Fs Zeiss Operating Microscopes 1

8/17/2019 Fs Zeiss Operating Microscopes 1

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How the Humble Stereomicroscope Found its Way into Modern Surgery:The Zeiss Operating Microscope

Fritz Schulze, 2012

Introduction

This paper deals predominantly with compound and stereomicroscopes, antique and modern, and theirapplication. Our lives have all been touched indirectly by discoveries and research wor done with thesemicroscopes in such !ields as bacteriolo"y, patholo"y, histolo"y, haematolo"y, anatomy and others. There is,however, another less well nown type o! microscope which a!!ects some o! us in a more direct way and o!which we hear or read very little# the operating or surgical microscope.$ daresay that many o! our older readers have had cataract sur"ery and an $O% &intra'ocular lens( implanted torestore their eyesi"ht. Some less !ortunate readers may have had a brain aneurism or tumour operated on, hadsur"ery on their spine, or an or"an transplant, not to tal about even a reimplantation o! a severed di"it. )notherlielihood lately is dental sur"ery or plastic sur"ery with the transplantation o! a piece o! sin !or e*ample a!terburn in+ury.

ou had your operation and, when recovered, went home and never spent a thou"ht on how your sur"ery wouldnot have been possible without the operatin" microscope and up'to'date microsur"ical techniques. -ith this inmind, and with my wor at the eiss company havin" been with operatin" microscopes !rom the very be"innin",$ thou"ht it appropriate to share my nowled"e with you.

The Operatin" /icroscope &art 1(

• The arly e"innin"

• nter the /icroscope

• The First 3ommercial Operatin" /icroscope

• The 4equirements o! an Operatin" /icroscope

• The eiss Opmi 1

• The $llumination

• 3o'observation5)ssistance

•6ocumentation

• The Stand5Suspension Systems

• )sepsis

• 6i!!erent 7ersions o! the Opmi.

The Operatin" /icroscope &art 2(

• The Opmi 2

• 8ew Floor Stand and 3eilin" /ount

• The Opmi 9 and 9S

• The Opmi : and :6

• The Stereo eam Splitter

• The Opmi ; and ;6

• The Opmi <

• )ssistant=s /icroscopes• 8ew Floor Stands >niversal 2 and ?

• The Opmi S )rmy @ospital in Stutt"art, 1


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Credits: )ll illustrations not otherwise credited are !rom eiss publications such as brochures, hand boos, instructionmanuals, eiss $n!ormation etc. $ also wish to than my wi!e leanor !or proo!readin" this opus.

ote: )lthou"h the !ollowin" is a rather len"thy, and in many points borin", enumeration o! the many eiss operatin"

microscopes and accessories developed over the course o! nearly B0 years, it is by no means all encompassin".There were many minor chan"es, special accessories, and modi!ications it would be too tiresome to list. /yintention is to show how the modern eiss operatin" microscopes evolved over the years, not least by the inputo! many sur"eons, !rom a simple !loor stand'mounted stereomicroscope to a sophisticated motorized computer'supported operatin" machine, how to"ether with microsur"ery it developed into a new and indispensable newmedical discipline.

Fritz Schulze,Senior roduct Specialist &retired(/edical $nstruments3arl eiss 3anada %td.Toronto, O8, 3anada

ClenellyDsympatico.ca

The Operating Microscope !"art #$

The %arly &eginning

The history o! manind can be liened to a lar"e tree with many branches# there is the conquest o! !ire, thedevelopment o! a"riculture and animal'husbandry, the advent o! metallur"y and "lass main", the be"innin" o! awritten lan"ua"e, o! architecture and en"ineerin", and, o! course, o! medicine, which is what concerns us here.

