÀÔæÒ-ëÍ-À (bz.) `nTebula~, áÀÔæÒ-ëÍ-óÍ `nTebuliyo~;

68

áÀ×Ò-ëÍ-À / áÀË×ÀÒ-ëÍ-À (bz.), áÀË×ÀÒ-ÄÍ-À (bq.) `hfarebia~,

áÀ×Ò-ëÍ-óÍ / áÀË×ÀÒ-ÄÍ-óÍ (bz.), áÀË×ÀÒ-ÄÍ-ÀÍ (bq.) `hfareboda~.

`msgavsi movlena qarTulSic SeiniSneba. romelia uf-

ro Zveli: hgonia Tu hgonebia, áðÌÈØæÀ Tu áðÌÈØæ-ëÍ-À, amis

ganxilvas aq ar SevudgebiT, orive namyousrulia da ad-

rindeli pirveli formebi unda iyoso~ _ aRniSnavs v. To-

furia (Tofuria 1967: 176).

a. onianis azriT, radganac I TurmeobiTis (resp. I Se-degobiTi) mawarmoebeli aseT formebSic aris -À, amitom -ëÍ, -ÄÍ mwkrivis niSani ki araa, aramed fuZis erT-erTi va-

riantis kuTvnileba (oniani 1998: 203).

Cven vfiqrobT, rom aRniSnuli elementi mainc sufiq-

sia, gaCenili mas Semdeg, rac statikurma awmyom, rogorc n.

naTaZe aRniSnavs, `mniSvnelobis evoluciis Sedegad, `Tur-

mes~ gageba SeiZina~, Tumca, misive azriT, faqtma àsaxva

ver pova formaSi romelime mawarmoeblis saxiT, Tu ar Ca-

vTvliT, erTi mxriv, preverbis darTvas samsave qarTvelur

enaSi, rac arsebiTi ar aris11, da, meore mxriv, sxvaobas

qcevis aRniSvnaSi svanurSi, rac agreTve fuZes ar exeba~

(naTaZe 1955: 98).

amasTan, brunvacvalebadsubieqtiani zmnebis -en- afiq-

sian I SedegobiTis formebSi anlautic gansxvavebulia _

sasxviso qcevis -o-‘s nacvlad -a- gvaqvs, savaraudod, saar-

viso qcevisa: x-o-rtyæ-a `{gada}uylapavs = gadanaylapi

aqvs~ _ x-a-rtyæ-ën-a (bz.), x-рrtyæ-en-a (bq.) `{gada}uylapavs

= gadanaylapi hqonia~; kvlevam daadastura, rom svanur

gardamaval da brunvacvalebadsubieqtian gardauval zmneb-Si -ÄÍ- sufiqsis CarTva I SedegobiTSi (namyosrulSi) am

formaTa semantikas safuZvlianad cvlis _ eqsperienciul

mniSvnelobas Tan erTvis evidencialoba, kerZod, unaxaoba:

11 qarTul saliteraturo enaSi awmyos formebisTvis preverbis

darTvas mniSvnelovan movlenad miviCnevT da mwkrivadac gamovyofT! _ q. m.

69

oden -a mawarmoebliani uzmniswino formebi warsuli moqme-

debis Sedegs asaxaven awmyoSi da gulisxmoben, rom moqme-

deba moxda (moqmedebas adgili hqonda) Tundac erTxel (aq

arc permansiuloba da arc momentobrioba ar figurirebs)

da es movlena mTqmelisTvis percefciis donezea cnobili

[petres RvaSр leRæ Cuxíma _ „petres jixvis xorci uWamia

(=naWami aqvs)~] xolo -ÄÍ-iani monacemebi calsaxad iribevi-

dencialuria da maTi gamoyeneba mxolod gadmocemiT miRe-

buli (an inferenciuli) informaciisTvis aris SesaZlebe-

li; amasTan, usufuqso (resp. oden -a’sufiqsian) formebTan

SedarebiT, statikuri SedegiT semantikurad ufro metad namyosken aris gadaweuli. Aamave dros, pirvelTagan gan-

sxvavebiT, upirobod, organulad Seicaven `Turme~-s gage-

bas, unaxaobas da verafriT gamoxataven dadasturebul,

ìdealur codnas~ (usufiqso uzmniswino formebiT eviden-

cialobis gamoxatva mxolod aRweriTad an leqsikuri sa-

Sualebebis daxmarebiT aris SesaZlebebli); Sdr.

eqsperienciuli pirdapirevidencialuri teqsti (wya-

ro _ percefcia):

al zurкls xæрО æÏÓðÒ áÏÛáÁÀ (bz.) /al zurals

obрS osрr xoSxba (bq.) _ àm qals bevri Coxa {Se}ukeravs

(=aqvs nakeri)~.

naulрds miCa lirdeisga obрS jim xoma (bq.) _ `na-

ulads Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze (`cxovrebaSi~) bevri ma-

rili uWamia (=aqvs naWami)~.

a) iribevidencialuri teqsti `sxvaTa sityvis~

konstruqciiTa da nawilakiT (wyaro _ gadmocemiToba):

АЛ ÆÖÒкЛÓ ÏÓðÒ ÒÏØæì áÏÛáÁÀ (bz.) _ àm qals Coxe-

bic ukeravso~;

b) `Turme~ nawilakiT (wyaro: gadmocemiToba;

inferencia):

АЛ ÆÖÒÀЛÓ ÄÓÍðÒÉ ÏÓðÒÉ áÏÛáÁÀ (bq.) _ àm qals Tur-

me Coxac {Se}ukeravs~.

g)Eevidencialoba, organuli (upreverbo, -en-a‘su-

70

fiqsiani) zmnuri formiT gamoxatuli:

A АЛ ÆÖÒк/ÀЛÓ ÏÓðÒÉ áÀ/ðÛáÁ-л/ÄÍ-À _ àm qals

Coxac ukeravs [Turme] (=hqonia nakeri)~. НАÖЛрÃÓ ÏÁðÛ ãÉÌ áÀ/ðÌë/ÄÍÀ (zs.) _ `naulads bevri

marili uWamia [Turme]~ (=`hqonia naWami Turme~).

aseve: áÏßæÀ ùnaxavs = nanaxi hyavs~ _ áÀßæëÍÀ

/брЯæДНА `Turme unaxavs = nanaxi hyolia~;

áí/ÏÛæÀ ùsvams = danalevi aqvs~ _ áÀÛæë/ДÍÀ `Tur-

me usvams = danalevi hqonia~;

áÏÊæì/ÉÛÀ `{ga}utexavs = {ga}natexi aqvs~ _

áðÊæì/ÉÛë/ÄÍÀ `Turme {ga}utexavs = {ga}natexi hqonia~;

áÏàæÃÀ `{wa}ukiTxavs = {wa}nakiTxi aqvs~, _

áÀ/ðàæÃë/ÄÍÀ ` Turme waukiTxavs = {wa}nakiTxi hqonia~;

áÏÒÌÀ `{da}uWeria = danaWeri aqvs~ _ áÀ/ðÒÌë/ÄÍÀ

`Turme {da}uWeria = danaWeri hqonia~...

igive mdgomareobaa e. w. brunvacvalebadsubieqtian

absolutur zmnebTan:

ÀÜéËÃðÒÉ `Calandrobs~, _ áÏÜéËÃÀÒÀ

ùCalandria = naCalandrevi aqvs~ _ áÀÜéËÃÀÒ-ÄÍ-À `Turme

uCalandria = naCalandrevi hqonia~;

ÉÛÃÒó/ðË `TamaSobs~ _ áÏÛÃÒк/ÀËÀ ùTamaSia

= naTamaSebi aqvs~ _ áÀÛÃÒк/ÀË-ë/ÄÍ-À `Turme uTamaSia = na-

TamaSebi hqonia~;

ðÒÉ ìmyofeba~ _ xoCda (bz.) / áÏÒÃæÍÀ

(zs.) `yofila = namyofi aris~ _ xaCdëna / áÀ/ðÒÃæÍë/ÄÍÀ

`Turme yofila = namyofi yofila~;

ðÎ | ðÎëÓÂÉ (bz.) ðÎÓÂ (bq.) `waiRebs~ _ áÏÎÀ

`wauRia~ _ áÀÎ-ëÍ-À /брО-ДН-А `wanaRebi hqonia~;

igæni `tiris~ _ xogæna ùtiria = natiri aqvs~ _

xa/рgænë/ena `Turme utiria = natirali hqonia~.

rogorc vxedavT, aRniSnuli kategoriis zmnebSi

-ën-/-ÄÍ- sufiqsi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs: aseTi zmnebi

71

warsulSi momxdari moqmedebis Sedegs TiTqos warsulSive

afiqsireben da upirobod gamoxataven saubris momentisTvis

am movlenis (moqmedebis) gauTaviseblobis, gaucnobiereb-

lobis (I pirisTvis, Tu ambavi Tavad mTqmels exeba: rрWæр

leRæ mam mрmОлna _ `[Turme] kurdRlis xorci ar miWamia =

ar mqonia naWami~), unaxaobis (II-III pirSi) da, Sesabamisad,

informaciis gareSe wyaros arsebobis Sinaarss.

rogorc cnobilia, zogjer zmnas SesaZlebloba aqvs

aRniSnos moqmedebis gangrZobiToba-wyvetiloba da erTgzi-

soba-mravalgzisoba. aseTi formebi zmniT gamoxatuli mo-

qmedebis mimdinareobaze gvaZleven warmodgenas, magram da-

moukidebeli morfologiuri kategoriis wona da mniSvne-

loba ar moepovebaT. msgavsi movlena msoflios mraval

enaSia dadasturebuli da aRiniSneba terminebiT inxoativi,

Aktionsart, способ действия,... qarTulSi mis aRsaniSnavad moqme-

debis saxe gamoiyeneba. z. WumburiZis azriT, qarTulSi mo-

qmedebis saxed unda iqnes miCneuli gangrZobiToba-wyveti-

loba, ris mixedviTac erTmaneTs upirispirdebian uwyvete-

li da uzmniswino (usrulaspeqtiani) wyvetili (werda _ we-

ra, xatavda _ xata...), aseve xolmeobiToba Tanamedrove sa-

literaturo qarTulSi (WumburiZe 1986: 32). vfiqrobT, sva-

nurSi gardamavali zmnebis upreverbo I SedegobiTis for-

mebi (rogorc -en-a’sufiqsiani, aseve oden a’sufiqsiani) swo-

red moqmedebis saxiT (erTgzisoba-mravalgzisoba, wyveti-

loba-gangrZobiToba) xasiaTdebian da upirispirdebian pre-

verbian formebs. qarTulSi ùWamia~ SeiZleba erT SemTxve-

vaSi pirdapirevidencialuri iyos (`dRes araferi miWamia~)

sxva situaciaSi ki irib evidencialobas gamoxatavdes (Sei-

cavdes `Turmes~ gagebas), gansakuTrebiT, Tu mis gverdiT

zmniswiniani, momentobrivi moqmedebis gamomxatveli zmna

gvaqvs: `bavSvs saWmeli uWamia da wasula~ _ aq uWamia = Se-

uWamia, rac svanurSi, ganurCevlad situaciisa, SeuZlebe-

lia: á-Ï-Ì-À ùWamia = naWami aqvs~ _ á-À/р-Ì-ë/ДÍ-À ùWamia

{xolme Turme}~ = `naWami hqonia~; áÏÃÂÀÒÀ `{mo}uklavs =

72

monaklavi hyavs~ _ áÀÃÂÀÒÄÍÀ `{mo}uklavs {xolme Turme} =

naklavi hqonia /hyolia~), Tumca es formebi, rogorc aR-

vniSneT, upirvelesad imis gagebas Seicaven, rom esa Tu is

moqmedeba momxdara Tundac erTxel an arasodes! es aris

mTavari! amis Semdeg ki SeiZleba xolmeobiTobis niuansic

daematos rogorc pozitiur, aseve negatiur konteqstSi.

bolos da bolos eqsperienciuloba da xolmeobiToba xom

semantikurad Zalze axlos dganan erTmaneTTan12!Aase maga-

liTad, roca savele mivlinebisas teqstis Caweris dros

enaTmecnieri _ medea saRliani mTqmelis saubarSi emociu-

rad ereva: qirs miО Cu-m-i--ma! _ òspi mec miWamia!~ (= naWami

maqvs~) _ imas niSnavs, rom es mis cxovrebaSi (SesaZloa

bavSvobaSi) momxdara (erTxel Tu mravaljer, amas mniSvne-

loba ara aqvs, mTavaria faqtis rogorc precedentis kon-

statacia), magram mTqmels rom misTvis ùcnobeli~, anu

iseTi faqtis aRniSvna ndomoda, romelic ar axsovs, maSin

aucileblad upreverbo I SedegobiTis -en-ian formas gamoi-

yenebda:

qirs Cu-m-р-m-en-a, aTxe gar oвæed gud! _ òspi [Turme]

miWamia (=naWami mqonia), axlaRa mivxvdi!~ _ aq `miWamia~-s

Sesabamisi mрm-en-a ukve evidencialobas gamoxatavs, radga-

nac mTqmelisTvis informaciis wyaro inferenciaa.

mesame variantiT, Tu mTqmeli aseve misTvis ùcno-

bel~ situaciaze (vTqvaT, adreul bavSvobaze) saubrobs,

SeiZleba I SedegobiTis ZiriTadpreverbiani formac gamoi-

yenos:

qirs lр-m-mam-a i demeg la-mlat-a _ òspi SemiWamia

[Turme] da ar momwonebia [Turme]~ _ rac kvlav iribi evi-

dencilobis gamomxatvelia, oRond am SemTxvevaSi informa-

12 Pperfeqtis es tipi (eqsperientivi, igive distanciuri,

moqmedebiTi, aqcionaluri awmyos perfeqti) kargad egueba rogorc momentobriv, ise kontinuaciur, anu gangrZobiT da iteratiul, anu mravalgzisobis aspeqtur maxasiaTeblebs (SabaSvili 2009: 91); am tipis perfeqtisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mravalgzisobis gageba (kiparski, 1998).

73

ciis wyaro verbalobaa, `sxva xelia~, zmnuri formac da

mTlianad konteqstic mediatiuria.

mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia isic, rom ZiriTadpreverbian

zmnebSi saanalizo formanti (-en-) ar Cans:

ÏáàÏÃêÍÀ (bz.), ÏáàÏÃÀ (bq.) `waukiTxavs~, ËÏáÛæÀ `dau-

levia~, ÏÈéÒÌÀ `dauWeria~, ËÏáÛÃÉÒê/ÀËÀ (zs.) `wauTamaSia~,

rac adasturebs preverbian formaTa genezisTan dakavSire-

biT YCven mier zemoT gamoTqmul mosazrebas.

amrigad, svanurSi I SedegobiTis (namyousrulis) mier

ganvlili gza ase warmogvidgeba:

statikurma zmnam gadinamikurebis Semdeg preverbis

darTvamde `Turmes~, unaxavi moqmedebis (mdgomareobis) se-

mantika met-naklebad gaiTavisa, rasac adasturebs sasimRe-

ro leqsebisa da lentexuris monacemebi, TiTqmis amavdro-

ulad semantikurma saWiroebam morfologiuri asaxva hpova

formaSi: -ÄÍ- sufiqsis daxmarebiT (romelsac Tavidan mxo-

lod formaTganmasxvavebeli funqcia unda hqonoda: xaxtava

_ 1. „axatia is mas“; 2. „hxatebia is mas“) aqtiur da medioaq-

tiur zmnebSi Caisaxa evidencialoba, Semdeg etapze ki pre-

verbis darTviT es problema (awmyosTan saziaro semantika:

xoОra ùweria“ = „naweri aqvs mas is~, Sdr. stat. ùweria

is mas = misTvis aris dawerili~) sabolood gadaiWra _

zmnam, Ûdinamikurobis garda, SeiZina sruli aspeqtis gage-

ba, rac uTuod warsul dros ganapirobebda, xolo axali

forma (-ÄÍ-ianTa msgavsad) gaTavisuflda awmyoseuli seman-

tikuri `memkvidreobisagan~ _ specialuri formanti aRar

warmoadgenda aucileblobas, preverbianma formam TavisTa-

vad gaiTavisa unaxaobis aqti; -en- sufiqsis umTavresi fun-

qcia _ evidencialobis gamoxatva eqsperienciul formebSi

_ momentobrivi moqmedebis gamomxatvel zmnebSi zmniswinma

SeiTavsa:

stat. awmyo _ áÏáÔÀæÀ ùxatia is mas~ > dinamik. I Se-

deg. áÏáÔÀæÀ ùxatavs, danaxati aqvs mas is~ > Cu-xoxtaæa

(Sedegi orive SemTxvevaSi awmyoSia, pirdapirvidencialu-

74

ria, eqperienciulia) > áÀáÔÀæ-ÄÍ-À ùxatia, danaxati hqonia

mas is~ (Zneli saTqmelia, Sedegi kvlav awmyoSia Tu namyo-

Si, magram Tavad dinamikaa unaxavi, ambavi informators an

sxvisgan gaugonia, an cnobili faqtebis ganzogadebiT as-

kvnis; sxvagvarad: informaciis wyaro aris gareSe _ an ver-

baloba, an inferencia) > ÏÈáÀÔæÀ “dauxatavs Turme mas is~

_ calsaxad evidencialuri forma, romlisTvisac ucxoa

qarTuliseburad nanaxi an ueWveli moqmedeba-mdgomareobis

gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba, amiT sruldeba moqmedebis aqtis,

Sesabamisad, iribi evidencialobis morfologiuri Camoya-

libeba I SedegobiTSi.

daskvna: sinqroniulad svanur enaSi gardamavali da

brunvacvalebadsubieqtiani zmnebis I SedegobiTSi saanali-

zo sakiTxTan mimarTebiTOSemdegi viTarebaa:

1) brunvacvalebadsubieqtian relatiur da absolu-

tur zmnebSi upreverbo formaTa ori rigi gamoiyofa _

martivsufiqsiani (resp. oden -a’sufiqsiani) da -ÄÍ-a‘rTulsu-

fiqsiani; am ukanasknelT (-ÄÍ-a‘sufiqsianebs) pirvelTagan

anlautic gansxvavebuli aqvT: sasxviso qcevis ufunqcio

-o-‘s adgils ikavebs -a-, savaraudod, saarviso qcevis niSa-

ni (rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom es formebi relatiuri gardau-

vali zmnebis analogiiT Camoyalibdnen, romelTac -o- qce-

vis niSani ara aqvT saanalizo mwkrivSi: xextрæi èxateba

is mas~ _ xaxtaæ-en-a `dahxatvia is mas~; Cveni azriT, am

zmnebma win imitom gauswres infiqsis (-en) CarTvaSi garda-

mavlebs, rom formaluri identuroba gamqraliyo maTsa da

statikurebs Soris (Sdr. xрОr-ë/en-a: 1) àweria is mas~; 2)

`swer{eb}ia is mas~), Tumca paraleluri formebi dRemde

gvaqvs: xara _ xarena `hqonia~, xalta _ xaltena `hyvare-

bia~...).

2) usufiqso (resp. oden -a’sufiqsiani) formebi araevi-dencialuria, gamoxataven warsulSi momxdaris Sedegs aw-

myoSi da mTavari semantika aris movlenisa Tu moqmedebis

75

precedentis konstatacia: áÏáÔÀæÀ `{da}uxatavs, danaxati

aqvs~; isini `Turmes~ gagebas mxolod ÄÓÍрÒ (`Turme~) an

sxvaTa sityvis ÄÓÄÒ, ÒÏØæ (-o) nawilakebis darTvis Sede-

gad iZenen:

ÄÓÍрÒ ÂæÄËÎðÒÛðÐÓ рМЙÒМ áÏÌÀ Й B@Ã ДгЩА бДÆВЙ _ `Turme

gveleSaps amirani uWamia (= aqvs naWami) da muceli imitom

stkiva~ _ esnрr („Turme“) nawilakis daxmarebiT gamoxatu-

li evidencialoba, Sdr. ÀËÀÓ ÂæÄËÄÒÛðÐi áÏÌÀ (nawilakis

gareSe) _ àmas gveleSapic uWamia = aqvs naWami~ (eqsperien-

tivi) _ mTqmeli mxolod imas afiqsirebs, rom precedents

adgili hqonia da misTvis is percefciis doneze cnobili

faqtia;

amrigad, I SedegobiTis upreverbo, oden a‘sufiqsian

formaTa ZiriTadi mniSvneloba Tanamedrove svanurSi per-

feqtulobasTan erTad eqsperienciulobis, precedentis ar-

seboba-ararsebobis gamoxatvaa moqmedebis momentTan drou-

li mimarTebis gareSe (da ara moqmedebis naxva-unaxaobis an

gangrZobiToba-momentobriobis gadmocema); savaraudod, es

Zveli qarTulis im viTarebas unda asaxavdes, roca prever-

biani da upreverbo formebi erTmaneTTan opozicias qmnid-

nen ara aspeqtis, aramed gansazRvruloba-ganusazRvrelo-

bis niSniT. Semdgom etapze svanurSi upreverbo formebma

garkveulwilad aiRes TavisTavze unaxaobis aRniSvnac (ro-

gorc sasimRero teqstebidan Cans, Tumca arc imas gamovri-

cxavT, rom es movlena poeziaSi mxolod erTgvari ritmisa

da specifikuri stilis SenarCunebis saSualeba yofiliyo

da I SedegobiTis upreverbo formebs sinamdvileSi yovel-

Tvis is mniSvneloba hqonodaT, romelic dRes aqvT: perfeq-

tuloba-eqsperienciulobis gamoxatva; am mxriv sayuradRe-

bod migvaCnia is faqti, rom svanur idiomatikaSi, romelic,

SesaZloa, xalxur poeziaze metad arqaulic iyos, msgavsi

semantikuri moulodnelobani am formebis gamoyenebisas

arsad gvxvdeba), preverbian formaTa Camoyalibebisa da ma-

Ti funqciebis (perfeqtuloba, aspeqti...) Sevsebis Semdeg ki

upreverboni bunebrivad daubrundnen pirvandel mdgomareo-

76

bas semantikis TvalsazrisiT, anu amJamindeli maTi eqspe-

rienciuloba, Cveni msjelobis pozitiurobis SemTxvevaSi,

meoreuli aRmoCndeba.

3) -ÄÍ- sufiqsianebic (umTavresad brunvacvalebadsu-

bieqtiani zmnebi) gadmoscemen warsulSi moqmedebis (mdgo-

mareobis) Sedegs awmyoSi, oRond iseTi moqmedebisas, rom-

lis mowmec mTqmeli ar yofila an mocemul (Tqmis) momen-

tamde faqti gacnobierebuli ar hqonia (Tu Tavad I piria

gramatikuli subieqti) an sxvisgan gaugonia (Tu subieqti II an

III piria); am zmnebSi eqsperienciuloba da evidencialoba er-

Tdrouladaa warmodgenili; amdenad, evidencialobis Tval-

sazrisiT, es zmnebi mxolod da mxolod unaxavi moqmedebis

Sinaarss gulisxmoben, Sesabamisad, miuTiTeben informaciis

irib wyaroze _ verbalurze Tu inferenciulze;

4) III jgufad ZiriTadpreverbiani zmnebi gamoiyofa,

maTi semantikac calsaxad `Turmes~, informaciis gareSe

wyaros (umTavresad verbalurs, konteqstis gaTvaliswine-

biT _ inferenciulsac) gulisxmobs, oRond preverbi momen-

tobriobis da, Sesabamisad, sruli aspeqtis gagebas sZens;

maSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom II da III jgufis zmnebi

nebismier konteqstSi mxolod da mxolod unaxavi moqmedebis

Sinaarss gamoxataven, yovelTvis mianiSneben informaciis irib

wyaroze (evidencialoba) da Tu es wyaro verbalobaa, funqci-

urad renarativs Seesabamebian, inferenciis SemTxvevaSi ki _

dubitativs an admirativs. rac Seexeba I jgufis zmnebs, isini

Tanamedrove svanurSi pirdapirevidencialurni arian, am per-

feqtuli formebis funqcia mxolod eqsperienciulobaa.

SevniSnavT, rom -ÄÍ’iani formebi struqturiT orpiri-

an gardauval da statikur zmnaTa I SedegobiTs emTxveva:

awmyo: Turm. I

(1)stat. áðÛáÁÀ àkeria is mas~ _ (2) áÀ/ðÛáÁÀ|áÀ/ðÛáÁë/ÄÍÀ `hke-

rebia is mas~

(3) dinamik. áÄÛáÁÉ èkereba is mas~ _ (4) áÀ/ðÛáÁÀ|áÀ/ðÛáÁë/ÄÍÀ

`{Se}hkervia is mas~

77

(5) gardam. ðÛáÁÉ `keravs is mas~ _ (6) áÀ/ðÛáÁë/ÄÍÀ ùkeravs,

{Se}nakeri hqonia mas is~

(1) kabs qobр xрSxba _ `kabas qoba akeria~ (2) kabs qobр xрSxbena _ `kabas qoba hkerebia~;

(3) wæils TeTne kab xeSxbi _ `patarZals TeTri kaba

ekereba (misTvis ikereba)~;

(4) wæils mutkæin kab deSoma xрSxbena _ `patarZals muqi

kaba arasdros Sehkervia (misTvis arasdros Sekerila)~;

(5) zural kabs рSxbi _ `qali kabas keravs~;

(6) al zurals lewæil kabi xeSxbi _ àm qals albaT sa-

patarZlo kabac {Se}ukeravs (=eqneba Senakeri)~.

oRond, rogorc ganvmartavdiT, gardamavali zmnis-

Tvis -ÄÍ-iani forma dRevandeli svanuris viTarebiT erTa-

derTia evidencialuri semantikis upreverbod gadmosace-

mad (xaSxb-ë/en-a `nakeri hqonia~), usufiqsod is dakargavs

`Turme~-s gagebas (áÏÛáÁÀ = `Senakeri aqvs mas is da me es

dadasturebulad vici~). danarCen (statikur da orpirian

gardauval dinamikur) zmnebSi ki monacvleoba sufiqsian

da usufiqso formebisa SedarebiT Tavisufalia zmnaTa um-

ravlesobaSi, oRond -ÄÍ-iani (e. w. grZeli) formebi dRes

ufro bunebrivad JRers da xSiradac gamoiyeneba, ufro me-

tic: isini zmniswinian formebSic (ÀáÛáÄÁL/ÄÍÀ `Sehkervia~,

ÄÓÛáÄÁL/ÄÍÀ `dahkervia~) inarCuneben mas. rogorc aRvniSneT, -ÄÍ-‘is SedarebiT myari pozicia

gardauval zmnebSi (misi CarTva rogorc evidencialuri, ise

araevidencialuri semantikis SemTxvevaSi) ganpirobebuli un-

da iyos statikuri awmyos formebTan omonimurobisgan Tavis

aridebiT.

Tumca gardamavali da brunvacvalebadsubiqtiani ab-

soluturi zmnebis -en- sufiqsian namyosrulis formebTan

dakavSirebiT gvaqvs sxva, zemoTqmulisgan gansxvavebuli

varaudic: rogorc iTqva, saanalizo formebi iribevidenci-

aluria da mxolod da mxolod unaxavi (an gaucnobierebe-

78

li) moqmedebis (mdgomareobis) semantikas gamoxataven, zus-

tad iseve, rogorc I da II TurmeobiTebi, e. w. ùxilavi~

mwkrivebi; Sdr. ËéÌÃÀÂÒ{æ}ÉÍ [ËÉ] `klavda Turme is mas~,

áÀÃÂÀÒ{æ}ÍÀ àklavda/uklavda Turme is mas mas~ _

áÀÃÂÀÒë/ÄÍÀ ùklavs Turme = naklavi hyolia/ hqonia mas is~;

ËéÌÉÎÒ{æ}ÉÍ [ËÉ] `werda Turme is mas~, áðÎÒÖÍÀ àwer-

da/uwerda Turme is mas mas~ _ áðÎÒë/ÄÍÀ ùweria Turme =na-

weri hqonia mas is~; dasaSvebad migvaCnia, rom -en-‘iani vari-

anti svanurSi I seriis TurmeobiTebis perfeqtulad rein-

terpretirebuli forma iyos ara formiT, aramed Sinaar-

siT; orive (I da II) TurmeobiTs ki imitomac Seesabameba,

rom semantikurad isini mxolod qceviT gansxvavdebian, xo-

lo III seriaSi, rogorc cnobilia, qceva neitralizdeba.

specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom, sazoga-

dod, meoreuli posesiuri (kuTvnilebiTi) rezultativebi

xSirad gardaiqmneba perfeqtis gardamaval formebad da

sruliad mosalodnelia, rom svanuri perfeqti warmoiSva

analogiurad: naSyod mêr (`ganarecxi maqvs~) > miSyæda

(`gamirecxavs~), naSyod mëra (`ganarecxi meqneba~) > meSyædi

(`ganarecxi meqneba~) (Сумбатова 2007: 336). … sayuradRebod migvaCnia is faqtic, rom saanalizo

formebi (eqsperienciuli mniSvnelobisani) upreverboa, isi-

ni ver igueben zmniswins iseve, rogorc awmyos Turmeobi-

Tebi, romelnic ùxilavi~ uwyvetlis semantikas atareben

(cxadia, verc permansiuloba da verc eqsperienciuloba mo-

mentobriobas erTmniSvnelovnad ver SeiTavsebs).

am Temaze naSromSi vrclad ar vimsjelebT da mxo-

lod sakiTxis dasmiT SemovifarglebiT, radgan problema

calke kvlevis sagnad migvaCnia, Tumca, sabolood dadas-

turebisa da Sedegis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT,

xaxtaæ-ë/en-a, xadgar-ë/en-a... dRevandeli viTarebis gaTva-

liswinebiT, calke mwkrivad unda ganixilebodes, rogorc

I seriis TurmeobiTTa SedegobiTi, da ara namyosrulis

erT-erTi safexuris varianti, rogorc amas zemoT aRvniS-

79

navdiT, radgan namyosrulisgan (awmyos SedegobiTi) formi-

Ta da semantikiT gansxvavebul monacemTan gvaqvs saqme13

s i n t a q s i

§11. nawilakovani `sxvaTa sityva~ Y

verbaluri evidencialoba qarTvelur enebSi sintaq-

suri konstruqciiTa da pirebis mixedviT ganawilebuli na-

wilakebiT gamoixateba. cxadia, svanurSic nawilakovani

`sxvaTa sityvaa~ ganviTarebuli, Tumca, Tu misi raobis

ganmartebas gaviTvaliswinebT, is, rac sxvaTa sityvaSi,

anu sxvis naTqvamSi moiazreba, SesaZloa scildebodes evi-

dencialobis farglebs; `masve ganekuTvneba agreTve avto-

ris mier winaT gamoxatuli azri (Tu ganazraxi), romelsac

is imeorebs da CaurTavs Tavis naTqvamSi~ (kvaWaZe 1966:468),

magram esec evidencialuri aRmoCndeba iseT konteqstSi, sa-

dac mTqmeli aracnobier mdgomareobaSi myofobisas (adreu-

li bavSvoba, simTvrale, gonebaareuloba...) ganazraxs an na-

Tqvams gadmoscems; meore mxriv, evidencialobis raoba wya-

roze miTiTebas (an miniSnebas) iTvaliswinebs, pirveli pi-

ri ki Tavisive naTqvamis an naazrevis gameorebis SemTxveva-

Sic informaciis wyarod sakuTar Tavs mainc uTiTebs da

nawilakic Sesabamisia, amdenad, `sxvaTa sityva~ nebismier

SemTxvevaSi evidencialurad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

rogorc cnobilia, sxvaTa sityva orgvaria:

13saerTod, kvlevisas gamoikveTa, rom III seriis Camoyalibebis

procesSi dro-kiloTa I seriis yvela formis gadaazrianeba unda momxdariyo, qarTul enaSi es mosazreba cnobilia, magram svanurSi radganac I seriaSi mwkrivTa raodenoba metia, Sesabamisad reinterpretirebul mwkrivTa raodenobac meti iyo mosalodneli, razec ganxiluli monacemebic metyvelebs. amitomac, vfiqrobT, III seriis monacemTa axleburi gaazreba logikuria.

80

p i r d a p i r i da i r i b i.

`Tu visime naTqvami (an ganazraxi) molaparakisa Tu

damweris mier sityvasitviTaa ucvlelad gameorebuli, amas

pirdapiri naTqvami hqvia. magaliTad, `SoTa wers: `moyvare

mteri yovlisa mtrisagan ufro mteria~. aq pirveli winada-

deba avtoris sityvebia, meore ki _ sxvaTa sityva, anu sxva-

Ta naTqvamia, xolo, Tu avtori sxvisi naTqvamis azrs gadmo-

gvcems Tavisi TvalsazrisiT da ara ucvlelad, amas iribi

naTqvami hqvia~ (kvaWaZe 1966: 468). PqarTulSi unawilako pirda-

piri naTqvami avtoris sityvebis an vrceli konteqstis gare-

Se pirdapirevidencialuria, aramarkirebulia, vinaidan arc

zmnuri formebi iZleva imis saSualebas, rom is sxvis naTqva-

mad MmiviCnioT da ara uSualod mTqmelis naazrevad: `nino

skolaSi wavida~ _ Tqva iraklim~ _ avtoris sityvebis (`Tqva

iraklim~) gareSe es fraza, cxadia, pirdapirevidencialuria

_ masSi arc zmnuri formaa perfeqtuli (`wasula~),

romelic verbalur wyaroze migvaniSnebda da arc mesame pi-

ris `sxvaTa sityvis~ -o nawilakia gamoyenebuli. Tumca, roca

evidencialobaze vmsjelobT, pirvel rigSi mas ganvixilavT

rogorc teqstis kategorias, romelic ama Tu im konteqstSi

zogjer, SesaZloa, arc iyos gramatikulad gamoxatuli, miu-

xedavad am mxriv enaSi arsebuli saSualebebisa; es sulac ar

niSnavs, rom aseTi teqsti iribevidencialuri ar aris _ aseT

SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs kategoriis swored teqstur gamoxa-

tulebasTan.

qarTul enaSi pirdapir naTqvams xSirad daerTvis si-

tyvasityviTi nawilakebi -meTqi, -Tqo, -o, romlebic pirTa

(I-II-III) mixedviTaa ganawilebuli.

gansxvavebuli viTarebaa am mxriv svanurSi, sadac

gamosaxatavi saSualebebia -ij/-éj (I da II pirTaTvis), eser,

roq{æ}/loq{æ} (III pirisaTvis; roq{æ} < róqæ _ `Tqva~, Sdr.

qarT. `-Tqo~) nawilakebi, sxvisi naTqvami ki metwilad mesa-

me piriT gadmoicema. marTebulad SeniSnavs i. CantlaZe,

rom svanurSi `nawilakovani sxvisi naTqvamis zmnis pirian

81

formebTan mimarTeba TiTqmis unificirebulia, samsave Se-

mTxvevaSi, Cveulebriv, III piris forma gamoiyeneba da gage-

ba imisa, Tu romel pirzea laparaki, mxolod konteqstis

saSualebiT xerxdeba~ (CantlaZe 1998 : 223):

bz. АЛОрÒ ÄÓÄÒ ÀáàæêÃÀá ÁêÆÉ, ÌÉÍÄ ÃìÌÖ ÄÓÄÒ

ÜæÏÈÃÀÂÒÀá (sv. pr. t., I, 1939: 25) _ èseni Semogvesivneno

amaRam, Cveni ded-mama daxoceso~;

sityvasityviT: èsenio Semosevian amaRam, maTi deda da

mamao mouklavT~.

rogorc vxedavT, cxadyofa imisa, Tu vis gadaxda es

Tavgadasavali (mTqmels, anu I pirs, Tu sxvas _ III pirs an

Tundac mimarTvis obieqts _ II pirs), mxolod winamavali

konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT aris SesaZlebeli, magram evi-

dencialobis TvalsazrisiT es arafers cvlis, vinaidan in-

formaciis wyaro rom mTqmelisTvis `sxva~ aris da igi Ta-

vad ar aris movlenis mowme, amas unaxaobis semantikiT I Se-

degobiTis zmnuri formebic (ÀáàæêÃÀá, ÜæÏÈÃÀÂÒÀá) adastu-

reben da sxvaTa sityvis III piris nawilakis (eser _ `-o~)

gamoyenebac. evidencialobisTvis erT-erTi maTganic sakmari-

si iqneboda, magram mocemul SemTxvevaSi nawilaki savalde-

buloa, vinaidan informaciis wyaro konkretulia (da ara im-

personaluri), xolo unaxaobis gamomxatveli zmnuri forme-

bi warsuli drois moqmedebis gadmosacemad mesame piriseul

konstruqciaSi svanuri enis „sxvaTa sityvis“ specifikiT

aris ganpirobebuli.

sakiTxis ukeT naTelsayofad gamoviyenebT pirobiT

cnebebs: mTqmeli _ teqstis subieqti, piri, romelic gadmo-

gvcems informacias; avtori _ informaciis wyaro, informa-

ciis uSualo mflobeli, anu swored `sxva~; adresati _ av-

toris mimarTvis obieqti ZiriTad ambavSi (Tuki mTqmelis

naambobi aseTs Seicavs), aseve `sxva~.

rogorc cnobilia, qarTulSi mTqmeli III piris na-

Tqvams I piriseuli konstruqciiT warmogvidgens, anu zmnac

da nacvalsaxelic formobrivad warmoTqmis momentis Sesa-

82

tyvisia _ mTqmeli gadmogvcems zustad im formiT, rogorc

informaciis pirvelwyaro, avtori warmoTqvamda, da ara sa-

kuTari poziciis gaTvaliswinebiT; ase rom iyos, maSin in-

formaciis uSualo mflobeli (wyaro) misTvis III piri

gamova da konstruqciac Sesabamisi iqneboda. (qarT. `petrem

Tqva: dRes jixvs movklavo me...~ Sdr. svan. petred róqæ:

lрdi eser RæaSs adgрri ja _ „petrem Tqva: dRes-o jixvs

moklavs TviTon“); svanurSi amgvari pirdapiri naTqvami, III

piriseuli konstruqciis gamo, erTi SexedviT (rom ara

sxvaTa sityvis nawilaki da zmna-Semasmenlis mwkrivi), qar-

Tulis irib naTqvams ufro Seesabameba: `...Tqva: moklavso~

Sdr. `...Tqva, rom moklavda~; `winadadeba: `_ rogor mogewo-

na es ambavi? _ hkiTxa arCilma das~ (ilia WavWavaZe, “oTa-

raanT qvrivi”) _ rom iribad gadavakeToT, miviRebT: àr-

Cilma hkiTxa das, Tu rogor moewona mas es ambavi~. gadake-

Tebisas Seicvala zmnis obieqturi piri: `mogewonaSi~ obi-

eqturi piri meorea, `moewonaSi~ _ mesame~ (kvaWaZe 1966: 468),

svanurad ki pirdapir naTqvamSive obieqturi piri mesame iq-

neba:

ÉÌJÉ ÒÏØ ËÀáÁÀJÀ ÀË ÀÌÁðæ? _ `rogor mogewonao es

ambavi?~ sityvasityviT: `rogoro moswonebia es ambavi?~

v. boederi aRniSnavs, rom svanurSi `pirdapiri naTqva-

mi epistemikuri14 kategoriaa, romelsac `naxevrad iribi na-

Tqvami~ uwoda j. hiuitma (1982). naxevradiribi naTqvami upi-

ratesi variantia svanurisTvis da, rogorc erT-erTma Cemma

svanma informatorma Tqva, es ùfro svanuria~, vidre iribi

naTqvami~ (boederi 2002:18).

14 rogorc naSromis dasawyisSi aRvniSnavdiT, èpistemikas~ Cven

viyenebT svanurSi specialuri mwkrivebiTvis niSandoblivi saeWvoobis, savaraudoobis semantikasTan mimarTebiT; sxvaTa sityvaSi ki mTqmelis mier informaciis sandoobis mixedviT Sefaseba ar xdeba; amdenad, sxvis naTqvams epistemikurad mxolod maSin vTvliT, roca masSi sakuTriv inferenciuli zmnebia CarTuli, anu roca pirvelwyaro (da ara mTqmeli) Tavad warmoadgens naTqvams epistemikurad.

83

svanuri sxvaTa sityvis aRniSnul specifikaze msje-

lobs k. tuitic: ìribi metyvelebis dros III pirs SeuZlia

gamoiyenos miaxloebiTi pirdapiri citireba pirisa da

drois niSnebis Seucvlelad; es xSirad iseTi SemTxvevaa,

roca pirTa opozicia dafarulia da specialuri nacval-

saxelebi ja (`TviTon~) da min (mr. r. `TviTon isini~) cvli-

an I da II piris nacvalsaxelebs. irib metyvelebaSi Semo-

dis damatebiT ere (`rom~) kavSiri da naTqvami Seicavs

ÄÓÄÒ/ÒÏØæ citirebis nawilakebs~ (tuiti 1997: 40).

dialogis (an obieqtisadmi mimarTuli monologis)

dros qarTulSi III pirisagan I-II-III pirebisadmi mimarTva

sxvaTa sityvaSi mudam II piris formiTaa gadmocemuli ro-

gorc zmnasTan, ise nacvalsaxelTan, anu zustad ise, ro-

gorc mTqmeli (III piri) ityoda, radgan adresatad nebismi-

er SemTxvevaSi II piri igulisxmeba, svanurSi ki analogiur

viTarebaSi nacvalsaxelic da zmnac adresatis realur

pirs Seesabameba teqstis subieqtis, mTqmelis (da ara in-

formaciis uSualo mflobelis, wyaros!) poziciidan _ I-s,

II-s an III-s:

bz. ðÒÜÉËÃ ÌóØæ, Ììæ ÄÓÄÒ ÏÃÄ{Ò} / bq. ðÒÜÉËÃ ÌðØæÄ: ÌÉ

ÄÓÄÒÏÙæ ÏÃÄÒ!

àrCilma miTxra: Sen wadio (`me-mca-o /bq. me-o-mca

wavedi~)!~

ðÒÜÉËÃ ãóØæ, Óìæ ÄÓÄÒ ÀÃÄ{Ò} / ðÒÜÉËÃ ãðØæÄ, ÓÉ ÄÓÄÒÏÙæ

ÀÃÄÒ!

àrCilma giTxra: Sen wadio (~Sen-mca-o/Sen-o-mca~) wa-

di!~

ðÒÜÉËÃ áóØæ, ãêæ ÄÓÄÒ ÀÜðÃ/ ðÒÜÉËÃ áðØæÄ, ãÉ ÄÓÄÒÏÙæ

ÀÜÀÃ!

àrCilma uTxra: Sen wadio (`TviTon-mca-o /TviTon-

o-mca~) wavida!~

rasakvirvelia, es winadadebebi iribevidencialuria,

radgan teqstis subieqti (mTqmeli) `sxvaTa sityvis~ da

-æ /oRæ nawilakis CarTviT informaciis wyaroze miuTi-

84

Tebs, informacia (am SemTxvevaSi mimarTva), miuxedavad su-

bieqtis Tanamonawileobisa (an TviTmxilvelobisa) da per-

cefciulobisa, sxva, gareSe wyaros gulisxmobs, kerZod

arCils.

svanurSi pirdapiri naTqvamis konstruqciisTvis amo-

savali aris ara informaciis wyaros (sityvebis namdvili

avtoris) da misi adresatis realuri pirovnuli poziciebi

(Tu romeli piria erTi Tu meore), aramed mTqmelTan (am

teqstis evidencialur aspeqtSi mTxrobelTan) maTi mimar-

Teba:

a) Tu teqstis subieqti (mTqmeli) III piria, I piri ki

adresati da amavdroulad avtori (wyaro), maSin konstruq-

cia I piriseulia (zmnac da nacvalsaxelic I pirs Seesaba-

meba); xolo vinaidan informaciis wyaro anu uSualo

mflobeli (mimarTvis avtori, mocemul SemTxvevaSi _ arCi-

li), romelic Tqmis momentSi, bunebrivia, I pirad iqneboda

warmodgenili, mTqmelisTvis mainc `sxva~, anu III piria, is

amas aseve gamoxatavs (amitomac emsgavseba pirdapiri na-

Tqvami iribs):

bz. ÓÏÌÄáÃ ÍóØæ: `ÌóÎ ÒÏØ ÍÀÙæëÍÀ, ÄãÀ ÒÏØÖ ÏÈáæÉÄÃ~

(sv. pr. t. I 1939: 39);

somexma gviTxra: `rac gqondaT, is waiReTo~ (`...raco

gvqonia, iso-mca waviReT~, Sdr. qarTuli iribi naTqvami:

`somexma gviTxra, rac gvqonda, is wagveRo~).

kodor. bz. `ÀÈáÄ Ì’ÄÓÄÒ ØÀÌÀßæëÍÄá ÄãÎðÒÓ É Äã’ÄÓÄÒ

ØêæáæÄØÀ, ÄÒÄ ÉÌðÒÂ À ÌíÌÀ ËìÆÉ ÀËÎðÒÝÀáðÍ, JÉ-æ-ÏáÌÄâÒóæÉÍ~

(silevan wifiani, 75 wlisa, ajara);

àxla Sen gaCvenebTo imaT da gviTxario, SeiZleba

Tu ara imaTTan erTad wasvla~ (àxla meo maCveneben imaT

da iso vuTxarimca, rom varga Tu ara wasvla amaTTan~), ga-

gvagebineo (`ga-mca-vagebine~).

kodor. bq. ãÀÈÄÃ ÍðØæÄ: `Íð ÒÏØ ÀÌáÄÍ Üæ-ÏÙ-ÏÓÙÄËÉæÃ É

ãÉ ÄÓÄÒ ØÀÙéÒÉ~ (CantlaZe da sxv. 2010: 471);

jaTem gviTxra: `Tqven aqeT damicadeTo~

85

(`...Cveno aqeT da-mca-vucadeT~) da me gavalo (`TviTono

gava~).

`ÃÉÍÀ, ÁðÆ’ÄÓÄ{Ò} ËÄÌÆéÒðÒ-Ö ÏáÍðÚ!~ (gaiane Samfriani,

73 wlisa, ajara);

`gogo, amaRam kverebi gamoacxveo!~ (`...amaRamo

Sesalocebi-mca gamovacxve!~).

`ÃÄÌÉÓ ÄÓÄÒ ÍÖ×ÛæÃÄá ÀÌÄØÀ ËéðÒÓ!~ (CantlaZe da sxv.

2010: 364);

ar ga[da]giSvebTo aq cocxals!~;

sityvasityviT: àro gagviSveben aq (àmaze~) cocxals!~).

b) Tu subieqtis (mTqmelis, I p.) adresati realurad

II piria (anu is, visac esaubreba), maSin II piriseuli kon-

struqcia gvaqvs:

bz. ÚÀÈËÀÍÃ ðÌÉÌÁæÄ, ÄÒÄ Ó’ëÓÄÒ ÃðÛÃæÉ áæðÎ ãÉÃÂÀÒÀ;

`yaTlanma miambo, rom Sen daTvic bevri {mo}giklav-

so~.

msjeloba ufro naTeli rom gaxdes, mocemul konteq-

stSi evidencialobis TvalsazrisiT rolebi ase ganawil-

deba: yaTlani _ wyaro; I piri (me miambo _ ðÌÉÌÁæÄ) _ teq-

stis subieqti, anu mTqmeli, II piri _ dialogis monawile,

mTqmelis mimarTvis obieqti, adresati da, amave dros, wya-

roseuli informaciis (moqmedebis) gramatikuli subieqti;

g) Tu wyaroc da adresatic orive III piria,

teqstis subieqti (mTqmeli) III piriseul konstruqcias mi-

marTavs:

bz. áÏÛÀ ÌÖáæÁÄÌ ÒóØæ, ÄÒÄ `ã’ëÓÄÒ ðëÓÂÉ ЮÖäëÒÀÓ

ËÀäñÃÈÄ~ (sv. pr. t. I, 1939:152);

ùfrosma Zmam Tqva, rom `me waviRebo sacers gasayi-

dad~ _ aseTi iqneba gamarTuli ganmarteba qarTul salite-

raturo enaze, anu sxvisi naTqvami I piriseul konstruqci-

as (`...me waviRebo...~) Seesabameba, magram sityvasityviT gan-

martebisas sxva suraTia: ùfrosma Zmam Tqva, rom `TviTon

waiRebso sacers gasayidad~ _ sxvisi naTqvamis konstruq-

86

cia III piriseulia da svanurisTvis bunebriv stils imeo-

rebs. aseve:

kodor. bz. ÁÀÈðËÁÉÃ áóØæÄ ÌÉÜÀ ÜìÑÀ: `ÒÏÓÔÏÌ, ÀÙÏ

ÀÈá’ÄÓÄÒ áÏßÉæá ËÉÌÀÒÂæ!~ (CantlaZe da sxv. 2010: 148);

`baTalbim uTxra Tavis siZes: `rostom, aba,

axla gvmarTebso simarjve!~ (`... axlao hmarTebT...~).

`ÀÌÖÍÙæ’ëÓÄÒ ÍíÌÈÄæ ÀÃÉÄ ÌÉãÍÄÌ ÀË ËðÎÒ~ (zaur gul-

bani, 42 wlisa, omariSali);

àmis Semdeg arsad waiRoo Sen es werili~

(àmis Semdego arsadmca waiRo man es werili~).

ÓÂÀËðáØêË É Ñ’íáÜÉÛ: `ã’ëÓÄÒ ÃÉ É ãÀ ÂÄÆÀË!~ (sv. pr.

t. I, 1939: 123);

`miepara da daaswro: `Sen deda da me Svilio!~

(`...TviTono deda da TviTon Svili!~).

bq. `ÉÓÂÏÙæ À×ÉÛÃæá ÌÉÜÀ ÍÀÒÃæÈÄÎÓÂÀ~ _ ÀË ÌÀÒÄÌ

ÉäÄÒ (sv. pr. t. II 1957: 189);

`SemiSviTo Cems namyofSi~ _ am kacma iTxova

(`Se-mca-uSves Tavis namyofSi~...)~;

kodor. bq. áðØæÄ ÁÉÌéÒÆÀÃ À×áÍÄÂðÒÓ: `ÀË’ÄÓÄÒ

ÜÖæÀÃÉÄá ËÄäæÃÉÃ, ÑÉÁðËÉÃ ÄÓÄÒ Ñ’ðÍÔÉáÄá ÁÙÄÜÖ ÌÄÛÚÃÄ ÌÉÍÄ

À×áÍÄÂÓ~ (tariel werediani, 78 wlisa, qvabCara);

ùTxra bimurzam amxanagebs: ès CavitanoTo

gasayidad, zeviTobas amoviyvanTo napralSi Cavardnil

Cvens amxanags~ (`...eso Caitanesmca gasayidad, zeviTobaso

amoiyvanen...~).

vinaidan dialogebsa Tu monologebSi, gansakuTrebiT

daqvemdebarebuli evidencialobis dros, sxvaTa sityvis

konstruqciaSi mTqmelisTvis mTavari da amosavali adresa-

tis uSualo mimarTebaa Tavad teqstis subieqtTan (kidev

gavxazavT: da ara informaciis wyarosTan!), amitom kon-

struqciaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli is, Tu realurad

romeli gramatikuli piria informaciis wyaro; albaT ami-

tomac I da II pirSi sityvasityviTi nawilaki erTi da igi-

vea (-Éã/-éã) _ mTqmeli xom orsave SemTxvevaSi (Tavad mimar-

87

Tavs adresats Tu sxvisi piriT uTvlis) Tavadaa teqstis

subieqti! Sdr.:

kodor. bz. ÀËÎðÒÓ áæëØÀÒ: Øê’ã-ÀØðáÃ ÌðÂ ÄÜáÀæ É ÓÂ’êã-ÀÌ×ÉÛÃæÃ ÌÉ (nunu gulbani-pakeliani, 60 wlisa, ajara);

amaT vuTxari: `gaiwieT-meTqi yvelam iqiT da

SemiSviT-meTqi me~; rogorc vxdavT, aq teqstis subieqti (mTqmeli) da

informaciis wyaro (avtori) erTmaneTs emTxveva; miuxedavad

amisa, nawilakovani formebis gamoyenebiT mTqmeli mainc miuTi-

Tebs wyaroze da teqstic, TavisTavad cxadia, evidencialuria,

vinaidan arsebobs evidencialobis mTavari piroba (rac am ka-

tegoriis raobis ZiriTad ganmartebaSia Cadebuli) _ informa-

ciis wyaroze miTiTeba: msgavs viTarebaSic mTqmeli faqtis ub-

ralo konstatacias ki ar axdens, aramed -ij nawilakiani for-

mebiT wyaros miuTiTebs (Tumca es wyaro Tavadaa).

kodor. bq. ØÀ-Éã-á-ÄØÀÒ ÉÓÂæÀ ÂÄÆËÉÒÓ: ÃÄÌÄÂÉã ÙÖÒÉ,

ÓÂðÎã Ìð ãÄÚÒÄÍÉá, ÄãÉÎã ÌÄÚÒÄÍÉ ÌÉÉ (CantlaZe da sxv. 2010: 365);

ùTxari-meTqi Sens Svilebs: àr waval-Tqo, rac

Tqven dagemarTebaT, mec is damemarTeba-Tqo~ _ am SemTxve-

vaSic mTqmeli da informaciis wyaro erTi da igive piria,

magram subieqti pirdapir aRqmul, movlenis Tanamdev in-

formacias ki ar gadmoscems, aramed iTvaliswinebs, rom II

piris mier informaciis saboloo adresatisTvis gadacemi-

sas teqstSi wyaro ukve sxva iqneba (anu is, vinc mocemul

momentSi Tavad mTqmelia) da amas afiqsirebs konstruqcia-

Si. mTqmels SeuZlia aseT SemTxvevaSic III piriseul kon-

struqcias mimarTos (saboloo adresatisTvis Tavad xom

realurad III piri gamodis!); maSin is -Éã/-éã (`-meTqi~;

`-Tqo~)’Tan erTad eser (`-o~) nawilaksac gamoiyenebs;

l. palmaitisi saanalizo sakiTxis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs:

`rogorc Cans, pirdapiri metyveleba svanurSi gamoiyeneba

ormagi citirebis dros, anu, roca erTi citata daqvemdeba-

rebulia meorisadmi; Tu mosaubre moixseniebs Tavis Tavs

III pirSi, -éã da ÄÓÄÒ gamoiyeneba erTad, -éã Seexeba I pirs

88

da ÄÓÄÒ II an III pirs: ÌÉ áæëØÀ ÓÉÊÏÓ: `ÁÀÁÀÓ-éã áëØÀ, Üî-ã ÄÓÄÒ

ÀÈàÄÌ, ÌÉÜ-éã ÌêÌÀ áÏÑÉÁ~ _ me vuTxari sikos: `babuas uTxari-

meTqi (`babuas-meTqi uTxari~), daTibe-Tqo, mas-meTqi ar sca-

lia~. (palmaitisi 1986: 35). Cveni azriT, palmatisiseuli

ganmarteba -éã da ÄÓÄÒ nawilakTa erTdrouli gamoyenebis

Sesaxeb koreqtivs saWiroebs: -éã nawilaki mocemul maga-

liTSi ekuTvnis sikos, romelic avtorisTvis II piria, xo-

lo warmoTqmis, saboloo adresatisTvis ambis gadacemis

momentSi realurad I piri iqneba; eser ki _ teqstis subi-

eqts, mTqmels, pirs, romelic sikos abarebs ambavs babuas-

Tan, da romelic Tqmis (danabarebis gadacemis) momentSi

ukve III piris statusiT iqneba (siko babuas etyvis, rom mas

III pirma daabara...); sxvagvarad: avtoris naTqvamSi eser na-

wilakis CarTviT ukve gaTvaliswinebulia Suamavlis mier

warmoTqmis (adresatisTvis ambis gadacemis) momentSi teq-

stis subieqtis (romelic ukve III pirad iqneba moxseniebu-

li) dafiqsirebis aucilebloba.

maSasadame, -éã da eser nawilakebis erTdrouli gamo-

yeneba semantikuri TvalsazrisiT qarTul -Tqo’s Seesabame-

ba da, III piriseuli konstruqciis arsidan gamomdinare, -éã nawilaki II pirs (ambis gadamcems) gamoxatavs [radgan avto-

ri (ambis SemTvleli) iTvaliswinebs, rom is (misTvis amJa-

mindeli II piri) warmoTqmis momentSi realurad I piri iq-

neba], eser ki _ I pirs (teqstis subieqts, iniciators), ro-

melic Tqmis momentSi ukve III pirs warmoadgens (anu im

pirs, romlis danabarebsac gadascemen adresats). e. i. da-

qvemdebarebuli citirebis dros svanurSi miTiTeba er-

Tdroulad ramdenime wyaroze xdeba da konstruqciac Se-

sabamisia. amgvari teqsti, bunebrivia, evidencialurad unda

CaiTvalos, vinaidan informaciis wyaros Cveneba (Tanac

ormagad!) gamoxatulia semantikuradac da gramatikuladac.

svanurSi teqstis subieqtis (mTqmelis, iniciatoris)

prioritetulobis principi sxvaTa naTqvamSi imdenad Zlie-

ria, rom mimarTvisas nacvalsaxelebSic ki fiqsirdeba:

89

kodor. bz. (1) АÒÓДНÃ брØæД: `ÌðÎ ÄÓÄÒ ËÉ, ãÀ ÆÖÒêË,

ÉÌÍðÒ ÄÓÄÒ áÄÚÒÄÍÉ ÀÌÑÉ?!~ (gaiane Samfriani, 70 wlisa, ajara);

arsenma uTxra: `ra aris, Se qalo, ratom gemarTebao

ase?! ~ (sityvasityviT: `ra aris, TviTon qalo, ratomo emar-

Teba ase?!~) _ III piris Sesatyvisi ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxe-

lis gamoyeneba mimarTvaSi gamowveulia swored im faqtiT,

rom teqstis subieqtisTvis aris adresati III piri (qali),

Torem mimarTvis uSualo avtorisTvis (wyarosTvis _ arse-

nisTvis) igi adresatia, anu II piri, da logikuri iqneboda,

mTqmelsac si zural (`Se qalo~) gamoeyenebina Txrobisas

(rogorc es qarTulSia); aseve:

kodor. bq. (2) ÌÄßðÃá ÌÉÛÂÖ ÂÄÆËÉÒ É ðÌÝÖÃá: `Ìð ÄÓÄÒ

ÌðÊæÃÀ ÀÈáÄ ÀÌÄÓÂÀ, ÌÉ ÆÖÒÀË!~ (CantlaZe da sxv. 2010: 365);

daminaxes Cemma Svilebma da gamiwyrnen: `ra gindodao

axla aqeT, Se qalo!~ (`...ra mindodao axla aqeT, me qalo~);

Aam konteqstSi mimarTvis amgvari forma (ÌÉ ÆÖÒÀË `me qa-

lo~) qarTulisTvis (da albaT enaTa umravlesobiTvis)

warmoudgenelia, svanurSi ki esec bunebrivia I piriseul

konstruqciaSi (iseve, rogorc (1)-is III piriseul konstruq-

ciaSi iyo _ `TviTon qalo~); amasac albaT fsiqologiuri

axsna aqvs: mTqmelisTvis gadamwyveti sakuTari poziciuri

damokidebulebaa teqstis `personaJebisadmi~ da radgan

pirvel winadadebaSi mocemul mimarTvaSi Tavad (mTqmeli)

arc avtoria da arc adresati, bunebrivia, dialogis orive

monawiles III (gareSe) pirad aRiqvams da gramatikuladac

Sesabamis formas uZebnis; Mmeore SemTxvevaSi ki mTqmeli

(teqstis subieqti) amavdroulad mimarTvis adresatic Tava-

daa da aseve afiqsirebs Tavis pozicias: konstruqciac I pi-

riseulia da mimarTvaSic I piris nacvalsaxels iyenebs.

ai, swored amas vgulisxmobT teqstis subieqtis priorite-

tulobis principSi iribi evidencialobis qvesaxeobis, ver-

balurobis, gamoxatvis sintaqsur saSualebaze (`sxvaTa si-

tyva~) msjelobisas.

msgavsi viTarebaa brZanebis Semcvel umokles fra-

90

zebSic:

kodor. bq. ÀÌÄÜÖ ÍÀÔÖËÉæá: `ÙÖÒÃÄÃ, ÙÖÒÃÄÃ!~

aq gveubnebodnen: `wadiT, wadiT!~ (sityvasityviT: `wa-

videT, wavideT!~).

ÌÖÛÍÉÛ áÄáæ ÍÉËàÉÒðËÉÃÀ: `ÏÜÄÃ ÀÌáÄÍØÀ, ÏÜÄÃ ÀÌáÄÍØÀ!~

(Tamar gerliani, 73 wlisa, ajara);

muSnis coli gviTvlida: `wadiT aqedan, wadiT aqe-

dan!~ [sityvasityviT: “wavideT (eqskluziuri „Cven“) aqedan,

wavideT aqedan!~].

qarTulSi, Tu zmnis pirveli piris forma mravlobiT

ricxvSia, pirdapir naTqvamTan -o nawilaki ixmareba (kvaWaZe

1966: 471). analogiuri viTarebaa svanurSic: I piris mravlo-

biT ricxvTan -Éã/-éã arasodes gamoiyeneba, mas cvlis

ÒÏØ{æ} nawilaki:

bz. ËðáæàæÄÃÃÀÃ: `ÀÌÄÎÓÂÀ ÒÏØæ ÉÌ ÍÀäæÃÉÃ ØÉÒðÎÓ?~ (sv.

pr. t. I 1939: 38);

vkiTxeT: àmaSio qiras ras gvaZlevT?~

kodor. bz. ÍðÎ áæóØæÃ: `ØÀ-ÒÏØæ-ÀÃÄ ËéÝØÀ~ (emzar

xvistani, 66 wlisa, ajara);

Cven vuTxariT: `gadio wyalze~.

specialur literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba (Tofuria 1967: 91; SaraZeniZe 1946: 290), rom sxvaTa sityvis

eser da ÒÏØ{æ} nawilakebi zmnis pirveli da meore piris

formebs ver igueben, mesame pirs moiTxoven. es asec aris,

roca mTqmeli pirveli piria da is Tavissave naTqvams (na-

azrevs) imeorebs an gadascems mesame pirs meoris saSuale-

biT, (qarTuli -meTqi, -Tqo nawilakiani formebis Semcveli

konstruqciebi), magram mTqmelad Tu mesame piri igulisxme-

ba da mxolod konstruqciaa I Tu II piriseuli (sadac, bu-

nebrivia, I da II piris formebi Segvxvdeba), maSin aRniSnu-

li nawilakebi I da II piris formebTanac gamoiyeneba. es

jer kidev 1962 wels SeniSna studentma i. CantlaZem Tavis

sadiplomo naSromSi, riTac Seaswora specialur litera-

91

turaSi im dros miRebuli Sexeduleba:

bz. ÎÏÒÉ ÆðÎËÃ ØÀ ÒÏØæ ðáæÉÝáÐ (sv. poez. 1939: 112,41);

òri weli Sevasruleo (`Semovivleo~)~.

ÉÌÈÄ ÒÏØæ ÄÓÙÒÉ ÓÉ? (iqve: 289,35);

`Sen saiT midixaro?~

ÓÂðÎ ÒÏØæ ÓÀÁËÖ, ÉÌ ÙÀË àéÛáÄÃ? (iqve, 104,29);

`Tqve sawyleboo, ra geferxulebaT (`ras ferxu-

lobT~)~?

ÌÉ ÒÏØæ ÄÜØÀ áæÉÒÏË ÉÓÂÖ ÌÏÙËðÔ (sv. pr. t. I

1939: 283);

`meo maSin viqnebodi Seni moRalate~;

ÌðÎ ÒÏØæ áæðÎ ÌÉæJÀ?! (iqve: 101);

`ra bevri mZinebiao?!~

ÓÀÌ ÀÌÁðæÓ äÄ ÌÏÛ ÒÏØæ ÀÌóØæìÓÂæÍÉÃ, ÉÓÂæÄÎ

ÈÄËÙéÒÀ áæìÒÀ (iqve: 100);

`sam ambavs Tu maTqmevinebTo, Tqveni rZali viq-

nebi~;

ÌÉÛÂæÀÈÄ ËÉâÄÃ ÄÓÄÒ ãÀËðÔ (iqve: 9,28);

`CemTan mosvla giyvarso~;

ÂÖÒÍÀÒÛæ ÄÓÄÒ ÈáÖÌ ÜÖ ãÉáÐÄ (iqve: 432,10);

`qvebiT Tavs gagipobo~;

bq. ЮÀЮÒÀÓ ÒÏØæ Íð áÏáËÉÍÀÃ, Íð ÒÏØæ áæðÎÀÓÂæÃ

ÔÄËð×ÈÄ (sv. pr. t. II, 1957: 126);

`tomaraso Cven vudgamdiT, Cveno migvqonda (`wavi-

ebdiT~) derefanSi~;

ÔÚÄÍÓ ÄÓÄÒ ÌÉØÜÄ, ÛÄÉЮËÄÁ’ÄÓÄÒ ØÀ áæÄßÄÃ ÃðÛÃæÓ (iqve:

207,16);

`kets momiWriso, iqneb SevxvdeTo („davinaxoTo“)

daTvs~.

ase rom, marTalia, zmnis I da II piris formebi da, ag-

reTve, saTanado nacvalsaxelebi marTlac gvxvdeba ÒÏØæ

da eser nawilakebis Semcvel sxvaTa sityvasTan (CantlaZe

92

1998: 232), magram amas erTi axsna aqvs: teqstis subieqtis-

Tvis (mTqmelisTvis) informaciis wyaro `sxvaa~, III piria,

amitomac urTavs is III pirisTvis gankuTvnil sityvasity-

viT nawilakebs mocemul ilustraciebSi, miuxedavad kon-

struqciisa. sxvaTa sityvis I da II piriseuli konstruqcia

(iq, sadac III piriseulic aris SesaZlebeli) Zveli svanuri

xalxuri simRerebis enaSi iSviaTobaa cocxal metyvelebas-

Tan SedarebiT, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom àmgvari ram sva-

nurisTvis SedarebiT ufro gviandelia, meoreulia da qar-

Tul enasTan kontaqtiT unda aixsnas~ (CantlaZe 1998:227).

marTalia, sxvaTa sityva (verbaluri informacia) evidencia-

luria nebismieri konstruqciiT, vinaidan calsaxad gulis-

xmobs informaciis wyaroze miTiTebas, magram svanurisTvis

ufro bunebrivi (mesamepiriseuli) konstruqcia formobri-

vadac (unaxaobis zmnuri formebis gamoyeneba) da azrobri-

vadac, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, gacilebiT evidencialuria.

qarTuliseburi konstruqciebi sxvisi naTqvamis

gadmosacemad rom marTlac ufro gviandelia svanuris-

Tvis, amas adasturebs kodoris xeobaSi mcxovreb svanTa

metyvelebis nimuSebic, romelTa Seswavlis Sedegad aRmo-

Cnda, rom sxvaTa sityvis I Tu II piris naTqvamis Sesabamisi

formebiT warmodgena gamoyenebis sixSiriT Crdilavs ki-

dec svanuris specifikur, mesame piriseul konstruqcias;

aq Uufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebic ki, rogorc saubar-

Si, ise SedarebiT arqauli leqsikis Semcveli teqstebis

(religiuri ritualebis, samonadireo eposis, zRaprebis,

legendebis...) moyolisas xSirad ugulebelyofen mesamepi-

riseul konstruqcias da sxvaTa sityvis gadmocemas qarTu-

lis analogiuri formiT arCeven, rac inovaciisa Tu xe-

lovnurobis STabeWdilebas uqmnis svanuri enis kargad

mcodne msmenels _ is `naxevradiribi~ H(j. hiuiti) ukve

aRar aris; Tumca am movlenas Tavisi axsna aqvs: rogorc

bolo wlebSi Catarebulma fundamenturma kvlevam aCvena,

dalis svanuri ara mxolod kiloTa interferenciulobiT

93

xasiaTdeba, aramed qarTuli saliteraturo enis Zlieri

gavleniTac, rac umTavresad sintaqsSi iCens Tavs; amisi

erT-erTi nimuSia evidencialobis qarTuliseburi kon-

struqciiT gamoxatvis tendenciac:

k o d o r e l T a b a l s z e m o u r i15

ÁÉЮÉÀ ÌÄäÀÃ áÀÔæìËÍÀ ÃÄÃÀÓ: `ÓÉ ÒÏØ ÃÀÜæÉÒ ÌêÃÄ, ÌÖáæÁÄ ÒÏØ ÌÉÒÉ É ÜÖ ËÀá ÒÏØ ÎðÒ ÀÌÃÀÂÒÉ, ÜÖÌÉáÀ, ÓÉ ÒÏØ

ÜÖÌÉßæÒÉ~ (CantlaZe da sxv. 2010: 153);

biZia sul eubneboda Turme dedas: `Sen (`Seno~) da ki

ara, Zma myavxaro (`Zmao myavxar~) da Tu vinme momklavs, vi-

ci, Seno misisxleb~;

III piriseuli konstruqciiT iqneboda: ÁÉЮÉÀ ÌÄäÀÃ áÀÔæìËÍÀ ÃÄÃÀÓ: `ãÀ ÒÏØ ÃÀÜæÉÒ ÌêÃÄ, ÌÖáæÁÄ

ÒÏØ áÏÒÉ É ÜÖ ËÀá ÒÏØ ÎðÒ ÀÃÃÀÂÒÉ, ÜÖáÏáÀ, ãÀ ÒÏØ ÜÖÉßæÒÉ~;

biZia sul eubneboda Turme dedas: `TviTono da ki

ara, Zma hyavso da Tu vinme moklavso, icis, [rom] TviTono

isisxlebs~.

