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Functional ecological infrastructures: the need for regional spatial planning,
but by whom?
Per Angelstam et al.
INCLUDE’s four questions
• What characterizes a sustainable landscape, and how can it be evaluated?
• What are the critical impacts of infrastructure and traffic on environmental qualities, and are there critical limits in this impact?
• How can this impact be assessed and communicated to users?
• What are the remedies, and how can the planning process be improved
Nature values
Critical habitat lossP
rob
abil
ity
of
surv
ival
(%
)
Amount of habitat (%)
• Land cover data base
• The land cover providing resources (=habitat quality)
• Sufficiently large patches
• Sufficiently close together
• Habitat models for focal species– Generalists
• All forest
– Specialists• Coniferous• Deciduous• Mixed
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
g) h) i)
j) k) l)
0.4 1.00.6 0.8
Habitat suitability
There are SEVERAL
habitat networks
Scale and planning levels
• Strategic
• Tactical
• Operational
micro meso macroSpatial scale
Spatial scale
Informal planning process
Formal planning process
Strategic Tactical Opera-tional
National
Regional
Local
Governance arrangement
LobbyingEducationSocial learningThink-tank
Spatial planning GIS models
EIA
SEARegional governance
and assessment
?
Rospuda(Poland)
E 18 (Sweden)
Sustainable Forest Management
Water Framework Directive
Regional spatial planning
The social system• Stakeholder represent
sectors and level
• Multi-level governance
• Participation
The ecological system• Species of interest
(small and large area requirements)
• Land cover themes (representative)
• Analyses of which areas to protect, manage and restore
Promoting adaptive capacity
• Sector representation– Public - Private - Civil/NGO
• Multi-level governance– Local, regional, national, international
• Participation– A ladder with many steps from partnership to
information
Information
One-way communi-cation
Consultation
TokenismCommunity input heard but not heeded
Communi-cation
Two-way information exchange
Advisory committees
Local actors have advisory power; non-binding decisions
Cooperation
Local actors have input in management; are involved as assistants or guides; limited by management agencies
Joint management boards
Local actors participate in developing and implementing plans; local input plays more than just an advisory role
Partnership
Partnership of equals; joint decision-making institutiona-lised and formally recognised; control delegated to the local actors where feasible
Stakeholder participation ladder (Arnstein 1996)
Secondary
Primary
Principal
What do different sectors do?
• Planning levels– Strategic– Tactical– Operational
• Scale– Macro– Meso– Micro
• Spatial extent– Regional– Local
Sector Planning levels? Extent Scale
Strategic Tactical Operatio-nal
Transport + + + macro region
Forest + + + meso local
Agriculture - - + micro local
Catchment + - - macro region
Municipality + + - meso local
Europe’s West and East as a laboratory
Integration and networking among multiple “hubs”, each with:
• Management units (=landscape)– Infrastructure, agriculture/forestry,
conservation
• Research units– Humanities, social and natural sciences
• Education units– University and training
Levels of ambition
• Preservation
• Conservation
• Mitigation/restoration
• Adaptation