Since the earliest days o! manind there have been witches, shamans, hi"h priests, and other clever men andwomen who new about the healin" power o! certain plants and minerals and practised their ind o! healin".

articularly in the 8ear and Far ast medicine was practiced in many !orms lon" be!ore its nowled"e reachedurope where in the be"innin" it was restricted to mons. Cradually the barbers be"an also to e*tract teeth,couch or cut cataracts, and amputated limbs. The barbers were, however, scorned by the Ereal doctors,considered quacs even i! hi"hly success!ul as sur"eons. $t is, perhaps, because o! this pre+udice that in Creatritain sur"eons today are still addressed as /r. and not as 6r.

Sur"ery has come a lon" way since these dar Ebarbarous times, especially since anaesthesiaand asepsis were introduced. 8ow the sur"eon did no lon"er have to rush and could attempt more complicatedprocedures. ut he met a limit when it came to delicate, small parts lie blood vessels, nerves or the ossicles inthe inner ear.

%nter the Microscope

The !irst sur"eon to use the aid o! a microscope was the 8orwe"ian otolaryn"olo"ist 3arl'Olo! Si""ram 8ylGn&1;


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!rom ?.A* to ?0* &Fi".2(. Thans to 6r. @inselmann=s wor the early detection o! cervical cancer increased threetimes, nevertheless, resistance by the medical establishment to his !indin"s slowed the introduction o!colposcopic e*aminations !rom becomin" routine !or some time and were practically unnown in )merica till the:0s. $ remember bein" astonished upon my comin" to 3anada in 1


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attached are so small &0.02Amm diam. less than hal! the avera"e thicness o! a human hair( as almost invisibleto the naed eyeH

B

6r. @ans %ittmann &1


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.

-hoever dissected an ob+ect under a stereomicroscope may not have been aware o! another e!!ect#unconscious hand I eye I coordination. )t !irst you would e*pect that your hand movements are also ma"ni!ied

and your instrument would be +erin" around with little control. @owever, this is not the case. $t is simplymiraculous how the !in"ers unconsciously !ollow the sli"htest movement observed. One can indeed thread the!inest needle under hi"h ma"ni!ication without +itterin". -ithout this e!!ect modern microsur"ery would beimpossible.

) ran"e o! accessories !or the eiss operatin" microscope !ollowed in due course# co'observer'tubes, cameraattachments !or still and cine'photo"raphy, a double microscope, special modi!ications !or neurosur"ery, aceilin" mount, halo"en illuminators, motorized zoom, assistant=s microscope, and so on. The instrument wasalso adapted !or !orensic and technical wor &art restoration(, with a table stand !or lab wor, or with a short !loorstand as colposcope !or "ynaecolo"y &Fi".


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The modern versions o! operatin"microscopes are hardly reco"nizable with theirspace'a"e "imbal stands, !ibre illuminators,motorized controls, and computer'assistednavi"ators. Their application now includesapart !rom otolaryn"olo"ical &8T I ear, noseand throat( and ophthalmic sur"ery alsoneurosur"ery, plastic and reconstructive

sur"ery, !ertility sur"ery, dental sur"ery, and ina very simple version, electrolysis &hairremoval(.

The *e+uirements o, an OperatingMicroscope

Several parameters de!ine a practical

operatin" microscope#

1. $t must have stereoscopic visualisation2. $t must have a comparatively lon" worin" distance?. $t must have an illuminatin" system that

evenly illuminates the operatin" !ieldB. $t must have a stable but mobile stand,

with an articulated and balancedsuspension.

Further desirable !eatures are#

1. The possibility !or an assistant to co' observe2. The possibility to document the procedure?. The possibility to adapt it to a wide ran"e

o! proceduresB. The possibility to eep it sterile.

The Zeiss Opmi # !Fig'-$

The stereomicroscope !rom which 6r. %ittmann developed his operation microscope is the one described in4. Kordan Mreindler=s series on Stereomicroscopes &/icscape no. 20?, Sept. 2012, Fi". A


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The A ' step ma"ni!ication chan"er in the cube'shaped body had the !actors 0.B I 0.9? I 1.0 I 1.9 and 2.A with astereo base o! 22mm &distance between the optical a*es o! the two Calilean systems(. Fi".11 shows theschematic optical system.