ÂÉÂÀ áÄÝæÀËÃÀ ÁÖÁÀÓ: `ÀÈá’ÄÓÄÒ ÄÛÉÎ ÃóÒ ðãÈáêË, ÌÀÒÄ

ÄÛÉÎ ÄÓÄÒ ÄÜáÀæ ãóÆÍÖÍÉ~ (mzevinar jaWvliani, 43 wlisa,

omariSali);

bicola eCxubeboda biZias: àxlao mainc aravin da-

gZebna, magram mainco iqiT migiwevs guli~;

III piriseuli konstruqciiT: ÂÉÂÀ áÄÝæÀËÃÀ ÁÖÁÀÓ: `ÀÈá’ÄÓÄÒ ÄÛÉÎ ÃóÒ ÀáÈáêËÀ, ÌÀÒÄ

ÄÛÉÎ ÄÓÄÒ ÄÜáÀæ áóÆÍÖÍÉ~;

bicola eCxubeboda biZias: àxlao mainc aravis dau-

Zebnia, magram mainco iqiT miuwevs guli~.

15 wignSi `kodoruli qronikebi~ dalSi (resp. kodoris xeobaSi)

mivlinebebis dros mopovebuli yvela masala ver Sevida, amitomac wyaros miTiTeba yovelTvis ar xerxdeba; aseT SemTxvevaSi vuTiTebT mTqmels.

94

ÌÖËÂÖäëÒÉÓ áÀÔîËÉ ÌÀäÒëÍÄ ÌÖáæÁÄ: `ÊÏÔíË áрÍÓ ÄÓÄÒ

ÑÉËðÌÉÛáæÍ, ÀÌÙæÉàá ÄÓÄÒ æÄÛÂÉÍ~ (Salva gujejiani, 78 wli-

sa, omariSali);

mewisqviles eubneba umcrosi Zma: `cota xanso damma-

le (`Seminaxe~), momdeveno ukan~;

III piriseuli konstruqciiT:

ÌÖËÂÖäëÒÉÓ áÀÔîËÉ ÌÀäÒëÍÄ ÌÖáæÁÄ: `ÊÏÔíË áрÍÓ ÄÓÄÒ

J’ìæ-ËðÎÛáæÉÍ, ÀáÙæÉàá ÄÓÄÒ æÄÛÂÉÍ~;

mewisqviles eubneba umcrosi Zma: `cota xanso dama-

los, mosdeveno ukan.~.

ÓÂêÜðÃ ÂËÄáÈëÓÂÀ ÌêË É: `ÀÌJÉ É ÀÌJìÍ ÄÓÄÒ ÌÖÙæÀ ÂæÄÛ...~ (iqve);

Sevida glexTan mela da: àse da ase maqvso saqme...~


ÓÂêÜðÃ ÂËÄáÈëÓÂÀ ÌêË É: `ÀÌJÉ É ÀÌJìÍ ÄÓÄÒ áÖÙæÀ ÂæÄÛ...~

Sevida glexTan mela da: àse da aseo aqvs saqme...~

ÃÄÃÄ ËÀáàæÄÃÍÀ: _ ÌÉÍÒÀ, ÉÌ ÒÏØ áÉÜÏ? _ ÉÌ ÒÏØ áæÉÜÏ É æÉÓÂæÓ áæÉÆÁÉ. _ À, ÓÉ ÒÏØ ÆÖÒÀË ÌÉáÀËÃðÓ É ÆÖÒêË ÌêÌ ËéÌóÒáÉ! (ekate-rine (katuSa) xvistani, 73 wlisa, genwviSi);

`dedas ukiTxavs: _ minra, ras Svrebio?

_ raso vSvrebi da vaSls vWam.

_ a, Seno qali megone da qali ar yofilxar!~

[SeniSvna: ioane naTlismcemlis TaviskveTis dRes, 18

ianvars, romelsac svanebi àdgoms~ eZaxian, mzis Casvlamde

da sulebisTvis sakurTxis gawyobamde (`da-fen-a-mde~)

srul marxvas icaven, romlis darRvevamac (vaSlis mirTme-

vam) gamoiwvia mosaubris gaficxeba];

III piriseuli konstruqciiT es dialogi mTxrobels

ase unda gadmoeca:

95

_ ÌÉÍÒÀ, ÉÌ ÒÏØ ÉÜÏ?

_ ÉÌ ÒÏØ ÉÜÏ É æÉÓÂæÓ ÉÆÁÉ.

_ À, ãÀ ÒÏØ ÆÖÒÀË áÀáËëÍÀ É ÆÖÒêË ÌêÌ ËéÌóÒ!

_ minra, raso Svreba?

_ raso Svreba da vaSls Wams.

_ a, TviTon qalio hgonebia da qali ar yofila!

`ÓÀÒÜÄË ÄÓÄÒ ðäÖÍðÒ JÉ É ÄÜÉ ÌÉáÄÃæÉÈ ÓßÏÒÃ ÄÓÄÒ ÀÃÄ!~ (CantlaZe da sxv. 2010: 205);

sarCelio moismine da imis mixedviT sworado

gadawyvite (`wadi~)!

III piriseuli konstruqciiT: `ÓÀÒÜÄË ÄÓÄÒÖ ðÍäÖÒÍÄ É ÄÜÉ ÌÉáÄÃÅÉÈ ÓßÏÒÃÖ ÄÓÄÒ

ÀÜðÃ!~;

`sarCeliomca moismina da imis mixedviT sworadmcao

gadawyvita (`wavida~)!~

аЪЙНÔÃ МóØæ: `ÄãÎðÒ ÄÓÄÒ ÌêÌ ËéÌðÒá ÌÉÛÂÖ ÄÒÈÂæÉË,

ÌÀÒÄ ÌêÌ ÄÓÄÒ ãÉãÒðæÃðÓ~ (emzar xvistani, 66 wlisa, ajara);

biWma miTxra: ìsinio ar yofilan Cemi erTguli, mag-

ram aro gijerebdi~;

III piriseuli konstruqciiT: `ÄãÎðÒ ÄÓÄÒ ÌêÌ ËéÌðÒá ÌÉÜÀ ÄÒÈÂæÉË, ÌÀÒÄ ÌêÌ ÄÓÄÒ

ÌÀãÒÀæÍÀ~; ìsinio ar yofilan misi erTguli, magram aro mije-

rebda Turme~.

МóØæб: `Ñ’ÄÓÄÒ ðáÈéÌìÍÄÃ É ÌðÂ ÄÓÄÒ ÄãÑÉ ÉÒ’Ä Ó’ÄÓÄÒÉ

ãÄáÎðÃÉ É ÉÓÂÖ À×áÍÄÂÌêÒÀÓÉ~ (iqve);

miTxres: `moiTmineTo da yvelaferi ise iqneba, rom

Senc gagixardeba (`gexareba~) da Sens amxanagebsaco~;

96

am SemTxvevaSi I piriseuli konstruqcia iyo mosa-

lodneli, radgan wyaros mimarTvis adresati Tavad mTqme-

lia, anu I piri:

`Ñ’ÄÓÄÒ ðáæÈéÌìÍÄÃ É ÌðÂ ÄÓÄÒ ÄãÑÉ ÉÒ’Ä Ì’ÄÓÄÒÉ ÌÄáÎðÃÉ É

ÌÉÛÂÖ À×áÍÄÂÌêÒÀÓÉ~;

`moviTmineTo-mca da yvelaferio ise iqneba, rom meco

gamixardeba (“mexareba”) da Cems amxanagebsac~.

ÈðÌÁÉÃ áóØæÄ: `ÓÂ’êËÜÄÃÃ ÄÓÄÒ ÀÈáÄ æÄ×áæÉ ØæÀÁÈÄÎÓÂÀ~

(Salva gujejiani, 78 wlisa, omariSali);

Tambim uTxra: `SevideTo axla vefxvi{s} bunagSi

(`qvab-Si~)~;


ÈðÌÁÉÃ áóØæÄ: `ÓÂê-æ-ÀÜðÃá | ÓÂê-æ-ÄÓÄТ-ÀÜðÃá ÀÈáÄ

æÄ×áæÉ ØæÀÁÈÄÎÓÂÀ~;

Tambim uTxra: `Se-mca-vidnen~ || `Se-mca-vidneno~) axla

vefxvi{s} bunagSi (`qvab-Si~).

k o d o r e l T a b a l s q v e m o u r i

ÈÀÅÒÏÁÓ ÏÈàÉÒÄ ÍÀÙÖÃ: `ÀÙæ’ÄÓÄÒ, ÌÉ Ø’ÄÓÄÒ ãÄÒÂÀæÄË,

ÏÙÏÍÃ ÌÉÛÂÖ ËðÌÈÉË É Ì’ÄÓÄÒ ÜæÀÍÓÚÄÃ~ (gaiane Samfriani, 73

wlisa, ajara);

mTavrobas SeuTvala naRum: àbao, me gagirigdebiTo,

oRond Cemi colourebi (`sa-mTil-eb-i~) da meo SegvarigeT~;


ÈÀÅÒÏÁÓ ÏÈàÉÒÄ ÍÀÙÖÃ: `ÀÙæ’ÄÓÄÒ ãÉ Ø’ÄÓÄÒ áÄÒÂÀæÄË,

ÏÙÏÍÃ ÌÉÜÀ ËðÌÈÉË É ã’ÄÓÄÒ Üæ-ПЩæ-ÀÃÓÚÄá~;

mTavrobas SeuTvala naRum: àbao, TviTono gaurigde-

97

bao, oRond Tavisi colourebi (`samTil-e-bi~) da TviTono

Se-mca-ariges~.

ÛÀÌÉËÃ áðØæÄ: `ÌÉÛÂÖ ÒÏØÏæ ÝÏÃ ãÀÒá, ÉÌÙÀ ÒÏØ

ÀÈ×éÛÂéÒÄÃ ÀËÉ?~ (mzia calani, 52 wlisa, {p}tiSi); Samilma uTxra: `Cemiomca codva mogcemiaT (`gaqvT~), ra-

tomo gaxseniT es?~


ÛÀÌÉËÃ áðØæÄ: `ÌÉÜÀ ÒÏØÏæ ÝÏÃ áÀÒá, ÉÌÙÀ ÒÏØ

ÏÈ×éÛÂéÒÀá ÀËÉ?~ Samilma uTxra: `misiomca codva miscemiaT (àqvT~),

ratomo gauxsniaT es?~

ÀËÉÓ ÈÄ× J’ÏÓáÄËÀ: `ÌÉÛÂÖ ÄÓÄÒ ÈáæÉÌÓ ÄãÙðÎ

Ü’ÏÈßæÄÒÍÄ~ (iqve); amas Tofi miuSveria: `Cemso Tavs mainc visisxleb~;


ÀËÉÓ ÈÄ× Ñ’ÏÓáÄËÀ: `ÌÉÜÀ ÄÓÄÒ ÈáÖÌ ÄãÙðÎ ÜæðÃß{æ}ÄÒÍÄ~; amas Tofi miuSveria: `Taviso Tavs mainc isisxlebs~.

ÌÀÃ ðÍâÄÒÃÀ ÍÏÃÀÒ ÂÀÂÒÀáÄÍ: `Ì’ÄÓÄÒ Ñ’ÏáÂÄÍÉ É ÓÂ’ÏÍâÃÄÍÉ, ÄÎÓ ÄÓÄÒ ÌÉ ÃÄÌÉÓ áæÉÛÂÃÄ~ (gaiane Samfriani, 72 wlisa, aja-

ra);

ar wamogvyva nodari gagridan: `meo [rom] avdge da

wamovide, amas me ar vikadrebo~;


ÌÀÃ ðÍâÄÒÃÀ ÍÏÃÀÒ ÂÀÂÒÀáÄÍ: `ã’ÄÓÄÒ Ñ’ðÍÂÄÍÉ É

ÓÂ’ðÍâÃÄÍÉ (inferenciuli myofadi), ÄÎÓ ÄÓÄÒ ãÉ ÃÄÌÉÓ ÉÛÂÃÄ~; àr wamogvyva nodari gagridan: TviTono [rom] ad-

geba da [rom] wamova, imaso TviTon ar ikadrebs~.

ÀÈáÄ ÆÀØÀÒÃ ÌðØæÄ: `ÀÎ, ÌÀÌ ÄÓÄÒ ãðáËÄÍÀ ÀÙÏ ËÉÌÏÒÏæ?~

(CantlaZe da sxv. 2010: 638);

98

axla zaqarma miTxra: ài, aba ar vicio (àro gcodnia

aki~) mediatoroba?~

I piriseuli konstruqciiT16:

ÀÈáÄ ÆÀØÀÒÃ ÌðØæÄ: `ÀÎ, ÌÀÌ ÄÓÄÒ ÌðáËÄÍÀ ÀÙÏ ËÉÌÏÒÏæ? ~

axla zaqarma miTxra: ài, aro mcodnia aba mediato-

roba?~

Tuki xandazmulTa da uxucesTa Taoba, ZiriTadad, ma-

inc icavs svanurisTvis bunebrivi, mesamepiriseuli kon-

struqciiT ambis moyolis wess, amas ver vityviT saSualo

asakis an axalgazrda Taobis Sesaxeb, romlebic umetes Se-

mTxvevaSi calsaxad irCeven sxvaTa sityvis gadmocemis qar-

Tulisebur formas:

k o d o r e l T a b a l s z e m o u r i:

ÐÉÌÄÍÓ ÌÉÛÂÖ ÌÖÄÛÃ áíØæÀ: `ÀÙÏ ÒÏØ ÓÉ Ñ’ÀÃÄÒ, ÃÀâðÒ ÒÏØ

Ü’ÀáÒÄÊðË É ÌÉ ÒÏØ ÙæÀÛÓ ÒÏØ ÜÖáæÀÃÂðÒÉ. ÄÜØÀÃ ÒÏØ ÓÉ

ÜæðÍâÃÄÍÉ É ÙÏ ÁêÆÉ ÒÏØ ÌêÌ ÒÏØ ÂæëÒÀ ÑÉËëÆÉ~ (CantlaZe

da sxv. 2010: 153);

pimens mamaCemisTvis (`Cemi mamisad~) uTqvams: àbao, Sen

adi, Txebio Camoreke da meo jixvso movklav. manamdeo Sen

Camoxval da mere amaRamo aro mogvixdeba asvla (“gveqneba

asasvleli~)~;

III piriseuli konstruqciiT: ÐÉÌÄÍÓ ÌÉÛÂÖ ÌÖÄÛÃ áíØæÀ: `ÀÙÏ ÄÓÄÒ ãêæ Ñ’ÀÜðÃ, ÃÀâðÒ

ÒÏØÖ Ü’ÀÍÒÄÊËÄ É ãÀ ÒÏØ ÙæÀÛÓ ÒÏØ ÜæÀÃÂðÒÉ; ÄÜØÀÃ ÒÏØ ãÀ

ÜæðÍâÃÄÍÉ É ÙÏ ÁêÆÉ ÒÏØ ÌêÌ ÒÏØ áëÒÀá ÑÉËëÆÉ~.

pimens mamaCemisTvis (`Cemi mamisad~) uTqvams: àbao,

TviTonmca avida, Txebiomca Camoreka da TviTono jixvso mo-

16 radgan mTqmeli informaciis adresatia, konstruqcia pirveli piriseuli unda yofiliyo, Tavad mTqmelis poziciidan gamomdinare.

99

klavs; manamdeo TviTon Camova da mere amaRamo aro mouwevT

asvla (èqnebaT asasvleli~)~.

ÃÄÃÀÓ ØÀËÀáìÓÍÀæÀ: `ÃëÌÄ ÒÏØ ãÉÛÂÖÒÀ, ÁÀÆÉ ÒÏØ ÖÃÀÒÀÃ ÀÌÖÝæÒ? ÌÉ ÒÏØ ÌÄÈáæðÒ ÌÀÒÄ áæÉ É ÄÛáÖ ÍðÊæÉÛ àÊéÔÓ ÂÀÒ ËÀá

ÒÏØ ÌÀÌÍÉÍÄ, ÄãÉ ÒÏØÉ áÏÜÀ ÂÄÌðÛ ÌêÒ ÉÓÂÖ ÛÉáðÍØÀ~ (iqve);

dedas dahsizmrebia: àro grcxvenia, amaRamo uWmelad

damtove? meo monadire kaci var da mxolod erTi natexi

mWadi romo maWamo (èrT natex mWads romo maWmev~), isico megemrieleba (`kargi gemosi maqvs~) Seni xelidan~;

III piriseuli konstruqciiT balszemourad iqneba17:

ÃÄÃÀÓ ØÀËÀáìÓÍÀæÀ: `ÌêÌ ÒÏØ{æ} áÏÛÂÖÒÀ, ÁêÆÉ ÒÏØæ ÖÃÎêÒÀÃ ÏÈÝæÉÒÀ? ãÀ ÒÏØæ ÌÄÈáæÉóÒ ÌêÒÄ ËÉ É ÄÛáÖ ÍðÊæÉÛ ÊæóÛÉÓ ÂÀÒ ÒÏØæ ËÀá áÀÌÍÉÍÄ, ÄãÀ ÒÏØæÉ áÏÜÀ ÂÄÌðÛ áêÒ ÌÉÜÀ

ÛÉáðÍØÀ~;

`...aro rcxvenia, amaRamo uWmelad dautovebia? TviTo-

no monadire kacia da mxolod erT natex mWads romo aW-

mevs, isico egemrieleba (`kargi gemosi aqvs~) misi xelidan~.

aRniSnuli movlena imdenad Zlieria, rom xSirad

mTqmelebi Txrobisas arastabilurni arian, erTsa da imave

konteqstSi uneburad cvlian konstruqcias:

kodor. bz. ËÄËðÔÃ áóØæ ÆÖÒêËÓ: `ã’ëÓÄÒ ØðÉ áÄáæÃ É ÀËÉ

ØÏÍÄÁÀ ÄÓÄÒ ÍðÎ ÄÂæÓÄÃÍÉ~ (zaur gulbani, 42 wlisa, omariSa-

li);

sayvarelma uTxra qals: `me wagiyvano colad da es

qoneba Cven dagvrCebao~;

sityvasityviT:

sayvarelma uTxra qals: `TviTono waiyvans colad da

es qonebao Cven dagvrCeba~;

unda yofiliyo: mins essednix _ `maT darCebaT~.

ÄØÉÌðÒ ÄÛ ðÔì×ÀÍÄá: `ÉÌÑ’ÄÓÄÒ ÌÉÜæÌÉÍÀ, ÉÌÑ’ÄÓÄÒ ðÌÓÀáÈÀ,

17 mocemul konteqstSi kodoruli metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebe-

li interferenciis gamo balsqvemouri leqsika da grZelis na-

cvlad mokle xmovnebic gvxvdeba;

100

ÉÌÑÉ ÒÏØ ÀÈÁÀÃðæ~ (nunu gulbani, 60 wlisa, ajara);

eqimebi xelebsRa Slian: `rogor qenio, rogor moaxer-

xeo, rogor gabedeo~;

sityvasityviT:

`...rogoro miqnia, rogoro momixerxebia, rogoro ga-

bede~;

konstruqciis TvalsazrisiT stabiluri Txrobis Se-

mTxvevaSi unda yofiliyo: ...ÉÌÑÉ ÒÏØ ðÌÁðÃæÀ... _ `rogoro

gamibedavs~, anu zmna im mwkrivSi (I SedegobiTi) da pirSi (I

piri) unda mdgariyo, romlebSic wina ori (ÌÉÜæÌÉÍÀ,

ðÌÓÀáÈÀ), magram mTqmeli teqstis meore nawilSi cvlis kon-

struqcias da gadadis qarTulisebur stilze: vinaidan mi-

marTvis adresati meore piria, zmnac Sesabamisia: ÀÈÁÀÃðæ

`gabede~.

kodor. bq.: ÍÀÙæÑÖÒ ÌÀÔÖËÉ: `áÄáæÃ ÄãÉÓ ÄÓÄÒ âÉÃÄ, ÌÉ

ÒÏØ ÄÒæÀ ÌÀÊÖ~ (CantlaZe da sxv. 2010: 405);

vaJiSvili (`biWi~) meubneba: `colad imas moviyvan,

vinc me mindao~;

sityvasityviT:

`... colad imaso moiyvans, meo (igulisxmeba TviTon

vaJi) vinc minda~;

unda yofiliyo: ...ÌÉÜ ÒÏØ ÄÒæÀ áÀÊÖ _ `TviTono vinc

unda~.

`ÀÈáÄ Íð ÒÏØ ÑÉÙÖÒÉÃ, ÜÖ-ÒÏØ-áæÀÓéÍãðæÉÃ É ÃÄÌÄg ÒÏØ ÉÒÉ ÌÀÍØÀÍÀ ÌéÓÚÄ, ÄØÀ ÜÖ-ÒÏØ-ÔæÄáÍÉÃ É ÑÉÌéÓÚÄ ÒÏØ ÉÒÉ

ÌÀÍØÀÍÀ, ÄÜØÀÓ ÙéÒÉá ÒÏØ~ (Jana calani, 48 wlisa, {p}tiSi);

àxla Cveno avalT, vnaxavTo (`ga-v-sinj-av-T-o~) da

[Tu] aro iqneba manqana gakeTebuli, maSin CamovbrundebiTo

da [Tu] gakeTebulio iqneba manqana, maSino wavalT~;

am rTul winadadebaSi mxolod bolo, mTavari wina-

dadebaa III piriseuli konstruqciiT: `... maSin wavleno~;

konstruqciis Tanmimdevrulobis TvalsazrisiT marTebuli

101

iqneboda mTqmels eTqva: `...ÄÜØÀÓ ÒÏØ ÙÖÒÉÃ~ _ “ ...maSino wa-

valT” an Tavidanve svanurisTvis Cveuli konstruqcia aer-

Cia.

zogjer iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom mTqmeli er-

Tgvarad Tavs ver arTmevs sxvaTa sityvis svanur specifi-

kas: sityva uwydeba da ara mxolod winadadebis meore na-

wilSi, aramed frazis damTavrebamdeve cvlis (àsworebs~)

konstruqcias:

kodor. bz.: `ÀË ÜáÀÒÀ ÌÀÍðÈ ÀÃÎëæ ÄÓÄÒ, ÌÀÒÄ ãÀÎ ÄÓÄÒ...

ÌÉ ÄÓÄÒ áæÉÂÍÉ ÉÓÂÖ ðÃÂÉËÑ’ÄÓÄÒ, ÀË ËÖàæÄÍÓ ÄÓÄÒ áæÉÝáÏÍðÓ~ (zaur gulbani, 42 wlisa, omariSali);

ès cxra maneTi waiReo, magram me, Sens adgilas rom

viyo, am Sexveuls avirCevdio~;

sityvasityviT:

ès cxra maneTi waiRomcao, magram TviTono...

meo [rom] vidge (`vidgebi~) Sens adgilzeo, am Sexveulso

virCevdi~.

`ÌÉÜÀ ËìØæÓ ÄÓÄÒ... ÉÓÂæÀ ËìØæÓ ÄÓÄÒ áæÉÜÏ...~

`...Sens naTqvams vizamo~;

sityvasityviT:

`mis (`Tavis~) naTqvamso... Sens naTqvamso vizam~.

`ËÀá ÄÓÄÒ ÂÀàÉÒÃÄÁÀ, ÄÜØ’ÄÓÄÒ ÓÂÀâÄÃÍÉ... ÓÂÀâæÄÃÍÉ~

(nunu gulbani, 60 wlisa, ajara);

sityvasityviT:

`Tuo gaWirdeba, maSino Semova... Semoval~.

zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT:

saukunenaxevris win kodoris xeobaSi gadasaxlebul

svanTa metyvelebaSi, romelic, balszemour da balsqvemo-

ur kiloTa Serevisa Tu dominant enaze metyvel mosaxleo-

basTan xSiri kontaqtis gamo, interferenciulobiT gamoir-

Ceva, qarTulma enam gavlena sintaqsze ufro advilad moax-

dina. cxadia, evidencialobis is saxeoba ki romelic in-

formaciis verbalur wyaros gulisxmobs, svanurSi (saer-

Tod qarTvelur enebSi) kargad gamoxatuli nawilakovani

102

sintaqsuri kategoriaa; ZiriTad gansxvavebas svanurSi

gadmocemis specifikuri (III piriseuli) konstruqcia ganapi-

robebs, rac, rogorc Cans, saliteraturo enis gavleniT da

enguris xeobisgan didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mocilebiT cxov-

rebis gamo, dalis mosaxleobis svanurSi Sesustebulia.

rogorc cnobilia, svanurSi xSirad Semonaxulia

arqaizmebi, romlebic qarTul saliteraturo enaSi an ugu-

lebelyofilia, an mxolod gadmonaSTis saxiTRaa SemorCe-

nili. maT rigSia -Ö/-æ/-ÏÙ{æ}/-Ïæ `-mca~ nawilaki, romelic

svanurSi dRemde sxvadasxva funqciiT moqmedi elementia.

evidencialobis gamoxatvasTan misi garkveuli kavSiris

gamo, sagangebod gavxazavT, rom `mca~ aucileblad gvxvde-

ba pirdapir naTqvamTan, romlis kilo brZanebiTi an kavSi-

rebiTia, konstruqcia ki _ mesamepiriseuli:

bz. ÄÜØÀ ÈáëÒóËÃ áóØæÉÍá: `ÂÉÝðÒ ÄÓÄÒ Øêæ ËÀáæëÌ~ (sv. pr. t., I 1939: 104) _ maSin mglebma uTxres: èrkemali mogve-

cio~ (`...erkemalio miscamca~).

bq. ÂÖÃÌÄÝðÒ ÍÀÙæÑÖÒÃ áðØæÄ ÌÉÜÏÌÖÓ: `ãÉÍÄÌ ÄÓÄÒ... ÌÉÜÀ

ÈáæÉÌ ØÀ ÍÏÌÏæ ÀÈÚÉÃ ßéÒÍÉ ÌÀÒÀ~ (sv. pr. t., II 1957: 187);

gulTmisanma biWma uTxra Tavis mamas: `Seno... Cemi Ta-

vi ar mihyidoo wiTel kacs~ (`...TviTono misi Tavi numca mi-

hyida wiTel kacs~).

-Ö/-æ/-ÏÙ{æ}/-Ïæ `mca~ nawilakis adgili winadadebaSi

myari ar aris; is SeiZleba daerTos nebismier wevrs, Tavad

sxvaTa sityvis nawilaks, xSirad windebuls, SedarebiT iS-

viaTad zmnasac, rac maincdamainc bunebrivad ver JRers;

sayuradReboa, rom aRniSnuli tipis („-mca“ nawilaki-

an) winadadebebSi ÄÓÄÒ, ÒÏØ{æ} („-o“) nawilakebi savaldebu-

lo aRaraa, isedac igulisxmeba, rom sxvaTa sityvasTan

gvaqvs saqme:

bz.: `Ø’êæ ÀÜðÃ É ÓÀÒАÂáðÍ ËÉÝî ÏáâÉÃ!~ (sv. pr. t., I

1939: 273);

`gadi da wyarodan wyali momitaneo!~ (`gamca-vida da

wyarodan wyali-mca moutana!~);

103

ÙëÒÁÄÈÃ áóØæ: `ÓÀÌËÀàÀÒ ÛÖÊæÉÓÂÀ ÌÖÒÓÂæÄÍÈëæ

ÀÜðÃ~ (zaur gulbani, 42 wlisa, omariSali);

RmerTma uTxra: `gzajvaredinze (`sam{Se}sayar gzaSi~)

marjvniv wadio~ (`...marjvniv-mca wavida~);

`ÎÀÒðÙ ÄÓÄÒ Üî-æ-ÀÛÉÃá, ÎÀÒðÙ Üî-æ-ÀÛÉÃá!~ (rezo kvan-

Wiani, 50 wlisa, laTa);

ìaraRi dayareTo, iaraRi dayareTo!~ (ìaraRio da-

mca-yares, iaraRi da-mca-yares!~)!

Bbq.: ÌÀËÖËÃÃ áðØæÄ ÑÉÍÙéËÃÓ: `ãÉÍÄÌ ÄÓÄÒÏÙæ ÀÍÈÄ É

ã’ÄÓÄÒ ØÏÒÈÄ ðÍâÃÄ~ (sv. pr. t., II, 1957: 134);

melam uTxra batkans: `Sen momke da me saxlSi

Semovitano~ (~...TviTono-mca momka da TviTono saxlSi

Semoitans~), Sdr.:

`ãÉÍÄÌ ÓÂ’ÏÙ ÀÍâÉÃ É ã’ÄÓÄÒ ÜæÀÃÊÀËæÉÓÂ~ (iqve);

`Sen Semoitane da me gavlewavo~ (`TviTon Semo-mca-i-

tana da TviTono galewavs~);

ÓÏÌáðÒÓ áðØæÄá: `ÌÉÍ ÓÂ’ÏÙ-ÀÍÔÀáá!~ (balida kviciani, 53

wlisa, yuluCi);

somxebs uTxres: `Tqven dabrundiTo!~

(`...TviTon Semo-mca-brundnen!~);

`ÃÉÍ’ÄÓÄÒ Ø’-ÏÙ-À×ÉÛÃæá!~ || `ÃÉÍÀ Ø’ÏÙ-À×ÉÛÃæá!~

`gogo gauSviTo!~ (`gogoo || gogo ga-mca-uSves!~).

a. oniani sityvasityviT nawilakebs Soris -Ö/-æ’sac moixseniebs da qarTul -o’sTan aigivebs (oniani 1998: 280).

maSin saanalizo nawilaki nebismier situaciaSi unda gamo-

xatavdes sxvaTa sityvas, magram ase ar aris; winadadebaSi

ÄÓÄÒ, ÒÏØ{æ} nawilakTa arsebobis gareSe sxvisi naTqvamis

gadmosacemad aRniSnuli elementebi garkveul pirobas sa-

Wiroeben, kerZod, zmna-Semasmenlis Öawmyos, TurmeobiTis,

uwyvetlis an wyvetilis formas, romelic `-mca~ nawilak-

Tan kavSirebiTi kilos semantikas Seesatyviseba. amitom, Se-

iZleba iTqvas, rom verbalur evidencialobas (kerZod,

sxvaTa sityvas) -Ö / -æ/ -ÏÙ{æ}/ -Ïæ nawilakiani formebi ki

104

ara, am nawilakTa Semcveli konkretuli konstruqcia (wyve-

tili + -Ö/-æ, an -ÏÙ{æ}/-Ïæ nawilakiani forma) gamoxatavs.

[sxva mwkrivebTan -mca xan natvras gadmoscems: Ñ’ìæ-

ÏáÝáÀ! _È(I SedegobiTi) _ `gazrdiliyos!~ (`ga-mca-zrdila!~),

xanac pirobiT damokidebul konstruqcias qmnis: Ø’êæ-

ðÌÜÄÃëËóÓæ... (II SedegobiTi) _ `{rom} gasuliyo~), rasac in-

ferenciul evidencialobasTan ganvixilavT].

amasTan, msgavs viTarebaSi sxvaTa sityvas unda ax-

ldes (an wina teqstidan igulisxmebodes) mTqmeli. Camo-

Tvlili kriteriumebis gareSe saanalizo nawilakebs sxva-

Ta sityvisa da, saerTod, gadmocemiTobis semantikis gamo-

xatvis unari ar gaaCniaT; Sdr.:

(1) bz. `áÏÜêÌÃÖ ÄÓÄÒ áðÒÉÃ!~ _ `kargad iyaviTo!~

(`kargadmcao xarT!~);

(2) bq. ÛæðÍáÄÍ ÃÉÀ ãÉàÒÄá: `áÏÜÀÌÃÏÙ áÉÈæÒÉæÃ!~

(uwyveteli) _ svaneTidan deda giTvliT: `kargad iswavle-

To! ~ (`...kargadmca swavlobdiT!~ _ warsuli momavalSi).

orive winadadeba evidencialuria, informaciis wyaro

sxvaa, `gareSe xelia~, romlis (`sxvis~) SemonaTval daloc-

vas (1) an darigebas (2) gadmoscems mTqmeli, magram calke

aRebuli áÏÜêÌÃÖ áðÒÉÃ! _ kargad iyaviT (< `kargadmca

xarT!~) _ marTalia, natvraa, dalocvaa, magram Aaq informa-

ciis wyaro ar arsebobs da, Sesabamisad, arc evidencialo-

bis (kerZod, informaciis verbalurobis) sakiTxi ganixile-

ba. -oRæ nawilakiani formebis gamoyenebiT winadadeba kav-

SirebiTi kilos gagebas iZens:

bz.: `ÌÉÜÀ ÝÏÃ-Ö ÄÓÄÒ áóÝæ, ÎÄÒæóÎÓ ÀËÀ áíØæÄÍÓ!~ _ `Ce-

mi codvamc miscemia, vinc es giTxrao!~ (`misi codva-mc-o

hkidia, visac es eTqvas!~).

(1) ÀË ÌêÒÄÃ áóØæ: `Ñ’ÄÓÄÒÖ-ðÍÚÉÃ ÀË ÝÉÝÖËÃ ÄÓÄÒ~

(kolia gerliani, 70 wlisa, omariSali) _ am kacma uTxra:

ìyide-o es kata~ (`...iyida-mca-o es kata-o~);

(2) dedberd xóqæ: `j’eser lédgрr lémórliz,

mare miC eser oxægena Ji~ (sv. pr. t. I 1939: 418,1) _ dedaber-

105

ma uTxra: `Sen-o (`TviTon-o~) mkvdari iyavi (`yofila~), mag-

ram me-o (`TviTon-o~) agayene (àuyenebia~)“;

(3) àmCоn eser eSì mкm lémgрnílin~ _ róqæ

semSdрrd (iqve, 306:33) _ àq-o mainc ar gavCerdebodi~ (`da-

dgeboda~) _ Tqva semSdarma.

pirvel winadadebaSi teqstis subieqti (mTqmeli) in-

formaciis wyarosac (avtors) miuTiTebs, amasTan, naTqvamSi

-u (<*-oRæ) sxvaTa sityvis nawilakovani gadmocemis xerxs

iyenebs. amiT igi zrdis distancias informaciasTan (Tumca

es araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs am informaciis sandoo-

bis eWvqveS dayenebas, rogorc es zogierTi enisTvis aris

damaxasiaTebeli!) da aZlierebs evidencialobis xarisxs;

mTqmels es sWirdeba, radgan informaciis adresati Tavad

ki ar aris, aramed _ sxva; man ara marto is unda gadmo-

gvces, rom es informacia sxvisia, aramed isic, rom im

`sxvam~ es informacia meore `sxvas~ miawoda, sxvisTvis iyo

gankuTvnili da ara mTqmelisTvis, amitomac mTqmeli yvela

misTvis xelmisawvdomi saSualebiT (nawilakebiT, zmnuri

formebiT) aZlierebs evidencialobas, Tumca, amavdroulad,

mas Tavad movlena Txrobisas ukve indikativis `yuTSi~

(slobinis terminologiiT) aqvs gadmotanili, razec me-

tyvelebs mis mier avtoris sityvebSi pirdapirevidencialu-

ri zmnuri formis (áóØæ ùTxra~) gamoyeneba, nacvlad xíqva

(ùTqvams~) formisa, rac ufro logikuri iqneboda _ subi-

eqti xom zRapars hyveba da Tavad mowme an aRniSnuli dia-

logis uSualo msmeneli ver iqneboda!

meore winadadebaSic mTqmelisTvis informaciis wya-

ro verbalobaa, avtorisTvis (dedabrisTvis) adresati, cxa-

dia, II piri iqneba, magram mTqmelisTvis dedaberic da misi

adresatic realurad orive III piria, amitomac mogvi-

Txrobs is mesamepiriseuli konstruqciiT _ distancia

mTqmelsa da informacias Soris kidev ufro izrdeba, kon-

struqciaSi ki yvela zmna-Semasmeneli e. w. unaxaobis for-

miTaa warmodgenili;

106

mesame winadadebaSic I TurmeobiTis formas mxolod

da mxolod sakuTari poziciisa da informaciis araper-

cifciulobis gamo iyenebs mTqmeli, Torem Tavad dialogis

monawile (semSdari) pirdapirevidencialuri mwkrivis I pi-

ris formas (xæigníldрs `davrCebodi~) gamoiyenebda.

ase rom, daqvemdebarebuli evidencialobis SemTxve-

vebSi saqme gvaqvs ormag gamosaxvasTan: evidencialoba teq-

stSi sintaqsuradac gamoxatulia (nawilakovani pirdapiri

naTqvami) da morfologiuradac (svanurSi renarativisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli „unaxaobis“ formebi), riTac mTqmeli ki-

dev ufro metad gaxazavs informaciis verbalurobas, mis

iribad aRqmulobas; igi movlenas sakuTari poziciidan (mi-

sTvis xom realurad yvela III piria!) ganixilavs da unaxa-

obis formebic amitom sWirdeba, Torem avtori (anu Tavad

konteqstis adresanti, dialogis monawile), realurad,

cxadia, pirdapirevidencialuri, indikatiuri formebiT mi-

marTavda adresats, radganac misTvis es ambavi percefciu-

li iqneboda, magram pirdapir naTqvamSi nacvalsaxelebisa

Tu zmnis formebis gramatikuli pirebis mixedviT ganawi-

lebis dros mTqmelisTvis prioriteti informaciis realu-

ri, uSualo mflobeli ar aris, is adresantsac da adre-

satsac III, `sxva~ pirad aRiqvams, radgan Tavad dialogiSi

monawileoba ar miuRia; sxvagvarad: mTqmeli sxvisi naTqva-

mis azrs gadmogvcems Tavisi TvalsazrisiT, magram, qarTu-

li iribi naTqvamisgan gansxvavebiT, mas `sxvaTa sityvis~

nawilakebs daurTavs. svanur pirdapir naTqvamSi pirTa

ganawileba-gadmocemisTvis amosavali Tavad mTqmelia da

ara dialogis uSualo monawileTa realuri poziciebi re-

alur situaciaSi; swored es aris svanuri pirdapiri na-

Tqvamis specifika; swored amitom aris igi `naxevradiribi~ _

iribisnairi konstruqcia + pirdapiri naTqvamis nawilakebi.

rogorc vxedavT, moyvanil ilustraciebSi sxvaTa si-

tyvas qarTulSi -o sityvasityviTi nawilaki miesadaga, rad-

gan informaciis uSualo mflobeli, wyaro yvelgan mesame

piria; I da II piris pirdapir naTqvamSi (qarTulSi -meTqi’sa

107

da Tqo’s saWiroebis Semcvel konteqstebSi) ki mudam -ij/-

éj nawilakia:

bz. _ ÉÌ ÒÏØæ áæÉÜÏÃ, ÛæÀÍðÒ? _ ÉÌ-éã É ÈÄÈÒÓ-éã ÃÄÌ ÍÀäæÃÉá É ØÀ áÏÛÜÉæËÄ! (sv.

pr. t. I 1939: 39);

`_ ras SvrebiT-o (`ras-o vSvrebiT...~), svanebo?

_ ras da fuls (`TeTr-s~) ar gvaZleven da vuCiv-

leb-meTqi! (`ras-meTqi da fuls-meTqi ar gvaZleven...~)~.

`ÀãÀÙ-éã ËðáâïÒðÍ ÙëÒÁÀÈ, ÃÄÃÄ!~ _ ÀËÀ áæëØÀ (Cantla-

Ze da sxv. 1010: 250);

`kidev (`kidev-meTqi~) Seevedre-meTqi RmerTs, deda!~ _

es vuTxari.

bq. `ÌÉÛÂæÀ-ã ÆÉÓá ÃÄÌÄÂ ËÉ ÀËÉ, ÌÉÜÀÉã ÆÉÓá ËÉ É

ÈðÊæÉã ÀÍ×ÉÛæÃÃ É Ñ’Àã-ðÌÉÚÄÃ~ (sv. pr. t. II 1957: 16);

`Cemi sisxli ar aris es, Tavisi sisxlia da Toki

CamouSviT da amiyvaneT-meTqi~ (`Cemi-meTqi sisxli ar aris

es, Tavisi-meTqi sisxlia da Toki-meTqi CamouSviT da amo-

meTqi-miyvaneT~).

kodor. bq. ÓÉËÄæðÍÓ Ü’ÏÈÙÏÒðæ: `ÜÖ’ã-ÏÃÄÒ ÓÏáÖÌÈÄ~

(Tamar gerliani-wifiani, 78 wlisa, ajara); silevani (`silevans~) movatyue: `Cavedi-meTqi soxumSi~.

amrigad, qarTulisgan gansxvavebas sxvaTa sityvaSi na-

wilakebis ganawileba ki ar qmnis, aramed Tavad konstruq-

cia. Ees gansxvaveba Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo

enasa da svanurs Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania evi-

dencialobis TvalsazrisiT: saliteraturo enaSi `mca~ na-

wilakiani zmnuri formebi aRar gamoiyeneba, amdenad kon-

struqciac Sesabamisi saxiT aRar arsebobs; svanurSi ki

qarTuli -mca’s Sesatyvisi nawilaki -u/-oRæ (romlis arqau-

lobas idiomatikac adasturebs) da misi alomorfebi metad

aqtiurni arian da konstruqcia maTi monawileobiT ukve

gulisxmobs informaciis irib (`sxva~) wyaros, Sesabamisad,

aseTi konstruqciebi `sxvaTa sityvis~ specialuri nawila-

kebis gareSec mxolod iribevidencialur semantikas gadmo-

scemen _ mTqmeli informaciis uSualo mflobeli ar aris,

informaciis wyaro `gareSea~, `sxvaa~.

108

Tavi III

inferenciuli evidencialoba svanurSi

m o r f o l o g i a

§12. inferenciuli evidencialobisa da

epistemikis urTierTmimarTeba

inferencia _ es aris daskvna, romelsac akeTebs

mTqmeli sakuTari fonuri codnisa da realuri cxovrebi-

seuli movlenebis safuZvelze (Willet 1988; Козинцева 1994). epistemikas (saeWvo-savaraudooba) saerTaSoriso lin-

gvistikaSi mkvlevarTa nawili (vileti, kozinceva) ganixi-

lavs rogorc iribi evidencialobis saxeobas, romlis in-

formaciis ZiriTadi wyaroebia verbaloba (III piris naTqva-

mi, xmebi xalxSi, folklori...) da inferencia (mTqmelis

logika, azrovneba, fonuri codnis ganzogadeba).

svanurSi verbaluri wyarodan miRebuli informaciis

sandoobis xarisxs mTqmeli ar afasebs, an, Tu sxvis na-

Tqvams gadmogvcems, amiT man, SesaZloa, informaciis na-

mdvilobaze pasuxismgebloba niuansurad odnav airidos ki-

devac, magram amas mxolod vrceli konteqstiT Tu davad-

genT; zogadad ki svanurSi verbalobaze damyarebul iribe-

videncialur formebSi informaciis saeWvoobis an savarau-

doobis semantika ar fiqsirdeba.

samagierod, enas moepoveba inferenciul wyaroze da-

myarebuli iribevidencialuri, epistemikuri mniSvnelobis

mqone zmnuri formebi, romlebic, rogorc calke aRebuli

leqsemebi, gamoxataven informaciis savaraudoobas. Einfe-

renciuloba svanuri enisTvis mkveTrad damaxasiaTebeli

semantikaa da, amavdroulad, gramatikulad gamoxatuli.

Tavis droze Cven gamovTqviT mosazreba, rom epistemika

svanurSi damoukidebeli gramatikuli kategoriaa da ara

mxolod modaloba (rogorc es mraval enaSia) [margiani-su-

109

bari 2010: 181-189], Tumca Semdgomma kvlevam sxva daskvnamde

migviyvana; rogorc informaciis wyaro, inferencia svanur-

Si epistemikur semantikas yovelTvis ar ganapirobebs, Tum-

ca Tavad epistemikuri mniSvnelobisTvis wyaro mudam infe-

renciaa. epistemika gramatikul kategoriad mxolod im Se-

mTxvevaSi CaiTvleba, Tu mas gavaigivebT sazogadod infe-

renciul evidencialobasTan, magram, vinaidan SesaZlebelia

inferenciulma wyarom araepistemikuri mniSvnelobac mo-

gvces, svanuri enisTvis am ori terminis (inferenciuli

evidencialoba da epistemika) gaerTmniSvnelianeba marTebu-

li ar iqneba (zogierT enaSi albaT es gamarTlebulia).

daaxloebiT amave mosazrebas gamoTqvams m. tofaZe:

èpistemikuri mniSvneloba araa SeTavsebadi TurmeobiTis

mwkrivebTan. es kidev erTxel adasturebs rig avtorTa im

Tvalsazriss (Sdr. Aikhenvald 2004, De Haan 1999, Вимер 2010), romlis Tanaxmad, evidencialoba da epistemikuroba gan-

sxvavebuli cnebebia rogorc konceptualur, aseve funqci-

ur doneze“ (Topadze Gäumann 2011:135-136). varaudoben, rom „qarTul enaSi gvaqvs evidencialuri

perfeqti evidencialobis farTo gagebiT, Semdgomi aspeqte-

bis gareSe“ (Willet 1988: 75) da rom `svanurs, iseve, rogorc qarTuls, iribi evidencialuri formebis Semdgomi, deta-

luri diferenciacia (epistemika, inferencia...) ar axasia-

Tebs, Tumca Tavad evidencialur formaTa mniSvneloba sa-

kmaod tevadia, farToa~ (Сумбатова 2007: 329); sinamdvileSi, svanur enaSi ara marto perfeqtuli

formebia evidencialuri, aramed zogi sxva mwkrivic, ro-

melTa saSualebiT mxolod da mxolod inferenciuli (da

ara gadmocemiTi an unaxaobis gamomxatveli) informacia

gadmoicema. Eam mwkrivebs (tradiciuli dasaxelebiT: myofa-

di usruli, ZiriTadpreverbiani myofadi sruli, pirobiTi

usruli da sruli, Cven mier bolo dros dafiqsirebuli

dro-kiloTa perfeqtuli formebi: pirobiT-SedegobiTi I

da pirobiT-SedegobiTi II) sakuTriv svanuric SeiZleba

110

ewodos (iseve, rogorc unaxaobis mwkrivebs: TurmeobiT I-sa

da TurmeobiT II-s; vgulisxmobT qarTulTan mimarTebas),

vinaidan dRevandel saliteraturo qarTulSi maTi zusti

Sesatyvisi formebi ar moipoveba. Ees is mwkrivebia, romel-

Ta erTaderTi mniSvneloba movlenis Sesaxeb ara myari,

aramed daudasturebeli, savaraudo codnis gamoxatvaa;

mTqmelisTvis informacia, romelsac is gadmoscems, saeW-

voa, dauzustebelia ara imitom, rom Tavad TviTmxilveli

ar aris (unaxaoba-gadmocemiTobis semantika am formebSi

ar figurirebs), aramed imitom, rom is inferenciis, sakuTa-

ri codna-gamocdilebis ganzogadebis safuZvelze msjelo-

bas, varuds gadmogvcems; aqedan gamomdinare, es zmnuri

formebi epistemikuri mniSvnelobisani arian.A

§13. sakuTriv inferenciuli mwkrivebi

`sakuTriv inferenciulSi~ vgulisxmobT dro-kiloTa

im formebs, romelTa semantika konteqstisa da intonaciis

moSveliebis gareSe erTmniSvnelovnad inferencias _ msje-

lobas, logikur daskvnas gulisxmobs da gamoricxavs per-

cefcias (namyo droebSi) an kategoriulobas (awmyosa da

myofadSi), aseve verbalobas, rogorc informaciis wyaros.

am zmnebis mniSvneloba yovelTvis epistemikuria, swored

imitom, rom informaciis wyaro inferenciaa (vgulisxmobT

imas, rom inferencia _ logikuri daskvna an msjeloba _

TavisTavad savaraudoobis mniSvnelobis matarebelia da

ara myari codnisa movlenisa Tu moqmedebs Sesaxeb). ro-

gorc a. arabuli aRniSnavs, `zmnuri Sesityvebis _ zmnis

funqcionirebis umciresi erTeulis _ farglebSi formis

ZiriTadi mniSvneloba ar icvleba. amitomac SesaZlebelia

zmnuri formis ZiriTadi semantikuri monacemebi, ZiriTadi

statusi ganvsazRvroT maqsimalurad neitralur garemoc-

vaSi, `neitralur konteqstSi~ (arabuli 1992: 102); saanali-

111

zo zmnebi ki swored iseTi zmnebia, romelTac unari Se-

swevT martivi konstruqciebis Seqmnisa (gansxvavebiT, maga-

liTad, koniunqtivebisgan). calsaxad maTi semantikuri sta-

tusi epistemikurobaa, inferenciul wyaroze miniSnebiT.

saliteraturo enaSi maTi zusti Sesatyvisebi (se-

mantikuri Tu gramatikuli) ar dasturdeba, amitom saTana-

do konteqstebSi ena modalur saSualebebs iSveliebs,

zogjer ki konteqstis farglebSi SesaZloa funqciurad

iseTi mwkrivic gamoiyenos, romlis ZiriTadi mniSvneloba

inferenciuloba ar aris (umetesad kavSirebiTebi, romle-

bic `rTuli konstruqciebis Seqmnas emsaxurebian, dasru-

lebul martiv (`neitralur~) konteqsts ver iZlevian~ (ara-

buli, iqve) da es gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia svanuri

teqstis qarTulad ganmartebisas (romelic, SeiZleba iT-

qvas, niuansobrivad identuri arasdros gamodis): adgaræni

/ idgaræni (inferenc. awmyo, resp. myofadusruli) àlbaT/Se-

saZloa klavs~ / `klavdes iqneba~, adgрrne (inferenc. myo-

fadi) `SesaZloa moklas~, àlbaT, moklavs~...

ganvixiloT TiToeuli sakuTriv inferenciuli mwkri-

vi cal-calke;

§14. inferenciuli awmyo (resp. myofadusruli)

svanurSi, qarTulTan SedarebiT, erT-erTi `meti~ (a.

SaniZe) mwkrivia `sakuTriv svanuri~ forma (qarTulTan

mimarTebiT) myofadusruli. svanurSive is sruli myofadis-

gan ara mxolod aspeqtiT gansxvavdeba (rogorc es mosa-

lodneli iyo), aramed formiTac: es zmnebi warmoadgenen

-un- sufiqsiT garTulebul awmyos. gvaqvs -in- versiac. aR-

niSnuli sufiqsi awmyoSi e’niSnian zmnebTanac bolokidu-

rad -i’s daisvams: А-ÔкÁ-Д (`Tlis~) _ А-ÔкÁ-ÖН-Й (`Tlides iq-

neba~); amitomac v. Tofuria aRniSnavs, rom `myofadusruli

iwarmoeba awmyos fuZisagan, romelsac bolosarTebi (-e, -i)

112

mokvecili aqvs da samagierod erTvis sufiqsebi: -un-i (>-жn-

i, -n-i) da -in-i (>n-i). laSxur dialeqtSi orives nacvlad

ixmareba -én-i~ (Tofuria 1967: 112-114). qarTuls semantiku-

rad misi badali mwkrivi ar moepoveba; mas `rusuli Sedge-

nili myofadi faravs, qarTulad da megrulad ki aRweri-

Tad gadmovcemT: koniunqtivi I forma+ìqneba~/ìèuafu~18

(Tofuria, iqve) _ es qarTul-megruli aRweriTi ganmarteba

TavisTavad metyvelebs am zmnebis epistemikurobaze (mTqme-

li naTqvamis mimarT saeWvooba-savaraudoobas gamoxatavs),

epistemikas ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, umTavresad iribi eviden-

cialobis erT-erTi wyaro _ inferencia ganapirobebs; am

formebisTvis varlam Tofurias mier misadagebuli qarTu-

li ganmarteba (ðОÒÖНЙ `werdes iqneba~) swored aRniSnul

mniSvnelobas gaxazavs: leqsema ìqneb~ xom dauzusteblo-

bas, saeWvo-savaraudoobas gamoxatavs!

myofadusruli istoriulad awmyoa: `svanuri myofa-

dusrulis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi (-un-i, -é-ni, -in-i) Sedge-

nilia da -i, eWvs gareSea, igive monacemi unda iyos, rac

awmyos -i, warmoSobiT xolmeobiTis sufiqsi~ (Ciqobava 1948:

102-103), Cveni azriT, es forma dResac awmyoa, oRond infe-

renciuli, romelmac Semdgom funqciurad myofadic Sei-

Tavsa; g. maWavariani aseve varaudobs, rom es mwkrivi (myo-

fadusruli) aris `gamyofadebuli awmyo~, romelSic -un||-in

(< -en) sufiqsebs, aseve kauzativis -un||-en (>-in)’s warmoSo-

biT awmyos fuZis sawarmoebel formantebad miiCnevs (maWa-

18 saanalizo zmnur formaTa gadmoqarTulebisas an zogierT

indoevropul enaze Targmnisas semantikuri Tanxvedris miRweva

SeuZlebelia modaluri leqsemebis (àlbaT~, ìqneb~, `SesaZloa~, ètyoba~...) gamoyenebis gareSe, rac dasturia mosazrebisa: `Tu TargmanSi modaluri sityvebi aucilebelia, es imas niSnavs, rom wyaro-enaSi (ZiriTad metyvelebaSi) zmnuri forma kompleqsurad gamoxatavs inferenciulobas da gamonaTqvamis arasrulfasovani sarwmunoobis (sandoobis) modalur mniSvnelobas. wyaro-enSi aseTi frazebi uSvebs minimum ori alternatiuli situaciis arsebobis SesaZleblobas~ (Храковский 2007: 616-618).

113

variani 1974: 138). roca pirvelad inferenciuli awmyos

identifikacias SevecadeT (margiani 2010: 181-189), samwuxa-

rod, g. maWavarianis am mosazrebas ar vicnobdiT19, Tumca

Cveni Sexedulebebi aRniSnul sakiTxze mxolod amosaval-

Si emTxveva erTmaneTs: rom ùsruli myofadi~ (tradiciu-

li terminologiiT) istoriulad aris awmyo. Cveni azriT,

es mwkrivi dResac awmyoa, is ar `gamyofadebula~; aseT Se-

mTxvevaSi mas awmyos funqcia unda daekarga, sinamdvileSi

ki saanalizo formebi umTavresad am etapzec axlandel

dros gulisxmoben _ zogad Tu konkretul awmyos, oRond

inferenciuls, myofadis gamoxatvas ki isini funqciurad

iTavseben, risi dadgenac mxolod konteqstiT xdeba SesaZ-

lebeli:

bq.: lрdi al mare ji iвnuni, вanрrs demis gæawone _

`dRes es kaci {Tu} TviTon xnavs, xarebs ar gvaTxovebs~;

méxрr al mare iвnuni _ `xval es kaci albaT xnavs

(/xnavdes iqneba)~;

bрzi amJi gar iSduæni, qor lelRahi вedni _ àmaRam

{Tu}U sul ase iTovebs, saxli gadmosaTovli gaxdeba~;

serTxi Sæрns aTxe iSduæni _ `vaiTu, svaneTSi axla

Tovdes~ (`Tovs iqneba~)...

aRniSnuli semantika mravlad iZebneba svanuri enis

yvela kilos teqstebis gamocemebSi; Sdr.:

(1) cxiTagd xóqæ: `mërðls mi céвemðds xðfSæduni,

19 Uunda aRvniSno, rom ukve meored mixdeba mobodiSeba didi

mkvlevris naTeli xsovnis winaSe: pirvelad _ svanuri zedsarTavi saxelis `gaqvavebul~ formebze muSaobisas (margiani 2009: 253-261), roca batoni givis saTanado naSroms ar vicnobdi da, faqtobrivad, damoukideblad imave daskvnebamde mivedi, sabednierod, Cem mier dadasturebuli oriode `gaqvavebuli~ formis Sesabamisi moqmedi zmna mainc aRmoCnda siaxle (sul xuTia aseTi); Mmeore SemTxveva ki myofadusrulis geneziss ukavSirdeba, magram aq Cveni mosazrebebi mxolod erTi SexedviT hgavs erTmaneTs.

114

eCqa cxuæðr YCumiSdxenix~ (sv. Ppr. t. I, 1939:25) _ `cxviTagma

uTxra: Rrublebs me {Tu} mSvild-isars vesvri, maSin isre-

bi gamiTavdebao~;

(2) ÓЙ ЛДМÆéÒрЛÓ áÀÍÚÖÍÉ Й ЩæАÑрÒÓ xabrðОni ÜЙ ЩéНÑЙ,

МАÃОА? (CantlaZe da sxv. 2010: 726) _ `Sen Sesalocebs (sefis-

kverebs) acxob albaT yovel dResaswaulze da mamakacebs

atan {xolme}, albaT, ara?~

(3) befSæ eCxë oTðxisga im xaSdba? _ `bavSvi iqiT

oTaxSi ras akeTebs?~ pasuxi: iSdrкlæni _ àlbaT Tama-

Sobs~;

pirvel winadadebaSi zmna TiTqos myofadis gagebiTaa,

Tumca zogad awmyodac SeiZleba CaiTvalos; meoreSi Tval-

naTliv Cans, rom konkretuli dro ar moiazreba, saqme

gvaqvs zogad awmyosTan, magram, qarTuli zmnisgan gansxva-

vebiT, forma sufiqsiTac aris garTulebuli da semantiki-

Tac gamdidrebuli: gulisxmobs albaTobas, mTqmelis vara-

uds, anu inferenciuli zogadi awmyoa. mesame konteqstis

pasuxis nawilSi ki, ra Tqma unda, saubris momenti, konkre-

tuli awmyo igulisxmeba (Sdr. araepistemikuri, kategoriu-

li konkretuli awmyos forma: iSdró/ðl `TamaSobs~);

rac Seexeba sufiqss, kauzativis, modaluri zmnebisa

da Cveni saanalizo mwkrivebis mawarmoebelTa formobrivi

identuroba marTlac ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi movlena,

miT umetes, rom CaRrmavebis SemTxvevaSi niuansuri erToba

maT Soris iZebneba. Cveni varaudiT, mTqmelis fsiqologiu-

ri ganwyoba ganapirobebda kategoriulobisgan gadaxrili

semantikis sxvagvarad gadmocemas. AvfiqrobT, -un- uZvele-

si afiqsia, romelic enis ganviTarebis adreul etapze Se-

saZloa gamoxatavda garkveuli distanciis arsebobis niu-

anss mTqmelsa da naTqvams Soris, diferencirebis Semdeg

ki gadanawilda evidencialobasa (р-Оr-un-i àlbaT wers /

werdes iqneba~), kauzalobasa (x-р-Оr-un-e àwer-in-ebs~) da

modalobas (x-р-Оr-un-i èwereba/ewerineba, enatreba wera~)

Soris. rac Seexeba saanalizo sufiqsis pirvandel saxes,

115

aqac vuSvebT im SesaZleblobas, rom Tavdapirvelad es iyo

mxolod Tanxmovani (-n-), romelmac TanxmovanTgasayarad Se-

iZina anaptiqsuri xmovani, Tavis mxriv, fonetikuri proce-

sebisa Tu poziciuri situaciis gamo -é>-u/i, Semdeg ki es

procesi analogiiT gavrcelda yvela poziciaSi.

statikur zmnebSi, romlebic miCneulia ufro adrin-

del formebad (svanurSi ki isini gacilebiT mravladaa sa-

literaturo qarTulTan SedarebiT), aseve fiqsirdeba opo-

zicia _ neitraluri awmyo : inferenciuli awmyo (x-р-Оr-a

`weria/aweria~ : x-e-Оr-i àlbaT weria/aweria~); specialur

literaturaSi miRebulia mosazreba, rom qarTulSi stati-

kur zmnas myofadis wris mwkrivTa formebi nasesxebi aqvs

eniani dinamikuri vnebiTisgan, oRond ise, rom dinamikuri

awmyo statikurisTvis myofadia, uwyvetlis formas xolme-

obiTis gageba eniWeba da awmyos kavSirebiTi ki myofadis

kavSirebiTad aris gamoyenebuli: afenia _ efineba, axatia _

exateba, aweria an weria _ ewereba da sxv. (SaniZe 1973: 464-

466; WumburiZe 1986: 172-179; oniani 1998: 178-181). g. maWavarians

ki miaCnia, rom `gamoricxuli ar aris SesaZlebloba, usru-

li myofadis formebi svanurSi Tavdapirvelad statikur

zmnebs ganeviTarebinaT, xolo Semdeg maTi analogiiT _

dinamikur zmnebsac~ (maWavariani 1974: 139). Cven am ukanas-

knel mosazrebas viziarebT, vinaidan, rogorc aRvniSneT,

migvaCnia, rom e. w. myofadusruli diaqroniuladac da sin-

qroniuladac savaraudoobis semantikis awmyoa; is Cveuleb-

rivi (myari codnis aRmniSvneli, dadasturebuli) awmyos

paralelurad arsebobda da myofadis gamoxatva misi mxo-

lod damatebiTi funqciaa vrcel konteqstSi; xolo, Tuki

enas jer kidev oden mdgomareobis gadmomcemi, statikuri

zmnuri formebis arsebobis dros hqonda semantikuri moti-

vacia kategoriuloba-arakategoriulobis, realuroba-irea-

lurobis, dadasturebuloba-savaraudoobis mixedviT dife-

renciaciisa, cxadia, zmnebis gadinamikurebis Semdeg igive

movlena ukvalod ar gaqreboda da, semantikidan gamomdina-

116

re, daiwyebda morfologiurad adgilis damkvidrebas, ris

Sedegadac miviReT saanalizo -un-‘sufiqsiani zmnuri for-

mebi. g. maWavariani aseve SeniSnavs, rom `naTeli araa -un-i,

-in-i sufiqsebiT gaformebuli zmnebis istoriuli urTier-

Toba imave fuZis, magram sxva Temis niSnis mqone zmnebTan

(a-mкr-un-i, a-mкr-e): gvqonda Tu ara maT Soris raime fun-

qciuri sxvaoba da, Tu ara gvqonda (Tu orive Cveulebrivs

awmyos gamoxatavda), maSin riT iyo Sepirobebuli gansxva-

vebul formaTa arseboba?~ (maWavariani, iqve);

Tu Cveni msjeloba saanalizo sakiTxis Sesaxeb swo-

ria, maSin mkvlevris mier dasmul kiTxvasac pasuxi gaece-

ma, vinaidan gamodis, rom istoriulad svanur enaSi arse-

bobs ori awmyo: neitraluri (pirdapirevidencialuri) da

epistemikuri (iribevidencialuri, inferenciuli): a-dgрr-i

`klavs~ / a-dgar-æn-i `SesaZloa (albaT) klavs, klavdes iq-

neba~, a-ny-e àcxobs~ / a-ny-un-i àlbaT acxobs, acxobdes

iqneba~, i-gæn-i `tiris~ / i-gæn-un-i àlbaT tiris, tirodes

iqneba~... dinamikur zmnebSi formalur gansxvavebas am mxriv

-un- sufiqsi qmnis, romelsac qvemoT kvlav davubrundebiT.

aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT sayuradReboa megru-

lis Cveneba, sadac aseve gamoyofen myofadis or saxeobas:

myofadusrulsa da myofadsruls (margvelaSvili 1980: 163-

168), romlebic, z. WumburiZis azriT, `zmniswinis darTva-

daurTvelobiT ki ar gairCeva, rogorc es xdeba II-III seri-

is mwkrivebSi. ase rom yofiliyo, erT mwkrivTan gveqneboda

saqme da ara orTan. sinamdvileSi zmniswiniT myofadsruli

upirispirdeba ara myofadusruls, aramed awmyos (xazi Cve-

nia _ q. m.). am mxriv viTareba savsebiT qarTulis msgavsia.

myofadusruliT ki megruli gansxvavdeba qarTulisagan da

svanuris gverdiT ikavebs adgils~ (WumburiZe 1986: 135). gan-

sxvavebuli mosazrebaa warmodgenili `megruli enis lin-

gvistur analizSi~: `samecniero literaturaSi gavrcele-

bulia Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac igi momaval dros

gamoxatavs (margvelaSvili 1980: 164; WumburiZe 1986: 135),

117

rac mxolod nawilobriv Cans gasaziarebeli. aRniSnuli

formebi axlandeli drois formebia. momavali drois gamo-

xatva konteqsts eniWeba da igi xSirad damokidebulia

zmnizedebze, romlebic Seicaven momavali drois semanti-

kas: Wume `xval~, geRani `zeg~... myofadusruli I seriis

mwkrivia, romelic axlandel dros gamoxatavs~ (kartozia

da sxv. 2010: 268); Warundas ièuafu/ièi `werdes iqneba~ tipis

formebi, rogorc Cans, svanuris inferenciuli awmyos (myo-

fadusrulis) identuri semantikisaa, vinaidan Tavad am enis

warmomadgenlebi, wignis avtorebi aseve ganmartaven, rom

ès formebi gamoxataven ukve dawyebul, axlandel droSi

Tqmis paralelurad mimdinare process~, sqolioSi ki miTi-

Tebulia, rom Targmani (`werdes iqneba~) zustad ver asa-

xavs megruli formis semantikas; es ki adasturebs mosaz-

rebas imis Sesaxeb, rom evidencialuri formebi Sesabamisi

mwkrivebis uqonel enaze modaluri damxmare saSualebebis

gareSe ar ganimarteba, zusti Sesatyvisobis miRweva Zalze

rTulia. saanalizo megruli formebi, TavisTavad cxadia,

inferenciulia. maSasadame, iribi evidencialobis es saxeo-

ba (epistemikuri modalobiTurT) orive umwerlobo enaSi

morfologiurad aris Camoyalibebuli; amasTan dapirispi-

rebuli formebi (pirdapirevidencialuri : iribevidencia-

luri) awmyos mwkrivSive aRiniSneba, rac SedarebiT iSvia-

Ti movlenaa [evidencialuri opoziciis gramatikuli asaxva

enaTa umravlesobaSi perfetul droebs akisriaT; am mxriv

sainteresoa daRestnis enaTa monacemebi. magaliTad, `bagva-

lurSi wyaroze miTiTebis erTaderTi saSualebaa zmna,

perfeqtuli forma, romelic erTdroulad gamoxatavs evi-

dencialobisa da admirativis mniSvnelobas; ...evidencialo-

bis gramatikuli gamoxatva SemosazRvrulia warsuli dro-

ebiT~ (Татевосов 2007: 351 v. fridmani aRniSnavs, rom àxlan-

del droSi opozicia: pirdapiri / iribi dadasturebuloba

(засвидетельствованность) dafiqsirebulia lakur enaSi~] (Fried-man 1988: 16); A

118

am TvalsazrisiT viTarebas ar cvlis is faqti, rom

svanurSi inferenciuli awmyos (resp. myofadusrulis)

warmoeba sufiqsuria, xolo megrulSi _ meSvelzmniani.