The strai"ht and binocular tubes, also derived !rom the Stemi 1 had initially a tube $6 o! ?0mm which wasreduced shortly a!ter to 2Amm. Two eyepieces were o!!ered, 12.A* and 20*, both !ocusable and equipped toaccept reticules, a demonstration eyepiece 10* came later. Several years later eiss chan"ed over to hi"h'

eyepoint eyepieces with collapsible rubber eyecup which could be used by spectacle wearers.

The binocular tubes, which when equipped with an eyepiece actually !orm a telescope, had the !ocal len"th o!! P 190mm. ) second shorter set with ! P 12Amm came out later in order to maintain the compactness o! themicroscope as more accessories became available.

For the technically minded amon" the readers, the total ma"ni!ication o! the operatin" microscope can becalculated as !ollows#

/ microscope P ! tube 5 ! ob+ective * 7 ma". chan"er * 7 eyepiece

/ P total ma"ni!ication, ! P !ocal len"th, 7 P ma"ni!ication !actor

The !ield o! view diameter is obtained by dividin" 200 by /.

The control nobs o! the ma"ni!ication chan"er had the most common total ma"ni!ications en"raved# 9 I 10 I 19 I 2A and B0* which corresponded to an ob+ective ! P 200mm and 20* eyepieces. $n practice, the sur"eon doesnot bother about which settin" to select &unless he needs the e*act values !or a publication( but merely turnedthe nob until he arrived at the most suitable ma"ni!ication !or his wor. The last version had the actualma"ni!ication !actors en"raved on somewhat smaller nobs &Fi".1?(.

On the body o! the Omi 1 there were attached 2 receiver dovetails !or accessories. The one in the !ront accepteda photo"raphic attachment, the one underneath was intended !or an electronic !lash or a divertin" prism toobtain BAR illumination &Fi".12(. Finally, the ran"e o! the !ocusin" mechanism was BAmm .

:

Schematic o! the Opmi 1 showin"the arran"ement o! the optics andthe li"ht paths.8otice that the meniscus lens o! theob+ective is on the ob+ect side &theob+ect bein" in the !ocal plane(, thebiconve* lens on the in!inity side. $na camera lens it would be reversed,the ob+ect bein" on the in!inity sideand the !ilm in the !ocal plane.


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The Ehorseshoe !or !or the tiltin" was later replaced by a one'sided suspension arm in order not to limit thetiltin" ran"e, a !eature desired !or neurosur"ery. )t the same time, the microscope body was redesi"ned andobtained a cylindrical shape and simpler lamp socet &Fi".1?(.

The Illumination

The ori"inal Opmi 1 had an inte"rated illumination system attached to the side opposite the operator. $t consistedo! a pre'centred 9 7 ?0 - tun"sten bulb &Fi".1B(, a collector &the diameter o! which de!ined the illuminated !ield(,

one each o! a "reen &Ered'!ree( and a day'li"ht !ilter, to be selected as desired, and a prism to divert the li"htthrou"h the ob+ective onto the operatin" !ield. This prism which had one lenticular sur!ace and acted ascondenser was arran"ed parallel to the two Calilean systems immediately above the ob+ective and the !ilamento! the bulb !illed its openin" e*actly. &ou could compare this prism with the condenser aperture o! a compoundmicroscope(&Fi".11(. %ater models had a lar"er lamphousin" with a 12 7 100- halo"en bulb, recommended !orvideo' and photo"raphy &Opmi 1 @ I Fi".19( or a separate li"ht source with an optical !ibre "uide endin" directlyat the illuminatin" prism &Opmi 1 F I Fi". A1 in art 2((. The latter had the advanta"e o! eepin" the heat o! theli"ht source away !rom the microscope and the sterile drapes &see below(.

;

The Opmi 1 on table stand. The accessory dovetail ) is absenton the new version. The model shown has already the lar"erplastic er"onomically shaped nobs !or !ocusin".The ne*t eneration o! table stand was s uare.

The new shape o! the Opmi 1 with the redesi"nedlamp housin", small nobs !or the ma"ni!icationchan"er, and sin"le lateral suspension arminstead o! the ori"inal !or.The picture also shows a "eared tilt couplin".


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The oblique an"le o! the illumination was equal to hal! o! the an"le between the two Calilean systems, there!ore,any cavity lar"e enou"h to allow its base to be visualized stereoscopically also allowed the li"ht to reach it. Theso'called red'!ree !ilter increased the contrast in the mostly red operatin" !ield while the dayli"ht !ilter reduced

the red part o! the tun"sten li"ht and provided a Ecolder li"ht pre!erred by some sur"eons.

)s mentioned earlier, ophthalmolo"ists wor almost e*clusively with a vertically arran"ed microscope andoblique illumination. Several solutions were provided !or this case. The !irst one was an attachable prismEdiverter which, clamped under the microscope, diverted the li"ht emanatin" !rom the prism so that it !ell ontothe operatin" !ield under an an"le o! BAR &Fi".9(. )n ob+ective o! ! P 200mm was a precondition !or thisaccessory.The second solution was to attach a simple 9 7 1A - low volta"e microscope illuminator by means o! anarticulated holder to the microscope body, not a very satis!actory solution &Fi". : 4(.

/uch better was an attachable slit illuminator that provided not only bri"ht oblique illumination but also slitillumination, most desirable when operatin" on the anterior parts o! the eye. This slit lamp with its 9 7 2A - bulbcould be moved on an arc'shaped slide to select a suitable an"le o! incidence. )s with the divertin" prism, the

slit illuminator required an ob+ective o! ! P 200mm &Fi". : %(.There were two versions o! this arran"ement# one where this slitlamp was attached to a re"ular Opmi 1 on thebac o! the coa*ial illuminator, and one which used a special Opmi body without the built'in coa*ial illuminatorand a !i*ed o!!'set &craned( suspension couplin". The latter version was mareted under the name o! OperationSlitlamp &Fi".;(.

Co.obser/ation01ssistance

/any sur"ical procedures require the presence o! an assistant. This assistant must be able to see the sameoperatin" !ield as the sur"eon and oriented !or his own position. $n some cases it is desirable that he or she hasa lar"er view with a lower ma"ni!ication. -hile in a strictly teachin" or co'observer situation stereoscopy is not

<

) view o! the Opmi !rom below showin" one Calileansystem o! the ma"ni!ication chan"er and the illuminatin"prism &an overlaid paper is to show the lamp !ilament !illin"the rism

The precentred tun"sten bulb 97 ?0 -with its distinctive trian"ular bayonet

The Opmi 9'@ with the lar"e lamp housin" !or the12 7 100 - halo"en bulb.The Opmi 1 could also be had with this li"ht source.

The demonstration eyepiece 10* and itsmatchin" second eyepiece 10*.


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absolutely essential, an assistant has to have stereo vision. Such considerations resulted in two di!!erentsystems# one monocular !or observation only and one stereoscopic !or an assistant.The !irst attempt !or providin" co'observation was the demonstration eyepiece 10x &Fi".1;(, an eyepiece with asmall internal splittin" prism and a lateral e*tension arm with a second eyepiece. ) matchin" re"ular 10*eyepiece balanced the system. The orientation o! the visual !ield varied with the position o! the demonstrationeyepiece which is a de!inite disadvanta"e.For cases where the operatin" !ield is !airly !lat and accessible, the assistant’s microscope 27° &Fi".1


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o=cloc dependin" whether he was located to the ri"ht or the le!t o! the operatin" sur"eon &%et us hope they donot depend on di"ital watchesHH(.The lon" observer tube &U?00mm( is intended !or a nurse Eout o! the way to !ollow the procedure and be able tohave the ne*t instrument ready.