§15. sruli myofadi

specialur literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom rig eneb-

Si (Turquli, kavkasiuri, finur-ugruli, afrikuli, ameri-

kel indielTa enebi da sxv.) iribevidencialuri mniSvnelo-

bebi gramatikulad savaldebuloa naTqvamis garkveuli ti-

pebis gasaformeblad. sxvagan ki (magaliTad, rusulSi, in-

glisurSi, germanulSi, frangulSi,...) es semantika ar aris

gramatikulad savaldebulo, magram saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

igi gadmoicema sintaqsurad da leqsikurad (Козинцева 2007: 14). zogierT enaSi inferenciuli evidencialoba epistemiku-

ri SinaarsiT drois pirobiTi formiT (mwkriviT) gamoixa-

teba; magaliTad, e. kordi frangulSi inferenciuli evi-

dencialobis gamoxatvis saSualebebad swored pirobiTis

(conditionnel) da myofadis formebs (future modal) asaxelebs.

amasTanave, aRniSnavs, rom iribi evidencialoba markirebu-

lia mxolod epistemikur (saeWvo-savaraudoobis, dauzus-

teblobis) mniSvnelobasTan erTad arsebobisas (Корди 2007: 258-266). Aam TvalszrisiT tipologiurad sayuradReboa sva-

nuris monacemebi.

vfiqrobT, amosavalSive ukve sainteresoa is movlena,

rom sruli myofadi svanurSi ramdenime warmoebisaa: 1. win-

debuli+awmyos fuZe, romelic qarTul-megrulisa da rusu-

lis myofadis analogias warmoadgens; 2. ZiriTadi preverbi

(an-, ad-/a-, es-/as-, la-) + awmyos fuZe+sufiqsi; 3. awmyos fu-

Ze+sufiqsi (Tofuria 1967: 116; WumburiZe 1986: 184; oniani

1998: 181-185). es ukanaskneli (martooden sufiqsiT, uzmniswi-

nod nawarmoebi), xSiri ar aris, mawarmoebel formantebad

ki igive sufiqsebi gvevlineba, romlebic prefiqs-sufiqso-

119

vani warmoebis dros aris, saxeldobr -i da -in-e: xкmne àW-

mevs~ / xкmni (||xкmnine) àWmevs~...; `warmoeba preverbi+awmyos

fuZe myofadis mniSvnelobiT formis mxriv yuradRebas ar

iqcevso~ _ SeniSnavs v. Tofuria (Tofuria 1967: 119-125).;

saqme is aris, rom arc semantikurad gaxlavT identu-

ri CamoTvlili formebi; ZiriTadi preverbiTa da sufiqsiT

nawarmoebi myofadi (2) (ix. gv. 122) oden windebuliT nawar-

moebi myofadisgan (1) swored inferenciulobiT gansxvavde-

ba: Cæadgрri `moklavs~ qarTuliseburi, kategoriuli

(/neitraluri) myofadia; xolo Cæadgrine, Caddagri{ne} (

bz.), Cæaddagri{sg} / Cæadgрrne (bq.) formas, konteqstis ga-

reSe aRebuls, qarTulad aseve `moklavs~ zmniT an, konteq-

stis Sesabamisad, kavSirebiTiT …(`rom moklavdes...~) ganmar-

taven, magram sinamdvileSi myofadis am or formas gamoye-

nebis sferoebi ganawilebuli aqvs: pirveli (romelsac Se-

iZleba pirdapirevidencialuri, neitraluri, kategoriuli

an Cveulebrivi myofadi vuwodoT) da qarTulis myofadi

srulad faraven erTmaneTs rogorc warmoebis principiT,

ise semantikurad (formalurad es zmniswiniani awmyoa myo-

fadis funqciiT), meore _ epistemikuri myofadi ki inferen-

ciulia, is msjelobis, varaudis, prognozis niuansis Se-

mcvelia Sesasrulebeli moqmedebis mimarT; magaliTad,

bкzi gims Cæadkæermi{sg} _ àmaRam [SesaZloa / savaraudoa]

miwas gayinavs~ _ mTqmeli misTvis cnobili bunebrivi

movlenebis fonze msjelobs, gamoTqvams prognozs,

vinaidan Zalian civa da caze Rrubeli ar aris, rac yinvis

mosalodnelobaze metyvelebs (mTqmels SeeZlo

kategoriuli formis gamoyenebac: Cæрkæremi `gayinavs~ _

aseT SemTxvevaSic, cxadia, movlenis arsidan gamomdinare,

naTqvami inferenciuli iqneboda, magram formalurad es ar

aisaxeboda.

aseve, winadadebaSi méxрr beTqil RaSs Cadgrine, ezрr mкd ìraОa? _ `xval [rom] beTqili jixvs moklavs (=

rom moklavs /moklavdes /moklas...), kargi ar iqneba?~ oden-

120

windebuliani myofadis Canacvleba stilur anomalias

gamoiwvevs, vinaidan am winadadebis modaloba pirobiTobaa

da ueWveli (kategoriuli) semantikis myofadis (Cadgрri)

formas verafriT iguebs. es imas rodi niSnavs, rom myofa-

dis sxvadasxva formis gamoyeneba erTsa da imave konteqst-

Si yovelTvis arRvevs stils, (1) modelis (2)-iT Canacvle-

bisas SeiZleba winadadeba stilurad gamarTuli darCes,

magram niuansi (xSirad konstruqciac, Tanwyoba-qvewyobis

TvalsazrisiT) aucileblad Seicvleba: kategoriulobis

xarisxi daqveiTdeba da ufro metad prezumfciuli (msje-

lobiTi) gaxdeba (enis matarebeli am formebs daufiqreb-

lad moixmars saTanado adgilas, svanuriT dainteresebul

pirTaTvis ki enis swavlebisas, swormetyvelebis misaRwe-

vad aucileblad unda avxsnaT, rom qarTuliseburi warmoe-

bis myofadi kategoriul konteqstebSi unda gamoiyenon,

xolo, Tuki naTqvamSi informaciis Seyovnebis, msjelobis,

varaudis, moqmedebis pirobiTobis niuansi odnavac ki devs,

sufiqsiani myofadi ajobebs); aseve piriqiT _ vcadoT saa-

nalizo ilustraciaSi oden windebuliani formis gamoye-

neba: méxрr beTqil RaSs Cadgрri, ezрr mкd ìraОa? _ `xval

beTqili jixvs moklavs, xom kargi iqneba?~ _ rogorc vxe-

davT, hipotaqsis adgilas parataqsi miviReT, qarTulSi

pirveli martivi winadadebidan (romelic wina modelSi da-

mokidebuli iyo) amovarda kavSiri, kavSirebiTi kilo

TxrobiTma Secvala, xolo pirobiTobis (savaraudoobis)

semantika _ kategoriulobam, myarma, ìdealurma~ codnam

movlenis Sesaxeb. SevadaroT megrulis monacemebi: `myofa-

disruli doWarundas iиuafu/iиi myofadsrulis formisagan

zmniswiniT gansxvavebuli formaa, dro momavalia, riTac

is gansxvavdeba axlandeli drois (xazi Cvenia _ q. m.) Wa-

runda iиuafu/iиi formisagan; aspeqti srulia, rasac cxad-

yofs Warundas iиuafu/iиi formasTan Sedareba... am forme-

biT mTqmeli gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas, varauds

momavalSi Sesasrulebeli, zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis

121

mimarT, romelic aucileblad damTavrdeba. srulobis se-

mantika zmniswinis darTvam ganapiroba~ (kartozia da sxv.

2010: 270). rogorc vxedavT, saTanado megruli formaTa se-

mantikac svanur ZiriTadpreverbian myofads udgas gverdSi

kategoriulobis dabali xarisxiTa da epistemiis semanti-

kuri elementiT.

svanuris sruli (ZiriTadpreverbiani) myofadis saana-

lizo mniSvneloba Zveli qarTulis im monacemebs uaxlov-

deba, roca `myofadis gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneboda II kavSi-

rebiTis forma: da-v-wer-o `davwer~ (konteqstis mixedviT

gamoxatavda sakuTriv kavSirebiTis funqciasac)~ (jorbena-

Ze 1995: 198).

svanurSi es viTareba (pirobiTobis gamoxatvis

SesaZlebloba momaval droSi), albaT, imitom SenarCunda,

rom enas saTanado semantikis zmnebi (inferenciuli myofa-

di) moepoveboda, àxal qarTulSi ki principi Seicvala.

myofadis gamoxatvis sami SesaZleblobaa: konteqsti (awmyo:

axla Wam-s, myofadi: xval Wam-s), awmyos fuZeze zmniswinis

darTva (Wams > SeWams), kategoriuli myofadis SemTxvevaSi

(xazi Cvenia. q. m.) gamoiyeneba aRweriTi warmoebac: momsvle-

li var `moval~ (jorbenaZe, iqve).

svanuris inferenciuli sruli myofadis gamoyene-

bis situacias asaxavs qarTuli dialeqturi monacemebi II

kavSirebiTis formiT myofadis gamoxatvisa: mesx. Sen aq

darCi, me wavide, cxeni moviyvano _ `Sen aq darCi, me waval,

cxens moviyvan~ (jorbenaZe, iqve). cxadia, mocemul SemTxve-

vaSic kavSirebiTis formebis gamoyeneba inferenciulobis

gamoxatvis surviliTaa nakarnaxevi _ mTqmeli kategoriu-

lad ki ar acxadebs, aramed TiTqos msjelobs (mosaubres

uTanxmebs), konteqstSi kategoriulobis xarisxi amitomac

dabalia da myofads (romelic dRevandel saliteraturo

qarTulSi mxolod kategoriulia) kavSirebiTi Caenacvla.

122

sintaqsuri funqcia.20 myofadis pirveli (qarTulise-

buri) tipi (CæрОri `dawers~), ZiriTadad, Tanwyobisas gamoi-

yeneba, qvewyobisTvis ki masTan erTad savaldebuloa maq-

vemdebarebeli an mapirispirebeli kavSiris gamoyeneba, xo-

lo meore, ZiriTadpreverbiani (CædiОri{ne} àlbaT dawers,

rom dawers~...) _ qvewyobisas, Tanac savaldebulo aRaraa

maqvemdebarebeli kavSiri, am niuanss zmna Tavad Seicavs:

(1) bрzi gims Cæрkæremi i qarTebil CuidæрSi (bq.) _ àmaRam miwas gayinavsK(kategoriuli myof.) da kartofili

gafuWdeba~;

(2) bрzi gims Cu’adkæerm-i/-isg(/-ine), qarTebil

CuidæрSi _ àmaRam miwas [Tu] gayinavs (inferenc. myof.),

kartofili gafuWdeba (kategoriuli myof.)~;

pirveli rTuli Tanwyobili winadadebaa, romlis

orive nawili mTqmelis myar codnas afiqsirebs movlenaTa

Sesaxeb, xolo meore hipotaqsuri konstruqciaa, SeerTeba

ki ukavSiroa, vinaidan daqvemdebareba, damokidebuli wina-

dadebis pirobiToba (romelic mTlianad mTavars miemarTe-

ba), zmnaSive devs. Tumca aris situaciebi, roca myofadis

formaTa (neitralurisa da inferenciulis) Canacvleba

srulebiT SeuZlebelia:

B bq.: qrisde TрОsdeb q’eseroRæ laxem, ere Cu demis adgрri (sv. pr. t., II 1957: 262,17) _ `qriste Semomfice (`qristes Tav-

deboba mi-mca-sca~), rom ar momklavo~ _ am hipotaqsuri

konstruqciis damokidebul winadadebaSi zmna qarTulise-

buri (kategoriuli) myofadis formiT aris warmodgenili,

winadadebis kilo brZanebiTia da, amdenad, inferenciuli

myofadis Canacvleba srulebiT SeuZlebelia. vcadoT:

20 hipotaqss naSromSi calke Tavi aqvs daTmobili, magram

svanuri specifikuri mwkrivebis mniSvnelobis gasaSuqeblad konstruqciebi aucilebelia.

123

qrisde TрОsdeb q’eseroRæ laxem, ere Cu demis

adgрrne _`qriste Semomfice, rom SesaZloa ar momklav [iq-

neb]..~ _ cxadia, winadadeba absurdulia, vinaidan mTqmeli

ficiT ueWvel pirobas iTxovs, inferenciuli formis Ca-

rTvam ki msjelobis elementi Semoitana, riTac kategoriu-

loba daikarga. Tuki mTavari winadadebis Semasmenels evi-

dencialuri zmnuri formiT SevcvliT, winadadebis seman-

tikasTan erTad konstruqciis Secvlasac moiTxovs, ker-

Zod, mTavari winadadebis damatebas, vinaidan rac am wina-

dadebaSia naTqvami, mxolod pirobaa mTavari saTqmelis-

Tvis (yofili mTavari ukve damokidebulad iqceva, rome-

lic garkveul pirobas gamoxatavs), amiT ki ormagi daqvem-

debarebis qvewyobas miviRebT, konteqstic, cxadia, gagrZel-

deba da srulebiT sxva Sinaarss SeiZens; magaliTad, ase:

qrisde TрОsdebs q’eser lahedne, ere Cu demis adgрri, CigæaS eser qaxatuli _ `qrisdes [Tu] Semoficav, rom ar

momklav, yvelafers getyvio~;

Ggæeres sga nomeg рTburgened, odo q’рskne i Cujamar-

cxex (iqve, 257,9) _ `tyavs xeli ar mohkidoT (ar CaeWidoT),

Torem gamoxteba da dagamarcxebT~ _ am winadadebaSi pir-

dapirevidencialuri (kategoriuli) myofadis formebs in-

ferenciuli (q’anskinne /q’anskinisg, Cæajmarcxinex) ver Cae-

nacvleba, vinaidan konteqstis Sinaarsi ar iZleva amis sa-

Sualebas: mama Svilebs afrTxilebs, misi codna mosaxdeni

movlenis Sesaxeb kategoriulia da ara varaudis an msje-

lobis Semcveli.

Aam lemasgæJi eser diрrs i iSgan lezob imarunix i

amsæaldрS gæeS eser aTрs nazimSæ sgebd adrine (iqve,

264,20) _ àm cecxlze purs da sxva saWmels [mo]vamzadebT

(=`vamzadebdeT iqneba~, usr. myof.) da adamianis saqme aTa-

sad (àTas zomad~) win wavao (=wavides iqnebao, inferenc.

myof.)~ _ es Tanwyobili winadadeba saintereso imiT aris,

rom pirvel winadadebaSi inferenciuli awmyos (resp. usru-li myofadi) formaa gamoyenebuli (imarunix), Tumca aq is

124

myofadis funqciiT unda iyos, rasac meore martivi winada-

debis zmna (adrine) da konteqsti naTelyofs (zogadi aw-

myoc ar gamoiricxeba!). Aam SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba meore

zmnis neitraluri formiT (Réri `wava~) Canacvleba, stili

ar dairRveva, magram semantika Seicvleba: winadadeba kon-

kluziurobas, msjelobis elements dakargavs da kategori-

ulobis elfers SeiZens; aseve:

deS axSkрdneda, decTeJi J’рTholi, ej kibs? (iqve,

32,38) _ `ver gaWedavT (=`xom ver gaWedavdiT~), camde [rom]

aswvdeba (=`rom iqneb aswvdes~, `rom aswvdeboda~), im ki-

bes?~ _ es konteqstic epistemikurobis nimuSia da ara kate-

goriulobisa; sxvaTa Soris, qarTulSi inferenciuli, da-

bali kategoriulobis semantikisTvis funqciurad swored

xolmeobiTi gamoiyeneba, risi erT-erTi naTeli dadasture-

baa swored mocemuli winadadebis qarTuli varianti.

léc J’aTbided, eqas Cu iyæedi gæere (iqve, 257,9) _

`wyals [rom /Tu] daasxamT, maSin damSviddeba tyavi~ _ am

rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSic damokidebuli winadadeba

pirobiTia (drois garemoebiTadac SeiZleba CavTvaloT),

xolo mTavarSi kategoriuli myofadis formaa gamoyenebu-

li, vinaidan mTqmeli Sedegs saeWvod ar miiCnevs damokide-

bulSi aRniSnuli pirobis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi... aseve:

miC eser bardans qa lahednex, Tel qæeyanas eser

J’рrqæi (iqve, 340,19) _ `me [Tu] farTals momcemT, mTel qve-

yanas Sevmosavo~ (sityvasityviT: `maso [Tu] farTals misce-

men, mTel qveyanaso Caacmevs~) _ damokidebuli winadadeba

pirobiTia; cxadia, maqvemdebarebeli kavSiris saWiroeba

arc am SemTxvevaSia) da zmnac inferenciuli myofadis

formaa, mTavar winadadebaSi ki mosalodneli Sedegis ueW-

veloba pirdapirevidencialuri myofadis formiT aris

gamoxatuli.

miC eser eSæi karæa feq qalрhedi (infrenc. myof.),

Tel qæeyanas eser Cæрbze (iqve, 340,22) _ `meo erTi Canaxi

fqvili [rom] momeces (`momecema~), mTel qveyanas gavaZRebo~

125

_ pirobiT damokidebul winadadebaSi zmna inferenciuli

myofadis formiT aris warmodgenili, mTavarSi ki ueWveli

Sedegis gamosaxatavad pirdapirevidencialuri myofadi

gvaqvs; Sdr.: awmyo _ xehædi èZleva~ _ “windebulTandebu-

liani” myofadi _ qaxehædi `miecema~ / ZiriTadpreverbiani

myofadi _ lрhæedi `miecema~ = `Tu miecema~, `rom mieces~...,

anu am ukanasknelis semantika qarTul saliteraturo enaSi

koniunqtivs Seesabameba, iseve, rogorc yvela sakuTriv in-

ferenciuli mwkrivis forma, ZiriTadad, kavSirebiTi an pi-

robiTi kiloa (unaxaobis formebi, cxadia, maT ricxvSi ar

Sedis!); Tumca konteqstis gareSe am calkeul leqsemebs

xSirad indikativad Targmnian, rac qarTulSi epistemikuri

semantikis mwkrivTa ararsebobiT aris gamowveuli.

mole Sukæs q’adréne (infrenc. myof.), ieSd dрæ xas-

gurx lрSkdрSs Q(iqve, 32,23) _ `cota gzas [rom] gaxval, aTi

devi usxedan samWedlos~ _ Sdr. kategoriuli qaRéri `ga-

xval~ da ara: `Tu gaxval~, `rom gaxval~, `rom gaxvidode~...

si pilwian, Cvaquc, ado meSxa ladeRs ejgeni (sv. pr.,

I 1939: 145,18) _ `Se bilwo, gaCumdi, Torem Sav dRes dagaye-

neb (=`dagayeno iqneba~)~...

kategoriulobis SemTxvevaSi mTqmeli ityvis jрgne-Ji

/Ji-jрgne (`dagayeneb~), magram mocemul winadadebaSi msje-

lobis niuansi igulisxmeba, romelic garkveul pirobas

(`bilwis~ gaCumebas) ukavSirdeba da qarTulad daaxloebiT

ase JRers: `Tu ar gaCumdebi, avdgebi da Sav dRes dagaye-

neb...~, `SesaZloa, Savi dRe dagayeno~, `Savi dRe dagayeno

iqneba~, ègeb Savi dRe dagayeno~...

inferenciuli myofadis semantika TiTqos ufro So-

reul momavalsac gulisxmobs, kategoriul myofadTan Se-

darebiT, albaT imitom, rom is pirobiTobas gamoxatavs,

rac gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da Sesrulebis momentebs

erTdroulad gulisxmobs Tavis TavSi (da ara pirdapir

moqmedebaze gadasvlas), es ki mTqmelsa da informaciaSi

asaxul moqmedebis Sedegs (an process) Soris erTgvari

126

distanciis niuanss aCens konteqstSi.

e. i. saanalizo (ZiriTadpreverbiani, sufiqsuri warmo-

ebis) myofadis formebi konstruqciaSi hipotaqsis safuZ-

vels qmnian, maTi semantika ki konstruqciis gareTac, kon-

teqstisgan damoukideblad an `neitralur konteqstSic~ (a.

arabuli) inferenciulia, alternatiulia da kategoriulo-

bis xarisxiT upirispirdeba oden preverbian, e. w. `winde-

bul-Tandebulian~ myofads.

marTalia, myofadsrulis formaSi Cven mier

evidencialobis morfologiur niSnad miCneuli -un (an misi

variantebi -in, -én) arsad Cans, magram -n- Tanxmovani Se-

mTxveviT aqac ar unda iyos (aRniSnuli afiqsis amosavlad

swored -n- Tanxmovans miviCnevT, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniS-

nuli, magram saanalizo sakiTxisTvis amas gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba ar unda hqondes, vinaidan amjerad formantis

genezisi ki ara, misi amJamindeli daniSnulebis garkveva

Seadgens Cvens amocanas);

§16. pirobiTi

epistemikuri semantika niSandoblivia svanurSi piro-

biTis saxeliT cnobili mwkrivisTvisac, romelic aseve

orgvaria: usruli da sruli. varlam Tofurias ganmarte-

biT, usruli myofadisgan usruli pirobiTi mxolod namyo-

usrulis formatiTRa gansxvavdeba, aseve, pirobiTi sruli

_ myofadsrulisgan. Sesabamisad, pirvel SemTxvevaSi fiq-

sirdeba -un mawarmoebeli (Sdr. namyousruli: bz. ð-ЙÒ-Ã-À,

bq. р-Оr-i-æ `werda~ _ usruli pirobiTi: bz. ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-íË, bq.

i-Оr-un-i-æ `werda iqneba; SesaZloa, werda~ _ mTqmeli sa-

Tuo codnis doneze gvawvdis informacias, romlis wyaro

mTqmelis warmosaxva, azrovneba, inferenciaa), meore Se-

mTxvevaSi, anu pirobiTsrulis fuZeSi ki _ igive formante-

bi, rac inferenciul myofadsruls axasiaTebs: ad-xatæ-in-e

127

`SesaZloa, daxatavs~ _ ad-xatæ-in-a `SesaZloa, daxatavda~

(bq. ad-xatæisg _ ad-xatæasgæ). zmnis is forma, romelic a.

SaniZis `qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi~ I xolmeo-

biTad aris dafiqsirebuli (1930 wlis `qarTul gramatika-

Si~ ki mkvlevari am mwkrivs pirobiTs uwodebs!), svanur-

Sic imave modeliT iwarmoeba, romliTac Tanamedrove qar-

TulSi: zmniswini + namyousruli, oRond es zmniswini aris

e. w. `windebul-Tandebuli~ (Ji, Cu, sga, qa) da ara ZiriTadi

preverbi.

saanalizo mwkrivTan dakavSirebiT qarTulSi arse-

bobs araerTi Sexeduleba; erTi mosazrebiT, `Tanamedrove

qarTulSi SeiniSneba xolmeobiTis Sesusteba. rig SemTxve-

vaSi am mwkrivis formebi kargaven mravalgzisobis gagebas

da pirobiT kilos iZenen. mwkrivs xolmeobiTis gageba Se-

sustebuli aqvs~ (kekelia, daviTiani 1981: 191).

a. arabuls miaCnia, rom aRniSnul mwkrivs àrc ro-

disme hqonia xolmeobiTis, mravalgzisobis gageba. is myo-

fadis wris Camoyalibebamde TxrobiTi kilos uwyvetlis

nakvTi iyo, Semdeg ki kilo Seicvala da sxva sistemaSi

gadavida~ (arabuli 1992: 116).

T. zurabiSvilis azriT, `mravalgzisobis gamosaxata-

vad Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo enas ar moepoveba

sakuTari mwkrivi~ (zurabiSvili 1965: 511).

CamoTvlili mosazrebebi exeba aRniSnuli mwkriviT

mravalgzisobis gamoxatvas qarTulSi. Aasea Tu ise, sva-

nurSi qarTuli I xolmeobiTis fardi mwkrivi (semantiku-

rad Tu warmoebiT) aris awmyos fuZeze e. w. `windebul-Tan-

debulis~ darTviT miRebuli modeli; is, qarTulis msgav-

sad, konteqstis mixedviT, SeiZleba gamoxatavdes mraval-

gzisobas, SeiZleba _ ara (gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileb-

lad da orgvari pirobiTis sadiferenciaciod naSromSi am

ukanasknels kvlavac xolmeobiTad movixseniebT).

ZiriTadpreverbiani (an-, ad-, al-, es-) da sufiqsuri

(-in-a, -ìs, -sgæ) warmoebis srul pirobiTSic mravalgziso-

128

bis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT igive viTarebaa, rac winde-

bul-Tandebulian formebSi. CvenTvis mTavari is aris, rom

es ori monacemi (`windebul-Tandebuliani~ pirobiTi, resp. xolmeobiTi, da ZiriTadpreverbiani pirobiTi) semantiku-

rad erTmaneTs upirispirdeba kategoriuloba-arakategori-

ulobis niSniT; inferenciuloba, pirobiTi codnis gamo-

xatva movlenis Sesaxeb, sakuTriv pirobiTis (ZiriTadpre-

verbianis) prerogativaa. mas funqciuradac ki ar Seswevs

unari myari, e. w. ìdealuri~ codnis asaxvisa.

specialistebis azriT (CantlaZe 1974: 103) `windebul-

Tandebuli~ qronologiurad win uswrebs ZiriTad pre-

verbs. amitomac, Cveni azriT, momentobrioba, diuratiulo-

bis sapirispirod, swored am (windebul-Tandebuliani)

formebiT gamoixateboda pirvel etapze, Semdeg ki, ZiriTa-

di zmniswinis darTvam arsebul formaTa semantika ki ar

gadafara (semantikurad paraleuri formebi ki ar awarmoa

awmyos fuZidan), aramed inferenciuloba `SeiTavsa~, amito-

mac ZiriTadpreverbiani myofadis formebi ufro met seman-

tikur komponents Seicaven: dro, momentobrioba, aspeqti,

inferencia. Sesabamisi viTarebaa pirobiTTan mimarTebi-

Tac. Sdr. megruli, sadac aseve, msgavsad myofadusrulis

da myofadsrulisa, uzmniswino pirobiTusruli Warundo-

kon ièuafudu `werdes iqneba~ moqmedebis mimdinareobas,

process warmogvidgens, magram aravin icis, dasrulda Tu

ara es moqmedeba. igi modaluri formaa da gamoxatavs va-

rauds, SesaZleblobas... (Sdr. svan. рОrunol/iОruniæ `wer-

da iqneba~ / `SesaZloa werda~), xolo myofadis pirobiTi

doWarundukon ièuafudu/ièidu `rom dawerdes~ warsuli

drois moqmedebas dasrulebulad warmogvidgens, oRond va-

raudis doneze. Aam zmnaTa qarTuli ganmartebidan naTe-

lia, rom maTi mniSvneloba epistemikuria, informaciis wya-

ro ki inferenciaa.

rac Seexeba Wanurs, arn. Ciqobava aRniSnavs, rom àq,

gansxvavebiT qarTulisagan, iseve, rogorc megrulSi, ufro

129

ganviTarebulia pirobiTi~ (rogorc kilo _ q. m.), xolo

`droTa diferenciaciis mxriv Wanurs qarTvelur enebSi

svanuri Tu Seedreba. aris ramdenime TurmeobiTi, natvriT-

pirobiTi da myofadi~ (Ciqobava 2008: 204).

Wanuri pirobiTi I, romelic megrulsac moepoveba,

ìwarmoeba namyo usrulisagan -kon-is mimatebiT yvela pir-

Si; es -kon okon zmnisganaa miRebuli eliziis Sedegad;

oko(n) axlac erTaderTi sityvaa megrulad ùnda~-s mniS-

vnelobiT (egeve Ziri mocemulia svanur zmnaSi _ m a k u,

j a k u, x a k u minda, ginda, unda). qarTulSi pirobiTi I

ar gagvaCnia; igi gadmoicema namyousruliT `rom~ kavSiris

damatebiT. anda TurmeobiTi meoriT, agreTve `rom~ darTu-

li: Wan. b-zum-um-t-i-kon, megr. b-zim-un-d-i-ko(n) `me rom

vzomavdi~, `me rom mezoma~ (Ciqobava 2008: 150).

gadmoqarTulebul variantSi swored `rom~ kavSiris

aucilebloba xdis naTels am formaTa semantikis inferen-

ciulobas, epistemikurobas: mTqmelis codna mis mierve

gadmocemuli informaciis (movlenis/moqmedebis) Sesaxeb

ara dadasturebuli, myari, ìdealuri~, aramed pirobiTia.

amasTan, termini `pirobiTi~ imdenad zustad gamoxa-

tavs am mwkrivis saxeliT cnobili formis semantikas, rom,

SeuZlebelia, v. Tofurias (romlis siRrmiseuli codna, in-

tuiciuri wvdoma da niuansuri aRqma studentobidan Se-

swavlili enisa, marTlac rom gansacvifrebelia!) swored

amis gaTvaliswinebiT ar SemoeRo igi; rac mTavaria, kate-

goriuli da inferenciuli myofadisgan gansxvavebiT, sa-

dac am formaTa Canacvleba ase Tu ise mainc SesaZlebelia,

pirobiTisa da xolmeobiTis SemTxvevaSi es TiTqmis gamo-

ricxulia. am formaTa gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT semanti-

kuri velebis ufro mkacri gamijvna, myofadTan SedarebiT,

gamowveuli unda iyos im faqtoriT, rom es mainc warsuli

droa, moqmedeba (/movlena, faqti) ukve momxdaria da, Sesa-

bamisad, mTqmels informaciis gadmocemis sami konkretuli

varianti aqvs: is Tavad aris TviTmxilveli, mas uTxres

130

amis Sesaxeb an es misi varaudia (momavlis Sesaxeb infor-

maciis gadmocemisas ki mTqmeli sakuTari poziciis dafiq-

sirebaSi ufro Tavisufalia: is an kategoriulia _ amtki-

cebs, ra moxdeba, an msjelobs, varaudobs...). faqtia, rom

pirobiTi (usrulic da srulic) gacilebiT gamokveTilad

evidencialuri mwkrivia da, gavxazavT, xolmeobiTi mas iS-

viaTad Tu Caenacvleba; ase magaliTad:

x o l m e o b i T i

laRæbрS merre her aSxæ ladRiS lрznaTe ismiæ i fe-

dilTe lizрld Cæayægax (xolm.) mara (sv. pr. t. II, 1957: 259)

_ `futkrebis (`skis buzebis~) xma erTi dRis savalze ismo-

da da axlos misvlamde daayruebdnen adamians~, Sdr. piro-

biTi Cvadyugasgvx àlbaT (rom/iqneb...) daayruebdnen~, rom-

lis Canacvlebac, cxadia, mTqmelis mimarTebas saTqmelTan

Zireulad cvlis;

p i r o b i T i s r u l i

aTxeld roq mad olRanæeli, aTxe meCiJi roq imJi

рdRanæiæ? (iqve, 153,1) _ àqamde ar dafexmZimebula, axla

daberebulze (`beberze~) rogor dafexmZimdebodao?~ _ aq

xolmeobiTis gamoyeneba _ CuiRnрæida `dafexmZimdeboda

[xolme]~, romelic iteratiulobasTan erTad kategoriulo-

bas gamoxatavs, ~rogorRa~-s, saeWvoobis niuanss, rac kon-

teqstSi devs, srulebiT ver iguebs;

aseve, Sdr: bz. JeRs lezæebs lax qaxoSdad (xolm.),

SiSd Cuizobda (xolm.) / bq. JaRæ lezebs lax qaxoSdad,

SiSd Cuizbiæ _ `ZaRls saWmels Tu gadavuyridiT, maSinve

(`xelad~) SeWamda~ _ es rTuli winadadeba pirobiT-Sedego-

biTia; mis orive nawilSi zmna qarTuliseburi xolmeobi-

Tis formiT aris warmodgenili, xolo pirobiT-Sedegobi-

Tobas damokidebul winadadebaSi lax `Tu~ nawilaki gana-

pirobebs. Tuki damokidebul winadadebaSi pirobiTis, anu

131

ZiriTadpreverbian formas gamoviyenebT, maqvemdebarebeli

kavSiri aRar iqneba saWiro, pirobiT-SedegobiTobis seman-

tikas Tavad es zmna mianiWebs konstruqcias: bz. JeRs

lezæebs q’íTSidad (pirob.), SiSd Cuizobda / bq. JaRæ

lez{æ}ebs q’oTSidad, SiSd Cuizbi; lax nawilakis CarTva

ukanasknel SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebelia, Tumca `Turme wasu-

las~ tipis stilur xarvezad CaiTvleba, semantikurad ki

arafers Sematebs frazas.

aRniSnul formaTa epistemikuroba da maTi kilos pi-

robiToba gansakuTrebiT naTeli xdeba svanuri konteqstis

gadmoqarTulebisas an piriqiT; magaliTad, qarTulSi er-

Tgvarad ritorikuli SekiTxva _ `wels baTumSi rom davis-

venoT?~ _ svanurad swored inferenciuli myofadis for-

miT gamoixateba, kiloc pirobiTia: bz.: amzaæ baTums

рlSom{n}ed? / bq.: misрs baTums olSæemned? imave winadade-bis bolos wertilic rom davsvaT, inferencia-epistemika

mainc SenarCundeba da es ar iqneba kategoriuli ganacxadi,

aramed _ mxolod msjeloba, azris, varaudis gamoTqma.

rogorc am ganmartebebidan Cans, Tanamedrove qarTul

saliteraturo enaSi inferenciulobis an epistemikurobis

gamosaxatavad kavSirebiTis monacemebi gamoiyeneba kon-

struqciaSi savaldebulo kavSirTan erTad, gansakuTrebu-

li zmnuri formebi ki, romelnic Tavis TavSive moicaven

aRniSnul niuanss, ar moipoveba (svanuri Sesityvebidan qar-

Tul saliteraturo enaze ganmartebisas sizustis misaRwe-

vad amitomac aris saWiro damatebiTi leqsemebi); am fun-

qciiT myofadi da xolmeobiTic gamoiyeneba, magram, vinai-

dan inferenciuloba am formebisTvis mxolod erT-erTi

funqciaa da ara maTi mniSvneloba, qarTulSi teqstis epis-

temikurobis amosacnobad zmnuri forma ar kmara, vrceli

konteqstia saWiro; magaliTad, SekiTxvaze _ `nikam davale-

ba dawera?~ _ arazusti (inferenciuli) pasuxi SeiZleba

iyos `dawerda...~ (xolm.), rac niSnavs: àlbaT/SesaZloa da-

wera...~; amas ki mxolod winare teqstis gaTvaliswinebiT

132

mivxvdebiT, amasTan msgavsi Sesityvebebi arcTu literatu-

rulia. v. boederic SeniSnavs, rom qarTuli myofadisa da

pirobiTis formebs SeiZleba hqondeT SesaZleblobis epis-

temikuri mniSvneloba: `Tu... dedis amags afaseb, modi, kar-

gi adamiani iqnebio~; `saidan iqnebiT?~... ; àmilaxvari iqne-

boda Svidi-rva komli~... (boederi 2000: 280).

epistemikuri semantika qarTul saliteraturo enaSi,

ZiriTadad, mainc modaluri leqsemebisa Tu nawilakebis

(SesaZloa, savaraudod, iqneb, albaT, vinZlo,...) daxmarebiT

gamoixateba.

maSasadame, Tuki Tanamedrove qarTulSi informaciis

epistemikuroba (inferenciuloba) niuansurad mxolod

vrceli teqstidan Cans (da ara calkeul zmnur formaSi,

Tumca funqciurad mas myofadi da xolmeobiTi metnakle-

bad iTavsebs) an ama Tu im mwkrivis formasTan saTanado

semantikis modaluri leqsemis moSveliebaa saWiro, svanur

enaSi am mwkrivTa Sesabamisi (epistemikuri) versiebi _ infe-

renciuli awmyo (resp. usruli myofadi), ZiriTadpreverbiani

sruli myofadi, usruli pirobiTi, sruli pirobiTi _ unda

gamoviyenoT; mxolod am SemTxvevaSi iqneba stili gamarTu-

li da metyveleba _ bunebrivi.

balszemour dialeqtSi sagulisxmoa erTi specifiku-

ri konstruqcia, roca winadadebas mTqmeli i (`da~) kavSi-

riTa da auslautSi aweuli intonaciiT amTavrebs; amgvar

SesityvebaSi Tu man inferenciuli zmna gamoiyena, rasak-

virvelia, is msjelobs, gamoTqvams varauds da ara katego-

riul mosazrebas, zogjer `sxvaTa sityvis~ -éj/-ij (`-me-

Tqi~) nawilaksac CaurTavs da inferenciulobis xarisxs

zrdis: Tbilisxрn Cоjрnвdeni Taærob ! _ `Tbilisidan vin-

Zlo Camovides mTavroba!~ (sityvasityviT: `Tbilisidan [iq-

neb]-meTqi Camova mTavroba da!~) _ es konteqsti TiTqos er-

Tgvarad ritorikuli SekiTxvis niuanssac Seicavs. rogorc

ki konstruqciaSi zmnas pirdapirevidencialuri (kategori-

uli Cuвedni `Camova~) formiT SevcvliT, Seicvleba winada-

133

debis modalobac: Tbilisxрn Cuвedni Taærob ! _ `Tbilisidan Camova mTavroba da21!~ _ aq kilo kavSirebi-

Ti ki ara, TxrobiTia.

amrigad, ganxilul mwkrivTa zmnuri formebiT gadmo-

cemulia:

a) inferenciuli, epistemikuri mniSvnelobis ax-

landeli drois moqmedeba (inferenciuli awmyo, resp. usru-li myofadi);

b) warsuli drois, unaxavi (I TurmeobiTi, II Tur-

meobiTi) an garkveuli pirobis Semcveli, epistemikuri mo-

qmedeba (pirobiTi sruli da pirobiTi usruli);

g) aseve garkveuli pirobis Semcveli, momavalSi

Sesasrulebeli, saeWvo, savaraudo moqmedeba (Ziri-

Tadpreverbiani myofadi).

§17. II SedegobiTi

formobrivad I SedegobiTisgan II SedegobiTs aorist-

Si gamoyenebuli vnebiTis mawarmoebeli ganasxvavebs. esaa

-óÍ sufiqsi Tavisi dialeqturi variaciebiT. `moqmedebiTi

gvaris zmnas is mxolod rezultatiur II-Si aqvs: ÌÉáÔÀæ-

óÍ `{da}mexata~, ÌÉÛá-óÍ `{da}mewva~, dinamikur vnebiTs ki mxo-

lod aoristSi (ðÈæáÀÔæ-óÍ `davixate~, ðÈæÛÉá-óÍ `daviwvi~

(Tofuria 1967: 178).

21 bolos darTuli i rom namdvilad `da~ kavSiria, amas is

kalkic adasturebs, romelic arcTu iSviaTia balszemoeli svanis qarTul metyvelebaSi, magaliTad, bavSvis moferebisas: `biZias (/babuas..., vinc efereba, imas) uyvarxar da!~ _ svanurSi

bunebrivi frazis (bubas / babas xalрtil !) analogiiT. am tipis winadadebebi metad damaxasiaTebelia aWaruli dialeqtisTvis (`vinme ar meжda da!~ _ àravin movida!~), SesaZloa sxva kiloebSic iyos, saliteraturo qarTulisTvis ki ucxoa.

134

igive -óÍ gamoyenebulia statikur zmnaTa garkveu-

li jgufis namyo drois sawarmoeblad. es swored is sta-

tikuri zmnebia, romelTac awmyoSi I TurmeobiTTan saerTo

-À bolosarTi aqvT:

áÖÙæ-À àqvs~, áÖÙæ-óÍ|áÖÙæ-óÍ-ÃÀ (bz.) áÖÙæ-ÀÍ-Ã |

áÖÙæ-ÀÍ-ÃÀ (bq.) `hqonda~.

áðÌÈØæ-À `sCvevia~, áðÌÈØæ-óÍ|áÄÌÈØæ-óÍ (bz.) áÄÌÈØæ-

ÀÍ|áÄÌÈØ-ÖÍ (bq.) `sCveoda~.

áÀÑá-À `hqvia~, áÄÑá-óÍ|áÄÑá-óÍ-ÃÀ (bz.), áÄÑá-ÀÍ|áÄÑá-éÍ

(bq.) èrqva~.

n. naTaZis azriT, is faqti, rom `-ðÍ sufiqsi arsad

sxvagan ar gvxvdeba uRvlilebis sistemaSi, am sami nakvTis

fuZeTa igiveobaze miuTiTebs~ (naTaZe 1955: 94). aqedan gamo-

mdinare (da qarTul da megrul monacemTa gaTvaliswine-

biT), mkvlevars gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi I qarTve-

lur enebSi istoriulad statikuri zmnis sasxviso qcevis

awmyod miaCnia, TurmeobiTi II ki _ am zmnaTa vnebiTis na-

myod.

E evidencialobis TvalsazrisiT, II TurmeobiTi qar-

TulSic gansxvavdeba I TurmeobiTisgan; miuxedavad seman-

tikidan gamomdinare terminisa, dRes es mwkrivi umTavresad

kavSirebiT kilos gamoxatavs; specialuri literaturis

mixedviT àm mwkrivis kilo, Cveulebriv, TxrobiTia. magram

xSiria misi gamoyeneba III kavSirebiTis nacvladac: igi ix-

mareba iseTi moqmedebis gadmosacemad, romelic faqti ar

iyo, magram romelic ivaraudeboda, rogorc piroba sxva

moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis. Aam SemTxvevaSi misi kiloa

ara TxrobiTi, aramed pirobiTi da aqtis elementi (unaxao-

ba) formaSi aRar aris~ (SaniZe 1973: 222). Sesabamisad, mo-

qmedebis potenciurobas, pirobiTobas aRniSnavs da xSirad

gvxvdeba pirobiT-SedegobiT hipotaqsur konstruqciaSi:

`rom daewera...~, `Tundac moekla...~.

svanurSi evidencialobis TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxvao-

135

bas avlenen II SedegobiTis upreverbo da preverbiani (us-

ruli da sruli) formebi: pirveli rigi (msgavsad usruli,

oden -a’sufiqsiani I SedegobiTisa) eqsperienciulobas

gamoxatavs da pirdapirevidencialuria. meore ki _ pirobi-

Tobas (da ara unaxaobas! Sdr. I SedegobiTi), anu es ukanas-

knelni iribevidencialurni arian da maTi saSualebiT

gadmocemuli informaciis wyaro inferenciaa.

saanalizo zmnebi xSirad gvxvdeba -uæ/-oRæ…(`mca~) na-

wilakiTurT, romelic Tavadac kavSirebiT kilos ganapi-

robebs da winadadebebic Sesabamisi Sinaarsisaa (1); amas-

Tan, kavSiri Tu modaluri sityvebi, romlebsac Tanamedro-

ve saliteraturo qarTulSi Sesabamisi mwkrivi aucileb-

lad iTxovs (`rom~, `Tundac~, `netav~...), svanurSi aRniSnul

nawilakian formebTan araTu savaldebulo ar aris, maTi

CarTviT stili irRveva: (1) RæaS Cu-æ-р-gæ-dagr-ón, bкzi Cìs sgalрwihdad _ `jixvi [rom] mogvekla (`mogveklamca~), ama-

Ram yvelas movipatiJebdiT~ _ am pirobiTdamokidebulwina-

dadebian rTul konstruqciaSi mxolod inferenciuli evi-

dencialobaa, verbalurs ki II SedegobiTi, rogorc iTqva,

saerTodac ver gamoxatavs, iseve rogorc moqmedebis aqts;

xolo lax J’рmCedël{l}рsæ, lax sg’íxвìdón formebi, marTa-

lia, sityvasityviT `rom asuliyo~, `rom Semoetana~-s niS-

navs (radgan gadmoqarTulebis sxva SesaZlebloba ar

gvaqvs), magram faqtobrivad arasworia da ase arc aravin

ityvis, vinaidan es zmnebi mxolod da mxolod -u/-oRæ

`mca~ nawilakTan erTad qmnian stilurad gamarTul kon-

struqcias svanurSi: sg’кæ-oxвìdón `[rom] Semoetana~,

sgíxвìdón-u `netav Semoetana~ (`Semoetana-mca~).

Zveli da axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis monace-

mebis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrobT, saeWvo ar unda iyos, rom

svanurs saanalizo kuTxiTac arqauli viTareba aqvs Senar-

Cunebuli: `Zvel qarTul enaSi TurmeobiTi funqciurad na-

myo drois sxva formebs udgas gverdSi _ vlindeba, Ziri-

Tadad, -mca nawilakian qvewyobaSi. -mca aZlevs konstruq-

136

cias kavSirebiTobas; am nawilakis gareSe warmodgenilia

kavSirebiTis formebi~ (arabuli 1984: 165); àxal qarTulSi

II TurmeobiTi marto TxrobiT kilos rodi aRniSnavs. am

nakvTisTvis Cveulebrivia, agreTve, pirobiToba~ (Ciqobava

1962: 101), `pirobiT kilosTan ki unaxaoba zmnis formaSi ar

igulisxmeba~ (feiqriSvili 1974: 64); maSasadame, svanurma,

rogorc Cans, arqauli viTareba, ZiriTadad, aqac SeinarCu-

na. amasve mowmobs ukavSiroba hipotaqsSi saanalizo forme-

bis gamoyenebisas:

bz. daæaleba Cо-æ-р-j-iОr-ón (-æ `-mca~-nawilakiani

sruli II Sedeg.), oriрns mкm р-x-kрd-n-рs! _ `davaleba [rom]

dagewera (`da-mca-gewera~), orians ar miiRebdi (sr. pirob. =

àr migeRo iqneba~)~;

bq. Cæ-oRæ-oxuCxan, dab lelcune demeg gæeriæ _

`[rom] Camoewvima (`Camo-mca-ewvima~), yana mosarwyavi ar gveq-

neboda~;

saliteraturo qarTulSi `-mca nawilakma istoriu-

lad dakarga Tavisi funqciebi da gadavarda. konstruqci-

ebSi ZiriTadi maqvemdebarebeli kavSirebi raОTa||raОTamca

da ukueTu || ukueTumca Secvala rom (<romel), iSviaTad

raTa, Tu rom kavSirebma~ (arabuli 1984: 65). iseT damokide-

bul winadadebaSi, romelic gadmoscems mizan-pirobiTobas

warsulSi, Zveli qarTuli iyenebda -mca nawilakian kon-

struqcias. amis Sesabamisad Semasmeneli uTuod indikativ-

Si ivaraudeboda da koniunqtivis Sinaarsi gamoixateboda

ara zmnis Sesabamisi mwkriviT, aramed kavSirs darTuli

-mca nawilakiT. magram, roca TandadaTan waiSala -mca na-

wilakis funqcia, saliteraturo enam zemoaRniSnul Se-

mTxvevaSi mimarTa II TurmeobiTs, romelic TandaTan gzas

ikafavs saSual qarTulSi da romelic morfologiuri

warmoebiT axlos dgas mesame kavSirebiTTan. amgvarad Camo-

yalibda enaSi axali konstruqcia da axal qarTulSi iqca

absolutur normad (ZiZiguri 1959: 266; erTeleiSvili 1963:

225; feiqriSvili 1974: 60); kavSirTan mimarTebiT, albaT, un-

137

da iTqvas, rom svanur hipotaqsSi ukavSiro daqvemdebareba

ara marto II SedegobiTis gamoyenebis dros xdeba, aramed

Cveulebrivi movlenaa yvela iribevidencialuri (sakuTriv

inferenciuli) zmnuri formis monawileobisas konstruqci-

is daqvemdebarebul nawilSi (ix. §21), magram is, rom saana-

lizo mwkrivis upreverbo formebi svanurSi mxolod in-

dikatiuria dResac da preverbianebi ki umTavresad -mca’s

Sesatyvis nawilakTan erTad gamoiyeneba, vfiqrobT, sakma-

risi argumentebia Tanamedrove svanuri II SedegobiTisa da

Zveli da saSuali qarTulis II TurmeobiTis funqciuri si-

axlovis naTelsayofad.

I SedegobiTSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone

-en- sufiqsi (misi CarTva aqtiuri zmnebis upreverbo pirda-

pirevidencialur formebs calsaxad unaxaobis semantikas

aniWebs) namyo winarewarsulSi xSirad aris ugulebelyo-

fili, metadre balszemour dialeqtSi: `rogorc (Sedare-

biT cota) masala gviCvenebs, -ÄÍ-, Cveulebriv, daculia be-

CourSi: ÜæÀÈâÀÍ-ÄÍ-ÀÍ `suni scemoda~, Ñ’ÀãÊéËÈá-ÄÍ-óÍ àgmaR-

leboda~ (aseve CubexeurSi _ q. m.), balszemourSi ki ar

Cans: ÀÈÊÀÒ-óÍ `gaReboda~, ÀÈâÀÍ-óÍ `suni scemoda; daxvnoda~

(Tofuria 1967: 174)22. amasTan, aRniSnuli morfema Zalian

mcired cvlis saanalizo mwkrivis niuanss inferenciulo-

bisken, TiTqos zrdis pirobiTobis xarisxs, romelsac mxo-

lod is Tu SeamCnevs, visTvisac svanuri àkvnis enaa~ (ak.

SaniZis terminologiiT);

interferenciis procesma, romliTac kodoris (resp. dalis) xeobaSi mcxovreb balszemoel-balsqvemoelTa me-

tyveleba xasiaTdeba, arc III seriis formebs auara gverdi.

kodoreli balszemoelebi gardauval zmnaTa II Sedegobi-

Tis (namyowinarewarsulis) formebSi, enguris xeobis bals-

zemourisagan gansxvavebiT, -ëÍ-/-ÄÍ- elements araTu ar ugu-

22 Tanamedrove balszemoeli svanebis TqmiT, - ëÍ’iani formebi maTTvis bunebrivia da ÀÈÊÀÒ-óÍ / ÀÈÊÀÒ-ëÍ-óÍ paralelurad gamoiyeneba (q. m.)

138

lebelyofen, SeiZleba iTqvas, maTs metyvelebaSi sufiqsia-

ni formebis gamoyeneba sistemuric kia, usufiqsoebs mxo-

lod aqa-iq Tu SevxvdebiT:

ÎÀÒðÙ áÄÊæÄÓ ÁÆÀÈ áÀÙæëÍ-ëÍ-á _ ìaraRi mzad unda

hqonodaT~ (malxaz korZaia, 52 wlisa, ajara);

ÀÌÉÓ ÄÓÄÒ ÌóÎ ×ðÓ áóÆ, Äã’ëÓÄÒ áÄÊæÄÓ ÜÖ áÀáËëÍ-ëÍ-á _

àmas ra fasic adevs, is unda gcodnodaTo (`scodnodaT~)~

[iqve];

Ö×ЛДÁА ВÖЩæрНÃАН, ДÒД Ø’ПÌÜÄÃáæрÓæÃ É ØÀáæрßÃÀÍÃ НЙÛВД

ØПÒрÒÓ (sveta gerliani, 45 wlisa, ajara) _ ùfleba gvqon-

da, rom gavsuliyaviT da gvenaxa Cveni saxlebi~ _ ambobs

mTqmeli da iqve zmnebs aseTi formebiT cvlis: Ø’ПМÜДÃбæрÓ-

ÖН-Ã i ØАбæрЯÃ-ДН-АН-Ã _ amgvari interpretaciiT informa-

torma informaciis pirobiTobis xarisxi gazarda;

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evidencialur mwkrivebSi gamo-

vlenili -unda -en- afiqsebi, swored evidencialobis

TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove svanurSi daaxloebiT erTi da

imave funqciisani arian _ afiqsireben unaxaobis an pirobi-

Tobis, anu aramyari, arapercefciuli codnis semantikas

moqmedebis Sesaxeb (SesaZloa, es movlena pirvandeli, uZve-

lesi viTarebis xelaxali dabadebac iyos!), rac gansakuT-

rebiT TvalSisacemi dalis mosaxleobis metyvelebaSi

aRmoCnda (Sdr.: bz. áÀÙæ-ëÍ-á, áÀáË-ëÍ-á, bq. QØ’ÏÌÜÄÃáæðÓæÃ,

ØÀáæðßÃðÍÃ...).

saerTod, rogorc aRmoCnda, TurmeobiTebi (tradiciu-

li gagebiT) svanurSi, qarTulTan SedarebiT, ufro met se-

mantikur datvirTvas amJRavneben, mwkrivTa mixedviT maTi

afiqsaciis mravalferovnebac am mizeziT aixsneba. zoga-

dad, svanurs axasiaTebs semantikis detalizaciisa da Ti-

Toeuli niuansisiTvis sinTezuri modelis Seqmnisken

swrafva, xSir SemTxvevaSi is, rac saliteraturo enam kon-

teqsts daakisra, svanurma organuli formebiT gadmosca,

sinTezuri formebi Camoayaliba: ìnformaciis Camoyalibeba

da gadacema xdeba rogorc samwerlobo, aseve umwerlobo

139

enaSi, oRond es ukanaskneli, rogorc saliteraturo nor-

misa da stilisgan Tavisufali, ufro Tamamad iyenebs gra-

matikulad Warb saSualebebs, xolo, rac gramatikulad

Warbia, is informaciulad datvirTuli da mniSvnelovania~

(asaTiani 2009: 12; xazi Cvenia _ q. m.). maT Sorisaa Turmeo-

biToba. am formaTa siZveleze miuTiTebs idiomatikac; iseT

gamoTqmebSi, romlebic dalocvas, wyevlas, natvras gulis-

xmoben, dRevandel saliteraturo qarTulSi kavSirebiTis

formebi ixmareba (bednierad gevlos! miwa gagiskdes! ga-

mravlebuliyaviT!), svanuri ki aqac arqaulobas avlens, Zve-

li qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebel -mc{a} (bz.: -Ö|-Öæ, bq.:

-ÏÙæ, -Ïæ) nawilakian konstruqcias imeorebs da kvlavac

TurmeobiTis formebs iyenebs:

bz.: áÏÜÀ ËÉÒÃë-æ ÏÈâìÃÀá!

`kargi cxovreba-mc gautarebiaT!~

ÌÉÜÀ ËÀÃÄÙ-Ö ÄÓÄÒ ÄÓØÄÌÀ ÌÉÜÀ ÌðÒÉáÓ!

`Cemi dRe-mc Sematebiao Cems marexs!~ (`misi dRemc

Sematebiao mis marexs!~). æÏÃ ÄãÎðÒÓ ÃÏ ËÄßÄÃ, ÄÜØÀÃ ÍÏÓÌê-æ ËÏÂÆÉÂÀ!

`vidre imaT vnaxavT ( isini ar vnaxoT~), manam

araferi-mc agvtkenia!~

æÏÃ ÄÜÀæ ÃíÓÀ ÂæìÆÍëÍÓ, ÄÜØÀÃ ÍíÓÀÌÀ-æ ÀãÌÀÒÝáÀá (sv.

pr. t. I, 1939: 87)!

`vidre iqamde ar wavsuliyaviT, manam nurafe-

ri-mc dagmarcxebiaT!~

bq.: áÏÜÀ ÊÀÍÃ-ÏÙ{æ} (|| ÊÀÍÃÀ-ÏÙ)ÏÂÒéäÄÍÀ!

`kargi axali weli-mc (`kalanda-mc~) gagvTenebia!~

140

§18. evidencialobis morfologiuri niSnisaTvis svanurSi

svanurSi evidencialobis morfologiuri niSnis arse-

boba-ararsebobis sakiTxis sinaTlis mosafenad Camo-

vTvliT argumentebs da kontrargumentebs Cven mier nava-

raudevi -un-(>*Vn-/-n-)23 morfemisaTvis;

a r g u m e n t e b i:

1) morfema saxezea sakuTriv inferenciul,

epistemikuri mniSvnelobis mwkrivebSi: inferenciuli awmyo

(resp. myofadusruli), pirobiTusruli; aseve I seriis Tur-

meobiTebSi.

2) saanalizo sufiqsis funqcia specialuri

literaturis mixedviT gaurkvevelia;

3) saanalizo mwkrivTagan uZvelesad myofadusru-

li (resp. inferenciuli awmyo) unda vivaraudoT misi usru-

lobidan (upreverbobidan) gamomdinare; swored es mwkrivi

Cveulebriv (neitralur) awmyos formalurad mxolod aR-

niSnuli (-un-) afiqsiT upirispirdeba, semantikurad ki _

epistemikiT (wyaro _ inferencia): a-SdRæ-i (`marxavs~) _ a-

SdRæ-un-i (àlbaT / SesaZloa, marxavs~ / `marxavdes iqne-

ba~); x-e-hr-i (`sTxovs~) _ x-e-hr-un-i (àlbaT / SesaZloa

sTxovs~ / `sTxovdes iqneba~);

4) igive viTarebaa pirobiTusrulSi, romelic

msgavs opozicias uwyvetelTan qmnis: a-SdiRæ-d-a /a-SdRæ-i-

æ (`marxavda~) _ a-SdR{æ}-un-íl /iSdR{æ}-un-i-æ (àlbaT /

SesaZloa marxavda~); x-e-her-d-a / xehr-i-æ (`sTxovda~) _ x-e-

hr-un-íl / xehr-un-iæ (àlbaT / SesaZloa sTxovda~);

23 i. CantlaZis azriT, svanurSi Zalze gavrcelebuli reduqciis

gaTvaliswinebiT, ufro savaraudo piruku procesia: un > én > n. vinaidan evidencialur mwkrivebSi saanalizo afiqsis samive va-rianti gvxvdeba, es mosazreba viTarebas ar cvlis, evi-dencialobis ZiriTadi afiqsi Cven swored -un- gvgonia.

141

5) msgavs suraTs aCveneben saanalizo afiqsis

Semcveli I seriis evidencialuri mwkrivebic, romlebic se-

mantikur opozicias qmnian neitralur (pirdapirevidencia-

lur) mwkrivebTan:

a) I TurmeobiTi (bz. xрgm-in-a, bq. xрgm-un-a àSe-

nebda {zed} / uSenebda Turme~) : sazedao/sasxviso qcevis

uwyveteli (bz. x-a-gр/em-da, bq. x-a-gam àSenebda {zed}~ /x-o-

gр/em-d-a / x-o-gam ùSenebda~);

b) II TurmeobiTi (bz. lé-m-gрm-{æ}in {li} / lé-mgрm-

{æ}n-e-li, bq. lé-m-gem-{æ}in / lé-m-gem-{æ}n-e-li àSenebda

Turme~ : neitraluri qcevis uwyveteli: bz. a-gрm-d-a, bq.

é-gam / é-gem-da àSenebda~);

6) mesame seriaSi aRniSnuli sufiqsi ar Cans

da arc iyo mosalodneli, am seriis specifikurobisa da

misi Camoyalibebis gzis gaTvaliswinebiT (cnobil faqteb-

ze aq aRar SevCerdebiT).

k o n t r a r g u m e n t e b i:

1) pirvel da umTavres barierad morfemis gamoyofis-

Tvis, albaT, is CaiTvleba, rom aRniSnuli formanti yvela

saanalizo (evidencialur) mwkrivSi ar aris warmodgenili;

aseTi mwkrivebia: inferenciuli sruli myofadi da sruli

pirobiTi; qarTvel mkvlevarTa (i. CantlaZe, d. meliqiSvi-

li) mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrobT, preverbma,

romelic SedarebiT gviandeli movlenaa, ara marto perfeq-

tul droebSi, aramed myofadsa da pirobiTSic erTgvarad

SeiTavsa da ganapiroba evidencialobis funqcia (saeWvo-sava-

raudoobis semantika), amitomac specialuri sufiqsi (-Vn-,

romelic upreverbo formebSia) aRar iyo saWiro.

maSasadame, windebul-Tandebuli+awmyos forma _ neit-

raluri, pirdapirevidencialuri semantikis myofadia

(Cu+izbi `SeWams~, Cu+axtрæi > Cæaxtрi `daxatavs~...), xolo

ZiriTadpreverbiani _ iribevidencialuri, saeWvo-savarau-

142

do, movlenis Sesaxeb myari, ìdealuri codnisgan~ gada-

xrili, epistemikuri mniSvnelobisa (lрОzæebne `SeWamos iq-

neba~, àlbaT, SeWams~, … Cu+adxtæi{ne} `daxatos iqneba~,

àlbaT, daxatavs~...). m. tofaZis azriT, `specialur litera-

turaSi gvxvdeba mcdari mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom qar-

TulSi mxolod iribi evidencialobis markirebaa SesaZlebe-

li. es mosazreba marTebulia TurmeobiTis mwkrivebisaTvis,

magram ar vrceldeba evidencialobis gamomxatav leqsikur

erTeulebze, rogoricaa formaucvleli sityvebi, naxevrad-

gramatizebuli markerebi, sxvaTa sityvis nawilakebi~ (tofa-

Ze 2011: 135-136); Cven sxvagvarad vfiqrobT: evidencialobis

gamomxatav konstruqciebSi swored is saSualebebi iqcevi-

an am kategoriis markerebad, romelTac mkvlevari Camo-

Tvlis; maTi CamocilebiT esa Tu is konteqsti pirdapirevi-

dencialurad gadaiqceva; amitomac vTvliT, rom iribi evi-

dencialoba (epistemikuri formebi) svanurSi (iseve, ro-

gorc evropul enebSi) mxolod maSin aris markirebuli,

roca Tavad mTqmeli Tvlis, rom mis mier gadmocemuli in-

formacia arasakmarisad sandoa an saeWvoa, xolo pirdapi-

ri evidencialoba (neitraluri formebi) gansakuTrebul

markirebas ar saWiroebs!

vfiqrobT, axsnac es aris: vinaidan ZiriTadpreverbia-

ni (-an, -ad, -es/-as, la-) formebi gvian Camoyalibdnen, xolo

`windebul-Tandebuliani~ zmnebi evidencialobis Tvalsaz-

risiT neitralur (/kategoriul) srul myofads am drois-

Tvis ukve gamoxatavdnen, zmniswinianma formebma semantiku-

rad uformantodac ganisxvaves Tavi (Cæ-рОr-i `dawers~ _

{Cæ}adiОri{ne} àlbaT / SesaZloa dawers~, `Tu dawers...~,

`rom daweros~...); SevniSnavT, rom ZiriTadpreverbiani myo-

fadis sufiqsTa variantebidan erT-erTi kvlav -in/-n ele-

mentia; aris Tu ara es elementi Cven mier evidencialobis

niSnad miCneuli -Vn-‘s TanxmovniT nawilTan kavSirSi, ama-

ze saboloo pasuxi ar gvaqvs.

1) winaaRmdegobas qmnis saanalizo formantis xmovni-

143

Ti nawilis araerTgvarovnebac dialeqtebis mixedviT I

TurmeobiTSi (bz. -in-, bq. -un-), romlis Sesaxebac varlam

Tofuriac aRniSnavda, rom rTulia gadawyveta, erTmaneTis

nasubstitucievi arian isini Tu ara, Tumca ki funqciis

identurobas, cxadia, saeWvod ar miiCnevda.

2) zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, Zvel qarTulSi am mo-

rfologiuri kategoriis daudasturebloba.

es mosazreba saanalizo problemaze momuSave qar-

Tvel enaTmecnierTa (a. SaniZe, z. sarjvelaZe, a. arabuli, m.

beriZe, m. tofaZe...) mier ar aris gaziarebuli (ix. §7); Cveni

azriT, saliteraturo enaSi evidencilobisTvis specialu-

ri formanti ar ganviTarebula imitomac, rom is samwer-

lobo enaa, konteqsts ufro meti gasaqani aqvs, moqmedebs

normebi da a. S. Sesabamisad, qarTulSi evidencialobis-

Tvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom gramatikuli kategoriaa, speci-

alizebuli mwkrivebi mxolod perfeqtuli formebis saxiT

mogvepoveba, romlebSic unaxaoba (rasac evidencialoba _

verbalobac da inferenciac _ eyrdnoba) meoreuli, SeZeni-

li funqciaa. svanurSi ki, rogorc iTqva, sakuTriv eviden-

cialuri mwkrivebi araerTia, romelTaTvisac es funqcia

ZiriTadia.

rogorc Cans, iribi evidencializmis or qvesaxeobas

Soris (moqmedebis aqti da savaraudooba) mijna arcTu ise

myaria (bolos da bolos, amitomac iTvleba verbaloba da

inferenciuloba erTi kategoriis _ iribi evidencialobis

wyaroebad), amasTan hipoTeturad albaT SeiZleba kauzati-

vis svanur -un- (-in-, -én-) da qarTul -in- formantTa mate-

rialuri Tu funqciuri identurobis daSveba istoriulad,

rac, aseve, Semdgom kvlevas moiTxovs; `[rom] gamakeTebina /

gamakeTebina~ tipis formebi da, sazogadod, II TurmeobiTi

TavianTi semantikiTurT gvibiZgebs varaudisken, rom kauza-

tivis morfema -in- qarTulSi Tumca sustad, magram mainc

iRebs Tavis Tavze pirobiTobis semantikis gamoxatvas; mar-

Talia, mkvlevarTa azriT (afridoniZe 1970: 18; suxiSvili

144

1986: 90-93), saanalizo formebi (romlebic mxolod natvriT

kilos axasiaTebs), elifsis Sedegia, magram es viTarebas

ar cvlis: elifss SesaZloa swored im faqtma Seuwyo xe-

li, rom saanalizo afiqsi konstruqciaSi saTanado seman-

tikas (natvra, SesaZlebloba, pirobiToba...) ganapirobebda,

anu imave procesTan gvaqvs saqme, rac svanurSi xdeba am uZ-

veles afiqsTan dakavSirebiT. aqve SevniSnavT, rom -n- afiq-

si, romelmac gavrceleba pova I da II TurmeobiTSi (gaubed-

nia, gaebedna), a. SaniZem II TurmeobiTisa da vnebiTis namyos

sadiferenciacio saSualebad miiCnia, romelic Semdeg I

TurmeobiTSic gadavida (SaniZe 1973: 442); i. qavTaraZis az-

riT, ìs marTlac sadiferenciacio saSualebaa, romelic

eb Temis niSans udgas gverdSi da I da II TurmeobiTSi er-

Tdroulad unda gaCeniliyo. saanalogiod ki SeiZleba ga-

mxdariyo zmnebi, romelTac fuZeSi -n- aqvT~ (qavTaraZe 1955:

61-75). xom ar iqneba SesaZlebeli, rom aRniSnuli morfema,

Tundac formaTganmasxvaveblad Semotanili, istoriulad

romelime fuZis kuTvnileba ki ara (an SesaZloa iyos kide-

vac, magram SemdgomSi sxva funqciiT datvirTuli), igive

odenoba iyos, rac evidencialobisTvis svanurSi gamovle-

nili afiqs(eb)is (-un-/-in-) TanxmovniTi nawilia da romelic

kauzativsa da modalobas erTdroulad emTxveva (ukve

xmovniTac)? qarTulSic xom figurirebs igive konsonanti

kontaqtis kategoriis morfologiur niSanSi?

tradiciul qarTvelur enaTmecnierebaSi damkvidre-

bul SexedulebaTa sapirispirod, mwkrivis zog elements

morfologiur kategoriad ar miiCnevs g. gogolaSvili:

`dro, kilo, gzisoba (axal qarTulSi), aqti da Tanamdev-

roba ar aris morfologiuri kategoriebi. Sesabamisad: er-

Ti mwkrivis formaTa meorisagan ganmasxvaveblad ver miviC-

nevT e. w. `mwkrivis elementebs~ (gogolaSvili 2010:132);

saliteraturo qarTulSi moqmedebis aqti marTlac

aris konteqstze damokidebuli, rac araerTxel aRgviniS-

navs Cveni monacemebis qarTulTan Sepirispirebisas; svanur-

145

Si ki am TvalsazrisiT, rogorc kvlevam aCvena, sxva viTa-

rebaa; I seriis TurmeobiTebi, I SedegobiTis -en-‘sufiqsiani

upreverbo zmnebi da amave mwkrivis preverbiani formebi

srulebiT ar arian damokidebuli konteqstsa Tu intonaci-

aze; am mxriv svanurSi e. w. ùnaxaoba~ ar aris `moZravi

elementi mwkrivisa, damokidebuli zmnis formis garemocvi-

sagan~ (SaniZe 1973: 224) _ (dawvrilebiT ix. Tavi II, §9);

igive iTqmis sakuTriv inferenciul (epistemikuri

mniSvnelobis) mwkrivebze svanurSi, romelTa badali sali-

teraturo enaSi ar mogvepoveba: inferenc. awmyo рОr-un-i

àlbaT wers~ / `werdes iqneba~ formas, romelic erTmniS-

vnelovnad epistemikuria, ra konteqsti sWirdeba imisTvis,

rom ar agverios evidencialobis mxriv neitralur (katego-

riul) formaSi? logikuri unda iyos isic, rom vinaidan I

seriaSi arsebobda inferenciuli awmyo da usruli pirobi-

Ti, III seriaSi gaCnda am mwkrivTa reinterpretirebuli, Se-

sabamisi perfeqtuli formebi (qarTulSi ki _ ara, radgan

arc I seriidan ar arsebobda amis safuZveli); rac Seexeba

Sesabamisi perfeqtuli mwkrivis models, is statikur zmna-

Ta inferenciul awmyos (resp. myofadusruls) èmTxveva~

(specialur TavSi sagangebod iqneba ganxiluli), romelic,

TavisTavad, SesaZloa, dinamikuri zmnis paradigmidan `mo-

irgo~; amitomac aris absoluturad da ugamonaklisod sta-

tikuri inferenciuli awmyo-myofadis (xрОra à/weria is

mas~ _ xeОri èwereba = albaT aweria is mas~), dinamikuri

awmyosa (xeОri èwereba is mas~) da III seriaSi Cven mier

Semotanili pirobiT-SedegobiTi I-is (xeОri àlbaT uweria

= albaT naweri aqvs / naweri eqneba mas is~) formebi

materialurad identuri (igive viTarebaa pirobiT-Sedego-

biT II-isa da usruli pirobiTis SemTxvevaSic, rasac, aseve

qvemoT avxsniT).