The stereo'observer tube employs the same tric toobtain stereoscopy as the main microscope# the one optical beam is a"ain bisected by means o! a double prismwith a reduced stereobase o! :mm, resultin" in a considerably diminished stereo impression, inadequate !or

assistance but better than no stereopsis at all. The total overall len"th o! this accessory and the distance o! theobserver !rom the operatin" !ield maes it impractical !or assistance. )ll these three accessories can be rotatedaround the optical a*is o! the port o! the beam splitter and secured in any position by a ratchet clic'stop. Thebinocular tube o! the stereo observer tube can itsel! be rotated to a convenient position.

$ndependently !rom eiss the )merican company Urban ngineering !o." #urbank" !ali$ornia, desi"ned inconsultation with a 6r. @ouse a ran"e o! observer', photo"raphic', and cine attachments which became quitepopular.The E@ouse'>rban Observer tubes were inte"rated into the eyepiece o! a modi!ied strai"ht or inclined binoculartube which had to be sent to 3ali!ornia !or the alteration. The laterally arran"ed tubes were ca. 200mm lon" withthe eyepiece parallel to the binocular tube. The observer=s view was identical to the sur"eon=s. )nother versionutilized a multi'port beam splitter &Fi".2B(.

4ocumentation

The !irst attempt !or documentation was a sel!'contained, independent photo%attachment , not availin" itsel! o! themicroscope optics &Fi".22(. $t consisted o! a main body or camera carrier attached to the accessory dovetail atthe !ront o! the microscope body. )t the upper end it had a receiver dovetail !or re"ular ?Amm camera bodies, atthe lower end a smaller receptacle !or individual photo ob+ectives o! ! P 12Amm !5BA ' 9B &1*( and ! P 12Amm !5BA'


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illuminatin" prism under the principal ob+ective and in between the two Calilean systems. ) reticle !itted into oneeyepiece served to assure the correct !ocus. For hi"her ma"ni!ications a 2* converter could be inserted betweencamera carrier and camera body.

The electronic !lash ;0-S was attached to theother dovetail receptacle on the underside o! themicroscope, then connected to a special !lashpower supply unit. For photo"raphy o! narrow cavities it could be slipped !orward into the path o! the illuminatin"prism, the li"ht o! which then passed throu"h the !lash tube arran"ement..

-ith the arrival o! the beam splitter a more versatile and practical photo adapter became available, this oneutilizin" the microscope optics and its ran"e o! ma"ni!ications and worin" distances &Fi"s.20 and 2?(.The beam splitter bein" inserted into the parallel beam path o! the microscope means that any ima"e lies atin!inity. The photo'adapter required merely an ob+ective to !ocus this ima"e at the ri"ht size into the required!ocal plane. )dapters !or commercial ?Amm camera bodies were provided, the pre!erred bein" initially the eiss$on 3onta*, later on the motor driven ashica 3onta* 4TS or 1?: /6. 8ormally the ima"e had a diameter o!

22mm only, but a supplementary 2* converter provided a !ull ?Amm ima"e at the e*pense o! lon"er e*posuretimes &a 1.9* converter o!!ered a compromise(. )ll documentary adapters had an ad+ustable iris diaphra"m. Todo away with all manual settin" o! the photo"raphic attachment, particularly awward with a draped microscope,an automatic adapter could be chosen. This one controlled the iris diaphra"m throu"h a li"ht sensor coverin" acentral 12mm diameter area and powered by two lon"'li!e batteries. Only 10W o! the available li"ht was diverted!or the sensor. The sur"eon could now chan"e the ma"ni!ication without worryin" about the correct e*posure.For cinemato"raphy specially modi!ied eaulieu Super; or 19mm cameras controlled the diaphra"m motor bytheir own sensor.

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Opmi 1 with photo attachment with 3onta* camera body andelectronic !lash.The inclined tube taes eyepieces !or ?0mm $6. ) specialclampin" lever serves to loc the tiltin" mechanism toprevent accidental tippin".$n this case both microscope and camera ob+ective would be

!P1A0mm.