Ddaskvna: Cveni azriT, -ÖÍ- (>en >in >én >n) sufiqsis

gamovlena svanuri uRlebis sxvadasxva mwkrivis formaSi

ubralod materialuri damTxveva rodia, aramed saqme unda

146

gvqondes erTi da imave funqciiT aRWurvil uZveles mo-

rfemasTan _ mTqmeli am zmnebiT gamoxatavs mis mier gadmo-

cemuli informaciis iribi wyarodan momdinareobas (ara-

pirdapiraRqmulobas), daudastureblobas, saeWvo-savarau-

doobas. sxvagvarad: zmnuri formiT gadmocemulia moqmede-

ba, romlis Sesaxebac mTqmelma an sxvisgan Seityo an Tavad

ivarauda;

a) I TurmeobiTi, II TurmeobiTi, upreverbo -en-a’sufiq-

siani I SedegobiTi, preverbiani I SedegobiTi [áðЙÒÍÀ < *áðЙÒæÍÀ (bz.), áðÎÒ-ÖÍ-À (bq.) àwerda/uwerda Turme~, ËéÌìÒ-

Í-ÄËÉ (< ËéÌéÎÒÍÄËÉ)|ËéÌìÒ-æÍ-ëËÉ (bz.), ËéÌÉÎÒæÉÍ (<Ëé-

Ìé-ÎÒ-æÉÍ)|ËéÌéÎÒÖÍÄ ËÉ (bq.) `werda Turme~, xрОrë/ena ùwe-

ria Turme mas is = naweri hqonia~, oTìra (bz.), oTiОra (bq.)

`dauweria~] renarativsac gamoxataven da inferentivsac,

anu mocemuli zmnebiT gamoxatuli informaciisTvis wyaro

verbalobac (gadmocemiToba) SeiZleba iyos (Tu sxvisgan,

`garedan~ Seityo mTqmelma ambavi) da inferenciac (mTqmeli

erTi percefciuli movlenis safuZvelze meore, arapercef-

ciuli movlenis Sesaxeb askvnis);

b) evidencialur zmnaTa meore nawili (inferenc. aw-

myo, usruli pirobiTi, sruli pirobiTi, preverbiani myofa-

di, pirobiT-SedegobiTi I, pirobiT-SedegobiTi II) mxolod

inferencias gamoxatavs (verbalurobac da percefciulo-

bac gamoiricxeba) da is ar aris konteqstze damokidebuli;

am mwkrivTa gamoyenebis erTaderTi SesaZlebloba is situ-

aciaa, roca mTqmeli movlenas Tavad varaudobs misTvis

cnobili faqtebis, samyaros Sesaxeb miseuli codnis gan-

zogadebis safuZvelze _ aseT SemTxvevaSi mTqmelis infor-

maciis wyaro mxolod inferenciaa _ azrovneba, logika da

ara myari codna movlenis (moqmedebis) Sesaxeb, amitomac

aseT zmnaTa semantika nawilobriv alternatiulobas gamo-

xatavs (myofadusruli: ÀÌêÒ-æÍ-É / ÉÌÀÒ-æÍ-É àlbaT amza-

debs / amzadebdes iqneba~, ÀËêÛ-æÍ-É / ÉËÀÛ-ÖÍ-É àlbaT Te-

savs / Tesavdes iqneba~, pirobiTi: á-É-ÁÌ-ÖÍ-É-ÃðÓ / á-É-ÁÌ-æÉÍ

147

/ á-É-ÁÌ-ÖÍ àlbaT abamdi~, бæ-Й-ВМ-ÖН-Й-ÃрÓ / áæ-É-ÂÌ-òÍ àl-

baT, vaSenebdi / rom meSenebina, meSenebina iqneba~, б-Д-Á-Й

àlbaT {da}ubams mas is = {da}nabami eqneba~, б-Д-Á-íЛ / б-Д-

Á-Й-æ àlbaT {da}eba mas is = {da}nabami eqneboda~...);

vfiqrobT, saanalizo sufiqsi (Vn) swored evidencia-

lobis maCvenebelia ganxilul mwkrivebSi. TurmeobiTi I da

II upirobod, konteqstis moSveliebis gareSe gaxazavs

`Turmes~ gagebas, unaxaobis aqts da amis pirobas, savarau-

dod, swored sufiqsi qmnis, iseve, rogorc danarCen saana-

lizo mwkrivebSi (inferenc. awmyo, resp. usruli myofadi,

usruli pirobiTi), sadac igive sufiqsi saeWvo-savaraudoo-

bis semantikas ganapirobebs movlenis Sesaxeb. Ees ori fe-

nomeni ki (1. moqmedebis unaxaobis aqti: informaciis wya-

ro verbaloba an inferencia; 2. moqmedebis epistemikuroba,

savaraudooba, potenciuroba: informaciis wyaro _ inferen-

cia) ZiriTadi qvesaxeobebia iribi evidencialobisa. A

aqve SevniSnavT, rom evidencialoba, rogorc zogadi

an teqstis lingvistikis Seswavlis obieqti, qarTvelur

enebSi rom gramatikuli kategoriaa, es erTxmad miRebuli

mosazrebaa im mkvlevarTa mier, romlebmac specialuri

Sromebi miuZRvnes aRniSnul problemas (r. vileti, v. boe-

deri, n. kozinceva, n. sumbaTova...); es bunebrivicaa: roca

enaSi Tundac Tanamedrove etapze arsebobs specialuri

mwkrivebi moqmedebis unaxaobis gadmosacemad, Camoyalibe-

bulia `sxvaTa sityvis~ nawilakovani sistema da a. S., evi-

dencialoba morfosintaqsuri kategoriaa. Cveni gamokvle-

vis am nawilSi ki SevecadeT, gveCvenebina, rom is svanur

zmnaSi morfemis donezea gamoxatuli.

specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom evidencia-

loba mxolod zmna ar aris, Tumca zmna am kategoriis um-

Tavresi figuraa. rogorc kvlevam aCvena, svanurSi

evidencialoba uRlebis kategoriac aris da, savaraudod,

ufro arqaul (upreverbo) formebSi saTanado formantia

-Vn (/-n) sufiqsi. yvela saanalizo mwkrivSi mTqmelis damo-

148

kidebuleba naTqvamTan pirdapiri aRqmis ararsebobas ukav-

Sirdeba da iformaciis irib wyaroze miuTiTebs; amitomac,

vfiqrobT, rom aRniSnul formebSi -Vn- sufiqsi (romlis

funqciac specialur literaturaSi dRemde auxsnelia), Ta-

visi variaciebiT, evidencialobis niSania. mTqmeli am for-

mebis gamoyenebiT, ase vTqvaT, distanciidan uyurebs saku-

Tari naTqvamis WeSmaritebas, mianiSnebs msmenels, rom Ta-

vad ar aris informaciis pirvelwyaro; sxvagvarad: mTqmeli

zmnur formaSive àTavsebs~ informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom

igi gadmoscems daudasturebel, sxvisgan gagonil an mis

mier navaraudev informacias (/informacias informaciis Se-

saxeb). is movlena, rom saTanado preverbian da III seriis

monacemebSi formanti ar gamovlindeba, rogorc aRvniSneT,

did winaaRmdegobas ar unda qmnides am formaTa Camoyali-

bebis etapobriobis gaTvaliswinebis SemTxvevaSi.

§19. ucnobi inferenciuli (epistemikuri)

mwkrivebi _ pirobiT-SedegobiTi I

da pirobiT-SedegobiTi II

svanur enaSi relatiur-gardamaval da brunvacvale-

badsubieqtian absolutur zmnebs moepovebaT inversiuli

formebi, romelTa zusti Sesatyvisoba mwkrivTa saxiT qar-

TulSi ar aris. am formebs qarTulad ganmartebisas Seusa-

bameben I an II SedegobiTis (TurmeobiTis) formas, romeli-

me pirobiTobis gamomxatvel modalur leqsemasTan erTad

(àlbaT~, ètyoba~, ègeb~, `savaraudod~, `netav~, `SesaZ-

loa~...),D an Agadmoscemen aRweriTad (mimReoba+meSveli

zmna): áÄÃÂðÒÉ `{mo}uklavs mas is albaT~ an `{mo}naklavi eq-

neba/eyoleba~, áÄÆÄËóËÉ (bz.), áÄÆÄËðËÉ (bq.) ùvlia albaT~

an `navali (nasiarulevi) eqneba~; áÄÃÂÀÒíË (bz.), áÄÃÂðÒÉæ

(bq.) `{mo}ekla albaT~ an `{mo}naklavi eqneboda mas is~,

áÄÆÄËêËíË (bz.), áÄÆÄËðËÉæ (bq.) èvlo mas albaT~ an `nava-

149

li (nasiarulevi) eqneboda~ (Sdr. Sedeg. I _ zs. áÏÃÂÀÒÀ

`{mo}uklavs mas is~, bz. áÏÆÄËêËÀ bq. áÏÆÄËÀËÀ ùvlia~,

Sedeg. II _ bz. áÏÃÂÀÒóÍ, bq. áÏÃÂÀÒÀ/ðÍ `{mo}ekla mas is~, bz.

áÏÆÄËêËóÍ, bq. áÏÆÄËÀËÀÍ èvlo~, èara~).

v. Tofurias `svanur zmnaSi~ es formebi msgavsi seman-

tikiT ara Cans, rac, vfiqrobT, imiT aixsneba, rom 30-ian

wlebSi, rodesac es fundamenturi wigni iqmneboda, debu-

lebaTa sailustracio masalaSi ver moxvdeboda yvela

leqsema... Tanac, rogorc zemoTac SevniSnavdiT, gasuli sa-

ukunis I naxevarSi Cawerili teqstebi garkveulwilad re-

daqtirebulia, amasTan, zRaprebsa Tu wes-CveulebebSi mo-

vlenis Sesaxeb pirobiTi codnis (evidencialobis am saxeo-

bis) gamoxatva mTqmels naklebad dasWirdeboda: uZveles

ambebs igi verbaluri (unaxaobis) formebiT gadmoscemda,

wes-CveulebaTa Sesaxeb informacias ki _ rogorc myar,

ìdealur~ codnas, romelic mis cnobier samyaroSia integ-

rirebuli. Aam formaTa gamoyenebis TiTo-orola SemTxveva

ki SesaZloa yofiliyo informatorTa metyvelebaSi, magram

sabolood redaqtirebul teqstebSi maT dafiqsirebas, al-

baT, omonimiamac SeuSala xeli, vinaidan am zmnaTa modeli

emTxveva statikurebis inferenciuli awmyosa (resp. myofa-

dusrulis) da brunvaucvlelsubieqtiani dinamikuri zmne-

bis awmyos models: 1) statik. inferenc. awmyo: xeОri àl-

baT /etyoba aweria = [albaT] ewereba is mas~; 2) dinamik. aw-

myo èwereba is mas~... es zmnebi specialur literaturaSi

arc uRlebis sistemaSia Setanili.

aRniSnuli monacemebi aqtiuri zmnebia, organuli

warmoebisaa da perfeqtulia: (1) áëÌÉ (bz.) áÄÌÉ (bq.) àlbaT

uWamia mas is~, (2) áëÌíË (bz.), áÄÌÉæ (bq.) _ àlbaT eWama mas

is~. isini gadmogvcemen warsuli drois savaraudo, dauzus-

tebel moqmedebas dinamikaSi, statikuri SedegiT _ pirvel

SemTxvevaSi (áëÌÉ / áДÌÉ) awmyo-myofadSi, xolo meore Se-

mTxvevaSi (áëÌíË / áÄÌÉæ) _ warsulSive; am zmnebiT gamoxa-

tuli informaciis erTaderTi wyaro mxolod inferencia

SeiZleba iyos.

150

rogorc zemoTac aRvniSnavdiT, qarTvelologTa erTi

nawili (n. naTaZe, d. meliqiSvili, a. arabuli, m. beriZe...) III

seriis mwkrivebs istoriulad statikur zmnebs ukavSirebs.

d. meliqiSvilis azriT, Ì rezultativi, II rezultativi

da III kavSirebiTi warmoSobiT statikuri zmnebis awmyos,

wyvetilisa da II kavSirebiTis inversiaqmnili formebia,

romlebic dRes dinamikuri gardamavali zmnebis paradigmis

gagrZelebaa. am formebs erT jgufSi aerTianebs warmoebis

wesi da inversiuli konstruqcia~ (meliqiSvili 2001: 48).

svanur masalaze es ase aisaxeba:

statikuri

awmyo á-Ï-áÔ-Àæ-À ùxatia is mas (misTvis aris daxatuli)~

wyvetili á-Ï-áÔ-Àæ-óÍ èxata is mas (misTvis iyo daxatuli)~

II kavS. á-Ï-áÔ-Àæ-ëÍ-Ó èxatos is mas (misTvis iyos daxatuli)~

gardamavali

I Sedeg. á-Ï-áÔ-Àæ-À ùxatavs mas is~

II Sedeg. á-Ï-áÔ-Àæ-óÍ èxata mas is~

III kavS. á-Ï-áÔ-Àæ-ëÍ-Ó èxatos mas is~

statikurTa romeli mwkrivebis inversiiT SeiZleboda

migveRo saanalizo formebi? SevavsoT paradigma:

1. statikuri inferenciuli awmyo (resp.myofadusruli):

á-Ä-áÔ-ðæ-É èxateba is (= is daxatuli iqneba)~ / èxa-

teba is mas (= is misTvis iqneba daxatuli)~ Sdr.:

gardamavali saanalizo forma (1) (pirobiT-Sedegobi-

Ti I): á-Ä-áÔðæ-É àlbaT /iqneb {da}uxatavs mas is (= danaxati

eqneba mas is)~;

2. statikuri pirobiTusruli:

á-Ä-áÔ-Àæ-íË (bz.), x-e-xt-рæ-É-æ (bq.) èxateboda is/is mas (= is daxatuli iqneboda masze zed an misTvis)~, Sdr. gardamavali saanalizo forma (2) (pirobiT-Sedegobi-

Ti II):

151

á-Ä-áÔ-Àæ-íË (bz.) / x-e-xt-рæ-É-æ (bq.) àlbaT {da}exata

mas is (= {da}naxati eqneboda mas is)~.

rogorc gamoirkva, YCven mier warmodgenili pirveli

forma (áÄáÔðæÉ) Sesabamisi statikuri zmnis myofadusru-

lis (tradiciuli terminologiiT) models imeorebs, meore

(bz. áÄáÔÀæíË, bq. áÄáÔрæÉæ ki _ pirobiTusrulisas. garda

amisa, am perfeqtul formaTa semantikac migvaniSnebs aR-

niSnul mwkrivebTan maTs mimarTebaze: pirveli (1) gulis-

xmobs warsulis savaraudo moqmedebis savaraudo, pirobiT

Sedegs awmyo-myofadSi, xolo meore (2) _ aseve savaraudo

rezultats, oRond warsulSive (Sdr. SedegobiTis pirobi-

Ti zanurSi: u-War-u-d-u-ko-(n) (megr.), War-a-s-un-t-u (Wan.)

`rom ewera, iqneb ewera...~ (yifSiZe 1994: 140; jorbenaZe 1995:

212), epistemikuroba (moqmedebis ganxorcielebis naklebda-

majerebloba, erTgvari pirobiToba), romliTac svanuri

inferenciuli awmyo, resp. myofadusruli (da, Sesabamisad,

pirobiTusrulic) xasiaTdeba, am formebis semantikaSic ni-

Sandoblivia: Sdr.:

bz. ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-É àlbaT amzadebs / amzadebdes iqneba =

будеть готовить~ (Tofuria 196: 112) _ бÄÌóÒÉ ùmzadebia albaT

/ iqneb~.

á-Ä-Áì-ÃÉ (àlbaT {da}uRvria~): ÀËÀÓ ÌÉÜÀ ÂÄÆËð ÁÄÃÑÉ

ÌÀáæðÎ ØÉÌ áÄÁìÃÉ _ àmas Tavisi Svilis gamo (`bedze~) al-

baT ramdeni cremli uRvria (anu èqneba {da}Rvrili~ / `na-

Rvari~24; Sdr. eqsperienciuli I SedegobiTi: qim xobìda `cremli uRvria~, romelic mxolod faqtis konstatacias

gamoxatavs damatebiTi niuansebis gareSe.

bz. á-ë-Ì-É (àlbaT/egeb uWamia~):

24 TargmanSi aRweriTi monacemebis pirobiTobas èqneba~,

èqneboda~ meSveli zmna, xolo rezultatiurobisTvis damaxasiaTebel semantikur elements (warsulis dinamika) namyos mimReoburi forma ganapirobebs. svanuri saanalizo formebiT ki es yovelive organulad gamoixateba.

152

ËÀÛÃÙæêË ÄãÙÀ áÀÁÑÀá ÍÉÛÂæÄÎÌéÚ ÓðàÉÒÏ, ÄÒÄ `ÄÜÀÁÖêÓÃ

ÄÓÄÒ ØÀ ËÄäæÃóËÉ áêÒ, ÄÛæóÎ ÃЙðÒ áëÌÉ~ (sv. pr. t. I 1939: 8,31)

_ `qelexis sufra (`samarxi~) imitom miaCniaT CvenSi saWi-

ro{d}, rom `saiqioSio dasarigebeli aqvs [micvalebuls],

visi puric ki SesaZloa, uWamia (=èqneba naWami~) [amqvey-

nad]~;

bz. á-Ä-ÌâÄÒ-É (ìqneb /albaT gaugia~):

ÀÌÊðËÉÁ ÃìÍÀÓ ÒÏØæ áæÄÈáëËÉ ÌÉ É ÄÜÉ ÌÖÈæÒÉ ÌÀßéá, ä’óÓ ÌÀ áÄÌâÄÒÉ Äã ÃìÍóÛ (iqve 146: 18:19) _ àmnair (àm yalib-is~)

gogos veZeb me da imisi mswavlebeli mWirdeba, Tu vinmes

rame egeb smenia (=èqneba gagebuli~) im gogosi~;

áÄÌÁÀæÏË (àlbaT / egeb moeyola~ = `monayoli eqne-

boda~):

АИбД, ЙÓВÖ МÖÓ áÄÌÁÀæÏË МкЛДВæДÛ, ЛЙМíÒДæЙ ВПÛрÒ, ДгА

ЛрбÛЪрÃæЙН (qeTevan margiani, 37 wlisa, omariSali) _ àx-

la, mamaSens [rom] albaT eambna rame (=eqneboda naambobi,

monayoli) mediatorobis saqmeebi, is gaixsene~;

bz. á-Ä-ÃÂðÒ-íË (àlbaT moekla~):

ÔÀÒÉÄËÓ ÀÛÉÒÈÄÑÉ ÙæÀÛ ДÛì ÜÖáÄÃÂðÒíË _ `tariels,

albaT / savaraudod, asamde jixvi mainc moekla (=eyolebo-

da mokluli, eqneboda naklavi~; paradigmaSi am zmnis awmyo

iqneba adgрri „klavs is mas“);

bq. á-Ä-ÝáæÐ-Éæ (àlbaT {mo}etacebina~): ÀÒÆÏÌÀÍ

ÂÖÒÜÉÀÍÓ ÄÒæÄÛÃ ÓÉÌÀØ ÄãÙðÎ áÄÝáæÐÉæ, ØÀÌÄÊæäÄ ËðÓæ АМНПÛ _

àrzoman gurCians albaT oci asuli mainc moetacebina

(èyoleboda monatacebi~), ganTqmuli iyo amiT~ (awmyo _

ÉÝáæÐÉ ìtacebs is mas~).

aRniSnul formebs aseve Tavisuflad awarmoeben medi-

oaqtivebi (resp. avtoaqtivebi, d. meliqiSvilis terminolo-

giiT): bz. É-ÁéÒÂ-ОëË, bq. É-ÁÖÒÂ-ÄË `Widaobs~ _ á-Ä-ÁéÒÂ-ÉëË-É

/ б-Д-ÁÖÒВ-рЛ-Й (ùWidavia iqneb /albaT~): bz. ÌÀáÏÁÑÉ ÀË ÌêÒÀ áæóÎ áÄÁéÒÂÎëËÉ _ àxalgazrdoba-

153

Si (àxlobaSi~) am kacs bevri uWidavia albaT~ (=èqneba na-

Widavebi~);

Bbz. Й-ÆДЛ-óЛ, bq. Й-ÆДЛ-рЛ, `dadis~ _ б-Д-ÆДЛ-кЛ-íЛ /

á-Ä-ÆÄË-ðË-Éæ (èvlo albaT~): bq. ÁÀÍÜÀÓ ÌÉÜÀ ÃÒÄæÑÉ ÈÀÍÙÉðÒØÀÎ ÌÀÓðÒÃ áÄÆÄËðËÉæ! _

`banCas Tavis droze uReltexilebzec bevri evlo albaT

(=èqneboda navali~)~.

saanalizo formebi, rogorc iTqva, polisemiuria:

áÄÃÂðÒÉ _ a) àlbaT mouklavs mas is~ (gardam., pi-

robiT-Sedeg. I); b) ùkvdeba is mas (dinamik., awmyo)~; áÄÃÂÀÒíË / áÄÃÂðÒÉæ _ a) àlbaT/SesaZloa moekla mas

is~ (gardam., pirob.-Sedeg. II); b) ùkvdeboda is mas~ (dina-

mik., uwyvet.); áÄáÔðæÉ _ a) àlbaT {da}uxatavs mas is~ (gardam., pi-

rob.-Sedeg. I); b) èxateba is mas = misTvis iqneba daxatu-

li~ (statik., inferenc. awmyo/myof.); g) èxateba is mas~ (di-

namik., awmyo);

áÄáÔÀæíË / áÄáÔðæÉæ _ a) àlbaT exata mas is~

(gardam., pirob.-Sedeg. II); b) èxateboda is mas =MmisTvis iq-

neboda daxatuli~ (statik., pirob.), g) èxateboda is mas~

(dinamik., uwyvet.); SesaZlebelia, saanalizo formaTa CrdilSi darCenisa

Tu specialistTagan SeumCnevlobis erT-erTi mizezic es

(formaTa omonimuroba) iyos, Tumca zogierT Zirmonacvle

zmnaSi, romelTac mesame seriis inversiuli formebisTvis

sxva fuZe aqvT, omonimiis faqtoric aRar arsebobs; aseTe-

bia: lì/i-z-i `wasvla~; li-rd-e `yofna, myofoba~, da mwkriv-

nakli m-i-wv-a (I SedegobiTi) `minaxavs~, romelsac I da II

seriis formebi saerTod ar moepoveba.

awmyo: Д/ÏÓáæÒÉ `mivdivar, mival~; бæрÒЙ `var, vimyofe-

bi~; бæЙÆÁЙ `vWam~; wyvetili: ПÃД{Ò} `wavedi~; бæАÒÃрÓ / бæАÒÃ `viyavi, vim-

yofebodi~; ЛПбæрМ / ЛПб{æ}ДМ `SevWame~;

I SedegobiTi: Ìì/ÉÆÍÀ `{wa}vsulvar~ (=`{wa}nasvleli

154

var~, `navali maqvs~); bz.: ÌÉÜÃÀ, zs.: МЙÒÃæНА `vyofilvar~

(=`namyofi var~); Мì/ЙМА `miWamia~ (=`naWami maqvs~);

am Zirmonacvle zmnebis swored mesame seriis fuZeTa-

gan Zalian bunebrivad iwarmoeba CvenTvis saintereso leq-

semebi: бí/ПÆНА `{wa}sula~ _ áë/ÄÆÍÉ àlbaT (etyoba, egeb,

rom, nuTu, Tu, savaraudod...) {wa}sula = {wa}nasvleli iqne-

ba~; бПÜÃА / бПÒÃæНА `yofila~ _ бДÜÃЙ / бДÒÃæНЙ àlbaT yo-

fila = ùmyofia~ mas, namyofi iqneba~; бí/ПМА ùWamia~ _

бë/ДМЙ àlbaT uWamia~...

kodor.Bbz.: ÀÙÏ, äðÃÉÛ ÜÖãÄÜÃÉ ÓÉ? (ediSer gulba-

ni, 53 wlisa, omariSali) _ `maSasadame (àba~), hadiSSi al-

baT yofilxar (= albaT `gimyofia~, namyofi iqnebi) Sen?~;

…eCeCu ДÊЛДÓЙА ÜÖЛéВ, МАre ÓЙ ÃÄÌÄ ãÄТÃæÍÉ ДÜДÜÖ... (iqve)

_ `...iq eklesia [qe] dgas, magram Sen ar yofilxar, albaT (=

ar gimyofia /iqnebi namyofi), iq?~

ÓЙ ÊÖÁÃрÒ ØÀãÄÍÚìО, ÃДÛ бæЙгÒрæЙ, ДÒД _ МкМА! (qeTevan mar-

giani, 37 wlisa, omariSali) _ `Sen kubdari albaT

{gamo}gicxvia (={gamo}nacxobi geqneba), ver davijereb, rom _

ara!~

Bbq.: рmirs eser aTla Ciqi maxeRæрJ mama xewæeni (sv. pr. t. II 1959: 266,17) _ àmirans, SesaZloa, jer vaJkaci [al-

baT /iqneb] ar unaxavs~;

kodor. bq.: ØЙÒÓ Мр МАÃД ãÄÌÉ ÓЙ, МЙО ÜÖМЙМА! (CantlaZe da

sxv. 2010: 436) _ òspi albaT rogor (`ra~) ar giWamia (=`geq-

neba naWami~), mec ki miWamia!~ _ es aris informatoris Se-

niSvna (SeZaxili) Camweris, medea saRlianis, naTqvamze: ØЙÒÓ

ÜÖМЙМА _ òspi miWamia~ (=`naWami maqvs~ _ eqsperientivi);

Bbz.: ÆАØАÒ ДгÊрЛЙ ÌÄÆÄËóË ÌкÒÄ ËÉ, ÄÒÄ ÀÌÄÒÉÊÀÈÄÎ

ØÀáÄÆÍÉ... _ `zaqaria iseTi mosiarule kacia, rom amerikaSic

wasula albaT (ìqneba wanasvleli~)~; ÀÌÄÒÉÊÀÈÄÎ ØÀáÄÆÍíË (bq.: бДÆНЙæ) ÆАØАÒÓ, ÀËÀÓ ÌêÌ

ÏÍÙÄËÃðÓ! _ àmerikaSic [Tu] wasuliyo zaqaria (=èqneboda

155

wanasvleli zaqarias~), amas ar velodi!~ garda amisa, aRmoCnda, rom qvemosvanur dialeqtebSi

Cveni saanalizo formebi (inferenciuli perfeqtuli zmne-

bi) auslautis i xmovnis win n fonemas CairTaven, rac Se-

saZloa swored omonimiisTvis Tavis aridebiT aixsnas: di-

namik. vnebiTi, awmyo: xeSxebi èkereba is mas~ _ saanalizo

forma: xeSxeb-n-i àlbaT (iqneb...) {Se}ukeravs mas is~ (lnt.).

aRniSnuli faqtorebic rom ara, formobrivi Tanxvedrebi

qarTulSic araerTia cnobili: dauxatavs is mas mas (myo-

fadi) _ dauxatavs mas is (I TurmeobiTi); daemalos is mas

(II kavSirebiTi) _ daemalos mas is (III kavSirebiTi); ukidia

is mas (statikuri awmyo) _ {da}ukidia mas is (aqtiuri I

TurmeobiTi...). amasTan, cnobil mosazrebaTa mixedviT, III

seriaSi `yoveli zmna an v n e b i T i s saxeobas warmo-

gvidgens, an s a S u a l o-v n e b i T i s a s Tu s a S u -

a l o s a s: ekla, ewera, uweries, uqmnies, uklavs, udgams~

(Ciqobava 2010: 441) da swored ìnversiis safuZvelze xdeba

SesaZlebeli am formaTa moqceva gardamavali zmnis uR-

vlilebis paradigmaSi, mxolod semantikuri gadaazrianeba

iZleva amis SesaZleblobas~ (jorbenaZe 1983: 93).

saanalizo zmnebi eqsperienciulobasTan erTad, ga-

rkveulwilad, diuratiulobasac gamoxataven (Sdr. I Sede-

gobiTis upreverbo formebi); am mosazrebas mxars uWeren

bunebis movlenebis aRmniSvneli zmnebi, romelTa semantika-

Si, Cveulebriv, ufro metad aris gamokveTili diuratiu-

loba da gamoricxulia momentobrioba. ÛÃÖ{æ}Ä `Tovs~ _ áÄÛÃÖ{æ}É ùTovia albaT~ (=`naTovi eqneba~; Sdr. eqsperien-

ciuli I Sedeg. xoSdua ùTovia~ = `naTovi aqvs~); áÄÛÃæíË

(bz.), áÄÛÃÖÉæ (bq.) èTova albaT~ (= naTovi eqneboda; Sdr.

eqsperienciuli II Sedeg. xoSduón / xoSduan èTova~ = `na-

Tovi hqonda~).

Tumca iTvleba, rom `xolmeobiTi, rogorc gramatiku-

li kategoria, dRevandel svanurSi aRar gvaqvs, magram Zve-

lad unda gvqonoda. xolmeobiTis nakvTi dRemde Semogvena-

156

xa aÃn-i `xnavs~, ðSx-i `wvavs~ tipis zmnebSi~ (Ciqobava 1948:

102-103; swored I xolmeobiTis badal mwkrivs uwoda v. To-

furiam pirobiTi). saanalizo formebSi niuansurad swored

pirobiToba-xolmeobiTobis sinTezia. maTi mniSvnelobidan

gamomdinare, bunebrivia, Ìrom, erTi mxriv, naTqvamis mimar-

Teba sinamdvilisadmi varaudis, SesaZleblobis, dauzus-

teblobis gamomxatvelia, evidencialuria. qarTulSi msgavs

viTarebaSi modaluri sityvebi moiSvelieba, zanurSi ana-

lizuri (meSvelzmniani) formebi gamoiyeneba, svanurSi ki,

rogorc davrwmundiT, aRniSnuli semantika sinTezur for-

mebSia Cadebuli. maTi aRweriTi variantebi Tavad svanurSi

udris: I da II SedegobiTis upreverbo formebi + nawilaki

ÌéÒëÓ (bz.), ÌÀæÛæËÉ (bq.) àlbaT~, serTxi `vaiTu~ da sxva.

áÄÃÂðÒÉ = áÏÃÂÀÒÀ ÌéÒëÓ _ `{mo}uklavs albaT (xolme)~; áÄÔÌîÒÉ = áÏÔÌîÒÀ ÌéÒëÓ _ ùtyavebia albaT (xolme)~...;

gadmoqarTulebisas analogiuri konteqstebi sxvadasxva mo-

dalur leqsemasac (ègeb~, ètyoba~, `netav~, `vin icis~...)

moirgeben:

bz.:ñÀËÀÓ ËðÃÉ ÌêÌÂæÄÛ áëÌÉ _ àmas dRes albaT arafe-

ri uWamia~, Sdr. ÀËÀÓ ËðÃÉ ÌêÌÂæÄÛ áëÌÉÀ? _ àmas dRes ne-

tav (/nuTu) araferi uWamia?~

bq.: ÓÄÒÈáÉ ÀМЙÓ ËðÃÉ ÌêÌÂæÄÛ áДÌÉ! _ `vaiTu, amas DdRes

araferi uWamia!~

ÀË ËÄÁÉÀÓ ÌÀÆÖ áÄ×ÖÉ, ðÍãðÁÉæÌÏÛ? _ àm lobios ram-

deni uduRia netav, moixarSeboda?~ _ SekiTxva erTgvarad

ritorikulia, mTqmeli mas pirobiTad svams; kategoriuli

SekiTxvis (da ara pirobiTobis) SemTxvevaSi I SedegobiTis

eqsperienciuli forma iqneboda gamoyenebuli:

ÀË ËÄÁÉÀÓ ÌÀÆÖ áÏ×ÖÀ? _ àm lobios ramdeni uduRia

(= ramdeni aqvs naduRebi)?~ _ es aRar iqneba evidencialuri

semantikis konstruqcia, magram igive winadadeba Zaxilis

niSniT ukve inferenciuli aRmoCndeba (oRond ara epistemi-

kuri!), radgan, davuSvaT, damSrali wylis (percefciuli

faqti) mixedviT mTqmeli logikurad daaskvnida duRilis

157

xangrZlivobas (inferenciuli konkluzivi).

Bbq.: ÍÏÍÀÓ ÃÄÛÏÌÀ áÄÁÄÒÂÉ É ÃÄÛ ÀÃÁÄÒÂÉÓÂ?! _ `nonas

SesaZloa arasdros uToxnia da ver gaToxnos?!~, Sdr. I Se-

degobiTi: xoberga ùToxnia~;

ÀËÄØÓÀÍÃÒÄÓ ÃÄÌÄÂ áÄàæÃÉæ, ÄãÑÉÛ ËðÎÒ ÃÄÌÄÂ ßæÀÍÃÀ _

àleqsandres rom ar waekiTxa (=àr hqonoda wakiTxuli~),

iseTi wigni ar arsebobda (àrsad Canda~; Sdr. II Sedegobi-

Ti: бПаæÃкНóН / бПаæÃАН `waekiTxa~).

kodor. bz.: ÔрÒЙДЛр ЛЙИбæОрÒЙ АМÁæрÒ рНéМÁрæ: МрбæрОН

áÄвìÃÉ ДÜАÓ ЩæАÛрÒ ØПÒИД! (CantlaZe da sxv. 2010: 795) _ `tari-

elis nadirobis ambebi gviambe: ramdenjer (`rabevrjer~)

moutania albaT (=èqneba motanili~) imas jixvebi saxlSi!~

_ mTqmelis codna movlenis Sesaxeb pirobiTia, is inferen-

ciul wyaros eyrdnoba da zmnuri formac Sesabamisia.

meore mxriv, es formebi xolmeobiTobis STabeWdile-

bas toveben da aramxolod semantikurad. g. maWavariani mi-

iCnevs, rom `svanuri myofadusrulis mawarmoebeli sufiqse-

bi (un-i, é-ni, in-i) Sedgenilia da -i, eWvs gareSea, igive mo-

nacemi unda iyos, rac awmyos -i, warmoSobiT xolmeobiTis

sufiqsi~ (maWavariani 1974:138). a. arabulis azriT, `Zvel

qarTulSi xolmeobiTi III25 formobrivad warmoadgens Sesa-

bamisi eniani vnebiTis II xolmeobiTs, mis inversiul saxes,

anu III xolmeobiTi II TurmeobiTTan iseTsave mimarTebaSia,

rogorc xolmeobiTi II namyo ZiriTadTan~ (arabuli 1984:

73). Cven ar viciT, iyo Tu ara II xolmeobiTi svanurSi (ase-

Ti monacemebi jerjerobiT ar Cans), Tumca ki saanalizo

zmnebis semantika (formac!) Zalian mogvagonebs Zveli qar-

Tulis III xolmeobiTs:

e-Tes-i-s: `moimkis, sadaca igi eTesis~, Sdr. x-e-lóS-i

ùTesia (mas is) albaT xolme~ anu `danaTesi eqneba~;

25 formebi (ebrZanis, eqmnis, eTqæis...) pirvelad daadastura akaki

SaniZem: `XI _ XIII saukuneTa ZeglebSi gvxvdeba erTi iSviaTi

mwkrivi, romelic aqamomde SeumCneveli iyo~ (SaniZe 1946: 2).

158

e-vn-i-s: `xolo uZlurisa misgan, romelsa ara evnis

misda, piri garemiiqcis~, Sdr. x-e-mðæin-i àlbaT uvnia

xolme~ anu `navnebi eqneba~, x-e-mðæin-i-æ àlbaT evno xol-

me~ anu `navnebi eqneboda~...

aseve xevsurul dialeqtSi dadasturebul (a. WinWara-

uli, a. arabuli) Sesabamis formebs (eTqvis, eubnis, eCola-

gis, ekvexinis, eWamis, meZaxinnian...);

Sdr.: meZaxinnian `miTqvams xolme Turme~ (a. arabuli)

_ mëqæi (bz.), meqæi (bq.) `SesaZloa / albaT miTqvams xolme~:

bz.: ÌÉÛÂæÀ ÂÄÆÀËÃ ÌÉ ÌíÌ ÌëØæÉ, ÄãÊðËÉ ÌêÌÂæÄÛ ÓÉÃ,

ÌÀÒÄ ÄÛì ÌêÌ ÉÜÏ ÍкØæÓ! _ `Cemi SvilisTvis (`Svilisad~) me

rom ar meTqvas (`miTqvams albaT xolme~ an `meqneba xolme

naTqvami~), iseTi araferia darCenili, magram mainc ar mije-

rebs (àr Svreba naTqvams~)!~

`perfeqtul formebSi moqmedebis Sedegi statikura-

daa warmodgenili, is winarewarsulSi iSleba da iqve

wydeba, droulad SemosazRvruli xdeba; aSkaraa, rom III

xolmeobiTi mxolod gzisobis niuansiT upirispirdeboda

namyos sxva nakvTebs (namyosruls, II TurmeobiTs). masSi Se-

iZleba xolmeobiTobasTan erTad TurmeobiToba, unaxaobac

gamoixatos, rogorc es perfeqtuli nakvTebisTvisaa dama-

xasiaTebeli~ _ aRniSnavs avTandil arabuli (arabuli 1984:

173); iqneb pirobiTobac (varaudi, SesaZlebloba)? magram

aseT SemTxvevaSi `Turme~, rogorc wesi, gamoiricxeba da

rCeba komponentebi: perfeqtuloba, pirobiToba, eqsperien-

ciuloba (es ukanaskneli xolmeobiTobasTan semantikurad

axlos dgas). ra Tqma unda, imisTvis, rom gansaxilvel

zmnebs svanurSi III xolmeobiTis kvalifikacia mieceT, Cven

mier Sesrulebuli samuSao sakmarisi ar aris. es mxolod

sakiTxis dasmaa. Semdgomma kvlevam (Tundac am kuTxiT Zve-

li svanuri simRerebis enis damatebiTma Seswavlam) SesaZ-

loa, garkveul safuZvlian msjelobamde migviyvanos.

am etapze ki (sinqroniul WrilSi) cxadia Semdegi:

I _ saanalizo formebi (pirobiT SedegobiTi I da II)

159

perfeqtulia da moepoveba yvela relatiur Tu absolutur

brunvacvalebadsubieqtian zmnas;

II _ isini sakuTriv inferenciuli mwkrivebia da maTi

semantikuri komponentebi perferqtulobasTan erTad aris

eqsperienciuloba da epistemika (informaciis wyaro _ in-

ferencia);

III _ isini inversiulni arian inversiis tradiciuli

gagebiT: saanalizo formebSi realur subieqts morfolo-

giuri obiqtis niSani aqvs; xolo sxva mosazrebis (meliqiS-

vili 2001: 14-21) mixedviT, subieqti manis rigis niSniTaa

gamoxatuli iseve, rogorc am seriis yvela mwkrivSi; B

IV _ qmnian datiur konstruqcias iseve, rogorc III

seriis danarCeni mwkrivebi.

V _ semantikuri niSani, romliTac es zmnebi uprever-

bo I da II SedegobiTis usrul, eqsperienciul formebs upi-

rispirdebian, aris epistemikuroba;

rac Seexeba geneziss, savaraudod, maT igive gza gan-

vles, rac I da II SedegobiTis usrulma zmnebma _ TuU maT-

Tvis amosavali statikuri zmnebis sasxviso / sazedao qce-

vis awmyo da namyo ZiriTadi iyo, saanalizo formebisTvis

amosavali statikuri inferenciuli awmyo da usruli pi-

robiTia:

1. xeОri (zs.) a) àlbaT uweria is mas = mis-

Tvis iqneba dawerili~ (statikuri inferenciu-

li awmyo/myofadi);

b) àlbaT uweria = eqneba naweri mas is~ (aqti-

uri zmnis pirobiT-SedegobiTi I);

2. xeОríl (bz.), xeОriæ (bq.) a) àlbaT ewera is

mas = misTvis iqneboda dawerili~ (statikuri

usruli pirobiTi);

b) àlbaT ewera = eqneboda naweri mas is~ (aq-

tiuri zmnis pirobiT-SedegobiTi II).

160

arc ise didi xnis win, roca tradiciul paradigmaSi

am aqtiurad moqmedi zmnebis daufiqsirebloba SevamCnieT

da sakiTxi sagangebodac gamovikvlieT26, zemoT CamoTvlil

maxasiaTebelTa (perfeqtuloba, piris niSnebi, konstruq-

cia) gaTvaliswinebiT, maT aqtiur zmnaTa paradigmis mesame

seriaSi mivuCineT adgili, terminologiurad ki, semantikis

gaTvaliswinebiT, pirobiT-SedegobiTi I da pirobiT-Sede-

gobiTi II SevusabameT (moverideT terminologiaSi araqar-

Tuli leqsikis gamoyenebas, Tumca, SesaZloa, èpistemikuri

SedegobiTi I~ da èpistemikuri SedegobiTi II~ sjobdes ki-

dec).

sakiTxis naTelsayofad (aseve omonimurobiT gamowve-

uli SesaZlo bundovnobis gasafantavad) SemogTavazebT

ilustraciebs paradigmaSi:

(1) stat. (2) dinamik. (3) gardam.

pird. evidenc. awmyo

(1) xatæra ànTia~ (2) xetæri ènTeba is mas~ (3) atære ànTebs is mas~

iribevidenc. (inferenc.) awmyo/resp. myofadusruli

(1) xetæri àlbaT anTia, enTeba is~

(2) xetærí/olni àlbaT enTeba is mas~

(3) itæri/uni àlbaT anTebs/anTebdes iqneba is mas~

pirobiTusruli

(1) xetæríl (bz.), xetæriæ (bq.) àlbaT enTo / enTeboda is~

(2) xetærílníl (bz.), xetærolniæ (bq.) àlbaT enTeboda

is mas~

26 unda iTqvas, rom swored am formebis aRmoCenam gvibiZga

evidencialobis problemis Seswavlisken svanurSi.

161

(3) atæruníl (bz.), /itæruniæ (bq.) àlbaT anTebda is mas~

pirobiT-SedegobiTi I

(1) _

(2) _ (3) xetæri àlbaT {a}unTia mas is~ = èqneba {a}nanTebi~

pirobiT-SedegobiTi II

(1) _

(2) _ (3) xetæríl (bz.), xetæriæ (bq.) àlbaT/iqneb {a}enTo

mas is~ = èqneboda {a}nanTebi~

I seria

statikuri awmyo (neitraluri, resp. pirdapirevidencialuri)

(1) Sæрns Cìs Wémin xolкSa (bz.), Sæрns Ci Wémin

xolaSa (bq.) _ `svaneTSi yvelas qeri uTesia~

statikuri awmyo/myofadi (inferenciuli)

(2) Sæрns aTxëО Cìs Wémin xelóSi (bz.), Sæрns aTxeО Ci

Wémin xelрSi (bq.) _ `svaneTSi axlac yvelas qeri

uTesia albaT~

dinamikuri awmyo, erTpiriani:

(3) Wémin miCaæS mкm ilóSi (bz.), Wémin miCoæS demis

ilрSi (bq.) _ `qeri TavisiT ar iTeseba~

162

orpiriani:

(4) Wémin miCaæS mкm xelóSi-qa (bz.), Wémin miCoæS demis

xelрSi-qa (bq.) _ `qeri TavisiT ar eTeseba [miwas...]~

statikuri pirobiTusruli

(5) ameqa jæinald Wémin xelкSíl (bz.) /xelрSiæ (bq.) _ aq (àmaze~) Zvelad qeri eTesa, albaT (=iqneboda da-

Tesili)~

III seria

Ggardamavali

I SedegobiTi

(upreverbo, eqsperienciuli)

(6) Wémin jæinald miSgæa musi xæóОn xolкSa (bz.),

Wémin jæinald miSgomusi fiSiramén xolaSa (bq.) _

`qeri Zvelad mamaCemsac bevrjer {da}uTesavs~

I pirobiT-SedegobiTi

(inferenciuli, eqsperienciuli, epistemikuri)

(7) Wémin jæinald miSgæa musi xæóОn xelóSi (bz.),

Wémin jæinald miSgomusi fiSiramén xelрSi (bq.) _

`qeri Zvelad mamaCemsac, albaT (/`SesaZloa~, `savara-

udod~...), bevrjer {da}uTesavs (=eqneba {da}naTesi)~

II SedegobiTi

(upreverbo, eqsperienciuli)

(8) Wémin jæinald miSgæa musi xæóОn xolкSón (bz.),

Wémin jæinald miSgomusi fiSiramén xolaSan (bq.) _

`qeri Zvelad mamaCemsac bevrjer {da}eTesa (=hqonda

{da}naTesi)~

163

II pirobiT-SedegobiTi

(inferenciuli, eqsperienciuli, epistemikuri)

(9) Wémin jæinald miSgæa musi xæрОn xelкSíl (bz.),

Wémin jæinald miSgomusi fiSiramén xelрSiæ (bq.) _ `qeri Zvelad mamaCemsac bevrjer {da}eTesa (=eqnebo-

da {da}naTesi), albaT (/`SesaZloa~, `savaraudod~...)~

(Sdr. (1) da (6); (2), (4) da (7); (5) da (9).

saanalizo formebis genezisTan dakavSirebiT msje-

loba da kamaTi SesaZlebelia, radgan, imis gaTvaliswine-

biT, rom umwerlobo ena komparativistuli analizis saSu-

alebas naklebad iZleva, zogi mosazreba hipoTezis done-

zea warmodgenili da SesaZloa sadavoc iyos, magram rea-

lurad arsebuli da ukve Camoyalibebuli formebis uRle-

bis paradigmaSi daufiqsirebloba, vfiqrob, Secdomaa. 1931

wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac Seiqmna qarTvelologTa samagido

wigni _ varlam Tofurias `svanuri zmna~, didi dro gavida,

batoni al. onianic (1998 w.) zmnis uRlebis sistemasTan mi-

marTebiT TiTqmis identur mosazrebebs warmoadgens (Tu

ar CavTvliT TurmeobiTebis IV seriaSi gadatanas, rasac

arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs). Cveni azriT, svanuri enis

saxelmZRvaneloebic, sul mcire, informaciulad mainc un-

da Seivsos; arc TavisTavad arsebuli, magram Cven mier Se-

mCneuli mwkrivebis sauRlebel erTeulTa sistemaSi dau-

fiqsirebloba migvaCnia gamarTlebulad im sababiT, rom

tradiciul da fundamentur kvlevebSi es formebi gamorCe-

nilia; garda imisa, rom enis winaSe obieqturoba gvavalebs

amas, bolos da bolos araqarTulenovan lingvistebs, rom-

lebic, gansakuTrebiT, ukanasknel xanebSi, did interess

iCenen Cveni enebisadmi, sWirdebaT rigi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb

ufro sruli da Sevsebuli informacia, maT Soris ki erT-

erTi mniSvnelovani fenomeni svanuri zmnaa.

164

§20. kilosa da evidencialobis urTierTmimarTebisa-Tvis svanurSi

im zmnuri formebis kilo, romlebic svanurSi umTav-

resad verbalur evidencialobas gamoxataven (e. w. ùxila-

vi~ mwkrivebi), TxrobiTia; maT, Cveulebriv, neitraluri

konstruqciis (a. arabulis terminologiiT) Seqmnis unari

aqvT, damatebiTi saSualebebis an vrceli konteqstis gare-

Se.

gansxvavebuli viTarebaa am mxriv kavSirebiTi kilos

formebSi; iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove qarTulSi, svanurSic

es nakvTi damoukideblad martiv winadadebas ver qmnis,

Tumca misi monawileoba konteqsts inferenciulad warmo-

adgens. Aamasve adasturebs a. SaniZiseuli ganmartebac: `kav-

SirebiTia kilo, romelic zmniT aRniSnul moqmedebas ise

warmoadgens, rom igi ar aris faqti, magram SeiZleba xde-

bodes, moxdes an momxdariyos~ (SaniZe 1973: 30, 205), anu

mTqmels am formebis Semcveli teqsti msjelobisTvis

sWirdeba da ara dadasturebuli informaciis gadmosace-

mad. sxvagvarad: am zmnebis daxmarebiT gadmocemuli infor-

maciis wyaro inferenciaa, magram maT sakuTriv inferenci-

ul zmnebad, cxadia, ver CavTvliT, vinaidan, svanuris am

tipis (inferenciuli) zmnebisgan gansxvavebiT, mravali fun-

qciidan maT mxolod rTuli konstruqciis farglebSi aqvT

aRniSnuli funqcia: `kavSirebiTis formebis ZiriTadi aspa-

rezi hipotaqsuri konstruqciaa; kavSirebiTis formebi (I, II

da III) Zvel qarTulSi bevr funqcias asruleben: TxrobiTi

kilos myofadisa da brZanebiTobis gadmocema; agreTve, kav-

SirobiTobis modalobebidan: survilis, miswrafebis, Txov-

nis, gafrTxilebis, akrZalvis; natvriTi, saeWvo, savaraudo,

savaldebulo, SesaZlo, pirobiTi da sxva niuansebis gamo-

xatva~ (arabuli 1984: 168; Sdr. deetersi 1930: 154; kotinovi

1959: 398); Tu svanur inferenciul zmnebs aqvT unari Seqmnan

martivi winadadeba damoukideblad da mniSvneloba iyos

epistemikuri, kavSirebiTis formebi imave semantikas mxo-

165

lod hipotaqsur konstruqciaSi aniWeben konteqsts Sesaba-

misi kavSirebisa Tu sxva damxmare modaluri leqsemebis

TanxlebiT; Sdr. Cæadxatæi (inferenc. sr. myofadi) `[al-

baT] daxatavs~ (=`daxatos iqneba~) _ ÜæбtрæÃëÃÓ /

ÜæАбÔрæЙÃДÓ (I kavS.) `daxatavdes~ (=`daxatos xolme!~) _ es

ukanaskneli mxolod brZanebiTi kilos SemTxvevaSi fiqsir-

deba rogorc dasrulebuli azris Semcveli fraza.

`koniunqtivis formebi, gansakuTrebiT ki koniun-

qtiv III-sa, arc ise xSirad gvxvdeba svanurSi, radganac

qarTul `mca~-s Sesatyvisi -u (>-æ), -oæ, -uæ, -oR... nawilake-

bia xmarebaSi. frazaSi, sadac am nawilaks eqneba adgili,

zmna uTuod koniunqtivis mniSvnelobisaa. ukanasknelis

garda, yvela drois formasTan SeiZleba maTi gamoyeneba~

(Tofuria 1967: 178). Cveni azriT, mizezi am movlenisa enaSi

sakuTriv inferenciuli (epistemikuri mniSvnelobis) zmne-

bis arsebobaa, romlebic aRniSnul semantikas jer kidev

statikurobis droidan gamoxatavdnen. kavSirebiTebi sva-

nurSi, cxadia, Camoyalibda, magram ise, rom funqciurad ma-

incdamainc ver ganmtkicda.

daismis sakiTxi: Tavad sakuTriv inferenciuli

mwkrivebi romel kilos Seesabamebian?

a. arabulis azriT, `yoveli nakvTis ZiriTadi mniSvne-

loba SeiZleba daxasiaTdes sami semantikuri kategoriis _

kilos, droisa da aspeqtis _ gamoyenebiT. maTi kombinacia

gvaZlevs nakvTs, rogorc funqciur erTeuls. Mkilo na-

kvTis konstruqciuli (resp. funqciuri) unaria~ (arabuli

1992: 103). mkvlevars miaCnia, rom qarTulSi tradiciulad

gamoyofili kilos sami saxeobidan (TxrobiTi, kavSirebi-

Ti, brZanebiTi) erT-erTis _ brZanebiTis gamoxatva dRes

mxolod intonaciuri da leqsikuria, amitomac is mwkrivis

doneze aRar arsebobs. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sayuradRe-

bo aRmoCnda mkvlevris marTebuli daskvna imis Sesaxeb,

rom `TxrobiTi da kavSirebiTic ar aris erTi donis mona-

cemebi imisTvis, rom maT Soris semantikuri opozicia Seiq-

166

mnas. Ee. w. TxrobiTi kilo semantikurad aris kilos neit-

raluri forma [termini `neitraluri~ Cvenc SemovitaneT

pirdapirevidencialuri (rogorc aramarkirebuli) forme-

bisTvis, verbalurisa da inferenciulis (markirebulTa)

sapirispirod _ q. m.], romelsac opoziciis Sesaqmnelad un-

da daupirispirdes kilos semantikurad markirebuli saxe.

magram e. w. kavSirebiTi kilos forma _ `vaSeno~ _ ukonteq-

stod arafers gamoxatavs, ramdenadac ver qmnis, TxrobiTi

kilosagan gansxvavebiT, neitralur Sesityvebas. kavSirebi-

Ti formis mniSvneloba gamovlindeba mxolod konteqstise-

ul garemocvaSi. ...TxrobiTi kilos funqciaa martivi kon-

struqciisa da realuri, gansazRvruli semantikis Seqmna~

(arabuli 1992: 104; xazi yvelgan Cvenia _ q. m.); problemis

amgvari sicxadiT ganxilvis Semdeg gacilebiT gagviadvil-

deba zemoT dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxi; Cveni azriT, svanuri

sakuTriv inferenciuli mwkrivebi opoziciurobis Tval-

sazrisiT sruliad Tanabar pirobebSi arian TxrobiTi (ne-

itraluri, indikatiuri) kilos formebTan, ramdenadac isi-

ni, TxrobiTi kilos msgavsad, qmnian neitralur Sesityve-

bas [ix. zemoT (2), (5), (7), (9)], semantikurad ki es ukanas-

knelni markirebulni arian ganusazRvrelobis, savaraudo-

obis niSniT, rac saboloo jamSi moqmedebis / movlenis Se-

saxeb codnis pirobiTobas (da ara dadasturebulobas, ide-

alurobas) gulisxmobs. amitom, vfiqrobT, svanurSi infe-

renciuli mwkrivebis kilo pirobiTia.

maSasadame, svanur enaSi kilos TvalsazrisiT arse-

bobs opozicia _ TxrobiTi : pirobiTi.

rogorc cnobilia, pirobiTs calke kilod gamoyofen

megrulSi (yifSiZe 1994: 068; Ciqobava 1936: 117; kotinovi 1986:

90), sadac is Sesabamisi mwkrivebiTaa gadmocemuli, mawar-

moebelia -ko(n) sufiqsi. specialur literaturaSi aRniSna-

ven, rom `pirobiTis mwkrivebi megrulSi warmoSobiT aRwe-

riTi formebia, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi organul

warmoebad qceulan~ (kartozia da sxv. 2010: 191). svanurSi

167

ki pirobiTi kilo garkveuli mwkrivebis swored `kon-

struqciuli (funqciuri) unaria~, vinaidan am mwkrivTa

formebi bunebrivad qmnian martiv konstruqcias; Tumca, se-

mantikidan gamomdinare, maT, aseve, Taviseburi (ukavSiro)

hipotaqsuri konstruqciebis Seqmnis unaric SeswevT.

maSasadame, pirdapiri evidencialoba da iribi eviden-

cilobis verbaluri saxeoba svanurSi TxrobiTi kilos

zmnuri formebiT gadmoicema, iribi evidencialobis infe-

renciuli (oRond epistemikuri da ara unaxaobis formebiT

gamoxatuli!) variantis gamomxatveli sakuTriv inferenciu-

li zmnebi pirobiT kilos Seesabameba, xolo kavSirebiTSi

warmodgenilia is semantikuri jgufebi, romelTaTvis wya-

ro, udavod, inferenciaa, magram mxolod winadadebis far-

glebSi: ÌII kavSirebiTiani sintaqsuri konstruqciis Ziri-

Tadi tipi warmoadgens Tavisebur pirobiT qvewyobil wina-

dadebas, romlis damokidebuli winadadeba III kavSirebiTiT

gadmoscems pirobad dadebul iseT moqmedebas, ris Sesru-

lebasac mTavar winadadebaSi gadmocemuli moqmedeba (Sede-

gi) unda mohyves~ (arabuli 1984: 168) _ es mosazreba vrcel-

deba yvela koniunqtiur formaze, swored es aris inferen-

cia konteqstSi, anu msjelobis niadagze dgeba Sedegi. ase-

Ti winadadeba mTlianobaSi evidencialuria, masSi monawi-

le, kavSirebiTSi mdgari zmna ki damoukideblad (damxmare

leqsemebis gareSe) _ ara, gansxvavebiT inferenciuli aw-

myos, pirobiTis, pirobiT-SedegobiTebisgan, romlebic kon-

teqstis gareSec, rogorc calkeuli erTeulebi erTmniS-

vnelovnad epistemikuri mniSvnelobisani arian da martiv

winadadebaSi SeuZliaT am semantikis Semotana [eh, maxæрÁ

jeWìri / jeWìríl si dрls _ èh, {albaT} ramdeni (`ra bev-

ri~) giSromia / geSroma (`g-i-Wir-v-i-a / g-e-Wir-v-a~) Sen da-

lSi~; j-e-Wìr-i àlbaT giSromia~, j-e-Wìr-íl àlbaT geS-

roma~; Sdr. j-i-Wìr-a `giSromia~, j-i-Wìr-ón `geSroma~].

Dda Tuki `nakvTis ZiriTad mniSvnelobaSi damoukide-

beli semantikuri niSani misi enobrivi arsebobis ganmsa-

168

zRvreli pirobaa da amitom yoveli semantikuri niSnis

cvla (formis cvlasTan erTad) uflebas gvaZlevs gamo-

vyoT calke zmnuri erTeuli, damoukidebeli enobrivi ode-

noba~ (arabuli 1992: 117), maSin am principiTa da mkvlevris

mier TxrobiTi kilos qvesistemaSi gamoyofili damoukide-

beli funqciuri erTeulebis analogiiT, svanurSi pirobi-

Ti kilos qvesistemaSi Semdegi situacia gveqneba:

1. inferenciuli awmyo (рgmuni àlbaT aSenebs; aSeneb-

des iqneba~);

2. inferenciuli myofadi (adgemne àlbaT aaSenebs~,

ìqneb / SesaZloa aaSenos~);

3. pirobiTusruli (рgmuníl / igmuniæ àlbaT / SesaZ-

loa aSenebda~);

4. pirobiTsruli (adgemna àlbaT aaSenebda~, Se-

saZloa / albaT aaSena~);

5. awmyos pirobiT-SedegobiTi I usruli (xegi àlbaT

uSenebia~ = àlbaT naSenebi aqvs~ / `naSenebi eqneba~);

6. namyos pirobiT-SedegobiTi II usruli (xegíl/xegiæ

àlbaT eSenebina~ = àlbaT naSenebi hqonda~ / `naSe-

nebi eqneboda~).

s i n t a q s i

§21. evidencialoba da hipotaqsi

marTalia, naSromis wina TavebSi zmnis TiTqmis yvela

saanalizo mwkrivTan maT sintaqsur funqciasa da Tavisebu-

rebaze vimsjeleT (amis gareSe arasvanurenovani mkiTxve-

lisTvis maTi semantikuri mxaris aRqma gaWirdeboda!), mag-

ram evidencialur (kerZod, epistemikuri mniSvnelobis in-

ferenciul) zmnaTa gansakuTrebuli mimarTeba hipotaqsur

169

konstruqciasTan da maTi unari _ korelatisa da maqvemde-

barebeli kavSiris gareSe ganapirobon qvewyoba _ moiTxovs

aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb daskvniT msjelobas.

mecnierebaSi miRebulia debuleba hipotaqsis meoreu-

lobis Sesaxeb: ènis ganviTarebis adreul safexurebze

mxolod martivi winadadebebi iyvnen erTmaneTTan Sepiris-

pirebulni, Semdeg da Semdeg gamomuSavda rTuli sintaqsu-

ri mimarTebani, rac Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs hipo-

taqsis rTuli sistemis CamoyalibebaSi~ (ZiZiguri 1989: 9).

hipotaqsuri konstruqciis geneziss sxvagvarad warmo-

gvidgens f. erTeleiSvili: `damokidebul winadadebaSi

gamoxatuli azriT mTavar winadadebaSi isazRvreba, zus-

tdeba calkeuli sityvis (arsebiTis, sawyisis, nacvalsaxe-

lis, Semasmeneli-zmnis) mniSvneloba ama Tu im niSnis mi-

xedviT. sityvis mniSvnelobis, azris ufro zustad da

srulyofilad gamoTqmis saWiroebiT Cans Sepirobebuli

damokidebuli winadadebis warmoSoba da, Tu damokidebuli

winadadebis genezisis sakiTxi daismis dRis wesrigSi, Cveni

azriT, kvleva g a n s a z R v r e b i s specifikisa da ge-

nezisis Ziebis mimarTulebiT unda warimarTos~ (erTeleiS-

vili 1963: 214).

sazogadod, rTuli qvewyobili winadadeba miCneulia

enis ganviTarebis maRali safexuris Sesabamis sintaqsur

konstruqciad; ìgi maniSnebelia logikuri azrovnebis

ganviTarebis maRali donisa. hipotaqsis, anu rTuli da-

qvemdebarebuli winadadebis aRnagoba niSandoblivia gan-

viTarebuli saliteraturo enisaTvis. parataqsi ufro

xalxur metyvelebas, dialeqtebs axasiaTebs, hipotaqsi ki

ufro samwerlobo enis kuTvnilebaa, _ hipotaqsi _ kavSi-

rebisa da sakavSirebeli sityvebis rTuli saxeobebiT~

(ZiZiguri 1989: 11).

svanurSi evidencialuri mwkrivebi TiTqmis Tanabarad

iyeneben parataqssa da hipotaqss, Tanac hipotaqsSi am zmna-

Ta CarTulobis SemTxvevaSi savaldebulo arcerT maTgan-

170

Tan ar aris kavSiri, zogjer _ arc korelati.

saerTod, am enaSi qvewyobis Taviseburi (ukavSiro,

xSirad _ ukorelatoc) formaa produqtiuli, Tumca sakma-

od gavrcelebulia qarTuliseburi konstruqciac, magram

es ukanaskneli zogjer xelovnurobis STabeWdilebas to-

vebs da qarTulis kalkad Cans; aRniSnuli movlena gansa-

kuTrebiT pirobiT-SedegobiT konstruqcias exeba:

(1) ivane TbilisTe sg’кdri, gæeSs Cæрrgiæe _ ìvane

TbilisSi [Tu] wava (`Seva~), saqmes moagvarebs (`mo-a-rig-eb-

s~)~; Sdr.

(2) ivane TbilisTe lax / SomæóО sg’кdri, eCqa gæeSs Cæрrgiæe _ ìvane TbilisSi Tu / roca wava (`Seva~), maSin

saqmes moagvarebs~;

meore winadadebaSi korelatic da maqvemdebarebeli

kavSiric warmodgenilia, magram mTavari azri ar Secvli-

la, mxolod erTgvari `galiteraturulebuli~, xelovnuri

konstruqcia miviReT. pirvelSi ki, vinaidan hipotaqsuri

konstruqciis atributebi (korelati da maqvemdebarebeli

kavSiri/wevr-kavSiri) ar aris, damokidebuli winadadeba

drois garemoebiTic SeiZleba iyos da pirobiTic:

méxрr iuCxuni (inferenc. awmyo/myof.), laxæTe deS

léRrid (bq.) _ `xval Tu iwvimebs (`{rom} wvimdes iqneba~),

mTaSi ver wavalT~;

(1) bz.: befSæ nрprs winwlìdрrs xadgрræna (I Turm.), eja miCamus oábaJa; bq.: befS nрpærs winwlidрrs xad-

gar{æ}na, eji miComus oTbaJa _ `bavSvi Cits [rom] bartyebs

uklavda Turme, is mamamiss gaugia~;

(2) bz.: befSæ nрprрls lémdagræiÍ (II Turm.), eja

miCamus oábaJa; bq.: befS nрpærрrs lémdagruneli, eji miCo-

mus oTbaJa _ `bavSvi Citebs [rom] klavda Turme, is mama-

miss gaugia~;

(3) bz.: meTxæiрr lénSрn RæaSs (/RæðSs) adgрrne (infe-

renc. sr. myof.), dрl mêm (mêd/dëmis) xapрtiæe; bq.: meTxæрr

lénSрn RæaSs adgрrne, dрl demis xapрtiæe _ `monadire

171

niSnian jixvs [Tu] moklavs, dali ar apatiebs~;

(4) bz.: meTxæiрr lénSрn RæaSs adgрrna (sr. pirob.), dрl mêm xapрtiæa; bq.: meTxæрr lénSрn RæaSs adgрrna, dрl

demis xapрtiæa _ `monadire niSnian jixvs [Tu] moklavda,

dali ar apatiebda~;

(5) bz.: meTxæiрrs lénSрn RæрS oTdagra (preverbiani

I Sedeg.), eja dрls mêd loxpрtiæa; bq.: meTxæрrs lénSрn

RæaS oTdagra, eji dрls made loxpрtiæa _ `monadires

niSniani jixvi [rom] mouklavs, is dals ar upatiebia~;

(6) bz.: meTxæiрrs lénSрn RæaS xadgarëna (upre-

verbo evidenc. I Sedeg.), eja dрls mêd loxpрtiæa; bq.:

meTxæрrs lénSрn RæaS xadgarena, eji dрls made

loxpрtiæa _ `monadires niSniani jixvi [rom] {mo}uklavs

[Turme] (= hyolia monaklavi), is dals ar upatiebia~;

(7) bz.: meTxæiрrs lénSрn RæaS xedgрri (I pirob.-

Sedeg.), ejas dрl mêm (dëm/dëmis) xapрtiæe; bq.: meTxæрrs

lénSрn RæaS xedgрri, ejis dрl demis xapрtiæe _ `monadi-

res niSniani jixvi [rom] eyoleba mokluli, imas dali ar

apatiebs~;

(8) bz.: meTxæiрrs lénSрn RæaS xedgрríl (II pi-

rob.-Sedeg.), ejas dрl mêm xapрtiæa; bq.: meTxæрrs lénSрn

RæaS xedgрriæ, ejis dрl demis xapрtiæa _ `monadires niS-

niani jixvi [rom /Tu] eyoleboda mokluli, imas dali ar

apatiebda~;

rogorc vxedavT, (1), (4) da (5) konstruqciebSi, Cveu-

lebriv, arc korelatia gamoyenebuli da arc kavSiri, da-

narCenebSi ki korelati gvaqvs, magram kavSiri _ ara (Sevse-

ba SesaZlebelia rogorc korelatebiT, aseve kavSirebiT,

Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, konstruqciebi amiT mxolod xe-

lovnurobis elfers Tu SeiZenen, semantikurad ki araferi

Seicvleba).

vfiqrobT, svanuri enis monacemebi im Zveli viTarebis

gamovlinebaa, roca martivi winadadebebi mxolod logiku-

ri mimarTebiT (da ara gramatikulad) ukavSirdebian erTma-

172

neTs. aseT tips S. ZiZiguri saTanado konstruqciis uZve-

les tipad miiCnevs (ZiZiguri 1989: 442), xolo korelatiani,

magram ukavSiro konstruqciebi, romlebic aseve damaxasia-

Tebelia svanurisTvis, saTanado tipis winadadebaTa grama-

tizaciis pirveli safexuris situacias unda asaxavdnen:

`korelati kravs asidenturad daaxloebul winadadebebs

da isini erTiani (rTuli) winadadebis gamomuSavebisken mi-

hyavs~ (ZiZiguri1989: 443);

svanurSi ukavSiro qvewyobil konstruqciaSi damoki-

debuli winadadebis intonacia kiTxviTobisken ixreba (kav-

Siris gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi intonacia aRar SeimCneva); es

movlena aseve adasturebs mkvlevarTa im mosazrebas hipo-

taqsuri konstruqciis genezisis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedvi-

Tac `damokidebuli winadadeba kiTxviTi winadadebisagan

momdinareobs. qvewyobili winadadeba struqturulad

warmoadgens kiTxviTi winadadebisa da misi sapasuxo wina-

dadebis SeerTebis Sedegs. oRond, am SeerTebis safuZvel-

ze kiTxviTs winadadebas (resp. damokidebul winadadebas)

dakarguli aqvs kiTxviTi Sinaarsi~ (rogava 1948: 365); ènis

Zvel safexurebze kiTxviTi winadadeba asidenturad ukav-

Sirdeboda grZnobisa da Tqmis semantikis zmnaTa Semcvel

winadadebas, kiTxviTi intonacia warmoadgenda sintaqsuri

dakavSirebis safuZvels~ (ZiZiguri 1989: 443; xazi Cvenia _ q. m.);

Tanamedrove svanur metyvelebaSi, inferenciuli

mwkrivebis gamo (romlebic Tavad Seicaven `Tu~-s gagebas),

xSir SemTxvevaSi winadadebaSi ar aris warmodgenili ki-

TxviTi nacvalsaxeli an zmnizeda; intonacia swored aseT

SemTxvevaSia savaldebulo atributi saanalizo konstruq-

ciisTvis da `samaxvilo centri~ swored inferenciuli

zmnebia.

am TvalsazrisiT svanuri enis viTareba gansakuTre-

biT sayuradReboa zogierTi dialeqtis monacemebTan mimar-

TebiTac, romelTac S. ZiZiguri àrsebiTi mniSvnelobisad~

miiCnevs: ìngilour, gurul da aWarul dialeqtebs dau-

173

cavT damokidebuli winadadebis genezisis TvalsazrisiT

uaRresad angariSgasawevi forma, romelic pirvel maTgans

dRes ukve daviwyebuli aqvs (vicnobT mose janaSvilis teq-

stebis mixedviT), xolo gurul-aWaruli tipobrivi metyve-

lebisaTvis igi niSandoblivia ganviTarebis Tanamedrove

safexurze.

ingilour kiloSi damokidebuli winadadeba ganxilu-

li tipologiisa (igulisxmeba pirobiTi _ q. m.) kiTxviTi

winadadebis struqturul niSans avlens: mocemulia -a, kar-

gad cnobili maCvenebeli kiTxviTobisa qarTul enaSi. es

garemoeba ki maniSnebelia im uZvelesi viTarebisa, rodesac

martivi winadadebani erTmaneTis gverdiT Tanaarsebobdnen

da erT-erTi maTgani, kiTxviTobis matarebeli, Semdeg da-

mokidebul winadadebad Camoyalibda, masSi kavSiri gamomu-

Savda, kiTxviTi niSani moiSala da ori winadadeba erTma-

neTs daukavSirda gramatikuli saSualebebiT, _ dasrulda

daqvemdebarebis procesi~ (ZiZiguri 1989: 448);

svanurSi, rogorc sayovelTaod cnobilia, aRniSnuli

kiTxviTobis -a elementi cocxalia da igi swored `Tu~-s

niSnavs: bz. mam adeО-a? _ àr waxvedi-a?~ / ar waxvedi, Tu?~

uCxeО-a? _ `wvims-a?~ / `wvims, Tu?~ bq. lрir q’рxiWæd-a? _

`wigni waikiTxe-a?~ / `wigni Tu waikiTxe?~; es nawilaki da-

moukidebladac gvxvdeba winadadebaSi rogorc mapirispire-

beli kavSiri (bz. ha, bq. a < ha): ala jaku, ha eja? (bz.) _

ès ginda, Tu is?~ jæedi kabs xiqæem, a kudрs? (bq.) _

`grZel kabas {Ca}icvam, Tu mokles?~ magram mTavari isaa,

rom aRniSnuli elementi saanalizo (hipotaqsur) konstruq-

ciaSic gvxvdeba, Tumca misi funqcia naTeli ar aris, vina-

idan winadadebis Sinaarsi umisodac (intonaciurad) igivea:

bz. si adriО-a, mi amCu mкm xæiCrрæi! bq.: si adrine-a, mi ame-

Cu demis xæiCrрæi/xæigni _ `Sen [Tu] waxval (`waxval-a?/

Sen waxval, xom?~), me aq ar gavCerdebi!~

mose janaSvilis mier ingilourSi dadasturebul mo-

vlenas (kavSirisa da kiTxviTi nawilakis Tanaarsebobas)

174

enis ganviTarebis dRevandel safexurze S. ZiZiguri anaq-

ronizmad miiCnevs da miuTiTebs, rom ùkanaskneli dialeq-

tologiuri Ziebebis mixedviT, es Tavisebureba ingilours

aRar axasiaTebs~, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom hipotaqsuri

konstruqcia, saliteraturo enis gavleniT Tu mis gareSe,

dialeqtebSic gaerTmniSvnelianebisken miiswrafvis da

axal models irgebs; rogorc aRvniSneT, kiTxviTobis -a

svanurSic aucileblobas aRar warmoadgens damokidebul

winadadebaSi, ufro metic _ is naklebadRa gvxvdeba. rac

Seexeba aWarul da gurul monacemebs, _ aq, rogorc Cans,

swored svanuri enis msgavsi viTarebaa: àWarul-gurulSi

saTanado winadadeba, agreTve, kiTxviTi intonaciisaa, mag-

ram -a nawilaki ki ar erTvis (romelic, etyoba, didi xania

dasavlur kiloebSi xmarebidan gadavardnila), aramed ki-

Txva gamoxatulia winadadebis ukanaskneli marcvlis ga-

grZelebiT~ (ZiZiguri 1989: 449). Tumca, svanurTan Sedare-

biT, am SemTxvevaSic ufro axali tipis konstruqciasTan

gvaqvs saqme, radganac kavSiri savaldebuloa: àgi qaliza

rum Segexedaa, maSinaTve ityodi...~ (aWar.); `Tqven rom xelc

ar miSlide, yolifers muaxerxef~ (gur.);

q. lomTaTiZis azriT, ingilouris -a SesaZloa warmo-

adgendes romeliRac sityvis naSTs; es sityva SeiZleba

iyos àris~ (àrs~)... an damadasturebel-CakiTxviTi àra~;

mkvlevris azriT, es -a gurul da aWarul dialeqtebSic

unda gvqonoda da misi dakargvis Sedegi unda iyos wina

xmovnis dagrZeleba (lomTaTiZe 1946: 338); am mosazrebas ar

eTanxmeba S. ZiZiguri. Cven dapirispirebul TvalsazrisTa

analizs amjerad ar SevudgebiT, vinaidan kiTxviTi nawila-

kis gareSec, mxolod intonaciurobiTa da ukavSirobiTac,

aSkaraa, rom svanurs Zveli da saSuali qarTuliseburi

damokidebuli (Sesabamisad _ rTuli qvewyobili) winadade-

ba axasiaTebs;

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, konstruqciuli specifiku-

175

robis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa pirobi-

Ti damokidebulis Semcveli rTuli qvewyobili winadade-

ba; Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulis monacemebiT, pi-

robiT damokidebul winadadebaSi daqvemdebarebas ganapi-

robebs kiTxviTi semantikis kavSiri `Tu~, rac imaze migvi-

TiTebs, rom `pirobis~ winadadeba kiTxviTs winadadebas

warmoadgenda. SesaZlebelia, es kiTxviTi sityva winadade-

baSi arc yofiliyo, magram intonaciis momenti garkveul

rols asrulebda~ (ZiZiguri 1989: 446; xazi Cvenia _ q. m.);

mkvlevars saTanado nimuSebi mohyavs `vefxityaosnidan~:

(1) à q a T s a m w e l a r m o v i d e, maSin

gmarTebs glova, flasi~ (169,3);

(2) `m o v k v d e, Tavsa nu moiklav~ (787,3);

(3) `S e n m o h k v d e d a i g i w a x d e s,

ese SenTvis ra madlia?~ (273,4; numeracia _ (1), (2), (3) _ Cve-

nia _ q. m.)...

`gamoyofili winadadebani pirobiTi winadadebebia,

asindeturad dakavSirebulni mTavarTan. maTi konstruqciu-

li niSania Semasmenlis koniunqtiuri forma. intonaciu-

rad, unda vivaraudoT, aseTi winadadeba _ gamijnuli mTa-

varisagan _ kiTxviTi winadadebaa~ (ZiZiguri 1989: 447; xazi

Cvenia _ q. m.); metad saintereso faqtamde migviyvana am kon-

struqciebis gadmosvanurebis mcdelobam: yvela koniunqti-

uri formis Semasmenelma kavSirebiTi ki ara, Cveni saanali-

zo sakuTriv inferenciuli mwkrivi moiTxova, xolo Sede-

gad svanuri metyvelebisTvis metad bunebrivi da saSuali

qarTulis zusti semantikuri Sesatyvisebi miviReT:

(1) bz. àmxрn (||amunRo) sam zaæ mкm рnвædeni [*?]27 (inferenc. myof. = `Tu ar moval~), eCqa jawéx lingælëæ,

ZaZрr~; bq. àmxenqa (||amunRæe) sam zaæ demis onвædeni,

eCqas jawéx lingleæi, ZaZрr~; (2) bz. `CæрTædagri (inferenc. myof. = `Tu movkvdebi~)

27 *? simboloSi vgulisxmobT kiTxviT intonacias.

176

/ Codgкndëd (II kavS.), Txæim num’кdgri~;

bq. `C’oTdagri / C’odgane, Txæim nom’adgрri~; (3) bz. `si CæрTdagri i eja CæрdfaWæi~ (inferenc.

myof. = `rom mokvde~; `rom waxdes / gafuWdes~), ala is-

goæd mрО mрdil li?~;

bq. `si CæрTdagri i eji CæрddaæSi, ali isgoæ mр

mрdil li?~ (Sdr. zemoT mocemuli qarTuli ilustraciebi

“vefxistyaosnidan”).

TiToeuli xazgasmuli Semasmenlis forma koniunqti-

viTac misaRebia stilurad da semantikurad, magram ara uf-

ro metad, vidre Cven mier SemoTavazebulni _ kavSirebiTi

mwkrivebis gamoyenebiT TiTqos sagrZnobi xdeba, rom wignis

enis gameorebas vcdilobT da teqsti xelovnurobis el-

fers iRebs, gansakuTrebiT _ balsqvemourSi.

hipotaqsuri konstruqciis arasrulad (saliteratu-

ro qarTulis doneze) ganviTarebaze metyvelebs, Cveni az-

riT, is faqtic, rom misi paraleluri (kavSiriani da ukav-

Siro) tipebi, balszemour dialeqtTan SedarebiT, balsqve-

mourSi naklebad aris (gansakuTrebiT CubexeurSi, qveda

zonaSi, romelic qarTuli saliteraturo enisa da bal-

szemouris gavlenas naklebad ganicdis; Tavis mxriv,

balszemourSi qarTulis gavlena rom ufro metadaa, es

cnobili faqtia); magaliTad, am dialeqtSi er (`rom~) kav-

Siric gacilebiT nakleb produqtiulia rTul konstruq-

ciebSi: balszemoeli Tu ambobs _ si er Cæрnвdeni laxæxрn,

eCqa alCedd TbilisTe _ `Sen rom Camoxval mTidan, maSin

wavideT TbilisSi~, balsqvemoeli ityvis: si Cæрnвdeni

laxæxn*?, eCqas olCed TbilisTe _ `Sen [rom] Camoxval

mTidan (kiTxviTi intonacia, maxvili bolo marcvalze), ma-

Sin wavideT TbilisSi~.

dabolos, albaT unda vifiqroT, rom hipotaqsuri

konstruqciis Camoyalibebis periodSi svanur enaSi rig

mwkrivs ukve SeZenili hqonda inferenciuli mniSvneloba

177

(rac, Cveni azriT, morfologiuradac aisaxa saanalizo

formebSi; ix. §12), aRniSnuli zmnebi TavisTavSi moicaven

pirobiTobis gagebas, amdenad, kavSiri, qarTuli salitera-

turo enisgan gansxvavebiT, svanurSi savaldebulo arc

iyo, Tumca qvewyobili winadadebis kavSiriani SeerTebac

enaSi, cxadia, SesaZlebelia paralelurad, rac ufro me-

tad inovacias an saliteraturo qarTulis gavlenas unda

mieweros.

rac Seexeba im sakiTxs, rom es procesi mxolod pi-

robiT damokidebul winadadebas ar exeba, advili asaxsne-

lia: bolos da bolos yovelgvari qvewyoba, sazogadod,

pirobiTobasac (am sityvis yvelaze farTo gagebiT) niSnavs

_ yvela tipis damokidebuli winadadeba erTgvarad winapi-

robaa mTavarSi mocemuli situaciisTvis: `damokidebuli

winadadeba, kiTxviTi intonaciis safuZvelze, qarTulSi pi-

robiTi Sinaarsisaa~ (rogava 1948: 366).

specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom ùmwer-

lobo enebSi (megrulSi, svanurSi) dasturdeba hipotaqsur

konstruqciaTa ori fena: pirveli, wevr-kavSiriani da maq-

vemdebarebelkavSiriani, romlebic imeoreben rTul kon-

struqciaTa daxvewisa da srulyofis gzas Zveli qarTuli-

dan Tanamedrove qarTulamde; meore, sakuTriv zepiri me-

tyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli hipotaqsuri konstruqcie-

bi, romelTa Tavisebureba, pirvel rigSi, ganpirobebulia

imiT, rom bevr maTganSi Wirs damokidebul winadadebaTa

tipis gansazRvra (xazi Cvenia _ q. m.), SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

es arc aris saWiro, radgan mTlianad winadadeba, konkre-

tuli miznidan gamomdinare, informaciis struqturirebis

specifikuri strategiis gamomxatvelia~ (kartozia da sxv.

2010: 342).

vfiqrobT, swored am strategiis ganxorcielebis gza

isev da isev zmnaze, mis moqnilobasa da informaciul Se-

saZleblobebze gadis.

Cveni azriT, svanurSi hipotaqsuri konstruqciis Se-

178

darebiT arqauli tipis SenarCunebas xeli Seuwyo: Aa) infe-

renciuli (epistemikurobis, pirobiTobis semantikis Semcve-

li) zmnebis arsebobam enaSi; b) axali rTuli konstruqci-

is SeqmnisTvis motivaciis ararsebobam: wignis enam sxva mo-

Txovnebi wamoayena, sxva sivrce moiTxova (umTavresi mize-

zi!) da igi saanalizo mimarTulebiTac ufro metad ganvi-

Tarda, umwerlobo enam ki mxolod zmnis gansakuTrebuli

moqnilobiTa da informaciuli tevadobiT ìsargebla~ da

bevri ram organul formebSi asaxa; Sesabamisad, rTuli

qvewyobili winadadebis tipic, specifikuri (inferenciuli)

mwkrivebiT gamoxatuli Semasmenlis xarjze, Zveli formiT

SenarCunda, Tumca mis paralelurad saliteraturo enis

analogiiT (da ara aucileblobiT) TandaTanobiT kon-

struqciis srulyofili (kavSiriani, korelatiani) formac

damkvidrda;

maSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom hipotaqsuri kon-

struqciis bolomde Camoyalibebis procesi svanurSi je-

rac ar dasrulebula, xolo es procesi uZveles safexur-

ze rom ar gayinula, amis dasturia saanalizo konstruqci-

is Zveli da axali tipebis Tanaarseboba enaSi.

179

Tavi IV

s e m a n t i k a

§22. subkategoriebi da evidencialTa detalizacia

(indikativi, konkluzivi, renarativi, dubitativi)

evidencialoba, uwinares yovlisa, asaxavs mTqmelis

gansazRvrul kognitiur mdgomareobas, romelic dakavSire-

bulia gadmocemuli informaciis SeZenasa da klasifikaci-

asTan. magaliTad, man sensorulad aRiqva situacia, is Ta-

vad mivida daskvnamde am situaciis arsebobis Sesaxeb ga-

rkveuli monacemebis safuZvelze, Seityo sxvisgan da a. S.

J. lazaris interpretaciiT, `mTqmeli TiTqos or pir-

Si gamodis _ erTi, romelmac aRiqva informacia, da meore,

romelic mas gamoTqvams~ (Lazard 2099: 362). mTqmelis es kog-

nitiuri mdgomareoba SeiZleba gamoixatos gramatikulad

an leqsikurad, an orive saSualebiT erTdroulad, magram

SeiZleba arc iyos gamosaxuli gamonaTqvamSi _ maSin in-

formacia maT Sesaxeb gadmoicema ufro vrceli konteq-

stiT, sametyvelo situaciiT da mTqmelisa da msmenelis

saerTo codniT samyaros (an konkretuli movlenis) Sesa-

xeb (Ницолова 2007: 108). svanuri miekuTvneba im enebs, romlebSic evidencia-

loba gramatizebulia da gamoixateba specialuri zmnuri

formebiT. garda amisa, mis gamosaxatavad svanurSi arse-

bobs leqsikuri saSualebebic, magram gramatikul formebs

ukavia centraluri adgili imdenad, ramdenadac winadade-

baSi evidencialoba obligatorulad swored zmnis mwkri-

viT aRiniSneba.

subkategoriaTa SemadgenlobaSi, romlebic teqstis

kategoriebia da gamoxataven mTqmelis damokidebulebas na-

Tqvamisadmi, erT-erTi umTavresi adgili evidencialobas

miekuTvneba, vinaidan igi msoflios yvela enisTvis aris

damaxasiaTebeli; sxva sakiTxia, Tu rogor aris is gamoxa-

180

tuli ama Tu im enaSi _ gramatikulad Tu mxolod aRweri-

Tad, leqsikuri saSualebebiT, sxvagvarad: es subkategoria

gramatikuli kategoriaa Tu modaloba.

kidev erTxel gavxazavT, rom zogadad evidencialobisa

da modalobis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb enaTmecnierebaSi

arsebobs sami Tvalsazrisi:

a) evidencialoba da modaloba diziunqciur urTier-

TmimarTebaSi arian (anu arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmane-

Tisagan) _ aseT SemTxvevaSi evidencialobaze msjeloben

viwro gagebiT.

ბ) evidencialoba da modaloba inkluziur mimarTeba-

Sia erTmaneTTan, anu evidencialobaSi CarTulia informa-

ciis mimarT mTqmelis damokidebuleba sandoobis (saeWvo-

savaraudoobis) kuTxiTac _ aseT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs

am terminis farTo mniSvnelobasTan (Tumca aris piriqi-

Tac: ufro xSirad evidencialoba SehyavT epistemikuri mo-

dalobis SemadgenlobaSi);

g) mesame mosazrebiT, modaloba da evidencialoba

nawilobriv faraven erTmaneTs (Dendal, Tasmowski 2001: 341-342). svanuris viTareba swored mesame mosazrebas Seesaba-

meba, vinaidan, rogorc kvlevam aCvena, am enaSi modalizebu-

li evidencialuri sistemaa (plungianis terminologiiT),

modaloba da evidencialoba nawilobriv faraven erTma-

neTs.

evidencialobis gamoxatvis formebs tipologiur

gamokvlevaTa umravlesobaSi evidencialebs uwodeben (iye-

neben terminebsac: `metyvelebis modusi~, „gamonaTqvamis sa-

xe“...).

specialur literaturaSi, ZiriTadad, gamoyofen evi-

dencialuri mniSvnelobis oTx saxeobas (evidencials): in-

dikativs, konkluzivs, renarativsa da dubitativs. sayura-

dReboa, rom ucxoeli kolegebi, romlebic evidencialobis

problemas tipologiurad ikvleven, qarTuls (es miT ufro

Seexeba svanur da, albaT, zanur enebsac _ q. m.) miakuTvne-

181

ben balkanur-dasavleTaziur areals, romelSic Sedian

sxvadasxva ojaxis enebi: albanuri, makedoniuri, bulgaru-

li, Turquli, azerbaijanuli, sparsuli, tajikuri, dasav-

leTsomxuri da sxv. (DeLancey 1997: 36; Guentchéva 1996: 12; Ницолова 2007: 124). am enebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom

maTSi iribi evidencialoba gamoxatulia indikativis per-

feqtis safuZvelze ganviTarebuli formebiT (Guentchéva 1996: 12).

sinamdvileSi, svanur enaSi iribi evidencialoba gamo-xatulia rogorc indikativis, aseve konkluzivis / piro-biTi kilos perfeqtis safuZvelze.

indikativi (sxva terminologiiT _ konfirmativi an

dadasturebuli modusi) niSnavs mTqmelis iseT damokide-

bulebas mis mier gadmocemul informaciasTan, roca codna

am informaciis Sesaxeb mis cnobier samyaroSi integrire-

bulia da gadmogvcems rogorc sakuTars (is SeiZleba pir-

dapiri aRqmis Sedegic iyos, an sxva wyarodan iyos miRebu-

li, magram mTqmelis mier ukve gaTavisebuli); magaliTad,

roca mTqmeli ambobs: ÌV saukuneSi saqarTveloSi qristia-

noba saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda~ _ cxadia, is am

movlenis mowme ar aris, magram informacias warmogvidgens

rogorc dadasturebuls, ueWvels, piradad aRqmuls; Aami-

tomac es evidenciali (indikativi) Tavisi gamoxatulebiT

xSirad faravs pirdapirevidencialur formebs _ svanurSi

iyenebs I da II seriis pirdapirevidencialur mwkrivebs, ase-

ve III seriis upreverbo da oden -a’sufiqsian I SedegobiTs,

romelic, saliteraturo qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, mxo-

lod eqsperienciuli mniSvnelobisaa (Tu ar dairTo -en

sufiqsi da anlautis xmovanic ar Seicvala; es ki ukve up-

reverbo I SedegobiTis meore saxeobaa, Cveulebrivisgan

struqturiTa da semantikiT gansxvavebuli: x-a-m-ën-a ùWamia

Turme = naWami hqonia~) da mTqmeli am formis gamoyenebiT

faqtis konstatacias axdens, movlenis Sesaxeb percefciu-

lis tolfas (da ara sxva wyarodan miRebul) codnas afiq-

182

sirebs: al mкra dрSdæр leRæ xíma _ àm kacs daTvis xor-

ci uWamia = aqvs naWami~.

Kkonkluzivi erT-erTi evidencialia, romelic pirda-

pir gamoxatavs mTqmelis mier gadmocemuli informaciis

`gareSe~ wyaros arsebobas (es evidencialobis mTavari

principia!), oRond es `sxva~ ar aris pirovneba, Tundac im-

personaluri, aramed sakuTriv mTqmelis cnobierebaa, az-

rovnebaa, logikaa; mTqmeli am formiT pirdapir aRqmuls

ki ar aRniSnavs, aramed faqtebis ganzogadebas axdens, sa-

kuTar mosazrebas gamoTqvams. sxvagvarad: informaciis wya-

ro mTqmelis logikaa da ara verbaloba an percefcia. ami-

tomac amgvari teqsti xSirad saeWvo-savaraudoobis, dau-

zusteblobis niuansis matarebelia da svanurSi is Sesaba-

misi zmnuri formebiT gadmoicema.

Kkonkluziuri evidencialobis SemTxvevaSi informa-

ciis wyaro mTqmelisTvis orgvaria, amitomac ganasxvaveben

konkluzivis formaTa or mniSvnelobas: inferenciuls da

arainferenciuls. orive SemTxvevaSi mTqmeli gadmoscems

sakuTar, gauSualoebul-gaTavisebul informacias, rome-

lic mas ar miuRia percefciis gziT, ar yofila movlenis

mowme, amasTan is mianiSnebs, rom erT SemTxvevaSi (inferen-

ciuli konkluzivi) msmenels Tavis mosazrebas awvdis:

`petre wasula~ (dainaxa, rom ezoSi manqana aRar dgas),

sxva SemTxvevaSi ki _ ara mxolod mosazrebas, aramed cod-

nas movlenis Sesaxeb, oRond daudasturebels, warmosax-

viTs; magaliTad: `giorgi axla saxlSia~ _ mTqmelma saaTs

daxeda da ganazogada gamocdileba: Cveulebriv am dros

giorgi samsaxuridan ukve mosulia.

rogorc araerTxel aRiniSna, svanurs, qarTulTan Se-

darebiT, konkluzivis gamosaxatavad (da ara marto kon-

kluzivis) ufro meti zmnuri forma moepoveba:

inferenciuli awmyo (resp. myofadusruli): axtaæni /ix-

taæni àlbaT/SesaZloa xatavs~ an `xatavdes iqneba~;

preverbiani sufiqsuri warmoebis myofadi: ad-xatæ-in-e

183

àlbaT /savaraudod daxatavs~;

pirobiTi (usruli da sruli): axtaæníl/ixtaæniæ

ìqneb/albaT xatavda~; ad-xatæ-in-a àlbaT/savaraudod da-

xatavda~;

pirobiT-SedegobiTi I: x-e-xtрæ-i (zs.), x-e-xatæ-n-i

(lSx.), x-e-xataæ-n-i (lnt.) `SesaZloa /albaT {da}uxatavs =

albaT aqvs {da}naxati / {da}naxati eqneba mas is~;

pirobiT-SedegobiTi II: x-e-xtaæ-íl (bz.), x-e-xtaæ-iæ

(bq.) `SesaZloa/albaT {da}exata=albaT hqonda {da}naxati /

{da}naxati eqneboda mas is~.

Ees is mwkrivebia, romlebic evidencialobis kuTxiT

mxolod inferenciuli, konkluziuri mniSvnelobis funqci-

iT gvevlinebian (maT verbaluri gziT miRebuli inormaciis

damoukideblad aRniSvnis unari ara aqvT). garda amisa, kon-

teqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, konkluzivi SeiZleba gamoixatos

TurmeobiTebiT, I SedegobiTis preverbiani da -en’-iani up-

reverbo formebiTac (epistemikuri elementis gareSe), ro-

melTa ufro ZiriTadi funqcia renarativia.

saliteraturo enam konkluzivisTvis, romlis mniS-

vnelobac umetes SemTxvevaSi epistemikuria, funqciurad

SeiZleba xolmeobiTi gamoiyenos; magaliTad: kiTxvaze _

`petrem jixvi mokla?~ _ Tu mTqmels (am SemTxvevaSi mopa-

suxes) zusti informacia ar gaaCnia, is inferencias mimar-

Tavs da mis niadagze qmnis informacias: `moklavda...~ _ aq,

bunebrivia, xolmeobiToba ki ara, erTjeradi moqmedeba

igulisxmeba àlbaTobis~, movlenis Sesaxeb ara WeSmariti,

aramed pirobiTi codnis niuansiT.Aarnold Ciqobava aRniS-

navs, rom `pirobiTisa da natvriTi kilosaTvis gvaqvs kav-

SirebiTi pirveli, meore da mesame, agreTve namyofadari na-

myo: dawerda, gaakeTebda, moitanda, naxavda...~ (Ciqobava 1946:

116; xazi Cvenia _ q. m.), svanurSi ki sufiqsuri warmoebis pi-

robiTi (xolmeobiTi) zustad gulisxmobs aRniSnul niu-

anss, gansxvavebiT qarTuliseburi warmoebis pirobiTisagan

184

(preverbi+namyousruli), romelic, qarTulisave msgavsad,

zogjer sustad inferenciulic aris xolme: YCæ-a-dgрr-d-a

(bz.), Cæ-a-dgрr-i-æ (bq.) gadmoqarTulebisas zustad `moklav-

da~-s tolfasia da saTanado konteqstSi niuansurad aqac

SeiZleba igulisxmebodes, rom mTqmelis mier pirdapiraR-

qmul, ueWvel informaciasTan ki ara, mis mosazrebasTan,

rwmenasTan gvaqvs saqme, oRond amas, rogorc aRvniSneT,

mxolod vrceli teqstiT Tu gavarkvevT. ukonteqstod ki

es mwkrivi varauds, e. w. `sust codnas~ movlenis Sesaxeb

ar gamoxatavs (Sdr. specifikuri, sakuTriv svanuri warmoe-

bis pirobiTi: bz. Cæ-a-dgr-i-n-a, bq. Cæ-a-dgрr-n-a (`SesaZ-

loa/albaT moklavda~).

aRniSnul zmnebSi marTlac mniSvnelovania kilos sa-

kiTxi, vinaidan TiToeuli gansaxilveli forma qarTulad

ganmartebisas moiTxovs pirobiTobis gamomxatvel damxmare

leqsemas (albaT, egeb, iqneb, SesaZloa, savaraudod, netav,

rom, vaiTu...), hipotaqsur konstruqciaSi am zmnebis monawi-

leoba ki umetesad ganapirobebs pirobiTdamokidebulwina-

dadebian qvewyobas maqvemdebarebeli kavSiris gareSe. `qar-

TulSi mxolod TxrobiTi kiloa formebiT mdidari, Zvels

qarTulSi kavSirebiTic arsebiTad TxrobiT kilos warmo-

adgenda; ase rom, kavSirebiTis kilod qceva meoreuli mo-

vlenaa~ (Ciqobava 1946: 116), Tanamedrove svanurSi ki, ro-

gorc aRmoCnda, kavSirebiTi an pirobiTi kilos semantika

gacilebiT met mwkrivs moicavs; sakuTriv pirveli, meore

da mesame kavSirebiTis garda, pirobiTobis semantikis mqo-

ne mwkrivebia: usruli myofadi (adgaræni `klavdes iqneba~),

ZiriTadpreverbiani sruli myofadi (adgрrne / adgrine àl-

baT moklavs~; `rom moklas~; `SesaZloa, moklas~); pirobiT-

SedegobiTi I (xedgрri `SesaZloa mouklavs = {mo}naklavi

eyoleba~) da pirobiT-SedegobiTi II (xedgaríl/xedgрriæ

`SesaZloa moekla = {mo}naklavi eyoleboda~); es ori uka-

naskneli swored kiloTi da inferenciuli semantikiT

qmnis opozicias I da II SedegobiTebis upreverbo formeb-

185

Tan, ZiriTadpreverbiani myofadi _ qarTuliseburi warmoe-

bisa da semantikis myofadTan, usruli myofadi (resp. infe-renciuli awmyo) ki _ pirdapirevidencialur (resp. neitra-lur) awmyosTan.

konkluzivi svanurSi yvelaze TvalsaCinod perfeqtu-

li droebiT gamoixateba (an piriqiT _ perfeqtis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi funqcia an maxasiaTebeli konkluzivis gamoxat-

vaa); ase magaliTad, saerTaSoriso lingvistikaSi damkvid-

rebuli evidencialTa kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

mTlianobaSi winadadeba beTqils RæaS oTdagra (I Sedego-

biTi) _ `beTqils jixvi mouklavs~, konkluzivis nimuSia im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTqmelma, magaliTad, jixvis tyavi dainaxa

da informacia iribad aago; aseve, petre qors légрm{æ}in (II TurmeobiTi) `petre saxls aSenebda Turme (/ naSeneba)~ _

Tu MmTqmelma, vTqvaT, ezoSi mitanili samSeneblo masala

SemCnia; pavles petre xamрrjæina/xamarjuna (I Turm.) _

`petres pavle exmareboda Turme~ _ mTqmelma SeamCnia pet-

res manqana im ezoSi, sadac pavles saxlis mSeneblobis

procesi mimdinareobs da a. S. (igive winadadebebi konklu-

ziurad ki ara renarativad CaiTvleba, Tu mTqmelma Tavad

ki ar gaakeTa logikuri daskvnebi movlenebis Sesaxeb, ara-

med garedan, verbalurad miiRo informacia, Tumca gamo-

xatvis forma igive darCeba).

mTqmelis damokidebuleba mis mier gadmocemul in-

formaciasTan yovelTvis konkluziuria I da II pirobiT-Se-

degobiTis formebis gamoyenebisas:

vanos dрSdæр leRv xomama (I SedegobiTi)? _ `vanos

daTvis xorci Tu uWamia?~ _ kiTxva kategoriulia da pa-

suxsac zusts elodeba mTqmeli, magram, Tu kiTxvis adre-

sats piradad ar unaxavs movlena, is aucileblad inferen-

ciuli semantikis mqone zmnur formas _ I pirobiT-Sedego-

biTs gamoiyenebs: xлmi, ОaRo mрО ìra, meTxæОрr li! _ àlbaT

uWamia (=naWami eqneba), aba ra iqneba, monadirea!~. inferenci-

uloba SeiZleba kiTxvaSive Caidos: xëmima? _ ùWamia (=eqne-

186

ba naWami)? / netav, Tu uWamia?~ _ aq mTqmeli Tavadve iTva-

liswinebs, rom mopasuxes zusti informacia SesaZloa ar

hqondes da SekiTxvisTvis Sesabamis zmnur formas iyenebs.

pasuxis kategoriulobis done mopasuxis codnazea damoki-

debuli (sustia es codna Tu myari): ueWvelobis SemTxveva-

Si upreverbo I SedegobiTs gamoiyenebs: [Cu]xíma! ùWamia =

naWami aqvs!~ savaraudoobis, anu `susti codnis~ SemTxveva-

Si ki _ I pirobiT-SedegobiTs: [Cu]xëmi _ àlbaT, uWamia =

naWami eqneba...~.

maSasadame, informaciis wyaro inferencia konklu-

zivs ganapirobebs, verbaloba, anu sxvisi naTqvami _ rena-

rativs;

indikativisa da konkluzivis sapirispirod, romlebic

aRniSnaven sakuTriv mTqmelis informacias, renarativi

gamoxatavs gadmocemiTs, sxviseul informacias. informaci-

is gareSe wyaro (verbaloba) SeiZleba iyos rogorc kon-

kretuli pirovneba, aseve impersonalia, xmebi xalxSi, mas-

media...

renarativi gamoxatavs mTqmelsa da informacias Soris

distanciurobas, romelsac ganapirobebs informaciis sa-

ndoobisa an dadasturebulobis xarisxis Seufasebloba

mTqmelis mxridan: am informaciis pirvelwyaro `sxvaa~,

mTqmeli ki gareSe wyarodan miRebul informacias ubra-

lod gadmoscems misi namdviloba-aranamdvilobis Sefase-

bis gareSe;

`renarativi aris evidencialobis 4 saxeobidan erT-

erTi, romelic modalobasTan da admirativTan erTad iT-

vleba superkategoriad _ informacia informaciis Sesaxeb~

(Ницолова 2007: 154); sazogadod qarTvelur enebSi, maT So-

ris svanurSi, renarativi gansakuTrebiT produqtiuli evi-

dencialia.

verbaluri evidenciis nimuSia qarTulSic da svanur-

Sic kargad Camoyalibebuli nawilakovani `sxvaTa sityvis~

sitema, romelic morfosintaqsuri kategoriaa, Tumca qar-

187

Tul saliteraturo enaSi `sxvaTa sityvaSi~, Cveulebriv,

zmnis nebismieri mwkrivi gamoiyeneba, konstruqciac yovel-

Tvis piris Sesabamisia, svanurSi ki am mxriv gansxvavebuli

viTarebaa _ konstruqcia tradiciulad yovelTvis mesamepi-

riseulia, romel pirsac ar unda gulisxmobdes wyaro (II

Tavi, $11); amasTan, Tu `sxvaTa sityvaSi~ namyo drois mo-

vlenaa asaxuli, Txroba, ZiriTadad, perfeqtuli formebiT

mimdinareobs, rac erTi-orad zrdis evidenciis xarisxs

(gadmocemiToba + unaxaoba) da arTulebs enis ucodinaris-

Tvis konteqstSi garkvevas. svanurSi renarativisTvis Ziri-

Tadi morfologiuri baza I seriis TurmeobiTebi da per-

feqtuli (ZiriTadpreverbiani da upreverbo -en-‘iani I Se-

degobiTi) zmnuri formebia, romlebic specialuri sintaq-

suri saSualebebis (konstruqcia, `sxvaTa sityvis~ nawila-

kebi) gareSe gamoxataven informaciis `sxva xelidan~, gare-

SeE wyarodan momdinareobas:

I TurmeobiTi: x-р-gm-{æ}in-a (bz.), x-р-gm-un-a (bq.) _ ùSe-

nebda/aSenebda (zed) Turme~;

II TurmeobiTi: bz. lé-m-gр-m{æ}in [li], bq. lé-m-gem-{æ}in

[li] _ àSenebda Turme~ / `naSeneba~;

I SedegobiTi (preverbiani): oT-g-a (zs.) _ àuSenebia

(Turme)~;

I SedegobiTi (upreverbo, -en’sufiqsiani): x-a-g-ën-a

(bz.), x-р-g-en-a (bq.) _ ùSenebia=naSenebi hqonia Turme~ (Sdr.

Eeqsperienciuli upreverbo usufiqso forma: xoga _ ùSene-

bia = naSenebi aqvs~, romelic renarativi veraviTar Se-

mTxvevaSi ver iqneba, vinaidan informaciis gareSe wyaros

ki ara mTqmelis myar, e. w. ìdealur codnas~ gulisxmobs.

dubitativi aseve gamoxatavs gadmocemiT, sxviseul in-

formacias, oRond, renarativisgan gansxvavebiT, afiqsirebs

mosazrebas ZiriTadi informatoris mtkicebis saeWvoobis

Sesaxeb. Cveni azriT, aRniSnuli evidenciali qarTvelur

enebisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca situaciis

gadmocema daudastureblobis (saeWvoobis) niuansiT leqsi-

188

kurad an intonaciiT SesaZlebelia: amboben, TiTqos mdina-

re adidebula (an: adiddao), balszemour kilos am tipis

(saeWvoobis damafiqsirebeli) erTaderTi modaluri leqse-

ma moepoveba: mugædрО (`TiTqos~), balsqvemours ki _ arc er-

Ti da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi qarTul `viTom~ nawilaks

iyenebs unaxaobis zmnur formebTan erTad, amasTan, saeWvo-

obis xarisxis gasazrdelad da informaciis namdviloba-

aranamdvilobasTan mimarTebiT pasuximgeblobis mosaxsne-

lad eser (-o) nawilaksac urTavs konteqstSi:

(bz.) tiSs mugædрО gimi liqTunól lémórli i eCas

eser oxxæita xрlx... (biZina kvanWiani, 63 wlisa, {p}tiSi) _

`{p}tiSSi TiTqos miwisZvra yofila da imas gauwyvetiao

xalxi...~; _ es winadadeba balsqvemourad Semdeg saxes mii-

Rebs:

tiSs æiTom gimiS liqæTunрl eser lémрreli i ejis

eser oxxæita xрlx...;

v. boederi dubitativs qarTulSi ganixilavs ironiu-

li gamonaTqvamis farglebSi, sadac perfeqtuli, unaxaobis

formebia gamoyenebuli: `moxuci xar! _ aba, moxuci vyo-

filvar!~ (Boeder 2000: 289); aseT frazebSi marTlac igu-

lisxmeba, rom mTqmeli ar eTanxmeba wina ganacxads, infor-

maciis wyaros da igi ubralod orazrovnad imeorebs mis

sityvebs. SeiZleba es ironia iyos rogorc dacinvis, ise

aRSfoTebis gamomxatveli, agebuli wina naTqvamze, Tanac

aramxolod perfeqtuli droebis fonze. aRniSnuli niuansi

mxolod da mxolod konteqstze da misi warmoTqmis into-

naciazea damokidebuli, sxva dros igive fraza Tu winada-

deba SeiZleba admiratiulic aRmoCndes: mTqmelma daxeda

sakuTar fotos da aRmoaCina, rom asaki Zalian Sestyobia.

asevea svanurSic _ situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, igive fra-

za, TurmeobiTis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, qarTulis iden-

turad, SeiZleba dubitatiuric aRmoCndes da admiratiu-

lic: meCi lémórxæi! _ `Turme beberi vyofilvar!~, Tumca,

qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, svanurSi dubitatiuroba sxvag-

189

varadac, saTanado konteqstSi sxvaTa sityvis nawilakovani

formis gamoyenebiTac SeiZleba gamoixatos da aseT Se-

mTxvevaSi admirativs arasdros daemTxveva (Tumca renara-

tivs _ ki):

_ meCi xi, meCi! `beberi xar, beberi!~

_ ОaRo! meCi roq{æ} xæi! àba! beberi vyofilvar!~ si-

tyvasityviT: àba! beberi-o var!~

pasuxi gamoxatavs aRSfoTebas, mopasuxe ar eTanxmeba

naTqvams da saTanado intonaciiTa da mesame piris sxvaTa

sityvis nawilakis darTviT imeorebs misTvis miuRebel,

arasarwmuno informacias. nawilakovan sxvis naTqvams admi-

rativi, cxadia, ver iguebs, vinaidan es semantikuri katego-

ria Tu modaloba mxolod mTqmelis aramzaobas gamoxatavs

moulodneli, magram percefciuli movlenis mimarT.

SevniSnavT, rom swored im (balkanur-dasavleTaziu-ri) arealis enebisTvis, romelTac, evidencialobis katego-

riis TvalsazrisiT, tipologiurad qarTuls miakuTvneben,

dubitativi damaxasiaTebeli ar aris; rogorc specialur

literaturaSi aRniSnaven, am enebSic `dubitatiuroba,

upirveles yovlisa, intonaciiTa da damatebiTi dubitatiu-

ri modifikatorebiT aRiniSneba~ (Куцаров 1984: 18). maSasadame, sasaubro enaSi indikativi gamoiyeneba ma-

Sin, roca informacia aris mTqmelis `myari codnis~ Sesa-

bamisi, romelic emyareba an pirdapir aRqmas, an, SesaZloa,

saerTo gamocdilebis faqtebs, magram informaciis miRebis

saSualebebis konkretizaciis gareSe. indikativi,

Cveulebriv, pirdapirevidencialuri mwkrivebiT gadmoicema.

Ddubitativi sasaubro enaSi gamoiyeneba im SemTxveva-

Si, Tu mTqmels surs gamoxatos eWvi mis mierve gadmocemu-

li sxvisi naTqvamis namdvilobis mimarT. is xSirad aris

kombinirebuli renarativTan rTul winadadebaSi [gрrglix,

ere mugædрО niSgæëО xoSóls led’ëser xadënax _ àmboben

(`laparakoben~), rom TiTqos Cvens winaprebs Tilisma hqoni-

aTo~].

190

renarativs mTqmeli mimarTavs xalxSi gavrcelebuli

xmebis, Zveli ambebis, Worebis Txrobisas, roca mas ar Se-

uZlia an ar surs miuTiTos konkretuli avtori.

roca mTqmels unda gamoxatos sakuTar inferenciaze

an saerTo gamocdilebaze damyarebuli evidencia, maSin na-

Tqvami konkluzivs (/inferentivs) Seesabameba.

§23. evidencialebisa Tu semebis formaluri damTxvevisaTvis

rogorc aRmoCnda, svanurSi, miuxedavad enis farTo

gramatikuli SesaZleblobebisa da niuansuri detalizaci-

is didi unarisa, sxvadasxva evidencialis formaluri da-

mTxveva xSiria; amitomac ama Tu im teqstis informaciulo-

bis TvalsazrisiT kvlevisas erTaderTi gamosavali vrce-

li konteqstisTvis Tvalis midevneba da situaciis gaTva-

liswinebaa. K

arainferenciuli konkluzivi da renarativi (e. demi-

na, r. nicolova): sozar YCæaldìrëli (/C’oldireli) _ `so-

zari dapurebula~ _ TefSi carielia, saidanac teqstis

subieqtma daaskvna sxva, unaxavi movlena. miuxedavad imisa,

rom msgavs konteqstebSi informaciis wyaro inferenciaa,

mas arainferenciul konkluzivad moixsenieben, radgan pir-

dapiri aRqmisTvis garkveuli detali (am SemTxvevaSi _

TefSi) arsebobs, romlis safuZvelzec xdeba savaraudo

daskvnis gamotana _ konkluzia. igive winadadeba ki verba-

luri wyaros arsebobis SemTxvevaSi renarativi (unawilako

sxvisi naTqvami) iqneba.

inferenciuli konkluzivi (inferentivi) da indikati-

vi: inferenciulad moixsenieben iseT konkluzivs, rodesac

mTqmeli daskvnas akeTebs, varauds gamoTqvams ara Tqmis

momentSi gverdiTi movlenebis pirdapiri aRqmis Sedegad

(Sdr. arainferenciuli konkluzivi), aramed mis samyaroSi,

191

cnobierebaSi arsebuli codnis niadagze;Eis evidencialo-

bis TvalsazrisiT neitraluri (pirdapirevidencialuri)

mwkrivebiTac gamoixateba: bofSрr aTxe ser qors рrix _

`bavSvebi ukve saxlSi arian~ _ deda maT ver xedavs, arc

winmswrebi movlena arsebobs pirdapiri aRqmisTvis (wina

magaliTisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac daskvnisTvis faqti arse-

bobda carieli TefSis saxiT), magram misTvis cnobili mo-

vlenebis gaTvaliswinebiT askvnis _ mocemul dros gakve-

Tilebi damTavrebulia da bavSvebic, Cveulebriv, ukve Sin

arian xolme; informaciis wyaro, rasakvirvelia, inferen-

ciaa, romelic movlenaTa Sesaxeb subieqtis samyaroSi in-

tegrirebul codnas efuZneba. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi es evi-

denciali (inferentivi) formalurad indikativs daemTxveva,

sadac subieqti misTvis cnobil faqts (movlenas) gvatyobi-

nebs, ubralod, faqtis konstatacias axdens: bofSрr amCiqqa

Cigar qors рrix `bavSvebi am dros yovelTvis saxlSi ari-

an~ (wyaro _ sakuTari gamocdileba, codna).

admirativi SesaZloa formiT daemTxvas ramdenime evi-

dencials: winadadeba _ SukææJ’altyérëli /J’oltyéreli!

`gza atalaxebula!~ admiratiuli iqneba Tu mTqmeli faq-

tis winaSe aRmoCndeba da fraza aRqmuliT gamowveul mou-

lodnelobasa da emocias gamoxatavs, magram konkluziuri

iqneba, Tu mTqmeli askvnis iribad, gverdiTi faqtis,

vTqvaT, Svilis talaxiani fexsacmlis SemCnevisas, xolo

renarativia, Tu is verbalobas emyareba; ukanasknel situa-

ciaSi, anu roca mTqmeli verbaluri wyarodan miRebul in-

formacias gvawvdis, SesaZlebelia sxvaTa sityvis nawila-

kis CarTvac: J’-eser-oltyreli àtalaxebulao~; maSin is

aRar daemTxveva arc konkluzivsa da arc admirativs, Tum-

ca SeiZleba saTanado adgilas dubitatiuroba gamoxatos:

bz. ОaR{æ}o J’eser-altyérëli? bq. aRæe J’-eser-oltyéreli?

àki atalaxebulao?~

Aamrigad, teqstis informaciuli analizisas Camo-

Tvlil formaTa gasamijnavad gamosavali mxolod vrceli

192

konteqstia. E

vfiqrobT, sagangebod unda SevCerdeT admirativze,

romelic evidencialur formebs srulad emTxveva enaTa

umravlesobaSi. Ees aris semantikuri kategoria, romlis

mniSvnelobac gulisxmobs, rom informacia mTqmelisTvis

axalia da ar aris integrirebuli samyaros miseul suraT-

Si (DeLancey 1997: 49); mas `gakvirvebis modalobasac~ uwode-

ben (Ницолова 2007: 165). specialur literaturaSi aRniSnu-

lia, rom, zogadad, admirativi gacilebiT cudad aris Se-

swavlili, vidre verbaluri da inferenciuli mniSvnelobe-

bi iribi evidencialobisa (Татевосов 2007: 379). zogierTi mkvlevari mas aigivebs kidevac evidencia-

lur formebTan, Tumca amis sapirispirod arsebobs argu-

menti: admirativi xSirad dasturdeba iseT enebSic (magali-

Tad, albanurSi), romlebSic evidencialoba, rogorc gra-

matikuli kategoria, ar fiqsirdeba (Friedman 1981: 24;

Храковский 2007: 619). K n. kozincevas ganmartebiT, admiratiulobis mniSvne-

loba SeiZleba aRvweroT rogorc movlenis, faqtis aRmoCe-

na metyvelebis momentSi. mTqmeli Tavad aris (xdeba) in-

formaciis mflobeli (evidencilobis SemTxvevaSi aucile-

belia informaciis iribi wyaros arseboba! _Qq. m.), infor-

macia areklavs saqmis obieqtur viTarebas da aris sruli

(Козинцева 2007: 20). Aam TvalsazrisiT, admiratiuloba erTi-

andeba pirdapirevidencialobasTan, xolo admiratiulobi-

sa da pirdapirevidencialobis opozicia SeiZleba aRiwe-

ros Semdegi niSniT: `mzaoba/aramzaoba aRqmisaTvis~;

mTqmels mis mier aRqmuli situacia warmoudgeba rogorc

gasaocari, moulodneli;

admirativi zogierT enaSi damoukidebeli kategoriaa,

qarTveluri enebi ki, iseve, rogorc bulgaruli, Turquli

da zogierTi sxva enac, evidencialur formebs iyeneben;

gvxvdeba emociurad markirebul gamoTqmebTan (mag.: `vaime,

mdinare adidebula!~). winadadeba `Sexede, petres ramxela

193

saxli auSenebia!~ _ admiratiulia, Tu mTqmeli saxlis win

dgas da gaocebas gamoxatavs, magram igive fraza konklu-

ziuria, Tu is sxva situaciaSi warmoiTqmeba, magaliTad:

mas uTxres, rom petres 20 tona cementi dasWirda saxlis

asaSeneblad _ aseT SemTxvevaSi informaciis iribi wyaro

arsebobs _ es aris inferencia da arc aRqmaa pirdapiri,

anu arsebobs orive piroba (informaciis wyaro, iribi

aRqma), rom mTqmelis mier warmoTqmuli saanalizo fraza

konkluzivad CaiTvalos. Mmesame SemTxvevaSi igive winada-

deba SeiZleba renarativsac warmoadgendes, Tuki es infor-

macia (petres mier didi saxlis aSeneba) mTqmels sxvam mia-

woda, verbaluri wyarodan moipova. Nr. nicolova aRniS-

navs, rom bulgarulSi admirativi renaratiuls formebis

transpoziciaa _ erTi tonalobidan meoreSi gadasvla

(Ницолова 2007: 168). sxvaTa mosazrebiT (l. andreiCini, i. mas-

lovi, i. kucarovi) admirativis formebi zustad emTxveva

renaratiuls, oRond wminda formaluri TvalsazrisiT;

Cveni azriT, SexedulebaTa araerTgvarovneba aRniSnul sa-

kiTxze gamowveulia sxvadasxva enaSi gramatikuli Tu se-

mantikuri specifikis sirTuliTa da sxvadasxvaobiT; vfiq-

robT, admirativis, rogorc semantikuri kategoriis, gamij-

vna formalurad msgavsi gramatikuli erTeulebisagan Se-

saZlebelia mxolod Tanamedrove tipologiur gamokvleva-

Ta umravlesobaSi miRebuli da damkvidrebuli terminolo-

giuri principis gaTvaliswinebiT.

teqstis informaciulobis kvlevisas zmnur formaTa

polisemantikurobis safuZveli qarTvelur enebSi (gansa-

kuTrebiT svanurSi) kargad ganviTarebuli perfeqtuli

droebia, romelTac, sakuTriv perfeqtis tradiciuli gage-

bis garda (aCvenos warsulis dinamikuri moqmedebis Sedegi

statikaSi), indoevropuli da zogi sxva enebisgan gansxvave-

biT, axali funqciebic SeuZeniaT (moqmedebis aqtis, moqme-

debis Sesaxeb pirobiTi / epistemikuri codnis, eqsperien-

ciulobis gamoxatva), rac, saliteraturo qarTulTan Se-

194

darebiT, umwerlobo enebSi kidev ufro metad ikveTeba da

Sesabamis mwkrivTa raodenobac ufro metia.Aperfeqtul

formaTa gansakuTrebuli semantikuri `tevadobiTa~ da, zo-

gadad, svanuri zmnis niuansuri moqnilobiT aris ganpiro-

bebuli am enaSi umTavresi evidencialebis morfologiuri

gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba leqsikuri danarTebis (Turme,

iqneb, albaT...) gareSe. TavianTi gramatikuli Tu semantiku-

ri potencialidan gamomdinare, es zmnuri formebi erTgva-

ri `saerTo bazaa~ araerTi semisa Tu kategoriisTvis.

saanalizo evidencialebs (indikativi _ pirdapiri,

renarativi, inferentivi, konkluzivi _ iribi) svanurSi moe-

poveba zustad gansazRvruli gramatikuli mniSvneloba,

romelic Semodis rTul urTierTmimarTebebSi lingvistur

Tu eqstralingvistur faqtorebTan teqstSi, xolo zmnuri

evidencialoba am mimarTebebSi wamyvania.

qarTvelur enebSi teqstis informaciuli ganxilvis

dros formaTa damTxvevam aRreva rom ar gamoiwvios, gamo-

savali unda veZeboT cnebaTa formulirebis principebis

zust gaTvaliswinebaSi: mTqmelisTvis informaciis wyaros

arseboba da movlenisa da metyvelebis droSi acdena evi-

dencialobis aucilebeli pirobaa28, admiratiuloba ki

mxolod pirdapiri aRqmis emociuri gamoxatulebaa da Ta-

nac movlenis Tanadrouli.

§24. Txrobis iribevidencialuri formebidan

pirdapirevidencialurSi (renaratividan indikativSi) gadasvlis tendencia

arapercefciuli informaciis gadmosacemad e. w. ùna-

xaobis~ zmnur formebs sxvaTa sityvis nawilakebis gareSe

28 Tumca, zogierTi aborigenuli enis monacemebis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT (sadac pirdapiri evidencialoba markirebulia), ara _ er-TaderTi.

195

mTqmeli, ZiriTadad, maSin mimarTavs, roca mis mier mowo-

debuli informacia imdenad Zvelia, rom, miuxedavad iribi

wyaros (sxva pirisa, romelic SesaZloa, erTi konkretuli

ki ar iyos, aramed xalxi, sainformacio saSaulebani) arse-

bobisa, igi ar miiCnevs saWirod masze miTiTebas, vinaidan

es informacia mas ukve gauTavisebia, magram arc imdenad,

rom pirdapirevidencialuri zmnuri formebi gamoiyenos;

Tumca gabmul metyvelebaSi isec xdeba, rom mTqmels TiT-

qos àviwydeba~ informaciis sxva wyarodan miRebis faqti

da TviTmxilveliviT agrZelebs mbobas. Mrogorc Cans, am

movlenas fsiqologiuri sawyisi aqvs da universaluria,

vinaidan msgavsi ram sxva enaTa mkvlevrebsac SeniSnuli

aqvT: `cnobierebaSi mocemuli propoziciis miRebis pirve-

li momentis Semdeg igi xvdeba garkveul `yuTSi~, anu gaTa-

visebuli informacia, miRebuli sxvisi sityvebidan, inac-

vlebs mTqmelis codnis fondSi~ (Slobin, Aksu 1982); `bulga-

rulSi SeiniSneba informaciis gadanacvleba renarativis

`yuTidan~, sadac is moTavsebulia sxvisi naTqvamis miRebis-

Tanave, konkluzivis `yuTSi~ (igulisxmeba arainferenciu-

li konkluzivi, roca gamoxatulia garedan miRebuli in-

formaciis gaTaviseba da ara _ erTi percefciuli faqtis

ganzogadebiT meore faqtis Sesaxeb logikuri daskvna _Qq.

m.) da, sabolood, informacia SeiZleba moxvdes indikati-

vis `yuTSi~, roca mTqmeli am informacias aZlevs myari

(`Zlieri~) codnis kvalifikacias~ (Ницолова 2007: 121). aRniS-nuli movlena xelSesaxebia svanurSi da magaliTebsac ux-

vad vxvdebiT zepirsityvierebis rogorc prozaul nimuSeb-

Si, ise sasimRero leqsebSi:

aSxæ mкra semi gezal xardлna. aSxæJìn mahærëne ge-

zal bofSрrcaxрn tæibraisga lémSdiról, axdлnax Оori

léCóJ. alОрrs RarTрr xaqæmлnax. lрОkæрrx al befSæ

nësgaTësga, Ji iyirx CкJæTeJìn i adОex (sv. pr. t. I 1939:

30,26) _ èrT kacs sami Svili hyolia. erTxel umcrosi Svi-

li bavSvebTan ReleSi TamaSobda [Turme], gamouvlia(T) or

196

cxenosans. amaT nabdebi scmiaT. Mmoiqcies (`moigdes~) es

bavSvi SuaSi, moigdes (`daices~) cxenze da waiyvanes~;

aSxæ sofels lémérdлli eSxæi врn. Eej sofelisga

xayлna aSxæ Wyints jсg. eCeCu xaCпda eSxæi fikæ: æрre

xрgnлna ejzum, ere miCa jсg æрra CuqæкnTeОsga lémóz. æerb

J’aTgenëna ej fikæi mòWæJi i q’íxвeSdкna ej врn... CæaTSyeda barjр dрf, ej barjр dрfJi eszigлna eSxæi sofel. Eej so-

fels xaОJxón malyór. Eej barjр dрfs рxmiTqæón mкl... (iqve,

215,34) _ èrT sofelSi yofila [Turme]B erTi xari. im so-

felSi hyolia erT biWs jogi. iq eria [Turme] (`hrevia~) er-

Ti vaci: wveri hqonia (`s-dg-m-i-a~) imxela, rom Tavisi jogi

wverqveS Sedioda [Turme]. Oorbi dasdgomia im vacis rqaze

da gamouxravs is xari... Cavardnia beWis Zvali (`mxris daf-

i~), im beWis Zvalze dasaxlebula erTi sofeli. im sofels

erqva malyari. im beWis Zvals SemoeCvia mela...~;

msgavsi movlena mTis dialeqtebSi SeniSnuli aqvs

g. SabaSvils: „naratiuli Txrobisas SeiniSneba erTi sain-

tereso kanonzomiereba: xSirad Txroba iwyeba da mTavrde-

ba wyvetilis formebiT, teqstis ZiriTad nawilSi ki zmne-

bi I TurmeobiTSi dgas. es SeiZleba aixsnas mTqmelis sur-

viliT, saTqmeli ufro eqspresiulad gadmosces“ (SabaSvi-

li 2010: 161).

mTqmelis mier metyvelebis procesSi iribevidenci-

aluri teqstis pirdapirSi gadayvanis tendencia, anu sabo-

lood am informaciis ìndikativis yuTSi moTavseba~, imgva-

rad gaTaviseba, rom moyolis procesSi wyaroze miniSneba

mTlianad gaqres, rogorc Cans, iseTi fsiqologiuri pro-

cesia, romelic gradacias ganicdis; am bolo wlebSi da-

leli svanebisgan Caweril teqstebSi (CantlaZe da sxv. 2010)

aseTi gadasvla kidev ufro xSirad SeiniSneba, vidre adre

gamocemul zepirsityvierebis nimuSebSi.

197

Tavi V

L l e q s i k a

§25. evidencialuri leqsikuri saSualebebi

rogorc mraval enaSi, svanurSic moipoveba modaluri

nawilakebi, romlebic aRniSnaven mTqmelis damokidebule-

bas arapercefciuli informaciis mimarT.

1. informaciis gareSe wyaros dasafiqsireblad, garda

e. w. `sxvaTa sityvis~ nawilakebisa (ix. §11), gamoiyeneba zs.

esnрr, bq. esnрr{i}/ecnрr, qs. esren `Turme~ nawilaki; misi

saSualebiT mTqmeli ZiriTadad imas gamoxatavs, rom in-

formacia `gareSe xelidan~ aqvs miRebuli da ar gulis-

xmobs misi sandoobis TvalsazrisiT Sefasebas. wyaro SeiZ-

leba iyos konkretuli an impersonaluri piri, xmebi xalx-

Si, gadmocemebi, masmedia da sxv. Aase rom, am nawilakis

mTavari daniSnuleba verbalobis gamoxatvaa, Tumca infe-

renciuli informaciis gadmocemasac vxvdebiT, anu esnрr

nawilakiani zmna konteqstisgan damoukideblad calsaxad

gaxazavs moqmedebis procesis, movlenis unaxaobas; infor-

maciis wyaro umetesad verbalobaa, SedarebiT iSviaTad _

inferencia:

jgérógd esnрr J’рnSæem (sv. en. qr. 1978: 88,33) _ `wminda giorgim Turme Seisvena~;

sorTmand esnрr sg’кdskine qorTë’sga (iqve, 75,33) _

`sorTmani Turme Sevarda saxlSi~;

Txrobisas mTqmeli xSirad esnрr’nawilakian pirdapi-

revirdencialuri zmnuri formebidan (anu aRweriTad gamo-

xatuli evidencialobidan: wyvetili+Turme) uecrad iribe-

videncialuri (unaxaobis) zmnuri formebiT Txrobaze gada-

dis da nawilaks aRar urTavs (es zmnebi xom TavisTavad

198

sxviseul, mTqmelis mier unaxavi movlenis Sesaxeb infor-

macias gulisxmoben!):

[sorTmand] esnрr eSdОíri mкre Cæadgрr, eCqanRo q’ox-skina qómTe, mare jкО CæoTqaCax foyisga (iqve) _ `sorTmanma

Turme Tormeti kaci mokla, mere gamomxtara gareT, magram

TviTonac dauWriaT barZaySi~;

zmnis araevidencialuri formebis gamoyenebisas kon-

teqsti swored esnрr /esnрr{i}29 nawilakis meSveobiT iZens

evidencialur Sinaarss, iseve rogorc qarTulSi `Turmes~

gamoyenebiT: `Turme~ nawilaks axal qarTulSi ekisreba,

unaxaobis (dauswreblobis) mniSvneloba mianiWos masTan na-

xmari zmnis saTanado nakvTis formas. is am gramatikuli

kategoriis (xazi Cvenia _ q. m.) uqonlobis sakompensacio

saSualebaa~ (qavTaraZe 1956: 179);

saanalizo nawilaki, qarTulis msgavsad, `Turmes~ ga-

gebis organul zmnur formebTanac ixmareba, Tumca misi

aucilebloba aseT konteqstebSi ar aris:

[fagos] esnрri lрdОarкlJìn aTcxata yias jijæ i Cu-

veT-alyimлli (sv. en. qr. 1978: 155,29) _ `[fagos] Turme Wami-

sas (`dapurebaze~) gasCxeria yelSi Zvali da lamis da-

mxrCvala~.

specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom èna leq-

sikur saSualebas maSin mimarTavs, roca morfologiuri

saSualeba ara aqvs ganviTarebuli raime semantikis gadmo-

sacemad... enaSi unaxaobis gamoxatvis moTxovnilebam, ro-

melsac morfologiuri saSualeba ar gaaCnda, leqsikuri

warmoSva. Semdeg, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, am funqciis

gadmocema formebs daekisra; magram, ramdenadac amisTvis

gansakuTrebuli nakvTi ar Seiqmna (morfologiuri niSani

ar gaCnda), nawilaki enaSi darCa, rogorc moqnili saSua-

29 mocemul leqsemasTan balsqvemour dialeqtSi ganviTarebuli

auslautis -i, romelic savaldebulo ar aris, SesaZloa iyos badali qarTuli `-c~ nawilakisa an `da~ kavSirisa (`Turmec~ an `Turme da...~).

199

leba unaxaobis gamoxatvisa~ (arabuli 1984: 141). rogorc

kvlevam gvaCvena, svanurSi am semantikis Zlierma moTxovni-

lebam ganapiroba ara marto perfeqtuli mwkrivebis fun-

qciurad gamoyeneba, aramed -en- afiqsis CarTva I Sedegobi-

Tis upreverbo formebSi, I seriis TurmeobiTebis

Camoyalibeba, sadac -un- (*-Vn-) afiqsi migvaCnia evidencia-

lobis (unaxaobis, inferenciis) niSnad (ix. §18), magram nawi-

laki mainc SeinarCuna. amdenad, vTvliT, rom kategoriis

morfologiuri warmoebis saSualeba iqneba enaSi Tu ara,

leqsikuri saSualebebi mainc imkvidreben adgils, analogi-

is ZaliT TviT im mwkrivebis gverdiTac ki, romlebic ukve

TavisTavad gamoxataven imave semantikas.

maSasadame, esnрr{i} nawilakiT gadmoicema rogorc

verbaloba, ise inferenciuloba:

esnрr ala lрОrs lémWodкnin (bz.) _ `Turme es wigns

kiTxulobda~ _ mTqmeli xedavs magidaze gadaSlil wigns

da am percefciuli faqtis ganzogadebis safuZvelze msje-

lobs;

esnрri ali leRæs ajрb (bq.) _ `Turme es xorcs xar-

Savs~ _ teqstis subieqtma Soridanve igrZno suni da logi-

kurad daaskvna. mocemul konteqstebSi nawilaki inferenci-

ulobas TiTqos aZlierebs, ise ki, situaciis gaTvaliswine-

biT, umisodac azri ar icvleba.

sagulisxmoa, rom saanalizo nawilaks ver iTavseben

sakuTriv inferenciuli mwkrivebi: inferenciuli awmyo _

esnрr iSxbuniæ `Turme iqneb keravda~, inferenciuli (Ziri-

Tadpreverbiani) myofadi _ esnрr anSxebne `Turme albaT

Sekeravs~, pirobiTusruli _ esnрr рSxbuníl `Turme albaT

keravda~, pirobiTsruli _ esnрr anSxebna `Turme iqneb Se-

keravda~, pirobiT-SedegobiTi I da II _ esnрr xeSxbi, esnрr

xeSxbíl `Turme albaT {Se}ukeravs~, `Turme albaT {Se}eke-

ra~ _ rogorc qarTuli ganmartebebidanac Cans, informaci-

ulad absurduli, stilurad atrofiuli winadadebebi mi-

viReT. Ees kidev erTi dasturia imisa, rom yvela zemoT mo-

200

yvanili zmnuri forma TavisTavad inferenciulia (da ara

mxolod funqciurad). `Turme~, miuxedavad imisa, verbalo-

bas gamoxatavs konteqsti Tu inferencias, mainc procesis

unaxaobas gulisxmobs, unaxaoba da savaraudooba (Tur-

me+iqneb) ki erTmaneTs ver iTavsebs; svanurSi sakuTriv in-

ferenciul mwkrivebSi (ix. §13) rom àlbaT~ gageba ar

idos, sxvadasxva konteqstSi esnрr nawilaks es formebic

iseve moirgebdnen, rogorc qarTulSi xdeba: `Turme wavi-

doda [xolme]~, `Turme SeWams...~ (neitralur konteqstSi

SeuZlebelia: esnрr adrina `Turme albaT wavidoda~, esnрr

CulрОzæebne `Turme albaT SeWams~...) _ yvela danarCen

mwkrivTan saanalizo nawilaki Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba.

sakuTriv inferenciulobis gamomxatveli damxmare

leqsemebi (romelTac verbalobis gadmocemis unari ara

aqvT) enaSi ufro mravladaa; zogjer erTi da imave mniS-

vnelobis nawilaki kiloTa mixedviT sxvadasxva fuZiT

gadmoicema, xSirad etimologia ucnobia, Tumca funqcia _

cxadi;

2. bz. mérës/ mérësg (àlbaT~; ètyoba~; `SesaZloa~;

`rogorc Cans~):

daвlр Txæims eser Ji mérлs oxcxa вadæisga (sv.

pr. t. I 1939: 427,20) _ `Txis Tavi, rogorc Cans, gazrdilao

(`Tavs moumatiao~) mucelSi~;

Ji mérлs рxfрS al mкra i CæрdоJda (iqve, 31,15) _

`rogorc Cans, daiRala es kaci da daiZina~;

RërbaTxрnqa mérлs nuRæón xola gzкærob... (iqve,

37,14) _ àlbaT, RmerTisgan gvewera (`gvqonda~) cudi mgzav-

roba...;

Mmulguhëri mкre méldлæкra mérлs lрsæ (sv. en. qr. 1978: 152,24) _ `mewisqvile kaci, rogorc Cans, modebilo

iyo~;

Ggæene masрrd léвmрS mérлsg lрsæ (iqve, 94,33) _

`gvene metad Zlieri, rogorc Cans, iyo~;

201

miCa WaSæ dрl eser mérлs xalрt i al i al

qæрbT’ëser izelól (iqve, 79,13) _ `Cems qmars, rogorc Cans,

dali uyvars da ama da am gamoqvabulSi dadiso~ (zedmiwev-

niT: `mis qmars dalio, rogorc Cans, uyvars...~);

3. balsqvemour dialeqtSi Sesabamisi nawilakia maæ-

Sæli / maæSæderli (lxm. mрæSderli), romelSic li meSve-

li zmna (àris~) unda iyos, xolo leqsemis pirveli nawi-

li _ mр (`ra~) _ kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelis moqmedebiTi

brunva (e. i. `raiT aris~), rTul saxeobaSi (ma-æS-der-li)

de{r} uaryofiTi nawilakis CarTviT misi mniSvneloba da

funqcia ar icvleba: orive varianti semantikurad zustad Se-

esatyviseba bz. mérës’s da qarTul `rogorc Cans~, ètyoba~-s.

saanalizo nawilakebi (mérës, maæSli) mxolod araevi-

dencialur (resp. pirdapirevidencialur) zmnebTan (awmyo,

uwyveteli, wyvetili, oden `windebul-Tandebuliani~

warmoebis myofadi, I da II SedegobiTis upreverbo, usufiq-

so formebi) erTad gamoiyeneba (qarTuli -mca nawilakic

ar daerTvis koniunqtiur formebs, is Tavad aniWebs Txro-

biTi kilos zmnebs kavSirebiToba-pirobiTobas), Tumca isi-

ni SeiZleba daerTon ùnaxaobis~ formebsac ormagi citi-

rebis dros, anu im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTqmeli warsul dro-

ze saubrobs da erTdroulad gvatyobinebs informaciis

gareSe wyaros arsebobisa da Tavad pirvelwyarosTvis (ima-

ve `gareSe wyarosTvis~) am informaciis saeWvo-savaraudo-

bis Sesaxeb; ase magaliTad:

zurкls xaxlën’ëre `miCa WaSæ eser keTil mérлs oxzéza~ (iqve, 62,24) _ `qals hgonebia, rom: `Tavis qmarso

saCuqari (`keT-il-i~), albaT, gamougzavnia~ _ mTqmeli

gadmogvcems informacias, romelic mas sxvisgan moupovebia

(xaxlëna `hgonebia~: verbaluri wyaro _ impersonaluri,

evidenciali _ renarativi), xolo orive nawilaki (eser da

mérлs) informaciis (daqvemdebarebuli citatis) uSualo av-

tors (qals) ekuTvnis: pirveli maTganiT mTqmeli sxvis na-

202

Tqvams gadmogvcems (sxvaTa sityvis III piriseuli konstruq-

cia warsuli drois moqmedebis gadmocemisas, Cveulebriv,

zmnas perfeqtuli formiT moiTxovs), meoriT ki _ imas,

rom informacia mxolod savaraudoa da ara dadasturebu-

li Tavad misi uSualo mflobelisTvis (daqvemdebarebuli

citatis avtorisTvis; Cveulebriv, mTqmeli `sxviseuli~ in-

formaciis misTvis sandoobaze, sinamdvilesTan Sesabamiso-

baze arasdros migvaniSnebs);

inferenciul mwkrivebTan am nawilakebis SeuTavseb-

lobis mizezi ki is unda iyos, rom aRniSnul mwkrivTa ki-

lo pirobiTia da, rogorc qarTulSia SeuZlebeli am enis

mcodnem Tqvas sintagma: àlbaT dawerdes~ an àlbaT dawe-

ros~, igive viTarebaa mocemul SemTxvevaSi svanurSi.

pirdapirevidencialur, `windebul-Tandebulian~ zmneb-

Si (romlebsac es nawilaki idealurad iguebs) mérës xSi-

rad tmesur poziciaSi gvxvdeba: Cu-mérës-aSyрd `rogorc

Cans, Cavarda~, Ji-mérës-aCрd `rogorc Cans, avida~, sga-mérës-

laxdaganda `rogorc Cans, Semoakvda~..., aseve bunebrivia mi-

si gamoyeneba momdevno poziciaSi: CæaSyрd mérës; balsqve-

mourSi ki Sesabamis nawilaki (maæSæli) msgavs viTarebaSi

zmnasa da windebuls ver xleCs, is an zmnis win aris an

mosdevs mas: maæSæli, CæaSyad / CæaSyad, maæSæli `rogorc

Cans, Cavarda~... es SeiZleba im faqtiT iyos gamowveuli,

rom es ukanaskneli zmnuri warmoSobisaa, xolo pirveli

(mérës) _ sakuTriv nawilaki.

4. absoluturad identuri semantikiT balsqvemourSi

gvaqvs nazmnizedari nawilaki heurd (< zmnizeda hedurd _

`mTlianad~, `mTlad~), `rogorc Cans~, àlbaT~, romelsac

tmesur poziciaSic SeiZleba SevxvdeT: sga-heurd-laxdagan

`rogorc Cans / albaT, Semoakvda~... verc am nawilaks egue-

bian sakuTriv inferenciuli mwkrivebi: Sesityveba heurd

Cæadgрrna ar udris àlbaT moklavda~-s, qarTulad is ase

JRers: àlbaT iqneb moekla~, rac, cxadia, sruli atrofi-

203

aa. sworia heurd Cæadgрrda / Cæadgрriæ _ àlbaT moklav-

da xolme~, aseve heurd Cæadgрr _ `rogorc Cans, mokla~...

mokled, aRniSnuli evidencialuri nawilaki gamoiyeneba

mxolod araevidencialur zmnur formebTan.

5. bz., lSx. díæ{e}, bq., lnt. doæ{e} /doRæe /noRæe

/noæe (`mgoni~; `veWvob~; `savaraudod~; karpez donduas mi-

xedviT ki: `vaiTu~-c) _ T. SaraZeniZe am leqsemaSi do-/do-

uaryofiT nawilaks gamoyofs da aRniSnavs, rom mTlianoba-

Si díæe nawilaki `gamoxatavs SiSs, rom esa Tu is ambavi

ar moxdes. qarTulad `vaiTu~ nawilakiT gadmoaqvT, ufro

zusti iqneboda àr~ nawilakiT gveTargmna da zmna kavSi-

rebiT kiloSi dagvesvao~ (SaraZeniZe 1946: 302). Cveni azriT,

saanalizo leqsema Tavisi variantebiT d{o} / n{o} uaryofi-

Ti da -u /-oRæ (`mca~) nawilakebis sinTezs warmoadgens;

SesaZloa, Tavdapirvelad misi mniSvneloba marTlac mxo-

lod uaryofiT emocias (SiSs) ukavSirdeboda, magram dRes

misi semantika gafarToebulia da ZiriTadad gamoxatavs

`mgoni~-s. igi awmyosa da momavlis gamosaxatavad gamoiyene-

ba warsuli drois TxrobiTi kilos zmnebTan (warsuli mo-

mavalSi):

uwyveteli: bz. díæ{e} iæCxìnílda `mgoni, wvimdeba~ (sityva-

sityviT: `wvimdeboda~);

bz. díæ{e} / bq. doRæe / noRæe uCxa _ `mgoni, wvims~

(sityvasityviT: `wvimda~);

wyvetili: bz. díæ{e} CæрdæuCxìnón…_ `mgoni / savaraudod,

gawvimdeba~ (`gawvimda~);

bz. díæ{e} / bq. doRæe / noRæe CæanuCxe _ `mgoni, Camo-

wvims~ (`Camowvima~);

rogorc vxedavT, moyvanil ilustraciebSi movlenisa-

dmi uaryofiTi damokidebulebis danaxva savaldebulo ar

aris; `gawvimeba~ SeiZleba erT SemTxvevaSi sasurveli iyos,

204

sxva dros ki _ ara. Aase rom, qarTul `vaiTu~-s saanalizo

nawilaki mxolod maSin Seesatyviseba, roca am ganwyobas

movlenis mimarT vrceli teqsti asaxavs.

qarTuli Sesatyvisis ufro meti sizuste miiRweva

konstruqciiT: `mgoni~ (/Cemi azriT) + nazmnari nawilaki

ùnda~ + zmnis kavSirebiTi kilo: aTxe mestias díæ uCxa _

àxla mestiaSi, mgoni (/Cemi azriT), unda wvimdes~ (`wvim-

da~);

sablu buzоlрr, díæe jрОdéndax i laxëmd alк, Tæi!

(sv. pr. t. I 1939: 181,6) _ `sabralo{ebo} futkrebo (`buz-iko-

eb-o~), mgoni unda gSiodeT (`gSiodaT~) da WameT es, ai,

Tafli!~

miC eser xoxal Sdiqi Jagrрr, mare díæ eser míd Cæemin (iqve 55,10) _ `me vici kbilis wamali, magram albaT

ar izamo~ (`maso icis kbilis wamali, magram vaiTuo ar

qna~).

rac Seexeba saanalizo nawilakis gamoyenebas warsu-

li drois movlenis gamosaxatavad, zemosvanurSi igi buneb-

rivad mxolod II SedegobiTTan Cans:

bz. aleqsandre díæ{e} рmвedlрsæ / bq. doRæe /noRæe omвedelрsæ _ `mgoni, aleqsandre unda Camosuliyo

/ mgoni, Camovida~.

vрО-vрО eser, [dina] díæ dрæs oTxæión (iqve, 401,11) _ `vai-vaio, vgoneb, [gogo] devs unda waeyvanao~;

6. xekæes `Cemi azriT~; ùnda... ~ (sityvasityviT: ùn-

dodes~; Sdr. awmyo: xaku{C} ùnda~); es leqsema, qarTuli

ùnda~-sgan gansxvavebiT, nawilakis funqciiT mxolod kav-

SirebiTis formiT gamoiyeneba.

ùnda~ nazmnari nawilaki qarTulSic yovelTvis infe-

rencias gamoxatavs, oRond xan savaldebuloobas, auci-

leblobas, xanac _ mxolod varauds: `modaluri zmnebisgan

modaluri nawilakebis warmoqmnas am zmnaTa semantikis

gadaweva ganapirobebs. ùnda~ zmnis SemTxvevaSi: surs >

205

survili aqvs > sWirdeba > esaWiroeba > saWiroa, aucile-

belia~ (jorbenaZe 1993: 273). aRniSnul nazmnar nawilaks

aqvs kidev erTi mniSvneloba _ es aris SesaZlebloba. saki-

TxTan mimarTebiT sayuradRebod gveCveneba W. qirias mosaz-

reba zanurSi pirobiTis mwkrivTa mawarmoeblis _ -ko(n)

morfemis Sesaxeb:

`ko(n) morfemizebuli nawilaki, romelic nakvTis ma-

warmoebeli funqciiT gamodis, desemantizebuli ar aris, _

arcTu iSviaTad igi im semantikur niuansebs gamoxatavs,

rac sazogadod akisria oko(n) modalur nawilaks _ amiT

is axlos dgas qarTul (dial.) saTanado (un-

da||una||un||nda||na) calTan, magram mxolod es ar amowuravs

mis funqcias, _ misi ZiriTadi gramatikuli daniSnulebaa

nakvTebis warmoeba. ase rom, funqciuri TvalsazrisiT, er-

Ti donis monacemebad SegviZlia CavTvaloT zanuri oko(n)

da qarTuli (dial.) unda||una... nawilakebi~ (qiria 2004: 81).

swored aRniSnul nawilakTa (unda || una, kon) donis

monacemia svanurSi xekæes (ùndodes~) nazmnari nawilaki,

romelic ZiriTadi zmnis samive seriis kavSirebiTebTan er-

Tad gamoiyeneba (xekæes jрОdéndлdx _ ùnda gSiodeT~, si-

tyvasityviT: ùndodes gSiodeT~, rac SeiZleba iyos kate-

goriulic (àse unda iyos!~) da inferenciulic (`Cemi az-

riT, unda gSiodeT~).

7. Wur (`mgoni~) nawilaki Tanamedrove balszemour

metyvelebaSi ar gvxvdeba, ramdenime SemTxvevaRa dasturde-

ba dRemde gamocemul balszemour prozaul teqstebSic

(Tu ar CavTvliT `kodorul qronikebs~, romlis masalac

swored kiloTa interferenciulobis TvalsazrisiT aris

saintereso da, amdenad, amjerad sabuTad ver gamogvadgeba,

vinaidan kodoreli balszemoelebis metyvelebaSi Warbad

gvxvdeba balsqvemouri leqsika da piriqiT.); samagierod

Zalze xSirad fiqsirdeba Zvel svanur xalxur simRereb-

Si, Tumca misi mniSvneloba iq ramdenadme bundovania:

206

lenj.: jрrsi Txumas Wur xaJoRa [baxTénger], sga me-

Cdelix sanjрxTesga (sv. poez. I 1939: 64,25) _ `jars TavSi

gasZRolia [baxTungeri], Sesulan jarSi~;

mulax.: xoxærкm udils lereqæ-lezæeb aSdarxa-

niS{d} Cu Wur esæda (iqve, 166,113) _ ùmcros das tanisamosi da saWmeli aSdarxanisTvis Turme daudvia~;

ifar.: mia isgæeОd mamgæeS miyra, Sgæiri demnoS Wur

miwæena (iqve, 172,14) _ `me TqvenTvis araferi miqnia, sir-

cxvili arafriT miCvenebia~.

Aakaki SaniZe da varlam Tofuria saanalizo nawilaks

zogjer `Turme~-d Targmnian, xSirad ki qarTul teqstSi

is gamotovebulia, rac, Cveni azriT, imaze metyvelebs, rom

misi funqcia didi mecnierebisTvisac ki mTlad naTeli ar

iyo. karpez donduas `svanur-qarTul-rusul leqsikonSi~

misi ganmartebaa `TiTqos, viTom, iqneb~ (dondua 2001: 375).

SesaZloa, es nawilaki `Turmes~ ki ara, sxvaTa sityvis na-

wilakis tolfasic iyo da gamoiyeneboda eser (`-o~) nawi-

lakis funqciiT, oRond mxolod impersonaluri mTqmelis

aRsaniSnavad (àmboben...~); sxvagvarad: Wur aRniSnavda dis-

tancias mTqmelsa da informacias Soris, oRond semantiku-

rad wina planze movlenis unaxaoba ki ara, misi `sxva xe-

lidan~, gareSe wyarodan miRebis faqti unda yofiliyo

wamoweuli; Cveni varaudis sisworis SemTxvevaSi es nawila-

ki Tavisi istoriuli funqciiT `sxvaTa sityvis~ nawilake-

bis rigs unda Seematos, romelic, balszemourSi sabolo-

od eser da roq{æ} nawilakebma jer daCrdiles, Semdeg ki

saerTod gamodevnes, xolo balsqvemourSi moxda misi se-

mantikis gadaweva. Wur dRemde metad produqtulia eviden-

cialobisTvis, oRond gamoxatavs ara gadmocemiTobas, ara-

med mTqmelis varauds (rac balszemourisTvis absolutu-

rad ucxoa) da zustad Seesabameba qarTul nazmnar nawi-

laks `mgoni~; xSirad windebulian zmnebTan igi tmesur po-

ziciaSia; saerTod ki maT mosdevs da arasodes win ar

uZRvis im leqsemas, romelsac savaraudoobis semantikas

207

aniWebs, Sesabamisad, is ar SeiZleba winadadebis dasawyis-

Si Segvxvdes, gansxvavebiT qarTuli `Turme~, àlbaT~, ìq-

neb~, `mgoni~..., Tu svanuri esnрr, díæ{e} da zogi sxva infe-

renciuli nawilakisgan:

Cu-Wur-aSdue / CæaSdue Wur _ `mgoni, CamoTovs~;

mérzabeg Wur anRri _ `mgoni, murzabegi modis~ (aq-centi murzabeqzea), magram Mmérzabeg anRri Wur _ `murza-

begi modis, mgoni~ (aqcenti mosvlazea);

zmnaTagan es nawilaki yvela araevidencialur da,

aseve, unaxaobis formasTan gvxvdeba, epistemikur zmnebs ki

verc es leqsema egueba, msgavsad zemoT aRniSnulisa; maga-

liTad, myofadis kategoriul (araevidencialur, neitra-

lur) formasTan is bunebrivad JRers:

inglisurs JixæiTæri Wur _ ìnglisurs viwavli,

mgoni~, magram ar SeiZleba: J’oxT{æ}erne Wur, rac qarTu-

lad daaxloebiT aseTi anomaliuri winadadebis tolfasia:

ìqneb viswavlo, mgoni~.

ar gamovricxavT am nawilakis nazmnarobas: onWæir

`velodebi, vfiqrob, vvaraudob~ (I p. f.), рnWir (II-III p. f.)

Sdr. li-n-Wir (< li-n-Wæir < *li-n-Wòr < *li-Wur-e `gone-

ba~ (masdari), lр-n-Wir `mosalodneloba~ (abstraqtuli sa-

xeli).

SevniSnavT, rom aRniSnuli zmna balsqvemour dia-

leqtSi dubitatiur frazeologiur SesityvebaSia: dem

onWæir! (sityvasityviT: àr velodebi, ar mgonia~), is im si-

tuaciaSi gamoiyeneba, romelsac qarTulSi Seesabameba

`kargi erTi!~ `nuTu, marTla!~ zogjer es gamoTqma garTu-

lebulia kidev erTi leqsemiT: dem onWæir, {i} bрqs! (si-

tyvasityviT: àr velodebi {da} tyuils!~, rac qarTulad

absurdi gamodis) _ am formiT frazeologizmi ara dubita-

tiurobas, aramed uSualod mTqmelis kategoriul negati-

ur gadawyvetilebas gamoxatavs da maSin mas evidencialo-

basTan kavSiri ara aqvs:

_ Rérima lрbergiTe? `waxval saToxnelad?~

208

_ dem onWæir {i bрqs}! àraviTar SemTxvevaSi!~ / `meti

saqme ar maqvs!~ ({i}bрqs SesaZloa, elifsia, romelsac ak-

lia negatiuri zmna dem tuli _ àr vityvi~).

8. balszemour dialeqtSi Tanamedrove balsqvemour

Wur nawilaks mniSvnelobiT yvelaze metad Seesabameba mab-

Ja `mgonia~ da рnRæli _ `mgoni / vgoneb~ leqsemebi, rom-

lebic, maTi qarTuli semantikuri Sesatyvisebis msgavsad,

moqmedi zmnebia: mabJa `mgonia, mimaCnia~ (baJ `goni~, baJa

`goneba (abstr.), miCneva~; Sdr. qarT. goni > vgoneb, mgonia),

рnRæli `velodebi, moveli~ (liRli, Rela _ `cda, lodi-

ni~), II p. jabJa, рnRli (/рnReli), III p. xabJa, рnRli (/рnRe-

li)..., Tumca evidencialobis gamosaxatavad es leqsemebi

ganawilakebulia da swored `mgonis~ funqciiT gvxvdeba,

anu konstruqciaSi isini Semasmenlebia da hipotaqss qmni-

an (1), rogorc nawilakebi ki _ gankerZoebas, kerZod, Ca-

rTuls warmoadgenen (2):

(1) mi al gæeS xoCamd mabJa _ `me es saqme kargad

mimaCnia~; O

(2) ala xoCa gæeS li, mabJa _ ès kargi saqmea,

mgoni~.

Sesabamisad, evidencialobis nawilakis funqciiT saa-

nalizo leqsema mxolod I pirTan gvxvdeba (iseve, rogorc

ar arsebobs mgoni’s II da III piris formebi qarTulSi);

balszemour dialeqtSi mabJa nazmnari nawilakia.

8. aseve, meore balszemouri saanalizo leqsema

(рnRæli) mTavari winadadebis Semasmenelia konstruqciaSi:

рnRælid, ere Ji roqæ рxæSomed (sv. pr. t. I 1939: 36,33)

_ `velodebiT (/vfiqrobT), rom davisvenebTo~, _ xolo Ca-

rTulia martiv winadadebebSi:

bz.: CæiæCxìni, рnRæli _ `gawvimdeba, mgoni~;

рrCil q’кCрd, рnRæli, SæрnTe _ àrCili wavida

(`gavida~), mgoni, svaneTSi~;

roca saanalizo leqsema nawilakis funqciiTaa, iseT

209

konteqstSi, romelic prezumptivs an konkluzivs (varaudi,

logikuri daskvna) Seesabameba, ZiriTadi zmna araevidencia-

luria, kategoriulia da, Sesabamisad, gvxvdeba pirda-

pirevidencialuri (neitraluri, kategoriuli) awmyos (1),

`windebul-Tandebuliani~ myofadisa (2) da qarTuliseburi

warmoebis xolmeobiTis (3) formiT:

(1) Sdue, рnRæli _ `Tovs, mgoni~;

(2) lрdi CæaSdæe, рnRæli _ `dRes CamoTovs, vgo-

neb~;

(3) lëTi lics Cæрkæremda, рnRæli _ `wuxel wyals ga-

yinavda, mgoni~;

xolo stilurad gaumarTavia da am enis warmomadge-

neli arasodes ityvis: iSdæìni (inferenc. awmyo, resp. usru-li myofadi), рnRæli, rac qarTulad ase JRers: `Tovdes

iqneba, mgoni~ an àlbaT Tovs, mgoni~; Tu amgvari kon-

struqcia mainc Segvxvda, ukve hipotaqsia, xolo aRniSnuli

leqsema zmna-Semasmenelia da ara CarTuli nawilaki: eja

anRelda, ere lics Cæadkæermina _ is moeloda, rom, SesaZ-

loa, [yinvas] wyali gaeyina (`wyals gayinavda~); aseve ar Se-

iZleba: CæanSdæiæne (ZiriTadpreverbiani, inferenciuli

myofadi), рnRæli _ àlbaT CamoTovs, mgoni~ / `CamoTovos

iqneba, mgoni~ an: lëTi lics Cæadkæermina (pirobiTi),

рnRæli _ `wuxel wyals gayinavda, albaT, mgoni~... [Sdr (1),

(2), (3)].

maSasadame, stilis gaTvaliswinebiT, msjelobis,

savaraudo daskvnis aRmniSvneli zmnebi mocemul nawila-

kebs ver igueben, radgan isini Tavadve epistemikurni arian;

Tumca konkluziur (savaraudo, logikaze dafuZnebuli

daskvna) mwkrivebs (I da II pirobiT-SedegobiTi) saanalizo

nawilakebi Tavisuflad ewyobian iseve, rogorc III seriis

evidencialobis TvalsazrisiT neitralur (pirdapirevi-

dencialur) formebs epistemikur konteqstSi; pirdapirevi-

dencialur zmnebTan konteqstis epistemikur Sinaarss mxo-

210

lod nawilaki ganapirobebs [(4), (6)], iribevidencialureb-

Tan ki unaxaobis organul formebTan `Turme~ nawilakis

xmarebis analogiur viTarebas, pleonazms, vawydebiT [(5), (7)]:

(4) alas RæaSì xodgara (eqsperienciuli, usruli

I SedegobiTi), рnRæli /mabJa _ àmas jixvic {mo}-

uklavs (=hyavs monaklavi), mgoni~;

(5) alas RæaSì Cuxedgрri (pirobiT-SedegobiTi I),

рnRæli /mabJa _ àmas jixvic albaT mouklavs

(=eyoleba monaklavi), mgoni~;

(6) mindias æiji leRæì xímón, (usruli II Sedegobi-

Ti), рnRæli /mabJa _ `mindias Ggvelis xorcic

eWama (=hqonda naWami), mgoni~;

(7) mindias æiji leRæì Cuxлmíl (pirobiT-SedegobiTi

II), рnRæli /mabJa _ `mindias Ggvelis xorcic al-

baT eWama (=eqneboda naWami), mgoni / vfiqrob / mo-

salodnelia...~.

9. gomni / gomnì _ am nawilakis etimologia mTlad

naTeli ar aris, Tumca, SesaZloa, qarTul `gon~ ZirTan

hqondes kavSiri [Sdr. bz.: li-gím-e `gamo-gon-eb-a~, lé-gím-e

`gamogonebuli~: maОkрli cégnрrs i-gím-e baba! _ `ra karg (`ra yalib-is~) zRaprebs igonebs babua~]; qarTulad mxo-

lod aRweriTad Tu gadmovcemT _ àba, Tu...~; ài, naxavT,

Tu...~; es nawilaki gamoxatavs mTqmelis eWvs, dauTanxmeb-

lobas sxvisi naTqvamis an naazrevis mimarT niSnis mogebis

niuansiT; teqstis amgvari semantika dubitativs Seesabameba:

eCqa róqæ manësgra muxæbëm: `ОaRo eser, ja adine

rédins lahсdTe, gomnì eser ja amJi xolкm naRæWars рnвde (sv. pr. t., I 1939: 152,24) _ `maSin Tqva SuaTana Zmam: aba, me

waviRebo rodins gasayidad, [naxavT] Tu me ase cud navaWrs

movitano!~

ОaRo roq, aTxe gomnì amJi hрrid рntxeni (iqve: 223,

20) _ àba, axla Tu ase carieli davbrundebio (`dabrun-

211

debao~)!~

gomni рmjéræas! _ `[aba], Tu damijeros!~

10. balsqvemourSi msgavsi semantikisTvis gamoiyeneba

{h}ema nawilaki, romelic arc balszemourisTvisaa ({h}ëma)

ucxo: {h}ema roq amJi xola naRæWars рnвde..., {h}ema eser ji

amJi hрrid рntxeni... (bq.) _ `[aba, naxavT] Tu me ase cud na-

vaWrs movitano!~

T. SaraZeniZis azriT, am leqsemaSi ma elementi nawi-

laki ki ara, `ra~ kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelia. àmJamad h ë m a

imasve aRniSnavs, rasac h e `Tu~, magram ufro adre misi

mniSvneloba iqneboda Tu+ra (`Tu is~)~ (SaraZeniZe 1946: 310).

gomni’sTan SedarebiT, {h}ema `Tu~-s marTlac ufro

metad Seesabameba da hipotaqsur konstruqciaSic ixmareba:

{h}ë/ema рdgæó/рli, dabs qaxæaвni _ `Tu gamoidarebs (ì-

gvalv-eb-s~), yanas davxnav~; {h}ë/ema jazæni, qajufSæde... _

`Tu ginda wasvla, gagiSveb...~, {h}ema рmjéræisg, demis

ihdére (bq.) _ `Tu damijerebs, ar inanebs~ da a. S. amgvar

viTarebaSi (hipotaqsisTvis) gomni’s ver gamoviyenebT; amas-

Tan, gomni nawilaki mxolod koniunqtivis zmnur formeb-

Tan erTad an inferenciul saxeobebTan (inferenciuli aw-

myo, ZiriTadpreverbiani myofadi, pirobiTi...) gamoiyeneba,

{h}ema ki, rogorc vxedavT, am mxriv SezRuduli ar aris.

maSasadame, gomni’s funqcia dubitatiurobis gamoxat-

vaa, {h}ema ki mxolod ìTavsebs~ mas.

11. mugædрÎ / mugæda (bz.) – `TiTqos~, `viTom~; mzeTuna-

xрæ anврd, amnëm ejJi q’кnérhe amCu larda, ere mugæda narhi

xatæarda (sv. en. qr. 1978: 158,13) _ `mzeTunaxavi [rom] movi-

da, aman ise gaanaTa aqauroba (àq samyofi~), rom TiTqos

sinaTle enTo~;

es leqsema nawilakovan sxvaTa sityvasTanac gamoiye-

neba da informaciis dubitatiurobas ganapirobebs: Salæad

212

róqæ, mugædрÎ mestiad TæiTmfrinaæ eser oTniSnax _ `Sal-

vam Tqva, TiTqos mestiamde TviTmfrinavi dauniSnavTo~.

12. bz. níTaæ, lSx. níTi, lnt. noTi (`vinZlo~, ìqneb~)

nawilakiT mTqmeli informaciaSi erTdroulad sasurvelo-

ba-savaraudoobas afiqsirebs; SeiZleba garkveul SemTxveva-

Si mas ìqneb~ ganmartebac moergos qarTulSi, magram am

dros vrceli konteqstis ganxilva aucileblad aCvenebs

varaudSi natvris niuanss da am varaudis mimarT mTqmelis

pozitiur (da ara neitralur) ganwyobas. qarTulSi calke

aRebuli ìqneb~ mxolod varauds gamoxatavs, xolo `vin-

Zlo~ _ varaudsac da mTqmelis damokidebulebasac (na-

tvras, sasurvelobas) missave varaudTan, aseTive mimarTebaa

svanurSi mérës’sa da saanalizo nawilaks Soris:

nрО uSxæкr xogædirdad: `níTaæ roq Cu míd ankкfe [Jрhd]~ (sv. pr. t., I, 1939: 34,8) _ `Cven erTmaneTs veWidebo-

diT: `vinZlo ar wagvaqcioso (`wagvaqciao~) zvavma~;

méxрr níTaæ J’axwinda Calisime [zurolórs] (iqve,

123,31) _ `xval iqneb moerios Calisime [qalebs]~;

am leqsemis Semcvel evidencialur konstruqciaSi

mTqmeli (I piri) xSirad -éj sxvaTa sityvis nawilaksac ur-

Tavs da amiT damatebiT gaxazavs, rom sasurvel-savaraudo

movlena inferenciulia:

níTaæ-éj mкm lрsæ xola linTæ amzaæ! _ `vinZlo-me-

Tqi ar iyos (ìyo~) cudi zamTari wels!~

adgil-mamul mag q’íTæodax jæidRaО natоsunRa, níTi

loq RerTem gezal laxímex _ àdgil-mamuli sul gauyidi-

aT sanTelSi da sakmevelSi, iqneb RmerTma Svili mogvce-

so~ (dondua 2001: 240);

noTi loq Cæadagaris lрCæd рleqsandre (sv. pr. t., III

1967: 142,30) _ `vinZlo moklaso iremma aleqsandre~ (zRap-

ris mixedviT, aleqsandres daRupva mTqmeliTvis sasurve-

lia);

am da msgavs winadadebebSi evidencialobis orive sa-

213

xeobaa nawilakebiT warmodgenili: verbaloba (roq / loq

`-o~) da inferencia (níTaæ / níTi / noTi `vinZlo~).

rogorc aRvniSneT, saanalizo nawilakis saSualebiT

konteqsti natvris kilosac iZens, magram es meoreulia,

mTavari varaudia, inferenciaa, oden natvra (semantika `ne-

tav~) ki, inferenciis gareSe, svanurSi -oRæ /-oæ /-æ (qarT.

`-mca~) nawilakiT gamoixateba.

13. serTxi (`vaiTu~, ìqneb~) nawilaki dResdReobiT, Zi-

riTadad, balsqvemour dialeqtSia, Tumca balszemour teq-

stebSic aRmoCnda TiTo-orola magaliTi:

miCрSd eser CoTRoræa, mare miCa babas, hрndrólebs,

eser deS oTRoræi serTxi (sv. pr. t. I 1939: 98,22) _ `me

momatyue, magram babuaCems, handralebso, ver moatyuo iqneb

(/vaiTu)~.

`svanuri enis qrestomaTiis~ balszemour masalaSi aR-

niSnuli nawilaki gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT (`miTume-

tes~, `gansakuTrebiT~) Segvxvda:

erxi zuralór xatycix bofSрrs, sлrTxi dìnóls, mare

amRa mërmól eSì dëm qæicex (sv. en. qr. 1978: 12,22) _ `zogi

qalebi scemen bavSvebs, miTumetes, gogoebs, magram amitom

(àmisTvis~) sxvebi mainc ar Cumdebian~;

ОeræóО zurкl sutd рri i serTxì laxe meCi li, eCì

WaTasi gun xeqкbunрl mрg (iqve, 53, 22) _ `romeli qalebic

mgloviared arian da, miTumetes, Tu moxucia, imis wyevla-

sac Zalian erideba yvela~;

serTxì lóTSæ nëSkaJìn ОeræóО ayære, ejas kæрmi

bрdSæ Tërрr xкr Cu léwranкle (iqve, 115,33) _ `gansakuTre-

biT, RamiT sxvenze vinc wevs, imas kvamlisgan Tvalebi aqvs

dawiTlebuli~.

rogorc aRmoCnda, yvela teqsti, sadac es leqsema

gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba, lenjerulia da

cnobil mTqmels _ sebi guledans ekuTvnis; cocxal me-

214

tyvelebaSi gadamowmebam aCvena, rom dRes am nawilaks bal-

szemoelebi balsqvemourad Tvlian, amasTan umravlesobam

misi mniSvnelobac ar icis; axali Taobis ramdenime lenje-

relma daadastura am sityvis arseboba TavianT kilokavSi

(Tumca Tavad ar xmaroben), oRond CvenTvis cnobili (`vai-

Tu~) semantikiT; am sityvis `miTumetes~ mniSvnelobiT gamo-

yeneba maTTvisac gaugebari aRmoCnda. Sesabamisad, aRniSnu-

li semantika meoreuli unda iyos da araa gamoricxuli,

mTqmelis metyvelebis specifikas ukavSirdebodes.

balsqvemour dialeqtSi am nawilaks mxolod maSin

gamoiyenebs mTqmeli, Tu varaudi misTvis arasasurvel mo-

vlenas exeba (bz. níTaæ nawilakis sapirispirod):

serTxi misрs zeq deS ogæeri! _ `vaiTu wels SeSa

ar gveyos (`gveyofa~)~;

serTxi befSs CæрTuJniæ i klрsTe J’рxgæОрniæ _

`vaiTu bavSvs daeZina (`daeZineboda iqneba~) da skolaSi da-

agvianda (`daagvindeboda iqneba~)~;

aRniSnuli nawilaki mxolod inferenciuli awmyos,

svanuri specifikuri (ZiriTadpreverbiani) myofadisa da pi-

robiTis formebs iguebs; misi CarTva im mwkrivebTan erTad,

romlebSic kategoriulobis xarisxi maRalia, stiluri

xarvezis safuZvelia; arasworia: befS{æ} serTxi Cuimcxрni

(qarTuliseburi, kategoriuli myofadi) _ `bavSvi vaiTu ga-

civdeba~; sworia: befS{æ} serTxi Cuрdmacxni (sakuTriv

svanuri, ZiriTadpreverbiani inferenciuli myofadi) = `bav-

Svi vaiTu gacivdes (`gacivdeba iqneba~).

saanalizo nawilakis etimologia ucnobia, Tumca vva-

raudobT, rom aq nawilakTa kombinaciasTan unda gvqondes

saqme; a. oniani svanurSi -xi elements zmnizedis erT-erT

mawarmoeblad Tvlis: eC-xi ùfro iqiT~, am-xi ùfro aqeT~,

Ji-xi ùfro zeviT~ (oniani 1998: 278); es nawilaki TiTqos

odnaobiTobas aniWebs im sityvas, romelsac erwymis.Aase ma-

galiTad, aTxe-xi àm bolo dros, axlaxan~, magram iSvia-

215

Tad zmnis uaryofiT formasTanac gvxvdeba da `TiTqmis~

niuanss hmatebs mas (rac, faqtobrivad, igivea); zmnizedaSi

monawileobis formiTa da funqciiTac -xi elementi -viT

Tandebuls uaxlovdeba (im semantikis gaTvaliswinebiT,

romelsac qarTulSi `zeviT~ zmnizedis komponentTa kombi-

nacia iZleva): `ze~ + `viT~ _ Ji + xi, `qve + viT~ _ Cu-xi...

demeg-xi mizna _ `TiTqmis ar wavsulvar~;

Cuxi anqрx _ òdav qvemoT Camoiwia~ = `CamoiwiasaviT~

(odnaobis da ara “TiTqos” gagebiT);

ase rom, msgavs konteqstSi saanalizo nawilakis (-xi)

funqcia kategoriulobis xarisxis Semcireba unda iyos;

leqsemis pirveli nawili ki, SesaZloa, ser (`kidev~; `meti~;

ùkve~) leqsemasTan iyos kavSirSi. is, rom saboloo saxiT

rTul nawilaks (serTxi) arc erTi Semadgeneli nawilis

mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Cveulebrivi movlenaa; Sdr. Zv. qarT.

monacemebi:Q

Ra-me-Tu _ ìqneb~, ègeb~: `mibrZane da ...salbuni da wa-

mali dagdva, raОTa, he, Ra-me-Tu ganikurno~ (iakob curtave-

li, `SuSanikis wameba~);

Turme: `cxadia, es sityva warmoadgens kavSir-nawilake-

bis SeerTebas: Tu-re>*Tu-re-me>Turme, ise, rom arc erTi

maTganis mniSvneloba mas ara aqvs~ (qavTaraZe 1956: 178-180).

a. arabulis azriT, `Tu-re~ ori nawilakis SeerTebas

warmoadgens (romelic istoriulad kidev garTulda -me na-

wilakiT) saidanac `Tu~ ZiriTadi mniSvnelobis matarebe-

lia; mkvlevars am daskvnis safuZvels aZlevs mTis dialeq-

tebis monacemebi, sadac `Ture~-s funqciur ekvivalentad

dasturdeba nawilaki `Tu~; aseve Zvel da Tanamedrove qar-

TulSi mis mier dadasturebuli saTanado magaliTebi (ara-

buli 1984: 145).

elementTa kombinacias warmoadgenen ganusazRvrelo-

biTi nacvalsaxelebi Tu zmnizedebic: `raRac~, `viRac~,

`rame~, `vinme~, `sadme~ da sxv.

216

14. bq. heurd (< hedur-d / hedæir-d `sul~, `mTl-ad~;

hedæir 1. `mTeli~; 2. `janmrTeli~) _ nazmnizedari nawilaki

`rogorc Cans~, ètyoba~;

heurd dрr рrix qors – `rogorc Cans (/albaT), aravin

aris (àrian~) saxlSi~;

es nawilaki aucileblad gulisxmobs uaxloes winapi-

robas, faqts, romlis ganzogadebis niadagzec warmoadgens

mTqmeli varauds sxva movlenis Sesaxeb; Wur’sa da heurd’s

Soris daaxloebiT iseTi mimarTebaa, rogoric qarTul

`mgoni~ leqsemasa da `rogorc Cans~ sintagmas Soris: pir-

veli maTgani ufro subieqturia, meore ki SedarebiT kon-

kretul, xelSesaxeb winapirobas eyrdnoba.

15. zs. Sкl/Sal (naTandebulari nawilaki an Tandebu-

li `viT~, evidencialobis nawilakis funqciiT) _ specia-

lur literaturaSi dafiqsirebulia misi nawilakad gamo-

yenebis faqti: garda saxelisa da zmnizedisa, àRniSnuli

Tandebuli daerTvis uaryofiT nawilakebsa da uaryofiT

nacvalsaxelebs: desa-Sкl-xeznкn litxiel _ `TiTqmis (xa-

zi Cvenia. q. m.) ar sCveoda enis Semobruneba~ (SavreSiani

2008: 252). Ggaxazulia isic, rom ìseve, rogorc qarTulis

zogierT kiloSi, svanurSic xSiria saxelzmnebze da zmneb-

ze misi darTva~ (iqve), Tumca aq mis erTaderT mniSvnelo-

bad miTiTebulia `msgavsebis~ aRniSvna. aRniSnulis garda,

zemosvanur dialeqtebSi saanalizo elementis mniSvneloba

aseve aris `mgoni / vgoneb~:

bz. _ nodar laxbрrОi moS amzaæ umaRlesTe? _ `noda-

ri Tu Caabarebs (/Tu SeZlebs Cabarebas) netav wels umaR-

lesSi?~

_ sgaxabrрi Sкl _ `mgoni Caabarebs~;

bq. _ Tasaæ lima léрr? _ `Tasavi cocxalia?~

_ ie Sal... (an: _ léрr Sal li...) _ `ki, mgoni~ (`co-

cxali, mgoni, aris...~); cxadia, moyvanil magaliTebSi Sal

217

nawilaks qarTuli `TiTqmis~ versia verafriT miesadageba;

es nawilaki semantikurad axlosaa Wur‘Tan (Tanamed-

rove mniSvnelobiT) da TiTqmis imave viTarebaSi gvxvdeba,

oRond Wur, ase vTqvaT, ùfro metad~ inferenciulia, Sal

aseve inferencias gulisxmobs, magram mTqmelis darwmune-

bulobis xarisxi TiTqos SedarebiT maRalia;

16. imæкle _ 1) ganusazRvrelobiTi nawilaki `sadme~,

`sadRac~; 2) epistemikuri nawilaki ìqneb~, `SesaZloa~...; mi-

si reducirebuli varianti unda iyos mкle:

aTxe adWkоre xelwifd: àl befSæ eser eja [miCa ge-

zal] li imæкle!.. (sv. pr. t. I, 1939: 151,12) _ axla ifiqra

xelmwifem: ès bavSvi is (Cemi Svili) unda iyoso (sityva-

sityviT: ès bavSvio is aris mgoni / SesaZloa...~);

[ej lрir] dós eser moS xoWædкna, j’eseri deS

рdWodóni imæкle i J’ìæ esWæën i рgiTëæ aCрd (iqve, 417,21) _

`[is wigni] veravis waukiTxavs, Senc ver waikiTxav albaT

(/iqneb Senc ver waikiTxo) da gabrundi da saxlSi wadio~;

ala imnрr aTakær, si mкre, sрrgib jeríl mкle! (iqve,

169,38) _ ès ratom gadaagde, Se kaco, iqneb gamogdgomoda

(„sargebeli geqneboda iqneb~)!~

saanalizo nawilaki Sedgenilia: im-æóО /im-gæa (`sa-

dac~) + le elementebisagan; Sdr. Somæк-le /Soma-le <

SomæрО /Soma (`rodis~) + le _ `rodisme~, mo-le `rame~... Se-

saZloa, mк-le imæкle’s reduqciiT ki ar iyos miRebuli,

aramed ma- uaryofiTi nawlakisa da -le’s kombinaciiT. Ta-

vad -le ki funqciurad da materialuradac qarTuli -me

nawilakis Sesatyvisi unda iyos.

17. bq. malToRæ{e} / lalToRæe (`TiTqos~, `viTom~:

malT-oRæ-{e} Somale nardæ xæрsæ ameCu _ `TiTqos rodis-

me namyofi [unda] viyo aq~) _ aseve kombinirebuli Cans; mas-

Si monawileobs -oRæ `mca~ nawilaki, xolo auslautis -e,

romelic savaldebulo ar aris, miTiTebiTi nawilaki unda

218

iyos, romelic svanurSi Zalze produqtiulia: eji’ (ìs, e~), xolo malT / malTe SesaZloa mкle’sTan (ìqneb~)

saerTo Ziri iyos, Tumca ki Sedgenili.

18. lрid (`mTlad~; `sul~) leqsema, romelic amosaval-

Si viTarebis zmnizeda unda iyos (bq. lрid Cu demeg adgрr i aS mamagæeS aTkрlne _ `mTlad ar mokla da ise araferi

daaklo~), Tumca balsqvemour dialeqtSi isic eWvis, varau-

dis gamomxatveli nawilakis (`SesaZloa~, ìqneb~, àlbaT~,

`SeiZleba, sulac...~) funqciiT xSirad gvevlineba swored

epistemikur zmnebTan:

lрdi CæanSduisg, lрid... _ `dRes SesaZloa CamoTovs~

/ `CamoTovs, safiqralia...~;

dрæiT Tbilis irdi lрid, ejRa demTe wæa _ `daviTi

SesaZloa sulac TbilisSi imyofeba (=`TbilisSi iqneba su-

lac~), imitom arsaiT Cans~;

am nawilakis semantika serTxi’s uaxlovdeba, oRond ar

gamoixateba mTqmelis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba savarau-

do movlenis mimarT.

19. aTla (`SesaZloa~, àlbaT~) mxolod balsqvemour

dialeqtSia da, ZiriTadad, Zveli Taobis warmomadgenelTa

metyvelebaSi gaigonebT:

[maburgad] rрqæe: рmirms eser aTla Ciqi maxeRæрJ mama xewæeni i doRæ’eser gæi suru Jixi xad meCde, mare ji

eser Wkuas axTenisg (sv. pr. t. II 1959: 266,17) _ `moWidavem

(falavanma) Tqva: amirans SesaZloa jer vaJkaci ar unaxavs

albaT (=àr eyoleba nanaxi~, pirobiT-Sedeg. I) da, mgoni,

gadidgulebuli unda iyos, magram me Wkus vaswavlio~ (si-

tyvasityviT: `moWidavem Tqva: amirmso SesaZloa jer vaJkaci

ar unaxavs albaT da, vgonebo, guli nametani zeviT hqonda

gaqceuli, magram TviTono Wkuas, SesaZloa, aswavlis /as-

wavlos iqneb~).

aRniSnuli nawilakic gamoxatavs mTqmelis damokide-

bulebas informaciisadmi _ varauds damatebiTi niuansebis

gareSe.

219

maSasadame, svanur enaSi evidencialoba (rogorc ver-

baluri, aseve inferenciuli), garda gramatikuli saSuale-

bebisa, leqsikuradac gamoixateba.

evidencialobis leqsemebi funqciurad ori tipisaa:

erTni verbalobas gamoxataven _ aseTebia `sxvaTa sityvis~

nawilakebi (§11), romlebic Sesabamis konstruqciaSi (pirda-

piri naTqvami) afiqsireben informaciis verbalur wyaros,

meoreni ki _ inferencias da informaciis savaraudoobas

(aseT SemTxvevaSi informaciis wyaro Tavad mTqmelis lo-

gika, azrovnebaa).

nawilaki, romelic orive funqcias iTavsebs (saTana-

do konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT xan verbalur wyaros

gamoxatavs da xan inferenciuls), mxolod erTia: esnрr{i}

`Turme~;

sakuTriv inferenciulobis gamomxatveli damxmare

leqsemebi (romlebic verbalobas ver gadmoscemen) enaSi

ufro mravladaa; agebulebis mixedviT, SeiZleba gamoiyos

sami tipi:

1) sakuTriv nawilakebi, romelTa segmentacia ar xer-

xdeba (mérës àlbaT; rogorc Cans~; níTaæ `vinZlo~...);

2) sinTezuri leqsemebi, romlebSic Semadgeneli kom-

ponentebis dadgena SesaZlebelia (maæSli < *mр-Sæ li àl-

baT; rogorc Cans~; serTxi < ser-d-xi `vaiTu~...), Tumca isi-

ni ar warmoadgenen am komponentTa mniSvnelobebis martiv

jams;

3) nazmnari damxmare sityvebi (рnRæli `mgoni~, mabJa

`mgoni~ / `mimaCnia~ / `Cemi azriT~...).

dasturdeba SemTxvevebi, roca erT dialeqtSi moqmedi

nawilakis zusti semantikuri Sesatyvisi sxva dialeqt(eb)Si

ar moipoveba da piriqiT: bz. gomni / gomnì (àba, Tu...~; ài,

naxav, Tu...~) mugædрÎ / mugæda – `TiTqos~, `viTom~ _ es na-

wilakebi dubitatiurobas gamoxataven, balsqvemourSi ki

aRniSnuli semantika mxolod vrceli konteqstiT an sva-

nur teqstSi qarTuli nawilakebis CarTviT Tu gadmoicema;

220

asevea níTaæ (bz.) níTi (lSx.), noTi (lnt.) `vinZlo~, ìq-

neb~ _ am nawilakiT mTqmeli informaciaSi erTdroulad

sasurveloba-savaraudoobas, anu varaudSi natvris, am vara-

udis mimarT Tavisi pozitiuri (da ara neitraluri) gan-

wyobis niuanss afiqsirebs; balsqvemour dialeqtSi am qve-

teqsts mxolod aRweriTad Tu gadmovcemT.

kvlevam aCvena, rom inferenciuli leqsemebis gamoye-

neba zmnis mwkrivebTan Tavisufali rodia! maTi garkveuli

nawili mxolod indikatiur formebs uTavsdeba, zogi ki,

piriqiT, mxolod zmnis sakuTriv inferenciul mwkrivebs

(myofadusruli _ resp. inferenciuli awmyo, ZiriTadprever-

biani sruli myofadi, pirobiTi, pirobiT-SedegobiTi I da

II), iSviaTad _ kavSirebiTebs iguebs, rac, erTi mxriv, infe-

renciis (rogorc semantikuri da gramatikuli kategoriis)

Camoyalibebis da, meore mxriv, Tavad inferenciuli leqse-

mebis warmoSobis etapebs, qronologias unda ukavSirdebo-

des, rac umwerlobo enaSi rTuli dasadgenia;

Tanamedrove etapze nawilakebisa da zmnuri formebis

aRniSnuli semantikuri urTierTmimarTebis gauTvaliswi-

nebloba (Tavisufali Canacvleba) stiluri anomaliis an,

SesaZloa, teqstis araswori semantikuri interpretaciis

safuZvelic ki gaxdes.

221

Z i r i T a d i d a s k v n e b i

svanur enaSi evidencialoba gadmoicema gramatikuli

da leqsikuri saSualebebiT;

evidencialobis gamoxatvis morfologiuri saSuale-

bebia: A

a) sakuTriv „unaxaobis“ mwkrivebi (I seriis Turmeobi-

Tebi);

b) sakuTriv inferenciuli mwkrivebi (inferenciuli

awmyo, usruli da sruli pirobiTi, ZiriTadpreverbiani

myofadi);

g) perfeqtuli (III seria) zmnuri formebi;

d) morfema.

sintaqsuri saSualebebia:

a) rTuli qvewyobili winadadeba amxsnel-damazuste-

beli damokidebuli winadadebiT;

b) sxvaTa sityva.

leqsikurad evidencialoba gamoixateba:

a) iseTi CarTuli frazebiTa da winadadebebiT, rom-

lebic naTqvamTan (metyvelebasTan), azrovnebasTan an aR-

qmasTan semantikurad dakavSirebul mTavar sityvas Seica-

ven: (bz.: gрrglix, bq.: ragdix „amboben“; bz.: miSgæa lan-

RelSæ, bq.: miSgæa lрnWirSæ „Cemi varaudiT“...);

b) modaluri leqsemebiT;

evidencialobis gamoxatvis gramatikuli saSualebebi

m o r f o l o g i a

1. zmnis evidencialoba teqstis evidencialurobis mTa-

vari saSualebaa. svanuri iseve, rogorc danarCeni qarTve-

luri enebi (qarTuli, zanuri) miekuTvneba im enaTa ricxvs,

222

romlebSic evidencialobis kategoriis mniSvnelobebi Ta-

vis gamoxatulebas poveben perfeqtul droebSi: TiToeul

enas aqvs moqmedebis aqtis opoziciis _ nanaxi an unaxavi

moqmedebis _ Sesabamisi mwkrivebi, unaxavi moqmedebis gamo-

mxatveli zmnebiT mTqmeli, ZiriTadad, swored arapercef-

ciul (verbalur an inferenciul) informacias gadmoscems;

2. svanursa da zanurSi, qarTulTan SedarebiT,

mwkrivTa raodenoba metia; „met“ mwkrivebSi Sedis: a) e. w.

„uxilavobisa“ da b) sakuTriv inferenciulobis gamomxatve-

li mwkrivebi;

evidencialobis mixedviT zmnuri opoziciebi fiqsir-

deba:

a) erTi mwkrivis SigniT;

b) gansxvavebul mwkrivebs Soris;

I _ opozicia mwkrivSi

pirdapirvidencialuri : iribevidencialuri E I seria

1 neitraluri (pirdapi-revidencialuri) aw-myo

: inferenciuli, epistemi-kuri awmyo (resp. usruli myofadi)

2 windebuliani (Cu, Ji, sga, qa) myofadi (pir-dapirevidencialuri, kategoriuli)

: ZiriTadpreverbiani (an-, ad-, la-, es-) myofadi (inferenciuli; epistemi-kuri)

3 windebuliani sruli pirobiTi (resp. xolme-obiTi)

: ZiriTadpreverbiani sru-li pirobiTi (inferenci-uli, epistemikuri)

223

III seria

1 I SedegobiTi, upre-verbo, oden a’sufiq-siani(eqsperienciuli)

:

a) I SedegobiTi, uprever-

bo, -en-a’sufiqsiani (eq-

sperienciuli; verbalu-

ri an inferenciuli)

b) I SedegobiTi, prever-

biani (verbaluri an in-

ferenciuli)

2 II SedegobiTi upre-

verbo (eqsperienciu-

li)

: II SedegobiTi preverbia-

ni (inferenciuli)

II _ opozicia mwkrivebs Soris

1

uwyveteli (saze-

dao/sasxviso qceva)

:

a) I TurmeobiTi (verba-luri an inferenciuli, araepistemikuri)

b) usrulipirobiTi (in-ferenciuli; epistemiku-ri)

2 uwyveteli (neitralu-

ri qceva)

:

a) II TurmeobiTi (verba-luri / inferenciuli, araepistemikuri)

b) usruli pirobiTi (inferenciuli, episte-mikuri)

3 wyvetili : I SedegobiTi sruli

4 I SedegobiTi, uprever-

bo, a’sufiqsiani(eqspe-

rienciuli)

: I pirobiT-SedegobiTi

(eqsperenciuli; infe-

renciuli; epistemikuri)

224

5 II SedegobiTi uprever-

bo (eqsperienciuli) : II pirobiT-SedegobiTi

(inferenciuli; episte-mikuri)

rogorc am opoziciebSic Cans, zogierTi evidencia-

luri mwkrivisTvis (e. w. „unaxaobis“ gamomxatveli forme-

bi) informaciis wyaro konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT verba-

lobac SeiZleba iyos da inferenciac, oRond es mniSvne-

lobebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris epistemikuri, vinai-

dan am zmnaTa ZiriTadi mniSvneloba (unaxaoba) ar gulis-

xmobs (ar iTavsebs) sxva wyarodan miRebuli informaciis

Sefasebas sandoobis TvalsazrisiT.

Oopoziciebis funqciuri da semantikuri

daxasiaTeba

I TurmeobiTi da II TurmeobiTi (I seria) calsaxad

evidencialuri mwkrivebia, isini mxolod „unaxaobas“ gamo-

xataven (es maTi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa), amitom am forme-

biT gadmocemuli informacia an verbaluria, an _ inferen-

ciuli (oRond ara _ epistemikuri), arasodes _ percefciu-

li.

I SedegobiTSi (III seria) brunvacvalebadsubieqtiani

zmnebi evidencialobis TvalsazrisiT qarTuli salitera-

turo enisgan gansxvavebul suraTs gviCveneben; upreverbo

formebi am mwkrivSi orgvari warmoebisaa: oden -a’sufiqsia-

ni (qarTuliseburi warmoeba) da -en-a sufiqsiani; maT So-

ris evidencialuri opoziciuroba Semdegnairia:

a) I SedegobiTis upreverbo -a’sufiqsian formaTa Zi-

riTadi mniSvneloba Tanamedrove svanurSi perfeqtulobas-

Tan erTad eqsperienciulobis, precedentis arseboba-arar-

sebobis gamoxatvaa moqmedebis momentTan drouli mimarTe-

225

bis gareSe (da ara moqmedebis naxva-unaxaobis an gangrZobi-

Toba-momentobriobis gadmocema). es formebi pirdapirevi-

dencialuria;

b) I SedegobiTis upreverbo -en-a’sufiqsian formebSi

eqsperienciuloba da evidencialoba erTdrouladaa warmo-

dgenili; es formebi mxolod da mxolod moqmedebis unaxa-

obas aRniSnaven, Sesabamisad, miuTiTeben informaciis irib wya-

roze (an verbalurze, an inferenciulze), anu iribevidencia-

lurni arian.

maSasadame, qarTuliseburi warmoebis I SedegobiTis

upreverbo oden -a’sufiqsiani formebis semantikuri kompo-

nentebia perfeqtuloba da eqsperienciuloba; upreverbo -

en-a’sufiqsianebisa _ perfeqtuloba, eqsperienciuloba da

evidencialoba (unaxaoba);

g) I SedegobiTis preverbiani zmnebis semantikac cal-

saxad „Turmes“, informaciis gareSe wyaros gulisxmobs,

oRond preverbi momentobriobis da, Sesabamisad, sruli

aspeqtis gagebas sZens; amitomac saanalizo formebi wyve-

tilTan qmnian opozicias (saopozicio niSani _ unaxaoba);

TavisTavad cxadia, eqsperienciulobis komponenti am zmneb-

Si aRar aris. A I SedegobiTis preverbiani formebis seman-

tikuri komponentebia: perfeqtuloba, momentobrioba, evi-

dencialoba (unaxaoba);

II SedegobiTis (III seria) upreverbo formebi aseve eq-

sperienciuli mniSvnelobis moqmedebas aRniSnaven namyowi-

narewarsulSi. maTi semantika pirdapirevidencialuria;

preverbis darTvis SemTxvevaSi ki, I SedegobiTisgan gan-

sxvavebiT, pirobiTobas gamoxataven konteqstis farglebSi

da ara unaxaobas, (gavxazavT: zmnis organul formebSi pi-

robiToba unaxaobas gamoricxavs da piriqiT).

E

226

3. inferenciuloba (mTqmelis daskvna, romelic mas

gamoaqvs Tavisi zogadi codnis, gamocdilebisa da realu-

ri samyaros movlenebis fonze) svanuri enisTvis mkveTrad

damaxasiaTebeli semantikaa da, amavdroulad, gramatiku-

lad gamoxatuli.

sakuTriv inferenciuli mwkrivebia: I seriaSi _ infe-

renciuli awmyo (resp. usruli myofadi), ZiriTadpreverbiani

myofadi, usruli da sruli pirobiTi, III seriaSi _ piro-

biT-SedegobiTi I da pirobiT-SedegobiTi II; inferenciuli

mniSvnelobiTve gamoiyeneba preverbiani II SedegobiTic,

oRond -u /-oRæ („mca“) nawilakian konstruqciaSi.

CamoTvlili evidencialuri (inferenciuli) formebis-

Tvis informaciis wyaro ar SeiZleba iyos verbaloba, ami-

tomac vuwodebT maT „sakuTriv inferenciuls“; am zmnebis

semantika nebismier situaciaSi (neitralur konstruqciaSi,

vrcel konteqstSi...) epistemikuria da TiToeuli maTgani

opozicias qmnis an Tavissave mwkrivSi (igulisxmeba erTi

da imave mwkrivis qvesaxeobebi, gansxvavebuli rogorc for-

miT, ise semantikiT; magaliTad: „Cveulebrivi“, pirdapirevi-

dencialuri awmyo : inferenciuli awmyo; pirdapirevidenci-

aluri myofadi : inferenciuli myofadi...) an sxva mwkriv-

Tan (uwyveteli : pirobiTi; SedegobiTi I : pirobiT-Sedego-

biTi I...).

4. svanuri zmnis uRlebis tradiciul nimuSebSi ar

aris warmodgenili III seriis zemoT miTiTebuli ori infe-

renciuli (epistemikuri) mwkrivi: pirobiT-SedegobiTi I da

pirobiT-SedegobiTi II, vinaidan isini arc ise didi xnis

win Cven mier iqna SeniSnuli da saxeldebulic. amitomac

maT Sesaxeb SedarebiT vrcel zogad daskvnas SemogTa-

vazebT:

a) saanalizo formebi perfeqtulia da moepoveba yve-

la relatiur da absolutur brunvacvalebadsubieqtian

zmnas.

227

b) isini inversiulni arian inversiis tradiciuli ga-

gebiT: saanalizo formebSi realur subieqts morfologi-

uri obieqtis niSani aqvs; xolo sxva interpretaciiT (d.

meliqiSvili), subieqti manis rigis niSniTaa gamoxatuli

iseve, rogorc am seriis yvela mwkrivSi. B

g) qmnian datiur konstruqcias iseve, rogorc III se-

riis danarCeni mwkrivebi.

d) semantikuri niSani, romliTac es zmnebi upreverbo

usruli I da II SedegobiTis eqsperienciul formebs upi-

rispirdebian, epistemikurobaa.

am zmnebis aRweriTi variantebi Tavad svanurSi udris

I da II SedegobiTis upreverbo (pirdapirevidencialuri, eq-

sperienciuli) formebi + inferenciuli, epistemikuri moda-

lobis romelime nawilaki (bz. ÌéÒëÓ, bq. ÌÀæÛæËÉ „albaT“;

serTxi „vaiTu“...).

dabolos, saanalizo monacemebi (I da II pirobiT-Sede-

gobiTi), cxadia, enaSi yovelTvis arsebobda, maTi analizi

ki _ ara, ris mizezadac migvaCnia am zmnaTa omonimuroba

dinamikuri zmnebis awmyosa da statikurebis myofadis for-

mebTan.

5. epistemikis wyaro svanur zmnaSi yovelTvis infe-

renciaa, magram inferencia yovelTvis epistemikur Sinaarss

ar ganapirobebs (inferenciuli SeiZleba iyos TurmeobiTe-

biT da SedegobiTebiT gamoxatuli moqmedebac, magram maTi

semantika informaciis sandooba-sarwmunoobis xarisxis Se-

fasebas ar iTvaliswinebs).

6. upreverbo inferenciul formebSi, romlebic, sava-

raudod, enis ganviTarebis ufro adrindel etaps asaxaven,

gamoiyofa -un /-in sufiqsi (igive elementi Cans verbalobis

228

gamomxatvel I seriis TurmeobiTebSi), romelic, Cveni az-

riT, evidencialobis morfologiuri niSania.

7. sakuTriv inferenciuli mwkrivebi gamoxataven sava-

raudoobis semantikas da, Sesabamisad, verbalobas gamori-

cxaven, xolo unaxaobis mwkrivebs unari aqvT saTanado

konteqstis farglebSi xan verbaloba gamoxaton, xanac _

inferencia (cxadia, epistemikuri niuansis gareSe).

8. svanuri sakuTriv inferenciuli mwkrivebi opozici-

urobis TvalsazrisiT sruliad Tanabar pirobebSi arian

TxrobiTi kilos formebTan, ramdenadac isini, TxrobiTi

kilos msgavsad, qmnian neitralur Sesityvebas (a. arabulis

terminologiiT), semantikurad ki es ukanasknelni markire-

bulni arian ganusazRvrelobis, savaraudoobis niSniT,

rac saboloo jamSi informaciis pirobiTobas (da ara da-

dasturebulobas, „idealurobas“) gulisxmobs. amitom

vTvliT, rom svanurSi inferenciuli mwkrivebis kilo pi-

robiTia.

9. pirdapiri evidencialoba da e. w. „unaxaobaze“

dafuZnebuli iribi evidencialoba svanurSi TxrobiTi ki-

los zmnuri formebiT gadmoicema, iribi evidencialobis

inferenciuli saxeobis gamomxatveli sakuTriv inferenciu-

li zmnebi pirobiT kilos Seesabamebian, xolo rac Seexeba

kavSirebiTs, marTalia, misi erT-erTi semantikuri funqcia

inferenciaa, magram mxolod winadadebis farglebSi (damo-

ukideblad is dasrulebul azrs verc gamoxatavs!): infe-

rencia konteqstSi ki niSnavs, rom msjelobis niadagze

dgeba Sedegi. aseTi winadadeba mTlianobaSi iribevidencia-

luria, xolo zmna konteqstisgan izolirebulad _ ara

(gansxvavebiT inferenciuli awmyos, pirobiTis, pirobiT-Se-

degobiTebisgan, romlebic konstruqciisgan damoukideblad

erTmniSvnelovnad epistemikuri mniSvnelobisani arian da

229

martiv TxrobiT winadadebaSi SeuZliaT am semantikis Semo-

tana).

DTuki „nakvTis ZiriTad mniSvnelobaSi damoukidebeli

semantikuri niSani misi enobrivi arsebobis ganmsazRvreli

pirobaa da amitom yoveli semantikuri niSnis cvla (for-

mis cvlasTan erTad) uflebas gvaZlevs gamovyoT calke

zmnuri erTeuli, damoukidebeli enobrivi odenoba“ (arabu-

li 1992: 117), maSin, am principiTa da mkvlevris mier Txro-

biTi kilos qvesasistemaSi gamoyofili damoukidebeli

funqciuri erTeulebis analogiiT, svanurSi es erTeulebi

pirobiTi kilos qvesistemaSi Semdegnairad gamoiyofa:

1) inferenciuli awmyo (рgmuni „albaT aSenebs; aSenebdes

iqneba“);

2) inferenciuli myofadi sruli (adgemne „albaT aaSenebs

/ SesaZloa aaSenos“);

3) pirobiTi usruli (рgmuníl / igmuniæ „albaT / SesaZ-

loa aSenebda“);

4) pirobiTi sruli (adgemna / adgam „albaT aaSenebda“);

5) awmyos pirobiT-SedegobiTi I usruli (xë/egi „albaT

uSenebia“ = „albaT naSenebi aqvs“ / „naSenebi eqneba“);

6) namyos pirobiT-SedegobiTi II usruli (xëgíl / xegiæ

„albaT eSenebina“ = „albaT naSenebi hqonda“ / „naSenebi

eqneboda“).

10. kavSirebiTi mwkrivebi svanurSi, nakleb funqciu-

ria; SesaZloa imitomac, rom enaSi inferenciuli mwkrivebi

moipoveba da, Tu Cveni msjeloba sworia, maSin es ukanas-

knelni gacilebiT adreul stadiaze unda Camoyalibebu-

liyvnen. koniunqtivebi ki, rogorc cnobilia, Tavidan indi-

kativs gamoxatavdnen, kavSirebiT kilos isini qarTulSi

mxolod -mca nawilakTan erTad aRniSnavdnen. Aam nawila-

kis gaqrobis Semdeg daimkvidres maT dRevandeli semantika,

Tumca, svanur inferenciul zmnebTan SedarebiT, isini na-

klebunariani arian pirobiTobis gamosaxatavad.

230

s i n t a q s i

1. sintaqsurad verbaluri evidencialoba („sxvaTa si-

tyva“) qarTvelur enebSi konstruqciiTa da pirebis mixed-

viT ganawilebuli nawilakebiT gamoixateba.

svanur pirdapir naTqvamSi pirTa ganawileba-gadmoce-

misTvis amosavali Tavad mTqmelia (mTqmeli Tavisi

realuri poziciidan gamomdinare wyvets, vin romel pirad

moixsenios) da ara dialogis uSualo monawileTa realu-

ri poziciebi realur situaciaSi; swored es aris svanuri

pirdapiri naTqvamis specifika; swored amitom aris igi „na-

xevradiribi“ _ iribisnairi konstruqcia + pirdapiri na-

Tqvamis nawilakebi. sxvagvarad: konstruqciisTvis priori-

teti aris ara informaciis wyaros (informaciis uSualo

mkuTvnelis) da misi adresatis pirovnuli poziciebi (Tu

romeli piria erTi Tu meore), aramed mTqmelTan (am teq-

stis evidencialur aspeqtSi mTxrobelTan) maTi mimarTeba

(mTqmelisave TvalTaxedviT);

2. qarTulisgan gansxvavebas sxvaTa sityvaSi nawilake-

bis ganawileba ki ar qmnis, aramed Tavad konstruqcia. Ees

gansxvaveba Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo enasa da

svanurs Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania evidencialo-

bis TvalsazrisiT: Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi

„-mca“-nawilakiani zmnuri formebi aRar gamoiyeneba, amde-

nad konstruqciac Sesabamisi formiT aRar arsebobs; sva-

nurSi ki qarTuli -mca’s Sesatyvisi nawilaki -u /-oRæ

(romlis arqaulobas idiomatikac adasturebs) da misi

alomorfebi metad aqtiurni arian da konstruqcia maTi

monawileobiT ukve gulisxmobs informaciis irib („sxva“)

wyaros; Sesabamisad, aseTi konstruqciebi „sxvaTa sityvis“

specialuri nawilakebis gareSec mxolod iribevidencia-

lur semantikas gadmoscemen _ informacia uSualod

mTqmels ar ekuTvnis, informaciis wyaro gareSea, „sxvaa“.

231

3. svanurSi evidencialuri mwkrivebi moqmedebis area-

lad TiTqmis Tanabarad iyeneben parataqss da hipotaqss;

hipotaqsur konstruqciaSi inferenciul zmnaTa Ca-

rTulobis SemTxvevaSi arcerT maTganTan ar aris savalde-

bulo kavSiri, zogjer ki _ arc korelati.

vfiqrobT, svanuris monacemebi im Zveli viTarebis

gamovlinebaa, roca martivi winadadebebi mxolod logiku-

ri mimarTebiT (da ara _ gramatikulad) ukavSirdebian er-

TmaneTs, roca „enis Zvel safexurebze kiTxviTi winadadeba

asindeturad ukavSirdeboda grZnobisa da Tqmis semantikis

zmnaTa Semcvel winadadebas da kiTxviTi intonacia warmo-

adgenda sintaqsuri dakavSirebis safuZvels“ (ZiZiguri 1989:

443);

konstruqciuli specifikurobis TvalsazrisiT gansa-

kuTrebiT sayuradReboa pirobiTi damokidebuli winadade-

bis Semcveli rTuli qvewyobili winadadeba, romelic bu-

nebrivad swored mxolod Zveli qarTuliseburi modeliT

Cans;

hipotaqsuri konstruqciis Camoyalibebis periodSi

svanur enaSi zogierT mwkrivs ukve SeZenili unda hqonoda

inferenciuli mniSvneloba (Tuki inferencia saerTod meo-

reuli movlenaa), aRniSnuli zmnebi TavisTavSi moicaven pi-

robiTobis, savaraudoobis (inferenciulobis, epistemiku-

robis, albaTobis), „Tu“-s gagebas (swored im semantikas,

rasac maqvemdebarebeli kavSiri aniWebs pirobiT damokide-

bul winadadebas); amdenad, kavSiri, saliteraturo qarTu-

lisgan gansxvavebiT, savaldebulo ar iyo (Tumca parale-

lurad qvewyobili winadadebis kavSiriani SeerTebac Tana-

medrove svanurSi, cxadia, SesaZlebelia, rac ufro metad

inovacias an saliteraturo gavlenas mogvagonebs).

Cveni azriT, svanurSi hipotaqsuri konstruqciis Se-

darebiT arqauli (ukavSiro, ukorelato) tipis SenarCune-

bas xeli Seuwyo: A

232

a) inferenciuli (pirobiTi semantikis Semcveli) zmne-

bis arsebobam enaSi;

b) axali tipis rTuli konstruqciis SeqmnisTvis mo-

tivaciis ararsebobam: wignis enam sxva moTxovnebi wamoaye-

na, sxva sivrce moiTxova (umTavresi mizezi!): literaturu-

li enis gansakuTrebuli socialuri datvirTvis gamo, mis-

dami wayenebuli moTxovnebic gansxvavebulia, ramac xeli

Seuwyo rTuli konstruqciis gaCenas; Ewignis ena saanali-

zo mimarTulebiT ufro metad ganviTarda, umwerlobo enam

ki mxolod zmnis gansakuTrebuli moqnilobiTa da infor-

maciuli tevadobiT „isargebla“ da bevri ram organul

formebSi asaxa; Sesabamisad, rTuli qvewyobili winadade-

bis tipic, specifikuri (inferenciuli) mwkrivebiT gamoxa-

tuli Semasmenlis xarjze, Zveli formiT SenarCunda, Tum-

ca mis paralelurad saliteraturo enis analogiiT (da

ara aucileblobiT) TandaTanobiT konstruqciis srulyo-

fili (kavSiriani, korelatiani) formac mkvidrdeba;

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom hipotaqsuri konstruqciis Camo-

yalibebis procesi svanurSi jer ar dasrulebula, amis

dasturia saanalizo konstruqciis Zveli da axali tipebis

Tanaarseboba enaSi.

zogadad evidencialobisa da modalobis urTierTmi-

marTebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso enaTmecnierebaSi arsebuli

erT-erTi TvalsazrisiT, modaloba da evidencialoba na-

wilobriv faraven erTmaneTs (dendali, tasmovski 2001:

341-342).

svanuris viTareba swored am mosazrebas Seesabameba,

vinaidan, rogorc kvlevam aCvena, am enaSi modalizebuli

evidencialuri sistemaa (plungianis terminologiiT) da

modaloba da evidencialoba zogierT SemTxvevaSi (kerZod,

sakuTriv inferenciul mwkrivebSi) kveTen erTmaneTs;

specialur literaturaSi, ZiriTadad, gamoyofen evi-

dencialuri mniSvnelobis oTx saxeobas (evidencials): in-

dikativs, konkluzivs, renarativsa da dubitativs. svanur-

233

Si evidencialebs (indikativi _ pirdapiri, renarativi, in-

ferentivi / konkluzivi _ iribi) moepovebaT zustad gansa-

zRvruli gramatikuli mniSvneloba, romelic Semodis

rTul urTierTmimarTebebSi lingvistur Tu eqstralin-

gvistur faqtorebTan teqstSi, vinaidan evidencialoba, am

sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT, es aris teqstis kategoria

da zmnuri evidencialoba mxolod erT-erTi saSualebaTa-

gania mis gamosaxatavad.

kvlevam aCvena, rom svanuri enisTvis pirveli sami evi-

denciali organulia da produqtiuli, rac ganpirobebuli

unda iyos mdidari zmnuri sistemiT _ specifikuri

inferenciuli, epistemikuri mniSvnelobis mwkrivebiTa da,

amave dros, perfeqtuli formebis saxeobaTa simravliT,

romelTa nawili (I da II SedegobiTi) marTlac indikativis

safuZvelze ganviTarda; sxvani ki (pirobiT-SedegobiTi I da

pirobiT-SedegobiTi II) _ ukve I seriaSive arsebuli infe-

renciuli mniSvnelobis formaTa safuZvelze (Tavi III, $19);

svanurSi saeWvoobis semantikis konkluzivi gamoixa-

teba araerTi mwkrivis formiT:

inferenciuli awmyo (resp. myofadusruli): a-xtaæ-n-i /

i-xtaæ-n-i „albaT xatavs“ (/ “xatavdes iqneba” _ v. Tofu-

ria);

ZiriTadpreverbiani sufiqsuri warmoebismyofadi: ad-

xatæ-in-e „albaT /savaraudod daxatavs“;

pirobiTi: a) usruli _ a-xtaæ-n-íl / i-xtaæ-n-i-æ „al-

baT /SesaZloa /Tu... xatavda“;

b) sruli _ ad-xatæ-in-a „albaT / savaraudod daxa-

tavda“;

pirobiT-SedegobiTi I: x-e-xtрæ-i (zs.), x-e-xataæ-n-i

(lnt.) „SesaZloa /albaT {da}uxatavs = eqneba danaxati

mas is“;

234

pirobiT-SedegobiTi II: x-e-xtaæ-íl (bz.), x-e-xtрæ-i-æ

(bq.) „SesaZloa /albaT {da}exata = eqneboda danaxati

mas is“.

es mwkrivebi evidencialobasTan mimarTebiT mxolod

konkluziuri mniSvnelobiT gvevlinebian, maT ara aqvT ver-

baluri wyarodan miRebuli inormaciis damoukideblad

(sxvaTa sityvis an modalobis nawilakebis gareSe) gamoxat-

vis unari.

konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT konkluzivi SeiZleba

gamoixatos I seriis TurmeobiTebiT, I SedegobiTis prever-

biani da -en-a’sufiqsiani upreverbo formebiTac (roca

mTqmels erTi percefciuli faqtis safuZvelze sxva, ara-

percefciuli, „unaxavi“ movlenis / moqmedebis Sesaxeb gamo-

aqvs logikuri daskvna (bz. ala lкzJìn lémhól {li}, bq. ali lazJi lémhiрl {li} (II Turm.) _ „es wasvlisas Turme

Cqarobda“ _ mTqmelma dainaxa oTaxSi miyril-moyrili niv-

Tebi da es faqti ganazogada), Tumca am mwkrivTa ufro

mniSvnelovani funqcia renarativia.

svanurSi renarativisTvis ZiriTadi morfologiuri

baza I seriis TurmeobiTebi da III seriis perfeqtuli (-en-a

sufiqsianiupreverbo da ZiriTadpreverbiani I SedegobiTi)

zmnuri formebia, romlebic specialuri sintaqsuri saSua-

lebebis (konstruqcia, „sxvaTa sityvis“ nawilakebi) gareSe

gamoxataven informaciis „sxva xelidan“, gareSeE wyarodan

momdinareobas:

I TurmeobiTi: x-р-gm-{æ}in-a (bz.), x-р-gm-un-a (bq.) _ „uSe-

nebda /aSenebda (zed) Turme“;

II TurmeobiTi: bz. lé-m-góm-{æ}in [li], bq. lé-m-gem-{æ}in

[li] _ „aSenebda Turme“ / „naSeneba“;

I SedegobiTi (preverbiani): oT-g-a (zs.) _ „auSenebia

(Turme)“;

235

I SedegobiTi (upreverbo, -en-a’sufiqsiani): x-a-g-ën-a

(bz.), x-р-g-en-a (bq.) _ „uSenebia Turme = naSenebi hqonia“

(Sdr. Epidapirevidencialuri, eqsperienciuli upreverbo

a’sufiqsiani forma: xoga _ „uSenebia = naSenebi aqvs“, rome-

lic renarativi veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver iqneba, vinaidan

informaciis gareSe wyaros ki ara, mTqmelis myar,

dadasturebul codnas gulisxmobs).

dubitativi, romelic mTqmelis mier wyaros informa-

ciis sinamdvilis mimarT eWvis dafiqsirebas gulisxmobs,

svanurSi mxolod vrceli konteqstiT, modaluri leqseme-

biT an intonaciiT gamoixateba _ arcerTi evidencialuri

zmnuri forma am semantikas ar moicavs;

SevniSnavT, rom swored im arealis (balkanuri) enebis-

Tvisac, romlebTanac evidencialobis kategoriis Tvalsaz-

risiT tipologiurad qarTuli axlos dgas, dubitativi

damaxasiaTebeli ar aris, rogorc specialistebi aRniSna-

ven, am enebSic „dubitatiuroba, upirveles yovlisa into-

naciiTa da damatebiTi dubitatiuri modifikatorebiT aRi-

niSneba“ (kucarovi 1984: 18).

evidencialobis gamoxatvis leqsikuri saSualebebi

svanur enaSi evidencialoba (rogorc verbaluri, ase-

ve inferenciuli), garda morfologiuri da sintaqsuri sa-

Sualebebisa, leqsikuradac gamoixateba. evidencialuri da-

mxmare saSualebebic funqciurad ori tipisaa: erTni verba-

lobas aRniSnaven; aseTebia „sxvaTa sityvis“ nawilakebi,

romlebic Sesabamis konstruqciaSi (pirdapiri naTqvami)

afiqsireben informaciis gareSe wyaros, meoreni ki infe-

rencias, informaciis savaraudobas gamoxataven (aseT Se-

mTxvevaSi informaciis wyaro Tavad mTqmelis logika, az-

rovnebaa).

236

1. nawilaki, romelic orive funqcias iTavsebs (saTana-

do konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT xan verbalur wyaros

gamoxatavs da xan _ inferenciuls), mxolod erTia: esnрr /

esnрr{i} „Turme“: a) esnрr lрdi Sæрns Sdue _ „Turme dRes

svaneTSi Tovs“ _ informaciis wyaro gareSea, verbalobaa,

Tumca mTqmeli mas ar akonkretebs _ es wyaro SeiZleba

iyos impersonaluri piri, xmebi xalxSi, masmedia... b) esnрr

ala qors рri! _ „Turme es saxlSia!“ _ mTqmelma sarkmelSi

Suqi an saxlTan manqana dainaxa da faqtis ganzogadebiT

logikur daskvnamde mivida _ informaciis wyaro am Se-

mTxvevaSi inferenciaa.

2. sakuTriv inferenciulobis gamomxatveli damxmare

leqsemebi (romlebic verbalobas arasdros gamoxataven)

enaSi ufro mravladaa; agebulebis mixedviT SeiZleba gamo-

iyos sami tipi:

a) sakuTriv nawilakebi, romelTa segmentacia ar xer-

xdeba da etimologia ucnobia (mérës „albaT; rogorc

Cans“; níTaæ „vinZlo“...);

b) sinTezuri leqsemebi, romlebSic Semadgeneli kom-

ponentebis dadgena SesaZlebelia (maæSli < *mр-Sæ li „al-

baT; rogorc Cans“; serTxi < ser-d-xi „vaiTu“...), Tumca isi-

ni ar warmoadgenen am komponentTa mniSvnelobebis martiv

jams;

g) nazmnari damxmare sityvebi (рnRæli „vgoneb“, mabJa

„mgoni“ / „mimaCnia“ /„Cemi azriT“...).

3. inferenciuli leqsemebis gamoyeneba zmnis mwkri-

vebTan Tavisufali rodia. maTi garkveuli nawili mxolod

indikatiur formebs uTavsdeba, zogi ki, piriqiT, mxolod

zmnis sakuTriv inferenciul mwkrivebs (inferenciuli aw-

myo _ resp. myofadusruli, ZiriTadpreverbiani sruli myo-

fadi, pirobiTi, pirobiT-SedegobiTi I da II), iSviaTad _

kavSirebiTebs iguebs; es movlena, erTi mxriv, inferenciis,

237

rogorc semantikuri da gramatikuli kategoriis, Camoyali-

bebis da, meore mxriv, Tavad inferenciuli leqsemebis

warmoSobis etapebs, qronologias unda ukavSirdebodes,

rac umwerlobo enaSi Zneli dasadgenia;

mas Semdeg, rac saliteraturo enam zogierTi mwkri-

vis (ZiriTadad xolmeobiTisa da perfeqtuli droebis)

funqciuri gamoyenebiT, aseve sintaqsurad (sxvaTa sityva)

evidencialobas gza gauxsna, umwerlobo enam gramatiku-

lad kidev ufro srulad ganaviTara es kategoria _ Camo-

yalibda perfeqtuli inferenciuli (epistemikuri

modalobis) formebic _ pirobiT-SedegobiTebi, risTvisac

monacemi, savaraudod, ukve arsebobda inferenciuli awmyos

(resp. myofadusrulis) saxiT, romelic, Cveni azriT, enis

ganviTarebis adreul (preverbis gaCenamde) stadias gane-

kuTvneba. Aam mwkrivis (inferenciuli awmyos) calsaxad

epistemikuri semantika metyvelebs imaze, rom is neitralu-

ri awmyos opoziciaa; ufro metic, inferenciuli forma mo-

epovebaT statikur zmnebsac: xoira („uweria is mas, misTvis

aris dawerili“) _ xë/eОri („albaT uweria is mas“), xaxtaæa

(„axatia“) _ xextрæi (albaT axatia”), xag („adgas“) _ xegni

(„albaT adgas“); xatæra („anTia“) _ xetæri („albaT anTia“);

es movlena SeniSnuli aqvs g. maWavriansac: „gamoricxuli

ar aris SesaZlebloba, usruli myofadis formebi svanur-

Si Tavdapirvelad statikur zmnebs ganeviTarebinaT, xolo

Semdeg maTi analogiiT _ dinamikur zmnebsac“ (maWavariani

1974:139); rac Seexeba dinamikur zmnebSi epistemikuri mniS-

vnelobis formebs, Cven mier evidencialobis afiqsad miCne-

uli Vn’s arqaulobas mkvlevaric varaudobs: „safiqrebe-

lia, -un || -in sufiqsebi (-in< -en) warmoSobiT awmyos fuZis

sawarmoebeli formantebi iyvnen. kauzativis -un || -en (> -in)

sufiqsebic amave warmoSobisa Canan“ (maWavariani, iqve). Ees

Teoria amyarebs Cvens mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom aRniS-

nuli afiqsi arqaulia da funqciaTa mixedviT gadanawilda

uZveles droSi; enis ganviTarebis adreul safexurzeve mi-

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si erT-erTi funqcia evidencialoba (inferenciuloba) iyo,

radgan es semantikuri opozicia statikur zmnebSi ukve ar-

sebobda.

evidencialobis kategoria svanurSi da, Sesabamisad,

qarTvelurSi, SesaZlebelia, marTlac ukavSirdebodes sxva

iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi gavrcelebul analogiur feno-

mens da warmoadgendes arealur movlenas. miuxedavad ami-

sa, ganxiluli masalis safuZvelze gamotanili daskvnebi

uflebas gvaZlevs vamtkicoT evidencialobis avtoqTonuri

warmomavloba svanurSi. migvaCnia, rom evidencialobis

Camoyalibeba qarTvelur enebSi aixsneba ara sxva, magali-

Tad, Turquli enis gavleniT (Slobin, Aksu-Koç 1986:159-167), aramed enis ganviTarebis Sinagani tendenciebiT. rogorc g.

maWavariani aRniSnavda aspeqtis kategoriasTan mimarTebiT

qarTulSi, „saWiro ar aris garegani faqtorebis Zieba“ ma-

Sin, roca saanalizo masala enaSi ama Tu im movlenis ori-

ginaluri warmomavlobis damadasturebel faqtebs gvTava-

zobs.

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danarTi 1

Ddro-kiloTa opoziciebi

(gardamavali zmnebis monacemebis mixedviT)

a) semantikuri saopozicio niSani _ epistemika

1 neitraluri awmyo

axtрæi (`xatavs~) :

inferenciuli awmyo

(/usruli myofadi)

axtaæni/ixtaæni (àlbaT xatavs/xatavdes iqneba~)

2 uwyveteli

axtрæda /axtрæiæ („xa-tavda“)

:

usruli pirobiTi

axtaæníl/ixtaæniæ

(„albaT xatavda“)

3 neitraluri myofadi

Cæaxtрæi („daxatavs“) :

inferenciuli (epistemi-kuri) myofadi

{Cæ}adxatæi{ne}/-isg

(„albaT daxatavs“ / „da-

xatos iqneba“)

4 neitraluri (windebu-

liani) sruli pirobiTi

(resp. xolmeobiTi)

Cæaxtрæda/Cæaxtрæiæ

(„daxatavda“)

:

inferenciuli (ZiriTad-preverbiani) sruli pi-robiTi {Cæ}adxatрæ-na /-ìs/-asgæ („albaT daxatavda“)

5 upreverbo a’sufiqsiani

I SedegobiTi xoxtaæa

(„{da}uxatavs = {da}naxa-

ti aqvs“)

:

I pirobiT-SedegobiTi

xextрæi („albaT {da}uxatavs = {da}naxati eqneba“

6 upreverbo II Sedegobi-

Ti xoxtaæón /xoxtaæan

(„exata = {da}naxati

hqonda mas is“)

:

II pirobiT-SedegobiTi xextaæíl /xextрæiæ („albaT exata = {da}na-xati eqneboda mas is“)

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b) semantikuri saopozicio niSani _ unaxaoba I seria

1 sazedao/sasxviso qcevis uwyveteli

xaxtрæda / xaxtрæiæ („axatavda“), xoxtрæda / xoxtрæiæ („uxatavda“)

:

I TurmeobiTi

xaxtр/aæna („axatavda /

uxatavda Turme“)

2 saarviso qcevis uwyve-teli

axtрæda/axtрæiæ („xatav-da“)

:

II TurmeobiTi

lémxatæin{li} („xatavda Turme, naxatava“)

3 upreverbo, oden -a’su-

fiqsiani, eqsperienciu-

li I SedegobiTi

xoxtaæa („{da}uxatavs = {da}naxati aqvs mas is“)

:

upreverbo, -en-a sufiqsiani I SedegobiTi

xaxtaæë/ena („{da}uxatavs

Turme = {da}naxati hqonia

mas is“)

4 upreverbo, oden -a’su-

fiqsiani eqsperienciuli

I SedegobiTi

xoxtaæa („{da}uxatavs = {da}naxati aqvs mas is“)

:

ZiriTadpreverbiani I Sede-gobiTi

oTxatæa („dauxatavs Tur-me mas is“)

5 wyvetili

adxatæe („daxata“)

:

ZiriTadpreverbiani I Sede-

gobiTi

oTxatæa („dauxatavs = Turme daxata“)

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danarTi 2

opoziciaTa amsaxveli ilustraciebi sametyvelo situacie-

bis mixedviT

a) (1) lрdi petre dabs a-вn-i i a-lóS-i _ „dRes petre ya-

nas xnavs da Tesavs“ : lрdi petre dabs aвn-un-i i alкS-æn-i (bz.) _ „dRes petre, albaT, yanas xnavs da Tesavs“ / „...xnav-

des da Tesavdes iqneba“;

(2) WiSx-leldìsgs míS-míS a-Sxeb-d-a mрg (bz., sv. en.

qr. 1978: 137) _ „fexsacmels sxvadasxvanairs keravda yvela“

: WiSx-leldìsgs mрg deS р-Sxb-un-íl (bz.) /i-Sxb-un-iæ (bq.)

_ „fexsacmels yvela ver keravda, [albaT]“;

(3) [RæaSр] tuf i Txæim eCìS l’ë, ОeræóО Cæ-a- dgрr-i (iqve, 124) _ „[jixvis] tyavi da Tavi imisi aris, e,

vinc moklavs“ : eCis eser ja muryæamxрnCоn Cæ-ad-dagr-i{ne}, eCqas ejas afxnegрr eser J’рxJæemi, amCiqq’ëser min

Cìxрn sgкæрxWæкdx i J’ìæ anxæitx sрæОрr (iqve, 72) _ „imas me

koSkidan rom /roca /Tu movklav, maSin, savaraudod, imas

amxanagebi daefanteba („daebneva“), am dros Tqven yoveli

mxridan SemoesieT da amowyviteTo savebi“ (sityvasityviT:

„imaso TviTon koSkidan [rom] moklavs, maSin imas am-

xanagebio rom aebneva /iqneba aebnes, amdrozeo TviTon

yovelmxridan Semo-mca-esivnen da amo-mca-wyvites savebi“);

(4) amJìn lрmzéroS qa x-e-cxp-en-d-a-x [Sæanрr] qors lersgæanTe, eCqas fiCqs Cu égрmdax i Cu isgæríldax (iqve: 112) _ „ase locviT Semouvlidnen [svanebi] saxls, maSin/me-re tablas dadgamdnen da dasxdebodnen“ : „amJìn lрmzéroS q’ó-x-cxep-en-x, eja gun maSed xoxaldax... _ „ase locviT [rom /Tu /roca] Semouvlidnen, is metad sasargeblo ego-naT“;

(5) muSæрn mкra Sæрne kojрrisga mayali xæóО x-í-m-a (bz.) _ „svan kacs svaneTis kldeebSi SiSic blomad uWamia

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(= aqvs naWami)“ : alas libofSs harрk qirsi x-л-m-i! _ „amas

bavSvobaSi [albaT] ospic ki uWamia (=eqneba naWami)“;

Bb) (1) dрls beTqilр Ciqdi xæóО maxeRæрJ x-o-Ræpaæ-ón

(bz.) _ „dals beTqilamdec bevri vaJkaci {da}eRupa (=hyavda

danaRupi)“ : dрls beTqilр Ciqdi xæóО maxeRæрJ x-e-Ræpaæ-íl (bz.) /x-e-Rump{l}рæ-iæ (bq.) _ „dals beTqilamdec [al-

baT] bevri vaJkaci {da}eRupa (=eyoleboda danaRupi)“;

(2) Sæanрr muryæams gрnxрn sæanìrs x-a-gрm-d-a-x

/ x-a-gam-x _ „svanebi koSks gverdiT („gverdidan“) svanirs

{mi}aSenebdnen“ : Sæanрr muryæams gрnxрn sæanìrs xрgminax (bz.) xрgmunax (bq.) _ „svanebi koSks gverdiT („gverdidan“)

svanirs {mi}aSenebdnen [Turme]“;

(3) jæinald Sæрns leldì/isgs mрg qors a-Sxeb-d-a

(bz.) / р-Sxb-iæ (bq.) _ „Zvelad svaneTSi fexsacmels yvela

Sin keravda“ : jæinald Sæрns leldì/isgs mрg qors lé-m-Sxрb-æin / lé-m-Sxeb-æn-e-li _ „Zvelad svaneTSi fexsacmels

yvela Sin keravda [Turme]“;

(4) miSgu baba ilias xæрО рTu gæeS x-o-rgiæ-a

(bz), miSgæa baba ilias obрS рTu gæeS x-o-rgaæ-a (bq) _ „ba-buaCem („Cems babua“) ilias bevri „cxeli“ saqme {mo}ugvare-

bia („{ga}urigebia“) = aqvs monagvarebi“ : miSgu baba ilias

xæрО рTu gæeS x-р-rgiæ-лn-a / miSgæababa ilias obрS рTu

gæeS x-a-rgaæ-en-a _ „babuaCem („Cems babua“) ilias [Turme]

bevri „cxeli“ saqme {mo}ugvarebia („{ga}urigebia“) = hqonia

monagvarebi“;

(5) faskæinjs marem leRæ deSoma x-o-m-a (bq.)

_ „faskunjs adamianis xorci arasdros uWamia (=aqvs naWa-

mi)“ : faskæinjs marem leRæ made lo-x-mam-a (bq.) _ „fas-

kunjs adamianis xorci [Turme] ar SeuWamia“;

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(6) SæрnsMmónkæì æíSTxæzрОрn klas gioSa

giorgi mрrgiкnd a-fiSg (bz.) _ „svaneTSi pirveli oTxwlia-

ni skola gioanT giorgi margianma gaxsna“ : SæрnsMmónkæì

æíSTxæzрОрn klas gioSa giorgi mрrgiкns oTfìSga (bz.)/

SæрnsMmрnkæiS æoSTxæzрОрn klр/as gioSer giorgi margians

oTfiSga (bq.) _ „svaneTSi pirveli oTxwliani skola gio-

anT giorgi margians gauxsnia“.

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Summary

Evidentiality in the Svan language is expressed by grammatical and lexical means. Grammatically, it is conveyed by specific morphological and syntactic means. Morphological means comprise: a) the so-called nonvisual scrivas; b) evidential (verbal or inferential) verbal forms proper; c) Perfect Tenses; d) morphemes, etc. Syntactical means encompass: a) complex sentences including subordinate clauses with explanatory or precision-making semantics; b) Reported Speech. Lexically, evidentiality in Svan is expressed by parenthetical phrases or sentences containing key words that are semantically linked with speaking, thinking, and perception (UB.: gärglix, LB.: ragdix „they say“; UB.: miSgwa lanGelSw, LB.: miSgwa länCilSw „in my view“…).

Grammatical Means of Expressing Evidentiality

Morphology

1. Verbal evidentiality is the major intrument to convey text evidentiality. Similar to other Kartvelian languages (Georgian, Mengrelian, Chan), Svan expresses evidentiality through perfect tenses. All the four languages have respective verbal tense-mood forms (scrivas) to indicate the opposition of visual action–nonvisual action, while nonperceptive (verbal or inferential) information is rendered by verbs with the semantics of nonvisual action.

2. Unlike Georgian, Svan and Zan possess a greater number of scrivas that designate: a) „nonvisual“ actions; b) inferential actions.

Oppositions of evidentiality exist within, and between individual scrivas:

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I – Opposition within Scrivas

Direct Evidentiality vs. Indirect Evidentiality

Series I

1. Neutral (direct evidential) Present

vs.

Inferential (epistemic) Present (resp. non-perfect Future)

2. Preverbal Future30 (direct evidential, categoric)

vs. Basic preverbal Future31 (inferential; epistemic)

3. Preverbal Perfect Conditional (resp. Iterative)

vs. Basic preverbal Perfect Conditional (inferential; epistemic)

Series III

1.

Resultative I, non-perfect, non-preverbal, with the suffix -a (experiencial)

vs.

a) Resultative I, non-perfect, non-preverbal with the suffix -en-a (experiencial, verbal or inferential)

b) Resultative I, perfective, preverbal (verbal or inferential)

2. Resultative II, non-perfect, non-preverbal (experiencial)

vs. Resultative II, perfective, preverbal (inferential)

30 Preverbs Cu, Ji, sga, qa. 31 Preverbs an-, ad-, la-, es-.

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II – Opposition between Scrivas

1.

Continuous (Version of „on-surface“ location)

vs.

a) Nonvisial Continuous I (verbal or inferential, non-epistemic) b) Continuous Conditional (inferential; epistemic)

2.

Continuous (Neutral Version)

vs.

a) Nonvisial Continuous II (verbal or inferential, non-epistemic) b) Continuous Conditional (inferential; epistemic)

3. Simple Past (Aorist) vs. Resultative I

4. Resultative I, non-perfective, non-preverbal with the suffix -a (experiencial)

vs.

Conditional-Resultative I (experiencial; inferential; epistemic)

5. Resultative II, non-perfective, non-preverbal (experiencial)

vs.

Conditional-Resultative II (inferential; epistemic)

The oppositions demonstrate that verbality is the main source of

information for scrivas (forms of “nonvisual” events) indicating non-perception; however, in wider a context, it (source of information) could also be inferential. In this case, the meanings are not epistemic for the forms lack reliability-based assessment of information.

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Functional and Semantic Description of Oppositions

Series I In Svan, nonvisial Continuous I and nonvisial Continuous II are definitively evidential as their primary function is limited to the expression of nonvisual actions. Consequently, these forms designate either verbal or inferential (not epistemic) information, but never – perceptive. Series III Verbs with changeable subject cases in Resultative I produce a picture of evidentiality different from literary Georgian. Non-preverbal forms build the scriva either with the suffix -a (Georgian formation) or the suffix -en-a. The resultant forms create the following evidential oppositions:

a) In modern Svan, the basic meaning of Resultative I built without preverbs and suffixes combine perfectiveness, experienciality and existence–non-existence of the precedent with no time indication, excluding thus, visual–nonvisual or continuous–momentary actions. These are Direct Evidential forms;

b) Resultative I with the -en-a suffix and no preverb combines experienciality and evidentiality. The forms denote only nonvisual actions, and therefore, point to the indirect source of information (verbal or inferential). Differently put, they are evidential. Consequently, similar to Georgian (-a suffixal) forms, perfectiveness and experienciality are the semantic components of non-preverbal Resultative I, while the semantics of the -en-a suffixal forms comprise perfectiveness, experienciality, and evidentiality;

c) Preverbal Resultative I lexemes have a definite meaning of nonvisuality and point to an outer source of information. The preverb imparts the meaning of momentariness and subsequently, the meaning of the perfective aspect. Clearly, the experiencial component is absent. The semantic constituents of the verbs include: perfectiveness, momentariness, and evidentiality.

Non-preverbal forms of Resultative II denote the meaning of experiencial actions in the past perfect. Their semantics is direct evidentiality; however, unlike the forms of Resultative I, the addition of the preverb imparts the meaning of conditionality to the context, for conditionality excludes nonvisuality.

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3. In Svan, inference is a strongly pronounced semantic characteristic and has its grammatical means of expression. The following are inferential scrivas proper: Series I – Inferential Present (resp. non-perfective Future), future with the main preverb, Non-Perfect, and Perfect Conditional; Series III – Conditional-Resultative I and Condiotional-Resultative II; preverbal Resultative II is also used with inferential meaning in constructions containing -u/-oG… particles.

The enumerated evidential forms cannot have verbality as their source of information, which explains the use of the term „inferential proper“. The semantics of these verbs is epistemic irrespective of context as each verb-form creates an opposition within or between other scrivas (see Sections I and II).

4. Traditional Svan conjugation does not feature examples of the above mentioned inferential (epistemic) scrivas of Series III due to the fact that Conditional-Resultative I and Conditional-Resultative II have been identified and termed by the present author quite recently. Therefore, a more detailed summary of these scrivas is called for:

a) The forms under study are perfective and typical of all case-changing subject verbs (mono-, bi-, and tri-personal forms);

b) They are inversive in the traditional understanding of the term. The forms have a real subject with the morphological object marker. Some scholars (D. Melikishvili) presume that the subject is expressed with the regular m- sign and reflects the phenomenon present in all scrivas;

c) They (forms of Conditional-Resultative I, Conditional-Resultative II) create a dative construction in the same manner as other scrivas of series III do;

d) Epistemics is the semantic sign that creates an opposition with imperfective experiencial forms of Resulatitive I and II built without any preverbs.

In Svan, the descriptive forms of these verbs equal Resultative I and II non-preverbal (non-evidential, experiencial) forms + inferential, epistemic modal particle [mˆrŠs (UB.), ma…S…li (LB.) „perhaps, probably“, serTxi „perhaps“ (implies speaker’s expectancy of a negative event)...].

5. In Svan, the source of epistemics is always inference, but

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inference does not always guarantee epistemic meaning. Let us underscore that evidentiality expressed by nonvisual forms may also be inferential, but unable to assess information in terms of its reliability.

6. The suffix -un (<*Vn), whose similar affix features in nonvisial Continuous I and II of Series I and expresses verbality, is singled out in non-preverbal inferential forms, which supposedly, reflect an earlier stage of language development. In our view, it is a morphological marker of evidentiality.

7. Inferential scrivas exclude the semantics of nonvisual actions, and hence, verbality. Nevertheless, in certain contexts, scrivas expressing nonvisual actions and characterized by verbality as an essential feature, may also render inference.

8. With regard to oppositions, Svan inferential scrivas proper and the forms of the Indicative (neutral) mood are „in equal conditions“ because both create neutral collocations (A. Arabuli). Semantically, inferential scrivas are marked by indefiniteness and probability, which ultimately, implies uncertainty of information (non-witnessedness or non-ideal knowledge) or knowledge about an action or event. Therefore, we concede that the mood of inferential scrivas in Svan is conditional.

9. In Svan, direct evidentiality and the verbal type of indirect evidentiality are expressed by verbal forms of the indicative mood. Inferential verbs that express indirect evidentiality of inferential type correspond to the conditional mood. As to the conjunctive, one of its functions is inference, albeit within sentence limits only. Context-based inference indicates that conclusions are drawn on the basis of reasoning. Such sentences are evidential, while verbs taken out of context – are not. This is dissimilar to inferential Present, Conditional, and Conditional-Resultative, which, irrespective of the construction, possess epistemic meaning and are able to impart it (meaning) to a simple sentence in the indicative mood.

„An independent semantic element in the basic semantics of a scriva is the determining factor of its language existence, and therefore, the change of every semantic marker (together with the change of the form) allows us to single out a separate verbal entity, an independent language unit“ (Arabuli 1992:117). Accepting the premise and considering the phenomenon of

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analogy, the independent functional units identified by the scholar in the indicative mood build the following micro-system in the Svan conditional mood:32

1) Inferential Present (ä-gm-un-i = „Perhaps / probably he is building / builds / will build; he might be building“ or = „Perhaps / probably (he) builds / is building; may be building“);

2) Inferential Future perfective (ad-gem-n-e = „Perhaps / probably he will build“);

3) Conditional non-perfect (ä-gm-un-Œl / i-gm-un-i-… = „Perhaps / probably he was building“);

4) Conditional perfect (ad-gem-n-a = „Perhaps / probably he built / has built“);

5) Present Conditional-Resultative I imperfective (x-e-g-i = „Perhaps / probably he has built“ with an experiencial meaning);

6) Past Conditional-Resultative II imperfective (x-e-g-Œl / x-e-g-i-… = „He may have built“ with regard to Past Perfect“).

10. Subjunctive scrivas in Svan are less functional which may be due to the existence of inferential scrivas in the language. If our reasoning is correct, the latter must have been formed at much earlier stages of language development. It is well-known that initially the subjunctive expressed the indicative mood, while in Georgian it (subjunctive) was indicated by the particle -mca. When the particle disappeared, the forms acquired their present semantics. Interestingly, the ability of conjunctive scrivas to express conditionality is considerably lower in comparison with Svan inferential verbs.

Syntactic Means of Expressing Evidentiality

1. Syntactically, verbal evidentiality („quotative“) in Kartvelian languages is expressed with the help of constructions and particles allotted to different persons (first, second or third).

32 Svan meanings cannot be precisely rendered in English.

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In Svan, the central figure in distributing persons in the direct speech is the speaker and not the positions or relations of participants in a real dialogue. This is precisely the feature that makes Svan direct speech so different from others. This is the reason why it is „half indirect“: indirect-like construction + particles of direct speech. Differently put, the construction „grants“ priority not to individual positions of the source of information (the owner of the information proper) and its addressee (i.e. who is who), but to their relations to the speaker who happens to be the narrator of evidential information.

2. With regard to quotative, it is not the distribution of particles, but the construction itself that creates a difference with Georgian. The mentioned difference between the literary language and Svan is particularly significant with respect to evidentiality. Modern literary language has abandoned the use of verbal constructions with the „-mtsa“ particle bringing about the loss of the respective construction. Conversely, a functionally identical Svan particle (-u/-oG…= mca) and its allomorphs whose archaic features are well attested in idiomatic constructions, are very active. Moreover, its participation in building various constructions presupposes an indirect („other“) source of information. Respectively, similar phrases are able to indicate the semantics of indirect evidentiality even without specific particles of Direct Speech – the speaker is not the direct owner of the information; it (information) comes from a different source.

3. Parataxis and Hypotaxis are almost equally applied by Svan evidential scrivas. When hypotactic constructions include inferential verbs, the use of conjunctions, or sometimes even of correlates, becomes redundant. We presume that the discussed Svan evidence mirrors the ancient phenomenon when simple sentences were connected only by logical (not grammatical) relations, and when „at earlier stages of language development, interrogative sentences were asyndetically linked with sentences expressing feelings and speaking, and the interrogative intonation served as the basis of syntactic connection“ (Dzidziguri 1989:443; emphasis added);

In terms of specific constructions, a complex sentence with a subordinate conditional clause is of particular significance due to the fact that it reflects an old Georgian model in Svan.

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By the time the formative process of hypotactic constructions commenced, a number of Svan scrivas had already acquired inferential meaning (if it is a secondary phenomenon at all). These verbs implicitly convey reasoning and conditionality, doubt and supposition (inference, epistemics), and the concept of „if“. It is the subordinating conjunction that imparts the semantics to the dependent clause in Georgian. Therefore, unlike literary Georgian, the use of the conjunction was not obligatory in Svan. Nevertheless, modern Svan does not exclude the use of conjunctions in complex sentences, which may point to an innovative influence exerted by the literary language.

In our view, the preservation of a comparatively archaic type (without a conjunction or correlate) of hypotactic constructions in Svan is conditioned by several factors: a) the existence of inferential verbs with conditional semantics; b) absence of motivation to create new complex structures. The literary standard posed different requirements to the language due to its great social function (the major reason!) which pushed it towards developing complex formations. Conversely, a non-written language like Svan made use of an exceptionally flexible nature of the verb, its ability to hold huge information, and started expressing a number of meanings in morphological forms. Correspondingly, the type of complex sentences featuring predicates in specific (inferential) scrivas retained their old forms, even though a more advanced construction (with a conjunction or correlate) formed by analogy (not through necessity) with the literary language started to emerge.

Admittedly, the formation of the hypotactic construction in Svan is not yet complete as both – old and new forms of the construction – still co-exist in the language.

One of the views of mainstream linguistics holds that evidentiality and modality partially overlap (Dendal, Tasmovski 2001:341-342).

The condition in Svan corresponds to the third view because, as research indicates, the language has a modalized evidential system (Plungian’s term) and modality and evidentiality partly overlap.

Special literature singles out four types of evidentiality (evidentials): Indicative, Conclusive, Renarrative, and Dubitative. Svan evidentials (indicative – direct, re-narrative, conclusive – indirect) have clearly determined grammatical meanings which enter into complex interrelations

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with linguistic and extralinguistic factors in the text. This is because evidentiality in its broad meaning is the category of text while verbal evidentiality is just one of the means of its expression.

Research demonstrates that the first three evidentials are immanent features of Svan and hence, productive, too. Its productivity is conditioned by a rich verbal system – special epistemic scrivas, and the diversity of perfective forms whose part has indeed developed on the basis of the indicative mood (I and II Resultative evidential forms). On the other hand, Conditional-Resultative I and Conditional-Resultative II derived from the forms that already had inferential meaning in Series I (Chapter III, §20);

In difference with Georgian, Svan has more verbal forms to express conclusive (and not only conclusive) forms:

Inferential Present (resp. future imperfective): a-xta…-n-i (UB.), i-xta…-n-i (LB.) = „Perhaps / probably he draws / is drawing“); Preverbal suffixal Future: ad-xat…-in-e = „Perhaps / probably he’ll draw“; Conditional: a) non-perfective – a-xta…-n-Œl (UB.), i-xta…-n-i-…

(LB.) = „Perhaps / probably he drew“; b) perfective – ad-xat…-in-a = „He might / could have drawn“; Conditional-Resultative I: x-e-xtä…-i (US.), x-e-xata…-n-i (LS.) = „Perhaps / probably he has drawn = he must have drawn it“;

Conditional-Resultative II: x-e-xta…-Œl (UB.), x-e-xtä…-i-… (LB.) = „Perhaps / probably he had drawn = He might have drawn it“. In view of evidentiality, these scrivas have only conclusive meaning.

They fail to express the phenomenon (evidentiality) independent of the verbal source of information or without quotative or modal particles.

Based on the context, conclusive can be expressed by the Nonvisial Continuous I and II of Series I, Resultative Preverbal I and the -en forms without a preverb. In these instances, grounding judgment on a single

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perceptive fact, the speaker makes a logical conclusion about a nonvisual event or action (UB. ala l‰zJ‹n lˆmh’l {li}, LB. ali lazJi lˆmhiäl {li} (Nonvisial Continuous II) – „He must have been in a hurry“ – The speaker saw scattered objects in the room and generalized. However, it should be remarked that a more significant function of these scrivas is re-narrative.

The morphological basis of Svan Renarrative is nonvisial Continuous I and II of Series I, and -en non-preverbal and major preverbal Resultative I that indicate an outer source of information without the help of special syntactic means (construction, particles of Direct Speech):

Nonvisial Continuous I x-ä-gm-{…}in-a (UB.), x-ä-gm-un-a

(LB.) = „Perhaps he used to build something for somebody or on something“; Nonvisial Continuous II UB. lˆ-m-gр-m{…}in {li}, LB. lˆ-m-gem-

{…}in {li} = „Perhaps he built“; Resultative I (preverbal): oT-g-a (US.) = „Perhaps he must have built“ expressing a nonvisual action; Resultative I (non-preverbal, with the suffix -en-a): x-a-g-Šn-a (UB.), x-ä-g-en-a (LB.) = „He seems to have built“ containing experiencial meaning (cf. non-evidential, experiencial non-preverbal, non-suffixal form: xoga – „He used to build“. The latter cannot be a re-narrative for it implies the so-called „ideal knowledge“ of the speaker and not an outer source of information.

Dubitative, which implies the speaker’s doubt regarding the reliability of the source of information, is expressed only in a wider context or with the help of modal lexemes in Svan. No evidential verbal form contains dubitative semantics; however, functionally (with the help of context and intonation), the expression of evidentiality is also possible.

It should be noted that dubitative is not a typical feature of languages (Bulgarian, Balkan…) which, with respect to the category of evidentiality, are typologically attributed to Georgian. Scholars remark that „dubitative in these languages is primarily expressed through intonation and additional dubitative modifiers“ (Kutsarov 1984:18).

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Lexical Means of Expressing Evidentiality In addition to morphological and syntactic means, evidentiality (both

verbal and inferential) in Svan can be expressed lexically, too. Functionally, evidential lexemes are of two types: lexemes expressing verbality and those indicating inference or supposition of information. The first group encompasses quotative particles indicating an outer source of information (I, II, III persons) in respective constructions (direct speech), while the other lays stress on the speaker’s logic or his reasoning as source of information.

1. The particle that combines both functions33 is only one: esnär/esnär{i} „It seems“: a) esnär lädi S…äns Sdue, which can be rendered into English as a statement („It snows in Svaneti today“) implies such external, and verbal source of information which is not made precise by the speaker. Thus, the source of information may be a person, people, mass media, etc.; b) esnär ala qors äri! = „He must be at home“; the speaker saw a light or a car standing near the house of his friend and having generalized the evidence comes to a logical conclusion. In this case the source of information is inference.

2. Auxiliary lexemes expressing inference (which never express verbality) are quire numerous in Svan. In terms of structure, three types may be singled out: 1) unsegmentable particles with unknown etymology (mˆrŠs

„I think“; nŒTa… „maybe“); 2) synthetic lexemes with identifiable constituents (ma…Sli < *mä-S… li „probably, perhaps“; serTxi < ser-d-xi „perhaps“…) whose unity does not represent a simple semantic sum-total; 3) deverbal auxiliary words (änG…li „I think“, mabJa „I presume“, „in my view“…).

3. The use of inferential lexemes in verb scrivas is not free. A certain number is compatible only with the indicative forms, while others combine with Svan verbs of inferential scrivas (Future Continuous – resp. Inferential Present, major preverbal future perfect, conditional, Condtitional-Resultative I and II). Sometimes, inferential lexemes are found with the subjunctive,

33 In respective contexts, the particle may express either a verbal or inferencial source.

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which, on the one hand, should be connected with the formation of inferential semantics and grammatical categories, and on the other, should be linked with the chronology of forming inferential lexemes. The latter is hard to determine in unwritten languages like Svan.

After the literary language opened the way to the evidential use of morphological (mainly Conditional /resp. Iterative/ and perfective) and syntactic forms, Svan, being a non-written language, developed the category to a higher grammatical level. There emerged perfective Conditional-Resultative forms. Presumably, preconditions for such a development had already been created by Inferential Present forms (resp. Future non-perfect). The latter (Inreferential Present) should belong to earlier stages of language development (before the appearance of preverbs). The epistemic semantics of these verbs is in opposition to neutral present.

Moreover, inferential forms may be the property of static verbs, too: (xoira “It is written for him”) – xejri („It may be written for him“), xaxta…a („There is a drawing on something“) – xextä…i („It may be drawn on something“). The phenomenon was noticed by G. Machavariani: „One cannot exclude the possibility that Svan future continuous forms were first developed by static verbs, and only afterwards, by analogy, they were followed by dynamic verbs“ (Machavariani 1974:139). The scholar’s view on the archaic nature of the Vn affix agrees with our stance. He writes: „Initially, the -un || -in suffixes (-in < -en) may have been formative markers of the present tense stem. The -un || -en (> -in) causative suffixes should also be of the same origin“ (Machavariani, ibid.). However, we believe that the affix (Vn) found in verbs of dynamic, inferential, and epistemic semantics possessed evidential meaning when its functional distribution occurred at earlier stages of the development of the language. A contributing factor must have been the existence of the opposition evidentiality – non-evidentiality in static verbs.

In conclusion, the category of evidentiality in Svan and hence, in Kartvelian, may indeed be connected with the same phenomenon of other Ibero-Caucasian languages and represent an areal phenomenon.34 However,

34 The solution of this complex problem is impossible without incorporating the evidence of mountainous Ibero-Cauvcasian languages.

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the archaic nature of the discussed Svan material allows us to state its autochthonous origin. Therefore, we presume that the expression of evidentiality in Kartvelian languages is explained not by the influence exerted by other tongues (e.g. Turkish; Slobin, Aksu-Koç 1986:159-1670), but by the inner tendencies of the system. G. Machavariani once remarked: „It is not necessary to look for outer factors“ when there is ample material pointing to the aboriginal nature of the phenomenon.

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(Р е з ю м е ) Эвиденциальность в сванском языке передается грамматическими и лексическими средствами; Морфологическими средствами эвиденциальности являются: a) т. н. скривы «невидимого действия»; б) собственно инференциальные глагольные формы; в) перфектные временные формы; г) морфема. Синтаксические средства: а) сложноподчиненное предложение с уточнительно-объяснительной подчинительной частью; б) "чужая речь". Лексические средства: а) вводные фразы и предложения, содержащие главное слово, семантически связанное со сказанным (речью), мышлением, восприятием (верхн. бальск. gärglix, нижн. бальск. ragdix «говрят»; верхн. бальск. miSg…a lanGelS… «по моему предположению»...); б) модальные лексемы.

Грамматические средства выражения эвиденциальности

М о р ф о л о г и я

1. Эвиденциальность глагола является главным средством эвиденциальности текста. Сванский, подобно остальным картвельским языкам (грузинс-кому, мегрельскому, чанскому), принадлежит к числу тех языков, в которых значение категории эвиденциальности выражается перфектными временными формами: во всех четырех языках имеются соответствующие формы времен и наклонений глагола оппозиции акта действия (видимого или невидимого), неперцептивная же информация (вербальная или инференциальная) передается говорящим в основном глаголами, выражающими невидимое действие. 2. В сванском и занском, в сравнении с грузинским, имеется большее число скрив, и именно в это «большее» число скрив входят: а) т. н.

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скривы «невидимого действия» и б) скривы, выражающие собственно инференциальность.

В соответствии с эвиденциальностью глагольные оппозиции имеются как внутри скрив, так и между скривами:

I - оппозиция в пределах скривы

Прямоэвиденциальный : косвенноэвиденциальный

I серия

1 нейтральная (прямоэвиденциальная) настоящее время

: инференциальная, эпистемичное настоящее (resp. несовершенное будущее)

2 формы будущего с предлогами (Cu, Ji, sga, qa), прямоэвиденциальные, категоричные

:

формы будущего с основными превербами (an-, ad, la-, es-), инференциальные, эпистемичные

3 формы условного совершенного (resp. пермансив) с предлогами (Cu, Ji, sga, qa), прямоэвиденциальные, категоричные

:

формы условного совершенного с основными превербами (an-, ad, la-, es-), инференциальные, эпистемичные

III серия

1

I результативное без

преверба, с суффиксом -а (экспериентив)

:

а) I результативное без преверба, с суффиксом -en-a (вербальность/ инференция); б) с основным превербом (вербальность/ инференция);

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2 II результативное без преверба (экспериентив)

: II результативное с основным превербом (инференция)

II _ оппозиция между скривами

1

прошедшее несовершенное (локативная версия)

:

а) формы I заглазного (вербальность/ инференция); б) условное несовершенное (инференция; эпистемика);

2

прошедшее несовершенное (нейтральная версия)

:

а) формы I заглазного (вербальность/ инференция); б) условное несовершенное (инференция; эпистемика)

3 аорист : I результативное с основными превербами

4 I результативное без преверба, с суффиксом -а (экспериентив)

:

I условно-результативное (экспериентив, инференция; эпистемика)

5 II результативное без преверба (экспериентив)

: II условно-результативное (инференция; эпистемика).

Как следует из этих оппозиций, для некоторых эвиденциальных

скрив (т.н. форм, выражающих «невидимость»), которые обозначают неперцептивность информации, источник информации в основном представляет вербальность. Однако в рамках широкого контекста та же скрива может выражать инференцию, но эти значения ни в коей мере не являются эпистемичными, т.к. основное значение таких форм не предполагает оценки полученной из других источников информации с точки зрения ее достоверности.

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Функциональная и семантическая характеристика оппозиций

I серия В сванском заглазные формы I серии однозначно эвиденциальные, они выражают только «невидимость действия» (это их основное значение), поэтому информация, передаваемая с помощью этих форм или вербальная, или инференциальная (только не эпистемичная) и никогда не бывает перцептивной. I I I серия

В формах I результативного глаголы с субъектом, изменяющимся по падежам, с точки зрения эвиденциальности показывают отличную от литературного языка картину: беспревербные формы этой скривы двоякого образования: только с суффиксом -а (словообразовательный тип подобно грузинскому языку) и с инфиксом -en- (resp. с суффиксом -en-a). Эвиденциальная оппозиция между ними такова:

а) основным значением беспревербных бессуффиксных форм I

результативного в современном сванском наряду с перфектностью является экспериентальность, наличие-отсутствие прецедента вне временной направленности к моменту действия (а не передача видимости-невидимости действия, его длительности или моментности). Такие формы неэвиденциальные; б) в беспревербных формах I результативного с суффиксом -en-a экспериентальность и эвиденциальность представлены одновременно; такие формы имеют значение только невидимого действия, соответственно указывают на косвенный источник информации (вербальный или инференциальный), т.е. являются эвиденциальными.

Таким образом, семантическими компонентами форм I результативного, подобных аналогичным грузинским (только с суффиксом -а), являются перфектность и экспериентальность, а семантическими компонентами беспревербных форм с суффиксом -en-a – перфектность, экспериентальность и эвиденциальность;

в) семантика превербных глаголов I результативного также

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однозначно имеет значение «оказывается», т.е. источник информации внешний, только преверб придает значение моментности и, соответственно, совершенный вид; само собой разумеется, что компонент экспериентальности в этих глаголах отсутствует. Семантические компоненты этих глаголов: перфектность, моментность, эвиденциальность.

Беспревербные формы II результативного в плюсквамперфекте также имеют значение экспериентального действия. Их семантика неэвиденциальная; в случае присоединения преверба, они, в отличие от форм I результативного, выражают в рамках контекста условность, а не вербальность, т.к. условность исключает «невидимость» действия. 3. Инференциальность (вывод говорящего, сделанный им на фоне своих общих знаний, опыта и явлений реального мира), является ярко выраженной семантикой, характерной для сванского языка, и в то же время инференциальность выражена грамматически.

Собственно инференциальными скривами являются: в I серии – формы инференциального настоящего (resp. будущего несовершенного), формы будущего времени с основными превербами, формы условного совершенного и несовершенного вида. В III серии – формы I условно-результативного и II условно-результативного; с инференциальным значением используются также превербные формы II результативного, только в конструкциях с частицей -u/-oG… (груз. „-mca“).

Вербальность не может быть источником информации для перечисленных эвиденциальных форм, поэтому мы их называем «собственно инференциальными»; семантика этих глаголов в любом случае эпистемична, и каждый из них создает оппозицию в пределах скривы (настоящее; будущее время) или же между скривами (условное; условно-результативное).

4. В традиционных образцах спряжения сванского глагола не представлены указанные выше инференциальные (эпистемичные) скривы III серии: формы I условно-результативного и II условно-результативного, т.к. они недавно были обнаружены нами, названы и включены в общую систему. Поэтому относительно этих форм представим сравнительно более общее заключение.

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а) Анализируемые формы перфектные и имеются у всех релятивных и абсолютивных глаголов с изменяющимся по падежам субъектом. б) Эти формы являются инверсивными в традиционном понимании инверсии: в анализируемых формах реальный субъект имеет показатель морфологического объекта; по мнению же других исследователей (Д. Меликишвили) субъект выражен показателем ряда -m по аналогии со всеми скривам этой серии. в) Эти формы создают дативную конструкцию аналогично остальным скривам III серии. г) Семантическим показателем, которым эти глаголы противопоставляются беспревербным экспериентальным формам несовершенного вида I и II результативного, является эпистемичность.

Описательными вариантами глаголов в собственно сванском языке являются: беспревербные (неэвиденциальные, экспериентальные) формы I и II результативного + какая-либо частица инференциальной, эпистемичной модальности (верхн.бальск. mˆrŠs, нижн. бальск. ma…S…li «наверно», serTxi «а если»...).

5. Источником эпистемичности в сванском глаголе как правипо является инференция, однако инференция не всегда обуславливает эпистемичное содержание (инференциальным может быть действие, имеющее значение заглазности, хотя такими формами не оценивается степень достоверности информации).

6. В беспревербных инференциальных формах, которые, предпо-ложительно, отражают ранний этап развития языка, выделяется суффикс -un/-in (тот же элемент наличествует в заглазных формах I серии, выражающих вербальность), который, по нашему мнению, является морфологическим показателем эвиденциальности (незасвидетель-ствованности).

7. Инференциальные скривы исключают семантику «невиди-

мости», а следовательно вербальность, однако скривами «невидимости» (для которых основной является вербальность) может передаваться инференциальность в рамках соответствующего контекста.

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8. Собственно инференциальные скривы сванского языка с точки зрения оппозиции находятся в совершенно равных условиях по отношению к формам изъявительного (нейтрального, индикативного) наклонения, т.к. они, подобно формам изъявительного наклонения, образуют нейтральные словосочетания (А. Арабули), семантически же эти последние маркированы показателем неопределенности, вероятности, что в конечном итоге подразумевает условность знаний, информации о действии/событии (а не утвердительность, идеальность). Поэтому мы считаем, что в сванском языке наклонение инференциальных скрив условное.

9. Вербальные разновидности прямой эвиденциальности и косвенной эвиденциальности в сванском языке передаются глагольными формами изъявительного наклонения. Собственно инференциальные глаголы, выражающие инференциальную разновидность косвенной эвиденциальности, соответствуют условному наклонению. Что же касается сослагательного наклонения, одной из его семантических функций является инференция, но только в пределах предложения, а инференция в контексте означает, что результат появляется на основе рассуждений. Такие предложения эвиденциальные, глагол же независимо от предложения не является эвиденциальным (в отличие от форм инференциального настоящего, условного, условно-результативного, которые независимо от конструкции однозначно имеют эпистемичное значение и могут привнести данную семантику в простое повествовательное предложение).

Если же «в основном значении ряда независимый семантический показатель является определяющим условием его существования в языке, и поэтому мена каждого семантического показателя (наряду с меной формы) позволяет выделить отдельно глагольную единицу, независимую языковую сущность» (Арабули 1992:117), тогда по аналогии с этим принципом и выделяемыми ученым в подсистеме изъявительного наклонения независимыми функциональными единицами в сванском эти единицы распределяются в подсистеме условного наклонения следующим образом:

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1) инференциальное настоящее (ä-gm-un-i «может/наверное строит»); 2) инференциальное совершенное будущее (ad-gem-n-e «мо-жет/возможно построит»); 3) условное несовершенное (ä-gm-un-Œl/i-gm-un-i-… «возможно/ может строил»); 4) условное совершенное (ad-gem-n-a «возможно/может построил"); 5) I условно-результативное [x-e-g-i "может/возможно строил" = "наверно у него уже построено (хоть один раз) "; "наверно построено у него"]; 6) II условно-результативное [x-e-g-Œl/x-e-g-i-… "может/возможно строил" = "наверно у него было построено (хоть один раз) "; "построено было у него"]. 10. Скривы сослагательного наклонения в сванском менее функциональны; это происходит может и потому, что в языке имеются инференциальные скривы и, если наше рассуждение верно, тогда эти последние должны были сформироваться на гораздо более ранней стадии. Конъюнктивы же, как известно, сначала выражали индикатив, а значение сослагательного наклонения в грузинском языке они передают только вместе с частицей -mca. После исчезновения этой частицы они приобрели данную семантику, хотя в сравнении со сванскими инференциальными глаголами, они менее способны выражать условность.

С и н т а к с и с

1. Синтаксически вербальная эвиденциальность ("чужая речь") в картвельских языках выражается соответствующей конструкцией и частицами, распределенными по лицам. В сванском в прямой речи для передачи-распределения лиц исходным является сам говорящий (информатор), а не реальные позиции непосредственных участников диалога в реальной ситуации. Именно это представляет специфику сванской прямой речи, поэтому она - "наполовину косвенная", т.е. конструкция, подобная косвенной + частицы прямой речи. Или, говоря по-другому: приоритетным для

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конструкции являются не личные позиции источника информации (непосредственного владельца информации) и его адресата, а их отношение к говорящему (в эвиденциальном аспекте этого текста - с говорящим) с точки зрения самого говорящего. 2. В «чужой речи» различия с грузинским языком создает не распределение частиц, а сама конструкция. Это различие между современным грузинским литературным языком и сванским языком особо важно с точки зрения эвиденциальности: в современном грузинском литературном языке глагольные формы с частицей -mca не используются, поэтому не существует конструкции с соответствующей формой; в сванском же очень активными является соответствия грузинской частице -mca частица -u/-oG… (об архаичности которой свидетельствует идиоматика) и ее алломорфы, и конструкция благодаря их наличию уже содержит косвенный ("иной") источник. Соответственно, такие конструкции без специальных частиц "чужой речи" передают только косвенноэвиденциальную семантику _ говорящий не является непосредственным обладателем информации, источник информации внешний, "иной". 3. В сванском эвиденциальные скривы ареалом своего действия почти в равной степени используют паратаксис и гипотаксис; в случае включения в гипотаксис таких глаголов необязательно наличие союзов, в некоторых случаях - и коррелятов.

Думаем, что данные сванского языка есть проявление такого древнего явления, когда простые предложения только логически (а не грамматически) соотносились друг с другом, когда "на ранних ступенях развития языка вопросительное предложение асидентно было связано с предложением, содержащим глаголы семантики чувства и говорения, а вопросительная интонация представляла основу синтаксической связи" (Дзидзигури 1989: 443; _ почеркнуто нами). С точки зрения конструктивной специфичности особого внимания заслуживает сложноподчиненное предложение с условной подчинительной связью, которая представляется естественной только в моделях древнегрузинского языка.

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В период формирования гипотактической конструкции в сванском языке целый ряд скрив уже должен был иметь значение инференциальности (если она вообще является вторичным явлением), указанные глаголы содержат понятие условности, сомнения-предположительности (инференциальности, эпистемичности), семантики «если» (именно той семантики, которую привносит подчинительный союз в условно-придаточную часть предложения). Таким образом, союз, в отличие от литературного языка, не был обязательным (хотя, в современном сванском параллельно возможно присоединение подчинительной связи с союзом, что больше похоже на инновацию или влияние литературного языка). По нашему мнению, сохранению в сванском языке сравнительно архаичного типа (бессоюзной, бескоррелятивной) гипотактической конструкции содействовали: а) наличие в языке инференциальных глаголов, содержащих условную семантику; б) отсутствие мотивации для создания новой сложной конструкции: письменный язык предъявил другие требования, потребовал другого пространства (главнейшая причина!), он развился более и в данном направлении; бесписьменный язык же «воспользовался» особой эластичностью и информативной содержательностью и многое отразил в органических формах; соответственно, тип сложноподчиненного предложения сохранил древнюю форму за счет сказуемого, выраженного специфическими (инференциальными) скривами, хотя параллельно по аналогии с литературным языком ( а не в обязательном порядке) постепенно устанавливается усовершенствованная форма (с союзом, коррелятом). Можно сказать, что процесс формирования гипотактической конструкции в сванском еще не завершен, подтверждением тому является сосуществование в языке нового и старого типов анализируемой конструкции.

О взаимоотношении эвиденциальности и модальности в международном языкознании существует три точки зрения: а) эвиденциальность и модальность находятся в дизъюнктивном соотношении (т.е. существенно различаются друг от друга) – в таком случае говорят об эвиденциальности в узком понимании этого слова; б) эвиденциальность и модальность находятся в инклюзивном

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соотношении друг с другом, т.е. в эвиденциальность включено отношение говорящего к информации с точки зрения достоверности (сомнительно-предположительной) – в таком случае дело имеем с широким значением этого термина ("эвиденциальность"), хотя случается и наоборот: в частых случаях эвиденциальность привносят в состав эпистемичной модальности; в) согласно третьей точке зрения, модальность и эвиденциальность частично покрывают друг друга (Дендал, Тасмовский 2001: 341-342). Положение сванского языка соответствует именно третьей точке зрения, т.к. в этом языке, как показало исследование, наблюдается модализованная эвиденциальная система (по терминологии В. Плунгяна); модальность и эвиденциальность частично покрывают друг друга.

В специальной литературе в основном выделяют четыре разновидности с эвиденциальным значением (эвиденциалы): индикатив, конклюзив, ренаратив и дубитатив. В сванском языке эвиденциалы (индикатив – прямой, ренаратив, инферентив/конклюзив – косвенный) имеют точно определенное грамматическое значение, которое вступает в сложные взаимоотношения в тексте с лингвистическими или экстралингвистическими факторами, так как эвиденциальность, в широком смысле этого слова, является категорией текста, а глагольная эвиденциальность – один из способов ее выражения.

Исследование показало, что для сванского языка первые три эвиденциала являются органичными и продуктивными, что обусловлено должно быть богатой глагольной системой – специфическими эпистемическими скривами и, в то же время, множеством перфектных форм, часть из которых действительно развилась на основе индикатива (изъявительного наклонения). Таковыми являются эвиденциальные формы I и II результативного. Другие же формы (I условно-результативное и II условно-результативное) развились на основе инференциальных скрив I серии (глава III, §19). В сванском, в сравнении с грузинским, больше глагольных форм для выражения конклюзива (и не только конклюзива):

инференциального настоящее (resp. будущее несовершенное): а-xta…-n-i/i-xta…-n-i «возможно/наверно рисует», (/«может будет

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рисовать» - В. Топурия); превербное будущее суффиксального образования: ad-xat…-in-e

«наверно/возможно нарисует»; условное: а) несовершенного вида _ a-xta…-n-Œl/i-xta…-n-i-…

«наверно/возможно/может... рисовал»; б) совершенного вида _ ad-xat…-in-a «нарисовал бы наверно/возможно»; условно-результативное I: x-e-xtä…-i (верхн.сван.), x-e-xata…-n-i

(нижн.сван.) «возможно/наверно {на}рисовал = у него будет нарисовано то»; условно-результативное II: верхн.бальск. x-e-xta…-Œl, нижн. бальск. x-e-xtä…-i-… «возможно/наверно нарисовал».

Это те скривы, которые с точки зрения эвиденциальности встречаются только в конклюзивном значении, и они не способны самостоятельно, без частиц «чужой речи» или модальности, выражать информацию, полученную из вербального источника.

В соответствии с контекстом (а не самостоятельно!) конклюзив можно выразить заглазными формами I серии, а также превербными и беспревербными (с суффиксом -en) формами I результативного (когда говорящий на основе одного перцептивного факта делает логический вывод относительно другого неперцептивного, «невидимого» события или действия: верхн. бальск. ala l‰zJ‹n lˆmh’l [li], нижн. бальск. ali laz-Ji lˆmhiäl [li] (I заглазн.) – «это он уходя, оказывается, спешил» – говорящий увидел в комнате разбросанные вещи и сделал обобщающий вывод). Хотя более важной функцией этой скривы является ренаратив.

Основной морфологической базой для выражения ренаратива в

сванском являются глагольные заглазные формы I серии и перфектные формы (I результативного беспревербного с суффиксом -en и с основными превербами), которые без специальных синтаксических возможностей (конструкция, частицы «чужой речи») выражают информацию, идущую из внешнего источника:

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I заглазное: верхн. бальск. x-ä-gm-{…}in-a, нижн. бальск. x-ä-gm-un-a

– «надстраивал/строил (сверху), оказывается»; II заглазное: верхн. бальск. lˆ-m-gр-m{…}in [li], нижн. бальск. lˆ-m-

gem-{…}in [li] – «строил оказывается»; I результативноe (превербное): верхн. сванск. – oT-g-a «построил (оказывается)»; I результативное (беспревербное, с суффиксом -en-a): верхн. бальск. x-a-g-Šn-a, нижн. бальск. x-ä-g-en-a _ «строил = оказывается у него было построено» (срв. неэвиденциальную, экспериентальную, беспреверб-ную, бессуффиксную форму xoga – «строил = у него это построено», которая ни в коем случае не может быть ренаративной, т.к. она предполагает информацию не из внешнего источника, а «идеальные знания» говорящего). Что же касается дубитатива, который означает фиксирование сомнения со стороны говорящего в истинности информации, то в сванском эта категория выражается лишь посредством широкого контекста или модальными лексемами – ни одна из эвиденциальных глагольных форм не содержит этой семантики, хотя функционально (при помощи контекста или интонации) возможно и это выражение. Заметим, что для языков того ареала (балканского), к которым с точки зрения эвиденциальности типологически относят и грузинский, не является характерным дубитатив. Как указывают специалисты, в этих языках «дубитативность в основном выражается интонацией и дополнительными дубитативными модификаторами» (Куцаров 1984:18).

Лексические средства выражения эвиденциальности

Эвиденциальность в сванском языке (как вербальная, так и инференциальная), помимо морфологических и синтаксических способов, выражается еще и лексически. Функционально лексемы

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эвиденциальности делятся на два типа: одни лексемы выражают вербальность. К таковым относятся частицы «чужой речи», которые в соответствующих конструкциях (прямая речь) фиксируют внешний источник информации (I, II или III лицо). Другие лексемы выражают инференцию ( в таком случае источником информации является логика, мышление самого говорящего).

1. Частица, совмещающая обе функции (в соответствии с Контекстом выражает то вербальный источник, то инференциальный), только одна: esn’r/esnär{i} «оказывается»:

а) esn’r lädi S…äns Sdue – «Оказывается сегодня в Сванети идет снег» - источник информации внешний, он вербальный, хотя говорящий его не конкретизирует – этот источник может быть имперсональным лицом, выражать слухи или информацию массмедии… б) esn’r ala qors äri! – «Оказывается он дома!» - говорящий увидел свет в окне или машину, стоящую возле дома, и, обобщив факт, сделал логическое заключение – источником информации в этом случае является инференция. 2. Вспомогательных лексем, выражающих собственно инференцию (и никогда не выражающих вербальность) в языке гораздо больше; в зависимости от их состава можно выделить три типа: а) собственно частицы, которые не подвергаются сегментации, и этимология которых неизвестна (mˆrŠs «наверно, как видно»; nŒTa… «может, авось»…); б) синтетические лексемы, в которых возможно установление входящих компонентов (ma…Sli < *mä-S… li «наверно, как видно»; serTxi < ser-d-xi «а если»…), хотя они не представляют просто суммы значений этих компонентов; в) отглагольные вспомогательные слова (änG…li «думаю», mabJa

«думаю»/«считаю»/«по-моему»...). 3. Использование инференциальных лексем в глагольных скривах не является свободным. Определенная часть этих лексем сочетается только с индикативными формами (изъявительного наклонения, некоторые же, наоборот, сочетаются только с собственно сванскими инференциальными скривами (будущее несовершенное – resp.

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инференциальное настоящее, будущее совершенное с основными превербами, условное, условно результативное I и II), редко – соотносится с формами сослагательного наклонения, что должно быть связано, с одной стороны, с формированием инференции ++как семантической и грамматической категории, а с другой стороны – с этапами образования, хронологией самих инференциальных лексем. А это весьма сложно установить в бесписьменных языках.

После того, как литературный язык, функционально используя некоторые скривы (в основном перфектные скривы и пермансива), а также синтаксические возможности («чужая речь») «открыл дорогу» эвиденциальности, бесписьменный язык еще более усовершенствовал эту категорию грамматически – были образованы перфектные формы: условно-результативные, для которых предположительно уже имелись данные в виде форм настоящего инференциального (resp. будущего несовершенного), которые, по нашему мнению, относятся к ранней стадии развития языка (до возникновения превербов), и однозначная эпистемическая семантика которых говорит о том, что эта скрива представляет нейтральную оппозицию настоящего времени; более того, инференциальную форму имеют и статические глаголы: xoira

(«написано у него») _ xejri («может/наверно написано у него»); xaxta…a («нарисовано») _ xextä…i («может/наверно нарисовано»), xag («стоит») _ xegni может/наверно стоит»); xat…ra («горит») _ xet…ri

(«может/наверно горит»). Это явление отмечает также и Г. Мачавариани: «Не исключается возможности первоначального развития в сванском форм будущего несовершенного от статических форм, а затем по аналогии с ними – и от динамических глаголов» (Мачавариани 1974:139). Что же касается форм с эпистемическим значением, наличествующих в динамических глаголах, архаичность принимаемого нами за аффикс эвиденциальности -*Vn- предполагает и исследователь: «Следует предположить, что суффиксы -un || -in по происхождению должны были представлять образовательные форманты основ настоящего времени. Суффиксы каузатива -un || -en (> -in) очевидно того же происхождения» (Мачавариани, там же). Эта теория подтверждает нашу точку зрения о том, что указанный аффикс является древнейшим. Он еще в древнейшую эпоху развития языка был

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распределен в зависимости от функций. На раннем этапе развития языка одной из функций этого аффикса была эвиденциальность (инференция), т.к. данная семантическая оппозиция уже наличествовала в статических глаголах. Категория эвиденциальности в сванском и, соответственно, остальных картвельских языках, возможно, действительно связана с аналогичным феноменом, распространенным в других иберийско-кавказских языках и представляет ареальное явление. Несмотря на это, выводы, полученные на основе анализируемого материала, дают возможность утверждать автохтонное происхождение эвиденциальности в сванском языке. Предполагаем, что формирование категории эвиденциальности в картвельских языках объясняется не влиянием других языков (например, турецкого) (Slobin, Aksu-Koç 1986: 159-167), а внутренними тенденциями развития языка. Как отмечал Г. Мачавариани в отношении категории аспекта «не следует искать внешних факторов" тогда, когда анализируемый материал выявляет факты, подтверждающие оригинальное происхождение того или иного явления в языке.

274

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bz. _ svanuri enis balszemouri dialeqti

bq. _ svanuri enis balsqvemouri dialeqti

zs. _ zemosvanuri

ike _ iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba

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lSx. _ svanuri enis laSxuri dialeqti

megr. _ megruli

sv. p. _ svanuri poezia

sv. pr. t. _ svanuri prozauli teqstebi

sv. en qr. _ svanuri enis qrestomaTia

qs. _ qvemosvanuri

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a

a 84, 173(2X)

a- 51(2X), 54, 67, 74 (2X), 118

-a 41, 51(3X), 54, 69(2X), 74(2X),

134, 173, 224, 225

a-gрm-d-a 141

ad- 54, 118, 127, 142 ad-berg-isg 157

ad-gam 229

a-dgar-жn-i 111, 116, 184

a-dgрr 218 a-dgрr-i 82, 116, 122, 123, 176

a-dgрr-n-a 171(2X)

a-dgрr-n-e 111, 123, 170, 171, 184

ad-gem-n-a 168, 229

ad-gem-n-e 168, 229

a-dgr-in-e 184

ad-dagr-i 93

a-de-Оa 173

a-de{r} 83(2X), 95 ad-i-e 86

ad-i-n-e 210 ad-О-e-x 195

ad-О-ë-ж 101

ado 125

a-dr-i-n-a 200 a-dr-i-n-e 123, 124 a-dr-i-n-e-a 173

a-dr-i-О 173

ad-Wkоr-e 217

ad-xatæ-asgж 127 ad-xatæ-e 240

ad-xatæ-in-a 127, 183, 233

ad-xatæ-in-e 126, 182, 233

ad-xatæ-i-{ne}/-sg 239

ad-xatæ-isg 127

ad-j-i-kuar-e 64

aT-a-kær 217

aTðs 123

aT-badрæ 100(2X)

aT-bur-ën-a-x 55, 56

aT-kar-ón 13(2X)

aT-kar-ën-ón 137

aT-kрl-n-e 218

aTla 154, 218(2X)

aT-mund-ën-a-x 55

aT-féSg-ér-e-d 97

aT-yid 102

aT-cxat-a 198 aT-Wem 87

aTxe 21, 72, 84, 86(2X), 89, 96(2X), 97, 98, 100(2X), 113,

130, 152, 191, 204, 210, 217

aTxeld 130

aTxe-О 161 aTxe-xi 214 aTxë-О161

aT-вan-ón 136

a/i-lкS-un-i 47

a/i-mкr-un-i 47

286

al- 127, 118

al 67, 69(4X), 70, 77, 82,

86(3X), 101(2X), 104(2X),

113(2X), 152, 156(2X), 182, 195,

201(3X), 208, 217

ala 63, 104, 173, 176, 199, 208, 217, 234, 236

ala-s 75, 151, 154, 156,

210(2X), 242

a-lóS-i241

alк 204 a-lкS-un-i 146, 241

ali 97(2X), 99, 107, 176,

199, 234

alis 97(2X)

al-móz 43

alОðr 81 alОðr-s 87, 195

alОðr-caxðn 84

al-Six-ë-li 47

al-Ced-d 176

am 123

ambж-ðr 157

a-mкr-e 116

a-mкr-un-i 116, 146, 151

a-m-ó-qæ-ìsg-жn-i-d 91

ambðж 81

ambðжs 91

a-m-dagr-i 93

ameОsga 90

amesga 89

ameqa 85, 162

ameCu 173, 217

amzaж 131, 212, 216

amis 138, 156

amkðlib 152

amnëm 211

amnoS 152

amJi 65, 89, 94(2X), 113, 210(2X),

211(2X)

amJìn 94(2X), 241(2X)

amsжaldðS 123

amunRжe 86, 175 amunRo 175 amucжr 99

amRa 213 amRжiWx 94

amCiqqa 191, 241

amCu 173, 211

amCоn 105

amxðn 175

amxen 84

amxenqa 90, 175

am-xi 214 a-m-вed-a 54(2X)

an- 43, 54, 117, 127, 142

an-T-e 103

an-kкf-e 212 *an-lé-móz 43 an-lé-Six-e-li 47

an-fiSæd-d 107

an-qрx 215 an-Rel-d-a 209 an-Rr-i 207(2X)

a-ny-e 116

a-ny-un-i 116

an-Sxeb-na 199 an-Sxeb-n-e 199

287

an-xæit-x 241 an-врd 211 an-вid 103

ara 63

ara-Cxara 63

as- 54, 118, 142

a-tкb-e 111

a-tкb-un-i 111

a-tær-e 160 a-tær-un-íl 161

a-fiSg 243

a-fiSdæ-x 86

afxnegðr 241 afxnegðrs 86

afxnegmкrasai 95, 96

afxnegs 86

a-qрC 51

a-qC-en-i 51

aRжe 191

aRo 86, 97, 98(3X), 154

a-yær-e 213 aS 218

a-SdiRæ-d-a 140

a-Sdu-e 207

a-SdRæ-i 140

a-SdRæ-i-ж 140

a-SdRæ-un-i 140

a-SdR{æ}-un-íl 140

aSirTeJi 152

a-Sxeb-d-a 241, 242

aSxж 130, 195, 196(2X)

aSxжJi 55

aSxжJìn 195

a-Cad 83

a-Cрd 83, 95, 102, 103, 217

a-Céldрr-i 70

a-x-d-ën-a-x 195

a-x-Ten-isg 218

a-x-Txкl-a 93

a-x-sgur-en-a 65(2X)

a-xtaæ-n-i 182, 233, 237

a-xtaæ-n-íl 183, 233, 239

a-xtрæ-d-a 239, 240

a-xtрæ-i 239

a-xtрæ-i-ж 239, 240 a-x-RæiW-x 94

a-x-Skрd-n-e-d-a 124

a-x-Sxeb-ë/en-a 77

a-x-Wæкd-a-x 81(2X)

a-Ãn-i 156, 241

a-Ãn-un-i 241

ajaRéj 108

a-jрb 199

a-j-kvar-e 64

a-j-marcx-a-x 139

a-h-ën-a 55(2X)

р

ðgiTëж 217 ðgixðn 54(2X)

ð-gm-u-ni 168, 229

ð-gm-un-íl 168, 229

ðd-gæó/рl-i 211 ð-d-i-sg 43

ðd-qæiT 51

ðd-Ranæ-i-ж 130 ðd-Wod-ón-i 217

ð-ë-sg-i 85

288

ðT-bur-ón-x 56

ðT-burg-en-e-d 123

ðT-ж-Six-ón 133

ðT-ж-xatæ-ón 133

ðTu 242(4X)

ð-ir-d-a 126

-ðl 42

ð-l-Som-{n}e-d 131

ð-m-bрdæ-a 100

ð-m-Tor-a 51

ð-m-i-mbæ-e 85(2X)

ð-m-i-Оr-a 51

ð-m-ìr-a 51

ð-m-saxT-a 99, 100

ð-m-tex-li-x 65(2X)

ð-m-Ced63

ð-m-Ced-ë-li 57

ð-m-cud-x 89

ðm-xatæ-a 51

ð-m-вed-ë-li 20

ð-m-вed-lðsж 204

ð-m-jéræ-a-s 211

ð-m-jéræ-isg 211

-ðn 134

ðn-tx-en-i 210, 211

ðn-Rel-i 208(2X)

ðn-R-ж-li 208(5X), 209(4X),

210(4X), 218, 236

ðn-R-ж-li-d 208

ðn-R-li 208(2X)

ðn-yid 56

ðn-Wir 207

ðn-вd-e 103, 210, 211

ðn-вer-d-a 97

ðn-вжd-en-i 175

ðn-jрb-i-ж-moS 156 ðn-hur-n-e 95

ðn-é-mbрæ 157 ð-О 70

ð-О-ësg-i 70

ð-Оr-i-ж 126

ð-Оr-un-i 48, 114, 142

ð-Оr-un-ol 128

ð-Оr-un-íl 148, 126

ð-О-sg 70

рr-i 70, 213, 236

рr-i-x 191(2X), 216

ð-tìfane-x 99

ð-Sxb-i 77

ð-Sxb-i-ж 242 ð-Sxb-un-íl199, 241

ð-Sx-i 156 ð-xж-i-cxp 91

ð-xж-Som-e-d 208 ð-x-kрd-n-ðs 136

ð-x-miTqæ-ón 193

ð-x-fрS 200

ð-x-вiC-e-d 64

ð-j-Txкl 93

ð-hunрr 95

ó

-ón 134

-ól 42

b

baba 210, 242(4X)

babas 133, 213

289

babas-éj 87

bazi 99

baJ 208

baJa 208

bardans 124

barjð 196(3X) bðdSж 213

bðzi 113, 122(2X)

bðqs 207, 208

bкzi 81, 89, 98, 99, 119, 135

bedJi 151

befS 170(2X)

befSж 114, 170(2X), 195, 214, 217 befSs 214

bzaT 138

bid 65

bofSðr 191(2X)

bofSðrs 213

bofSðrcaxðn 195

boyжare 64

bubas 93(2X), 133

buzоlðr 204

bReCu 86

g

gar 72, 99(2X), 113

gðnxðn 242(2X)

gðrglix 189, 221

gezal 86, 195(2X), 212, 217

gezald 158

gezlð 151

gezlir 89

gezlirs 87

gemðS 99(2X)

gж-a-won-e 113

gжelerSðpi 75

gжelОðrSðps 75

gжeres 123

gжeriж 136 gжeS94(2X), 123, 208(2X),

242(4X)

gжeSs 170(2X)

gжere 124

gжëra 98

gжi 218

gж-ì-zn-ën-s 139

gzкжrob 200 giga 93(3X)

gim 45

gimi 188

gimiS 188 gimJi 45

gims 119, 122(2X)

gioSa 243(2X)

gioSe{r} 243

gicðr 102

glexTësga 94(2X)

gomni 210(2X), 211(4X), 219

gomnì 210(3X), 219

goSðr 152

gud 72

gudmecðr 102

gun 213, 241

gurnarSж 91

guRжðndan 138

guSgжeОd 64

290

d

dab 136

dabs 211, 241(2X)

dagras 64

daCжir 93(2X) daвðr 98(2X)

daвlð 200

dðж 125 dðжs 204

dðl 171, 171(6X), 200

dðls 167, 171(4X), 242(2X)

dðr 64, 216

dðf 196

dðfs 196

dðfJi 196

dðSdжð 182, 185 dðSdжi 85

dðSdжs 91

dór 93(2X)

dós 62, 217

dedberd 104

dede 94, 107

dem 107, 207(2X), 208(2X)

deme 154 demeg 87, 100, 157(2X), 215(2X)

demegij 87

demTe 218

demis 85, 97(3X), 113, 122,

123(2X), 161, 162, 171(4X),

175, 211

demnoS 206

denas 67

de{r} 201

desa 216

deS 45 (2X), 55, 64, 124, 154,

157, 170, 213, 214, 217, 241

deSoma 77, 157, 242

decTeJi 124

dëm 213

dëme 99

dëmis 170, 171

dës 54(2X)

dësa 54

d-ësgi 43

dia 104

diðr 152

diðrs 123

dina 85, 103, 204

dìmu 81

dìnas 152

dìnóls 213

dìnóS 152

do 139, 203(2X)

doж{e} 203

doRж’ 218

doRжe 203(3X), 204

díж 204(2) díжe 204

díж{e} 203(6), 204, 207 dísa 139

dreжJi 153

e

-e 42, 44(2X), 47, 217

e-gж-sed-n-i 99

ezðr 119, 120

el-sip-ël-i 47

291

-em 43

-en- 36, 37 (2X), 51, 56, 67, 68

(4X), 69, 70, 71(3X), 72, 73,

74, 76, 77 (3X), 78, 112 (2X),

137 (5X), 138(2X), 145, 181,

183, 199, 237 (2X)

-en-a 37, 54, 74, 58, 224, 225,

234 (2X)

eОs 97(2X)

e/os-xжr-i 153

er 176(2X)

-er 43

ere 83, 84, 85(2X), 122, 123(2X),

138, 152, 154(2X), 189, 196,

208, 209, 211

erжa 100(2X)

erжeSd 152

erTgжil 95(2X)

erxi 213 es- 43, 54, 118, 127, 142

es-gën-a 55

es-gen-ën-a 55

es-d-e 43

eser 62 (2X), 75, 80, 81(3X), 82,

83(3X), 84(2X), 85, 86(3X),

88(7X), 89(4X), 90, 91(5X),

93(3X), 94(6X), 95(8X), 96(2X),

97(5X), 98(2X), 99 (2X),

101(7X), 102(3X), 103(2X),

104(3X), 105(2X), 123(3X),

124(4X), 138, 139, 152, 154,

188(4X), 200, 201(3X), 204(3X),

206(2X), 210(2X), 211, 212,

213(2X), 217(2X), 218(3X),

241(2X)

eseroRж 83(3X), 103

eseru 95

es-ж-d-a 206 es-ж-d-a-x 65

es-zig-ën-a 196

es-lé-sip-e-li 47

esnðr{i} 54(2X), 56(2X), 63(3X),

69, 75(4X), 197(7X), 198(4X),

199(9X), 200(3X), 207, 219,

236(4X) esren 196

es-sed-n-i-x 99

es-qem-a 138

eqimðr 99

es-Rr-i 91

es-Sxeb-ë/en-a 77

es-Wæën 217

es-Won-a-x 65(2X)

eqa 100

eqas 124

eS 99

eSdОíri 198

eSжóО 152

eSжi 124

eSiО 93(4X)

eSì 105, 152, 158, 213

eSxжi 64, 196(3X)

eSxu 99(2X)

eCabuкsd 152

eCaж 139

eCas 157, 188 eCeCu 154(2X), 196

292

eCi 95(2X), 152

eCis 241

eCì 62, 213

eCìS 241

eCqa 91, 102, 114, 170, 175, 176,

210

eCqad 98(2X), 139(2X)

eCqanRo 198

eCqas 100, 101, 175, 176,

241(2X)

eCCu 65

eCxaж 87, 93(2X)

eCxë114

eC-xi 214

ecnðr 197

ej 124, 152, 196(6X), 217

eja 55, 65, 84, 99, 152, 170(2X),

171(2X), 173, 176, 209, 217,

241, 152

ejas 171(2X), 213, 241

ejgeni 125

ejzum 196

eji 63, 99, 170(2X), 171(2X), 176

ejis 100, 171(2X), 188

ejkðli 154, 158

ejОðr 95(2X)

ejОðrs 65, 84, 139

ejJi 95, 96, 211

ejJiS 157

ejRa 75, 152, 218 ejRðО 97(2X), 152

ejji 45 ë

-ën 51, 67, 68, 70, 137(2X)

æ

-ж 136, 165, 213

жðra 196

жðre 196

жerb 196

жefxжi 96(2X)

жeSgd 65(3X)

жeSgin 94(2X)

-жin 42(3X), 43

жisgжs 94, 95

жiji 210(2X)

-жn-e 42(2X)

-жn-i 112

жobðS 62(2X)

жod 139(2X)

жosðr 69

-ж /-oRж 84, 102(2X)

жoSTxжzðОðn 243

жíSTxжzðОðn 243(2X)

z

zaж175(2X)

zðОld 91

zeq 214 zisx 107(2X)

zural 77, 89(2X), 94, 95, 242

zuralór 213

zurals 67, 69 (2X), 70, 77

zurкl 89(2X), 94, 95(2X), 213

zurкls 69(2X), 70, 99, 201

zurolórs 212

293

T

Tansgжebin 55(2X)

TanRiðrqaО 153

Tðkжij 107

TðОsdeb 122, 123

TðОsdebs 123

TeTne 77

TeTrséj 107

Tel 124 (2X)

TelRéra 91

TeОld 63

Tef 97(2X)

Tërðl 55

Tërðr 213 Tжefd 65

Tжi 204 Tжirqðrs 55

Txëróld 102

Txжim 102, 176(2X), 241

Txжims 97, 200

Txum 91

Txumas 206

i

i 55(3X), 57, 65, 66, 75, 84(2X),

86(2X), 87, 89, 93(2X), 94(6X),

95(4X), 96(4X), 97(2X),

98(4X), 99(3X), 100(2X),

102(2X), 103(2X), 107(5X), 114,

122, 123(3X), 130, 132, 138(2X),

152, 176(2X), 188(2X), 195, 196,

198, 200(3X), 204, 208, 213,

214, 217(2X), 218(2X),241(3X)

-i 112, 119

{i}bðqs 207

i-burg-el 152

i-bérg-Оël 152

É-gрm-da-x 241

i-gæn-i 70, 116

i-gæn-un-i 116

i-gm-un-i-ж 168, 229

i-gm-un-íl 47 i-gím-e 210 i-dgar-жn-i 111

ie 216 -iel 42

ieSd 125

-iël 42

i-æCx-ìn-íl-da 203 i-zb-i 95

i-zel-ðl 153

i-zel-ól 153, 200

i-laS-ж/un-i 146

i-lрS-i 161

i-lóS-i 161

im 90, 91, 94(2X), 95(2X),

107(2X), 114

i-mar-жn-i 146

i-mar-un-i-x 123(2X)

imgжa 217 imðrg 84

imжкle 217(4X)

imжóО 217 imTe 91

imnðr 89, 217

imJi 82, 99, 100, 130

imRa 97(2X)

294

-in- 37 (2X), 41, 42 (3X), 43, 47,

111 (2X), 112 (2X), 126, 142,

143, (2X), 227, 237, (2X)

-in-a 40, 40, 41(3X), 127

-in-e 119

-in-i 112 (2X), 116

i-Оr-un-i 48

i-Оr-un-i-ж 126, 128

i-rd-i 218

i-r-i 100(2X)

isgжa 87, 101

isgжeО 91

isgжeОd 206

i-sgær-íl-da-x 241

isgoж 176

isgoжd 176

isgoRж 86

isgu 91, 95, 99, 101, 152

i-sm-i-ж130

i-tær-i/un-i 160

i-tær-un-i-ж 161

i-uCx-un-i 170

i-qæTer 51

i-yæed-i 124

i-yir-x 195

iSgan 123

i-Sgd-e 97

i-Sdæ-ìn-i 21, 209

i-Sdr-кl-{ж}n-i 114

i-Sdr-ó/ðl 70, 114

i-Sdu-жn-i 21, 113(2X)

i-SdR{æ}-un-i-ж 140

i-Sxb-un-i-ж 199, 241

i-Co 95(2X), 158

i-xtaæ-n-i 185, 233, 239

i-xtaæ-n-i-ж 183, 233, 239

i-вn-un-i 113(2X)

-ij/-éj 80, 86, 87(2X), 90

i-hdér-e 211

i-her 86

-ìs 127

ì

ì-r-a 185

ì-r-a-Оa 119, 120

k

kab 77(2X)

kabi 77

kabs 77(3X), 177

kandaoR 139

kand’oRж 139

karжa 124

keTil 201

kжðmi 213

kжóSis 99

kibs 124

klas 243

klð/as 243

klðsTe 214

kotíl 94(2X)

kojðrisga 242

kubdðr 154

kudðs 173

kuprðl 65

295

l

la- 43, 55, 118, 142

ladðR 55

ladeRs 125

ladeRu 139

ladRiS 130

lazJi 234

lalToRжe 217

la-m-lat-a 72

lanRelSж 221

la-О/i-skin-e 45 (2X)

larda 211

laRжbðS 130

laSgðr 65

laSdRжкl 152

laWжdónTe 62, 213

lax 93(2X), 99(2X), 101,

130(3X), 131, 135(2X), 170

la-x-baJ-a 82

la-x-bрr-i 216

laxe 213

laxжTe 170

laxжxðn 176

laxжxen 176

la-x-tex-a-x 65

la-x-Céd-a 65(2X)

la-x-Wæed-n-a 94

la-j-sed-a 63

la-hed-n-e 123

la-hed-n-e-x 124

lahсdTe 85, 210

lðbergiTe 207

lðdi 82, 113, 156(2X), 209, 218,

236, 241(2X)

lðdОarкlJìn 198

lðznaTe 130

lðid 218(4X)

lðir 54(2X), 173, 217

lðmzéroS 241(2X)

lðmTil 96

lðnWirSж 221

lðОzжebne 142

lðОkжðrx 195

lðОmaxvкlTe 63

lðОrs 199

lðsж 152, 200(2X), 212

lðSkdðSs 125

lð-xж-Wæed-d-a-d 90

lð-x-Syрd-жin 152

lð-x-впr-ðn 107

lð-hæed-i 125

lкzJìn 234

lóTSж 213

-le 217(4X)

lebias 156(3X)

lede 198

lezebs 130

lezжeb 57

lezжebs 130, 131(2X)

lezob 123 lelðtd 99

leldì/isgs 242(2X)

lelRðhi 113

lelcune 136

lemasgжJi 123

lemzérðls 114

lemzérðru 85

lereqж-lezжeb 206

296

lersgжanTe 241

leRж69, 71, 182, 185, 242, 243

leRжi 210

leRжì210

leRжs 199

leCжme-uCжma 62

lewжil 77

lewed 139

lehжdóli 152

lehжdid 86

lëTi 209(2X)

li 41, 42(5X), 43, 89, 99,

107(2X), 145, 154

libofSs 242

ligíme 210

liжJes 55

lizðld 130

lizi 45

liTxжОðri 157 l-i-ma 216

limargж 86

limoroж 97, 98

limíreжi 152

lingжlëж 175

lingleжi 175

linTж 212

*linWжir 207

linWir 207

*linWтr 207

lirde 153

lirdeisga 69

lirdëж 139

litxiel 216

liqжTunðl 188

liqTunól 188

liRli 208

liyжnðl 45

lic 67

lics 209(3X)

licо 102

*liWure 207

liвed 91

lìzi 84, 153

lìqжs 101

lo-g-zig-a 139

loq 212, 213

loq{ж} 80

l-o-x-Ton-a 67

l-o-x-Tín-a 67

l-o-x-mam-a 37, 56, 61, 243

l-o-x-pрtiæ-a 171(4X)

l-o-x-tix-a-x 65

l-o-x-Sdir-к/al-a 73

l-o-x-Sæ-a 73

l-o-x-wæën-a 67

l-o-x-won-a 67

lus 67

lutжðr 44

luWжens 101

lé- 41(2X), 42, 44

léðr 216(2X)

léðrs 85

lé-g-e-li 42

légíme 210

lédgðr 62, 104

lékre 45

lé-ma-g-em-li 42

lé-mð-z 42

297

lé-mð-rd-e-li 42, 47

lé-mð-r-e-li 42, 188

lé-mð-r-x 95(2X)

lé-mó-z 42, 196

lé-mó-r 195

lé-mó-r-li 188

lé-mó-r-liz 104

lé-mó-r-xжi 188

lé-mó-r-xi 94

lé-m-gрm-{ж}n-e-li 141

lé-m-gрm-{ж}in 185

lé-m-gрm-{ж}in {li}141, 187

lé-m-gрm-íl-in 43

lé-m-gрn-íl-in 105

lé-m-góm-{ж}in 41(2X), 234

lé-m-gem-{ж}in 41, 141, 187, 234

lé-m-gem-{ж}n-e-li 141

lé-m-gem-n-e-li 41

lé-m-gem-ol-n-e-li 43

lé-m-g-íl-in 43 lé-m-dagr-жin 42,78, 170

lé-m-dagr-in 42

lé-m-dagr-un-e-li 170

lé-m-dósg-жin 43

lé-m-disg-жin 43

lé-m-zeb 42

lé-m-zeb-in 42

lé-m-zel-ól 47

lé-m-zæeb 42

lé-m-zob-in 42

lé-m-i-Оr-жin 48, 78, 146 lé-m-ìr-жin48

lé-m-ìr-жn-e-li 146

lé-m-ìr-n-e-li 48, 146

lé-m-mкr-жin 42

lé-m-mкr-in 42

lé-m-sgæir-xжi 47 lé-m-sgur-ol-ne-xжi 47 lé-m-tрx-жin 43

lé-m-tex-ol-in 43

lé-m-Rir-ðl 42

lé-m-Rir-ól 42, 47

lé-m-Sdir-ól 195

lé-m-Six-жin-xжi 47 lé-m-Six-íl-in-xжi 47 lé-m-Sxрb-жin 242

lé-m-Sxeb-жn-e-li 242

lé-m-Wod-кn-in 199

lé-m-xatæ-in-{li} 240

lé-m-вan-ne-li 42

lé-m-вan-жin 42

lé-m-вan-in 42

lé-m-h-ól 234 lé-m-hi-ðl 234

lé-mé-dagr-un-eli 42

lé-mé-ir-жin 48(2X)

lé-mé-ir-n-e-li 48, 146 lé-mé-Оr-un-e-li 48 lé-mé-rb-ðl 42

lé-mé-rb-Оël 42

lé-mé-rd-ë-li 47, 195 lénðy 45

lény-e 45

lénSðn 170, 171(11X)

léJre 44, 45

létжre 44

298

létybe 44

lé-Rr-i-d 170

léCóJ 195

léc 124

lécqa 90

léwranкl-e 213

léWe 44, 45

léxжrel-e 42

léвmðS 200

léjðb 44

m

-m- 41

-ma- 41(2X), 46, 47

ma 152

ma- 42, 44, 46, 217

m-a-bJ-a 208(4X), 210(4X),

219, 236

maburgad 218

m-a-g 212

mad 45, 97(2X), 130

made 154, 171(2X), 243

madОa 114

maжin 45

ma-жS-der-li 201

maжSжderli 201

maжSжli 201, 202(3X), 227

maжSli 201, 219, 236

m-a-ku 100, 129

malT 218

malTe 218

malToRж{e} 217(2X)

maluld 103

malyórE196

mam 71, 97, 98, 173

mama 154, 218

mamagжeS 218

mamgжeS 206

m-a-min-e-x 61

m-a-mn-in-e 99

manðT 101

manësgra 210

maОkðli 210

mara 45, 102

mare 62, 64, 93(2X), 95(2X), 99,

101, 104, 113(2X), 154, 158, 198,

204, 213(2X), 218

marem 86, 242, 243

masðrd 153, 200

m-a-tul-i 100

mayali 242

maSed 241

m-a-wéx 152

maxeRжðJ 154, 218, 242(2X)

maxжðО 151, 167

maxobJi 152

m-a-jraæ-n-a 95

mahжrëne 195

mahrëne 94(2X)

mð 87, 89, 154, 176, 201

mðg 55, 62, 87, 95, 96, 213,

241(2X), 242(2X)

mðdil 176(2X)

mðжSderli 201

m-ð-kæ-d-a 89

m-ð-m-en-a 72

m-ð-m-Оën-a 71

mðnkжiS 243

299

mðО 89, 91, 176, 185

m-ð-qæ-e 83, 97, 98

*mðSж 236 mðxжðОn 157 m-ð-xl-en-a 98

m-ð-вd-a 54

mкd 119, 120, 170, 171(2X)

mкde 93(2X)

mкl 195

mкle 217(3X), 218

mкlegжeS 152

mкm 65, 94(3X), 95 (5X), 98(2X),

99, 105, 136, 154, 158, 161, 162,

170, 171(3X), 173, 175, 212

mкma 88, 154

mкmgжeS 156(2X), 158

mêr 78, 99

mêra 152, 182, 195, 200, 242

mêre 99, 154, 198, 200, 217

mêred 104

mónkжì 243(2X)

móО 84, 138

móqж 83, 95

móqжx 95

mezelól 154

meTxжðr 99, 170, 171

meTxжðrs 171(4X)

meTxжi/Оðr 170, 171, 185

meTxжiðrs 171(4X)

meTxжiór 99

merme 64

merre 130

m’eser 84, 96, 97

m’eseri 96

me-tx-e-li-x 65

m-e-qæ-i 158

m-e-yr-en-i 87

meSyde 86

m-e-Syæd-i 78

meSxa 125

meCde 218

me-Cd-e-li-x 206

me-Cd-ë-li 62

meCi 188, 189(3X), 213

meCiJi 130

mecqжil 65

m-e-wрd-x 89

m-e-xОрd-i 96

me-вd-e-l-xжi 62

mejжga 63

mehad 93(2X)

mëra 78

mërðls 113

mërma 55

mërmól 213

m-ë-qæ-i 158(2X)

mi 83, 87, 88, 89(2X), 91, 96, 97,

98, 99, 100, 101, 113, 152, 158,

173(3X), 208

mia 206 m-i-g-a 51 m-i-dgar-a-x 62

m-i-æJ-a 91

m-i-z-n-a 215

mii 87

m-i-kar-i 61

min 83, 103, 241

mine 81, 86

300

mins 99

miО 72, 154

m-i-rd-жn-a 154

m-i-r-i 93

misðs 131, 214

m-i-skin-a 62

m-i-qæiT-a 62

m-i-qC-e 91

m-i-yr-a 206

miSgжa 55(2X), 158, 162(3X), 163,

221(2X), 242(2X)

miSgжaj 107

miSgжaTe 91

miSgomusi 162(3X), 163

miSgu 89, 95, 96(2X), 97(2X),

98(2X), 242(2X)

m-i-Syæd-a 78

m-i-Sx-ón 133

miC 100, 104, 124(2X), 204

miCa 62,69, 86 (2X),95, 96,

97(2X), 99, 101, 104, 139(2X),

151, 153,170(2X), 196, 201(2X),

213, 217

miCaжS 161, 162

miCaij 107

miCðSd 213 m-i-Cd-a 153

m-i-Cæm-in-a 62, 99, 100

miCoжS 161, 162

miComus 102, 170(2X)

miCéj 87

m-i-wæ-a 153

m-i-wæ-en-a 206

m-i-xal-d-ðs 94

m-i-xtaæ-ón 133

mijnem 86

mìж 83

m-ì/i-z-n-a 154

m-ì/i-m-a 154 mole 125, 217

moRlðt 91

moS 62, 91, 216, 217

míd 204, 212

mím158

míma 84

míS-míS 241

msge 46

mugжda 211(2X), 219

mugжdðО 188(2X), 189, 211,

212, 219 mueSd 98(2X)

muTжri 152

mulguhëri 200

mulguhëris 94(2X)

muJalжare 64

mursgжenTëж 103

muryжams 242(2X)

muryжamxðnCоn 241

mus 20, 152, 170

musi 162(3X), 163

mutжðr 44

mutkжin 77 m-u-Ræ-a 94

muSжðn 242 muxжbe 93(2X), 94(2X)

muxжbem 85, 210

mтWжJi 196 mé- 44(3X), 46(2X)

301

-m{é}- 47 Médgðris 42 mékðr 45 (2X)

méldëжкra 200

mélxðrs 65

ménðy 45

méJir 44, 45(2X)

mérës 156(2X), 200(6X), 201(4X),

202(2X), 212, 219, 227, 236

mérësg 200(2X)

mésye 100

métyðb 44

méWe 44, 45

méxðr 113, 119, 120, 170, 212

méjðb 44

n

n 140(2X), 142

na- 49

nadgarunRжe 62

nazimSж 123

nardж 217

nardжTeОsga 86

narhi 211

n-a-tul-iж-x 89

natоsunRa 212

n-a-Ræ-ën-a 84

naRжJur 100

naRжJurd 102

naRжWars 210, 211

naSyod 78(2X)

n-a-hæd-i-d 90

n-a-hæd-i-x 107

nð 84, 91(2X), 100

nðkжiS 99(2X)

nðО 90, 99, 212

nðpжrðrs 170

nðpжrs 170

nðprðls 170

nðprs 170

n-ð-qæ-e 84

nкqжs 158 nóqж 84

-ne 42(2X), 43

nefxжna 55

nësgaTësga 195

nëSkaJìn 213

-n-i 112(2X)

n-i-l-Wir-ðl-i-da 90

niSge 138

niSgжeОméy 152

niSgжëО 189

no- 203(2X)

noж 63

noжe 203

noTi 212, 213, 220

nomeg 123 nomoж 102

nosmкж 139

noRжe 203(3X), 204

níTaж 212(3X), 213, 214,

219, 220

níTaж-éj 212

níTi 212(2X), 213, 220

nímTeж 86

nísamaж 139

num’ 176 nu-fSæd-e-x 85

302

nu-Ræ-ón 200 О

ОarðR 103(2X), 138

ОaRжo 191

ОaRo 182, 189, 242, 243

Оðr 93(3X)

ОerжóО 213(2X), 241

ОerжóОs 104

Оori 91, 195

o

-o- 68, 74

obðS 69(2X), 70, 242(2X)

o-gж-e-r-i 214

o-g{ж}-réh-en-a 139

o-de{r} 81, 83(2X), 153 odo 123

-oж 139, 165, 213

oT-baJ-a 170(2X)

oT-g-a 187

oT-dagr-a 56, 171(2X), 185

oT-Tém-a-x 66

oT-i-Оr-a 146

oT-ì-Оr-a 61

oT-ì-r-a 146

oT-niSn-a-x 212

oT-fiSg-a 243

oT-fìSg-a 243

oT-fìSæd-a 59(2X)

oT-féSg-ér-a-x 97

oT-Ralt-a-x 66(2X)

oT-Roræ-i 213

oT-cæir-a 99

oT-wed-жn-a 61

oT-Wir-e 96(2X)

oT-xatæ-a 74, 240(2X)

oT-xж-i-ed 84

oT-вìd-a-x 139

oT-é-rm-a 73

-ol 43(3X)

o-l-mð-z 43

o-l-Ranæ-el-i 130

o-l-Sæem-n-e-d 131

o-l-C-e-d 176

o-m-вed-e-lðsж 204 on-Rel-d-ðs 154

on-Wæir 207(3X), 208

on-вæd-en-i 175

osðr 69(2X)

osðri 69, 70

-oR 165

-oRж 84, 104, 107, 135, 139, 203,

213, 217, 226 o-Ced-{d} 90

o-x-baJ-a 170(2X)

o-x{ж}-gen-a 104

o-x{ж}-uCx-a 20

o-x-zéz-a 201

o-x-mкr-a 61

o-x-nрy 85

o-x-í-mbрæ 64

o-x-sip-a 55

o-x-qæic-a 55

o-x-yid-a 55, 56

o-x-cx-a 200

o-x-Wod-a 73

o-x-Wod-кn-a 73

o-x-xæit-a 188

303

o-x-вid 102

o-x-é-rm-кl-a 55

o-вжed 72

O í

-íl 43(3X)

p

pilwiðn 125

J

Jagrðr 204

J’-a-der 98

J’-aT-bid-e-d 124

J’-aT-gen-ën-a 196 J’an- 55

JaRж 130, 131

J’-a-Cрd 98

J’-a-x-win-d-a 212 J’-aj-ð-m-i-y-e-d 107

J’-a-j-kélTx-en-ón 136

J’-ðT-hol-i 124

J’-ð-m-Ced-ël-{l}ðsж 135

J’-ðn-gen-i 97

J’-ðn-tix-e-x 86

J’-ðn-Sæem 197

J’-ð-rqæ-i 124

J’-ð-x-gæОрn-i-ж 214 J’-ð-x-Jæem-i 241

Jðhd 212

J’es- 55

J’-eser-al-tyér-ël-i 191

J’-eser-ð-xж-Témìn-e-d 96

J’-eser-ð-x-Témìn-e-d 95

J’-eser-o-l-tyér-el-i 191(2X)

J’-eser-u-ðn-yid 104

JeRs 130, 131

Ji 45 (3X), 64, 65(3X), 104, 127,

195, 200 (2X), 208, 215

Jibðlid 86

Ji-ж-o-x-meвr-óж-in 84

Ji-lð-m-i-Sxæn 94

Jilëzi 98

Ji-mérës-a-Cрd 202 Jimésye 100

JinRélds 103

Ji-Rur-i-d 100

Ji-xж-i-Tær-i 207

Jixi 214, 218

Ji-j-ð-g-n-e 125

Jì-ж-lð-О-Sxæin 94

Jì-ж-o-x-cx-a 104

J’-os-xel-a 97(2X)

J’-o-x-gen-i 97

J’-o-x{ж}-xoC-жa-x 65

J’-o-x-T{æ}er-n-e 207

J’-o-x-u-rm-кl-a 55

J’-í-x-CiS 86

r

ragd-i-x 221

rрqæ-e 218

róqæ 61, 80, 82, 85, 105, 210, 212

rðWжð 71

rogж 66

roq 82, 84(2X), 93(8X), 94(4X),

95(3X), 97(2X), 98(8X), 99(4X),

304

100(8X), 101, 102, 130(2X), 210,

211, 212, 213

roqж 75, 80(2X), 90(11X),

99(4X), 103, 107, 152, 189, 206,

208

roqжi 99

roqжì 69

roqi 99

roqoж 97(2X)

roqu 84, 98

rédins 210

s

sablu 91, 204

sam 55, 91, 175(2X)

samlaWar 103

sanjðxTesga 206

saragxðn 102

sðжОareSi 63

sðжОðr 64

sðжОðrs 63

sðжОðr 62, 63

sðrgib 217

sga 45, 62(2X), 65(2X), 66(3X),

123, 127, 206 sga-l-ð-wih-d-a-d 135

sga-lð-x-qкl 86

sga-mérës-la-x-dagan-d-a 202

sga-x-a-brр-i 216

sga-вed-n-i 101

sga-вжed-n-i 101

sg’ðn-вd-en-i 97

sgðО 91

sgðОj 87

sgк-dr-i 170(2X)

sg’-кd-skin-e 197

sgк-ж-a-Cрd-x 96

sgк-ж-ð-x-Wæкd-x 241

sgк-ж-eser-a-Cрd-x 96

sgк-ж-o-x-вìd-ón 135

sg’-кl-Ced-d 96

sg’-к-Cрd 94

sg’-кj-a-m-fiSdæ-d 87

sgebd 123

-sgж 127

sgжebin 62

sgimОðS 63

sgir 46

sg’-on-вd-en-i 97

sg’-oR-an-tax-x 103

sg’-í-x-вìd-ón 135

sg’-í-x-вìd-ón-u 135

semi 195

ser 191, 215

serTxi 113, 213(2X), 156,

214(4X), 215, 218, 219, 236

serTxì 213(2X)

sërTxi 213

sжanìrs 242(2X)

si 83, 89, 91, 93(3X), 94, 98(2X),

114, 125, 154(4X), 167, 173(2X),

217

siðО 63 simaq 152

sìж 83

sofalSж 65

sofelisga 196

305

suru 218

sutd 213

swordu 95

t

telðfTe 91

tжibraisga 195

tuli 208

tuf 241

tyens 91

u

-u 135, 165, 203, 226

udarad 99

udils 206

udОкrad 99

-uж 139, 165

-u/-ж/-oR{ж}/-oж 102(2X), 103,

104(2X), 105, 107, 133, 139,

213, 217 -un- 37 (3X), 41 (2X), 44,49, 111,

112 (2X), 114, 116 (2X), 126

(2X), 138, 140 (3X), 143 (2X),

199, 227

-un-a 40, 41(3X)

-un-e 41, 42(7X), 43, 47

-un-i 112(2X), 116

uSxжкr 212

uCxa 203, 204

uCxas 45

uCxe{О}-a 173

f

faskжinjs 242, 243

fðs 138

fedilTe 130

feq 124

fikж196

fikжi 196

fiSiramén 162(3X), 163

fiCqs 241

foyisga 198

q

qa 45, 63, 64, 65, 67 (6X), 91

(2X), 102, 107, 124, 127, 152,

241

q’a-dr-én-e 225

qaж 62

qa-la-x-ìsnaæ-a 99(2X))

qa-lð-hed-i 124

qa-m-a-wæ-ën-ex 84

qamekжhe 152

q’-an-skin-isg 123

q’-an-skin-n-e 123

qarTebil 122(2X)

qa-Rér-i 84, 125

qa-x-a-tul-i 123

qa-x-e-z-n-i 154 qa-x-e-z-n-íl 154

qa-x-e-hæd-i 125

qa-xж-a-вn-i 211

qa-xж-ð-wd-an-d 138

qa-xж-ð-wd-ðn-d 138

qa-xж-ð-wd-en-an-d 138

qa-x-o-Sd-a-d 130(2X)

qa-j-e-ny-ìО 154 qa-j-u-fSæd-e 211 qð-i 99

306

q’-ð-skn-e 123

q’-ð-x-i-Wæd-a 173

qкж 102

qк-ж-ð-m-Ced-ë-lósж 104

qк-ж-xж-e-q-a 84

q’-кn-é-rh-e 211

q’-к-Cрd 208

qómTe 198

q’-ó-x-cxep-en-x 241

q’eser 123

q’eseroRж 122, 123 q’-eser-x-e-rg-aж-el 96

q’-eser-j-e-rg-aж-el 96

qжabTeОsga 96(2X)

qжðbTe 200

qжeyanas 124 (2X)

qжiTrðrs 55

qæic-e-x 213

qim 151(2X)

qirðОs 90

qirs 72(2X), 154

qirsi 242

qobð 77(2X)

q’-íT-æod-a-x 212

q’-oT-Sid-a-d 131

q’-o-m-Ced-xж-ðsж-d 138(2X)

q’-o-m-Ced-xж-ðs{ж}-un-d 138(2X)

qor 113

qorðrs 138

qorTe 103, 157

qorTë’sga 197

qors 185, 191(2X), 216, 236,

241, 242(2X)

q’-oR-a-fiSdæ-x 103(2X)

q’-o-x-skin-a 198

q’-íT-Sid-a-d 131

q’-íT-Syæif-a 65

q’-í-x-вeSdкn-a 196 qrisde 122, 123(2X)

R

Ral 64, 91

RarTðr 195

-ReT 63

Rela 208

RerTem 212

RërbaT 107

RërbaTxðnqa 200

RërbeTd 103

RжaJðrs 114

RжaS 135, 152, 171(7X), 185

RжaSa 69

RжaSð 241

ÙжÀÛðÒ 157

RжaSì 210

RжaSs 82, 98(2X), 119, 120,

170(2X), 171(2X)

RжðS 171

RжðSs 170

Rжinli 65

Ro 98(2X)

Rur-d-e-d 90

Rur-i 87

Rur-i-d 101

RénJi 114

Rér-i 45, 124

Rér-i-ma 207

Rér-i-x 100

307

Yy

yжil 62(2X)

yias 198

yor 45

yorisga 45

S

Sal 216(4X), 217

SaurRa 55

Sкl 216(2X)

Sgжiri 206

Sdiqi 204

Sdue 209, 236

Sdu{ж}e 155 Sжana 63

Sжanðr 107, 241, 242(2X)

Sжanðrs 64

Sжðne 242

SжðnTe 208

Sжðns 21, 113, 161(4X), 236,

242(2X), 243 (3X)

Sжðnxen 104

Si 60

SiSd 120(2X), 131(2X)

Sixðnqa 99(2X)

Soma 217

Somale 217(2X)

SomжðО 217

Somжкle 217

SomжóО 170

Sukжisga 103

SukжJi 55

Sukжs 125

Syed-n-i 45 (3X)

C

C’-an-rek-l-e 98

C’-a-x-rek-ðl 98

CкJжTeJìn 195

Cж-a-dgрr 54, 198, 202

Cж-a-dgрr-d-a 184, 202

Cж-a-dgрr-i 98, 119, 120(2X)

Cж-a-dgрr-i-ж 184, 202

Cж-a-dgрr-n-a 184, 202

Cж-a-dgрr-n-e 119

Cж-a-dgr-i-n-a 184

Cж-a-dgr-in-e 119(2X)

C-ad-dagr-i-{ne} 119, 241 Cж-ad-dagr-i{sg} 119 Cж-ad-i-Оr-i-{ne} 122, 142 Cж-ad-kalæ-isg 103

Cж-ad-kæerm-in-a 209

Cж-ad-kæerm-i{sg} 119 Cж-ad-kæerm-i/-isg(/-ine) 122

Cж-ad-yug-asgж-x 130

Cж-ad-xatæ-i 165

{Cж}-ad-xatрæ-ina 239

CжaT- 55

Cж-aT-bur-en-a-x 55

Cж-aT-gen-en-a-x 55

Cж-aT-Syed-a 196 Cж-aT-вan-en-an 136

Cж-a-l-dìr-ël-i 190

Cжan- 55

Cж-an-sy-e-d 96

Cж-an-uCx-e 203

Cж-an-Sdæ-i-жn-e 209

Cж-an-Sdu-isg 218

308

Cæ-a-quc 125

Cж-a-yæg-a-x 130

Cж-a-Sdu-e 207, 209

Cж-a-Syad 202(2X)

Cж-a-Syрd 202

Cж-a-xtрæ-d-a 239

Ьж-À-бtрæ-Г-ëГУ 165

Cж-a-xtрæ-i 141, 239

Cж-a-xtрæ-i-ж 239

Cж-a-xtрæ-i-d-es 165

Cж-a-j-marcx-in-e-x 123

Cж-a-dgрr-i 241

Cж-ð-bz-e 124

Cж-ðd-daæS-i 176

Cж-ðd-æuCx-ìn-ón 203

Cж-ðd-macx-n-i 214

Cж-ðd-оJ-d-a 200

Cж-ðd-faWæ-i 176

Cж-ðd-w{æ}er-n-e 97

Cж-ðT-dagr-i 176(2X)

Cж-ðT-ж-dagr-i 176

Cж-ðT-uJ-n-i-ж 214

Cж-ð-kærem-d-a 209

Cж-ð-kærem-i 119, 122

Cж-ðn-вd-en-i 98(2X), 176

Cж-ð-Оr-i 122, 142

Cж-ð-rgiæ-e 170(2X)

Cж-i-æCx-ìn-i 208

Cж-oT-dagr-a-x 81(2X)

Cж-oT-qaC-a-x 198

Cж-oRж-o-x-uCx-a 136

Cж-oRж-ad-sy-e-x 96

Ci 65, 114, 161(2X)

Cigar 191

CigжaS 123

Ciqdi 242(2X)

Ciqi 154, 218

Cìs 135, 161(2X)

CìJa 86

Cìxðn 241

C’-o-dg-an-e 176

C’-o-dg-кn-d-ëd 176

C’-oT-dagr-i 176

C’-oT-fìSæd-a 59

C’-oT-Rorрæ 107

C’-oT-Roræ-a 213

C’-oT-yid-a 55

C’-oT-wæer-n-e 97

C’-o-l-dir-e-li 190

C’-o-x-qæic-a 55

Cu 45 (3X), 59, 62 (3X), 63 (2X),

66(4X), 122, 123 (2X), 124,

127, 206, 207, 212, 213, 215,

218, 241 (2X)

Cu+ad-xatæ-i-{ne} 142

Cu+a-xtрæ-i 141

Cuban 62

Cu-ж-ad-i-e-x 86

Cu-ж-ð-gж-dagr-ón 135

Cu- жeT-al-yim-ël-i 198

Cu-i-dæрS-i 122(2X)

Cu+i-zb-i 140

Cu-i-zb-i-ж 130, 131 Cu-i-zob-d-a 130, 131

Cu-i-mcxрn-i 214

Cu-i-Rnрæ-i-da 130

Cu-i-wær-i 93

309

Cu-lð-О-zæeb-n-e 200

Cu-lé-g 154 Culékre 45 CuléJre 45 Cu-m-ð-m-en-a 72 Cu-m-i-m-a 72, 154

Cu-m-i-Sdx-en-i-x 114

Cu-m-i-wær-i 93

CuméJir 45 Cu-mérës-a-Syрd 202 Cu-roq-tжex-n-i-d 100 Cu-roq-xж-a-sénj-ðж-i-d 100

CuqжкnTeОsga 196 Cu-x-a-xl-ën-ën-x 138

Cu-x-e-dgрr-i210 Cu-x-e-dgрr-íl 152

Cu-xж-a-dgрr-i 98 [Cu]-x-ë-m-i 186 Cu-x-ë-m-íl 210

Cuxi 215

Cu-x-o-x-a 93

Cu-x-o-xtaæ-a 73 Cu-x-í-m-a 69, 186 Cu-вed-n-i 132, 133

Cu-j-a-marcx-e-x 123

Cu-j-e-Cd-i 154

Cо-ж-a-Sid-x 103(2X)

Cо-ж-ð-j-i-Оr-ón 136

Cо-‘j-ðn-вd-en-i 132 Cxara 62 (3X), 63, 101

c

cжir 158 cicжd 45 (2X)

ciculd 104

cod 97(2X)

codu 104

cxuжðr 114

cégnðrs 210

céвemðds 113

Z

ZaZðr 175(2X)

ZaZras 91

Zuhëras 85

w wæ-a 218 wæ-an-d-a 157

wжils 77(2X)

winwlidðrs 170

winwlìdðrs 170 wérni 102

W

WaTasi 213

WaSж 200

WiSx-leldìsgs 241(2X)

Wkéts 99

Wur 62, 63(2X), 64(2X), 205,

206(5X), 207(6X), 208,

216(2X), 217

Wyintd 95 Wyints 196

Wémin 161(6X), 162(8X), 163(2X) WéSxed 91

x

x-a-bJ-a 208

x-a-g-am 141

310

x-a-g-ð/em-da 141

x-a-g-ën-a 187

x-a/ð-gæn-ë/en-a 70

x-a/ð-m-ë/en-a 71

x-a/ð-rd-жn-ë/en-a 70

x-a/ð-rm-ë/en-a 70

x-a/ð-Sxb-a 76(2X)

x-a/ð-Sxb-ë/en-a 70, 76(2X),

77(2X)

x-a/ð-Wæd-ë/en-a 70

x-a-bær-ën-a-x 55

x-a-bJ-a-x 152

x-a-g 237

x-a-g-am-x 242

x-a-g-ðm-d-a-x 242

x-a-g-ën-a 235

x-a-dgar-ë/en-a 72, 78, 171(2X)

x-a-dgрr-жn-a 41, 78, 170

x-a-dgрr-n-a 41(2X)

x-a-d-ën-a-x 189

x-a-d-ësg-жn-a 43

x-a-ku 100, 129, 204

x-a-ku{C} 204

x-a-lрt 200

x-a-lрt-il 133

x-a-lt-a 74

x-a-lt-en-a 74

x-a-l-far-a 51

x-a-l-far-en-a 51, 68 x-a-l-far-en-an68

x-a-l-far-ën-a 51, 68 x-a-l-far-en-ón 68 x-a-mar-un-a 41

x-a-marj{æ}-un-a 185

x-a-mрrjæ-in-a 185

x-a-mór-in-a 41

x-a-m-ën-a 37, 181

x-a-ny-un-i 114

x-a-О-ën-a 70

x-a-О-Jx-ón 196

x-a-pрtiæ-a 171(4X)

x-a-pрtiæ-e 170(2X), 171(2X)

x-a-JoR-a 206

x-a-Jx-a134

x-a-rgaæ-en-a 242

x-a-rd-ën-a 195

x-a-rtyæ-ën-a 68

x-a-sgur 125

x-a-sgur-en-a 65

x-a-tab-un-a 41

x-a-tób-in-a 41

x-a-tex-a-x 65(2X)

x-a-tæar 37

x-a-tæar-d-a 211

x-a-tæìl-n-a 93

x-a-tær-a 37 (2X), 160, 237

x-a-tær-ën-a 67

x-a-tær-ën-ón 67

x-a-tоl-i 94(2X)

x-a-tyof-i 61

x-a-tyc-i-x 213 x-a-fr-a 51 x-a-fr-ën-a 51, 68

x-a-fr-ën-ón 68

x-a-qæm-ën-a-x 195

x-a-Ræ-ën-ën-x 138

x-a-Ræ-ën-x 138

x-a-y-ën-a 196

311

x-a-Sgæm-in 61

x-a-Sdb-a 114

x-a-Sdr-к/al-ë/en-a 70

x-a-Sæ-ë/en-a 70

x-a-Cd-ën-a 70

x-a-Céd-a 65

x-a-Céldar-en-a 70

x-a-Cпd-a 196 x-a-cad-a-x 66(3X)

x-a-wæ-ën-a 70

x-a-xl-ën-a 95, 201

x-a-xl-ën-x 138

x-a-xtaæ-a 37, 52, 73, 237

x-a-xtaæ-en-a 74(2X)

x-a-xtaæ-ë/en-a 78, 240

x-a-xtaæ-ën-a 67

x-a-xtрæ-d-a 240

x-a-xtр/aæ-n-a 240

x-a-xtрæ-i-ж 240

x-a-вid 61

x-a-h-ën-a 55

x-ð-bm-in-a 41(2X)

x-ð-g-en-a 187, 235

x-ð-gm-{ж}in-a 187, 234

x-ð-gm-in-a 41, 47, 141

x-ð-gm-in-a-x 242

x-ð-gm-un-a 41, 47, 141, 187, 234

x-ð-gm-un-a-x 242 x-ð-gm-тn-a 47 x-ð-g-n-ën-a 55, 196

x-ð-disg-жn-a 43

x-ð-kæì/iS-ë/en-a 70

x-ð-mTqæ-a 51, 68, 134

x-ð-mTqæ-ón 134

x-ð-mTqæ-en-a 51

x-ð-mTqæ-ën-a 51, 68

xðns 94(2X)

x-ð-О-en-a 70

x-ð-Оr-a 115, 145

x-ð-Оr-un-a 48, 78, 146

x-ð-Оr-ë/en-a 48, 74, 78

x-ð-Оr-i 41 x-ð-Оr-in-a 41

x-ð-Оr-n-a 48, 146

x-ð-Оr-un-a 41, 48, 146

x-ð-Оr-un-e 114

x-ð-Оr-un-i 114

x-ð-rgiæ-ën-a 242

x-ð-r-i-d 104(2X)

x-ð-rtyæ-en-a 68

x-ð-qæ-e 83, 86, 89, 97(2X), 102,

103

x-ð-qæ-e-x 103

x-ð-Sxb-a 76, 77

x-ð-Sxb-en-a 77(2X)

x-a-wæ-en-a 70

x-к-g 37

x-к-mn-e 119

x-к-mn-i 119

x-к-mn-in-e 119

x-к-r 99, 152, 213 x-ó-z 138

x-ó-z-n-un-i 93

x-ó-qæ 61, 83, 99, 103, 104(2X), 105, 113

x-ó-qæ-e 86, 96(2X)

312

x-ó-qæ-in-x 102

x-ó-cæ 104

x-e-berg-i 157

x-e-b-i 147 x-e-b-i-ж 147

x-e-bìd-i 151(2X)

x-e-b-íl 147

x-e-burg-ðl-i 152

x-e-bérg-iël-i 152(2X)

x-e-g-i 168

x-e-g-i-ж 168, 229

x-e-g-n-i 37, 237

x-e-g-íl 168

x-e-dgar-íl 148, 152, 153,

171, 184

x-e-dgрr-i 148, 153, 156,

171(2X), 184

x-e-dgрr-i-ж 148, 153, 156,

171, 184

x-e-zg-i 75

x-e-zel-рl-i 148

x-e-zel-рl-i-ж 148, 153(2X)

x-e-zel-кl-íl 153

x-e-zel-ól-i 148

x-e-zn-кn 116

x-e-zn-i-ж 154 x-e-kæ-es 138(2X), 204, 205(2X)

x-e-lрS-i 161, 162

x-e-lрS-i-ж 162, 163 x-e-lрS-i-qa 162

x-e-lкS-íl 162, 163

x-e-lóS-i 157, 161, 162

xelwifd 217

x-e-mðæin-i 158

x-e-mðæin-i-ж 158

x-e-mór-i 151

x-e-mbaæ-ol 152(2X)

x-e-mTqæ-an 134

x-e-mTqæ-ón 134

x-e-mTqu-n 134

x-e-m-i 149

x-e-m-i-ж 149(2X)

x-e-mвer-i 152(2X)

x-e-Оr-i 37, 115, 145 (3X), 149,

158, 159

x-e-Оr-iж 159 x-e-Оr-íl 159 x-e-Jx-an 134

x-e-Jx-ón 134

x-e-Jx-ón-da 134

x-e-Jx-én 134

x-e-rd-жn-i 154 x-e-tær-i 37, 160 (2X), 161, 237

x-e-tær-iж 160, 161

x-e-tær-íl 160, 161 x-e-tær-í/ol-n-i 160

x-e-tær-ol-n-iж 160

x-e-tær-íl-n-íl 160

x-e-tm-оr-i 156 x-e-fu-i 156 x-e-qкb-un-ðl 213

x-e-Ræpaæ-íl 242

x-e-Rump{l}рæ-iж 242

x-e-yr-en-i 89

x-e-Sdæ-íl 155 x-e-Sdu-i 155

x-e-Sdu-i-ж 155 x-e-Sxb-i 76, 77(2X), 199

313

x-e-Sxb-íl 199

x-e-Sxeb-i 155

x-eSxeb-n-i 155

x-e-Cd-i 154 x-e-cæ-al-da 93(2X)

x-e-cxæp-i-ж 152(2X)

x-e-cxp-en-d-a-x 241

x-e-wæ-en-i 154, 218 x-e-Wæd-i-ж 157

x-e-xataæ-n-i 233 xexж 90

xexжd 99, 100

x-e-xtaæ-n-i 183 x-e-xtaæ-íl 150, 151(2X), 153,

183, 234, 239

x-e-xtрæ-i 37, 150(2X), 151, 153,

183, 233, 237, 239

x-e-xtрæ-iж 150, 151, 153, 183,

233, 239

x-e-вìd-i 157 x-e-her-d-a 140

x-e-hæd-i 125

x-e-hr-i 140

x-e-hr-i-ж 140

x-e-hr-un-i 140

x-e-hr-un-i-ж 140

x-e-hr-un-íl 140

x-e-m-i 156

x-ë-g-íl 229

x-ë/e-g-i 229

x-ë/e-z-n-i 154

x-ë/e-m-i 154

x-ë/e-Оr-i 237

x-ë-m-i 149(2X), 151, 152, 156,

185, 242

x-ë-m-i-ma 185

x-ë-m-íl 149(2X)

x-ë-r-a-x 98

x-ë-q-a 87

xж-a-g-en-i 61

xжa-rd 153

xж-a-rd-ðs 153

xжðО69, 85, 91, 163, 242(2X)

xжðОn 55

xж-ð-О-asgж-d 91

xж-ð-fSæd-un-i 113

xжóО 20, 152, 242(3X)

xжóОn 55

xж-ó-qæ-d 99

xж-e-Tx-ël-i 152

xж-e-wd 91

xж-i 99, 189

xж-i-bm-un 146

xж-i-bm-un-i-dðs 146

xж-i-bm-тn 146 xж-i-gm-un-i-dðs 147

xж-i-gm-тn 147

xж-i-gn-i 101, 173

xж-i-gn-íl-dðs 105

xж-i-zb-i 94, 153

xж-i-r-ol 91

xж-i-Sgd-e 97

xж-i-C-o 94, 101

xж-i-C-od 107

xж-i-Crрæ-i 173(2X)

xж-i-cx-on-ðs 101

314

xж-i-jrрæ-i 154

xж-ì-r-a 91

x-i 189, 214(2X), 215

x-i-bm-un-i-dðs 146

x-i-bm-жin 146

x-i-bm-un 147

x-i-Tær-i-ж-d 104

x-i-qæ-em 173

x-i-Co 94

x-o-baJ-a-x 63

x-o-berg-a 157

x-o-bìd-a 151

x-o-g-a 187, 235

x-o-g-am 140

x-o-g-ð /em-d-a 140

x-o-gædir-da-d 212

x-o-gæn-a 70

x-o-d-a-x 65(2X)

x-o-dgar-a 56, 61, 63, 71, 149,

156, 210

x-o-dgar-a/ðn 149

x-o-dgar-ón 149

x-o-zel-al-a 149

x-o-zel-al-an 149

x-o-zel-кl-a 149

x-o-zel-кl-ón 149

x-o-zær-a-x 66(2X)

x-o-Tæif-a 62

x-o-Tm-a-x 66(2X)

x-o-Ton-a 67

x-o-Txæar-a 58

x-o-Txæiar-a 58

x-o-kæar-a 63

x-o-kæì/iS-a 70

xola 200, 211, 212

x-o-laS-a 161, 162

x-o-laS-an 162

xolкm 210

x-o-lкS-a 161, 162

x-o-lкS-ón 162

x-o-m-a 54, 69, 71, 75(2X), 242

x-o-m-a-ma 185

x-o-mкr-a 61

x-o-О-a 70

x-o-О/ir-a 37, 61, 73, 237

x-o-Оr-i 41

x-o-Jib 88

x-o-rg-aж-a 242

x-o-rg-iж-a 242

x-o-rd-жn-a 70, 154

x-o-rk-al-a 62

x-o-rk-a-x 64

x-o-rm-a 70

x-o-rm-кl-a 55

x-o-rtyæ-a 68

x-o-sp-a 55

x-o-tix-a-x 65(2X)

x-o-tmоr-a 156 x-o-fìSdæ-a 59(2X)

x-o-fu-a 156

x-o-qæT-a 151

x-o-qæT-er-a 51 x-o-qæiT-a 51

x-o-qæìc-a 55

x-o-qC-a 51

x-o-qC-en-a 51

x-o-Ræpaæ-ón 242

x-o-yd-a 55

315

x-o-yir-a 60(2X)

x-o-yr-a 60

xoSa 85

xoSóls 189

x-o-Sgur-a 99

x-o-Sdr-кl-a 58

x-o-Sdr-к/al-a 70

x-o-Sdu-a 155

x-o-Sdu-an 155

x-o-Sdu-ón 155

x-o-Syæif-a 65(2X)

x-o-SCiæl-e 107

x-o-Sxb-a 69(4X), 77

x-o-Sxun-a-x 65(2X)

xoCa 99(2X), 139(2X), 208

xoCamd 208

xoCamdoR 104

xoCкmdu 104(2X)

x-o-Cd-a 70, 154

x-o-Céldar-a 70

x-o-Zgr-a 60

x-o-wd-un-a 61

x-o-wæ-a 70

x-o-wæ-en-a 67

x-o-wiæ-x 86

x-o-Wæd-a-x 70, 157

x-o-Wæd-кn-a 62, 217

x-o-Wæd-кn-ón157

x-o-Won-a 65

x-o-xal 204

x-o-xal-da-x 241

xoxжrкm 206

x-o-xlin-a-d 91

x-o-xtaæ-a 52, 73(2X), 75, 67, 150(2X), 239, 240(2X)

x-o-xtaæ-an 239 x-o-xtaæ-ón 150(2X), 239

x-o-xtaæ-ën-s 150(2X)

x-o-вac-a 63

x-í-m-a 36, 54, 56, 57, 58, 61,

182, 242

x-í-m-ón 210

x-í/o-z-n-a 154

x-í/o-m-a 154

x-í/o-Sæ-a 70

x-í-qæ-a 98(2X), 105

x-í-qæ-en-s 104

x-u-Ræ-a 94, 134

x-u-Ræ-an-d 134

x-u-Ræ-an-da 134

x-u-Ræ-ón 134

x-u-Ræ-ón-da 134

в

вadжisga 200

вanðrs 113

вðГ 75

вðn 62(2X), 196(2X)

вed-n-i 113

вid-e 100

j

ja 82, 83, 86, 89,93(2X), 95,

98(2X), 99, 210(2X), 241

j-a-bJ-a 208

j-a-z-жn-i 211

j-a-ku 129, 173

316

j-a-lрt 91

jaО 101

j-a-Zgub-ur-e-x 61

j-a-wéx 175(2X)

j-ð-Оd-én-da-x 204

j-ð-Оd-én-d-ëd-x 205

jðrs 65

jðrsi 206

j-ð-qæ-e 83

j-ð-xl-en-a 97

jкж 83, 98

jкО 198

j-ó-z-жn-un-i 93

j-ó-qæ 83

jgérógd 197

j-e-m-i 154

j-e-rd-жn-i154

j-e-r-íl 217

j-e-yr-en-i-x 87

j-e-Wìr-i 167(2X)

j-e-Wìr-íl 167(2X)

j-e-xОрd-i 95

jжedi 173

jжidRaО 212 jжinald 162(7X), 163(2X),

242(2X)

ji 83, 84, 96, 97, 113, 211, 218

j-i-g-en-a 63

j-i-dgar-a 85

j-i-kvar-e 64

jim 69, 70

jinem 102, 103(2X)

j-i-Sgur-a 99

j-i-cæir-a-x 64

j-i-Wìr-a 167

j-i-Wìr-ón 167

j-i-Wr-e-x 104

j-i-xæit-a-x 64

j-i-xp-e 91

jijж 198

j-i-jrрæ-dðs 95

jсg 196(2X)

h

ha 173(3X)

harðk 242

hayras 63

hðrid 210, 211

h’ós 152

he 91

heb 55

hedжir 216

hedжird 216

hedurd 202, 216

{h}ema 211(6X)

heurd 202(4X), 216(3X)

her 130

{h}ëma 211

{h}ë/ema 211(2X)

é

é-g-am 141

é-g-em-da 141

-én 126, 140, 143

-é-ni 112

-éj 84(4X), 87, 90, 212

-éj/-ij 13

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fwjefodjbmpcjt!lbufhpsjb! twbovs!fobTjaxsna zedmetad gawelilia, rac imiT aris gamowveuli, rom saanalizo semantika (gansakuTrebiT inferenciuli eviden-cialobis epistemikuri formebi)