The author=s own reconstructed Opmi 1 with A05A0 beam splitter,camera attachment with 2* converter and 3onta* 1?:/6 on thele!t, a cine adapter !P1?:mm modi!ied to tae a %eitz eriplan10*51; &hi"h eyepoint( eyepiece !or attachin" a 8ion 3oolpi*


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The >rban &uadroscope beam splitter &made by the >rban n"ineerin" 3o. mentioned earlier( had two lateralports, one !or a ?Amm camera or a video' or cine'camera, leavin" the other port o! the beam splitter available !oran observer tube. The opposite main port was !or a second binocular tube &Fi".2B(.>rban n"ineerin" also sold a very compact 19mm cine camera attachment !or the eiss beam splitter, witheasily interchan"eable ma"azines. This accesssory also proved to be quite well received &Fi".29(.

)nother >rban accessory was the stereo%photoadapter which divided the standard ?Amm !rame in two stereo'halves which could be observed in a stereo viewer or pro+ected with the appropriate equipment. This particularadapter !itted under the binocular tube while the optics diverted the ima"e bac and up Ebehind the microscope

&Fi".2A(.

1?

The @ouse'>rban 19mm 3ine 3amera on an Opmi 1.Theblac cylinder on the ri"ht is the drive motor. The !ilmma"azine itsel! could be e*chan"ed in seconds. ) specialpower supply to control camera and li"ht source was parto! the system.

The @ouse >rban Stereo hoto )dapter on the author=s Opmi 1.The camera is a 3onta* 1?


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$ should mention here that the very !irst attempt o! cinemato"raphy was a rather primitive one# a strai"htbinocular tube was modi!ied in so !ar as one eyepiece tube was replaced by a simple sleeve that could accept aole* @ 19 camera, supported by a special bracet &Fi".2:(. The !ilm plane was located in the ima"e plane o!the binocular tube. The standard 9 7 ?0 - bulb was replaced by a 9 7 A0 - bulb run o!! a special power supplythat boosted the li"ht output durin" the actual !ilmin". The operator had to squint throu"h the remainin" eyepiecewhich was, o! course, pretty close to the camera body. $t is obvious that such an arran"ement could only beused by pioneerin" e*perimenters willin" to endure any inconvenience to achieve a result. $t is also indicative o!the company=s philosophy !or a lon" time to meet new demands by simply modi!yin" e*istin" apparatus instead

o! desi"nin" bespoe instrumentation, perhaps !or !ear o! incurrin" hi"h development costs !or a non'pro!itableshort'lastin" !ad. $t is amazin" what pro"ress has been made since. )ll this paraphernalia has been replaced bya tiny inte"rated !ully automatic hi"h resolution video camera with instant display and recordin"H

The Stand0Suspension Systems

The ori"inal !loor stand &Fi".A( consisted o! a T'shaped base on castors with screws !or levelin" and locin".These screws were soon replaced by a central brae. The base also contained the power supply unit B07) andthe optional ;0-s !lash "enerator. ) vertical column to a hei"ht o! 1.


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The built'in power supply had a low'hi"h switch that could be activated by !oot. The much improved !loor standsStandard $ and $$ &Fi".2;( and >niversal, introduced ca. 1niversal accommodated the motorized operatin" microscopes as well. ) wall mount &Fi". 2


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concomitant little depth o! !ield. The so!t brain tissue also easily de!orms and !requent re!ocusin" becomesnecessary. $t is nearly impossible !or the sur"eon to interrupt his delicate procedure to re!ocus the microscope,so 6r. aXar"il desi"ned a mouth switch with which to unloc and re!ocus5reposition the microscope. eiss soonobtained the ri"hts to this so'called '!ontra(es%Stand) and be"an to manu!acture it both as a !loor stand and aceilin" mount. ) simpli!ied version desi"ned !or otolaryn"olo"ists !ollowed shortly a!ter.

1sepsis

One important consideration was how to eep the microscope over the operation !ield in a sterile condition. The!irst attempts to wipe it with an antiseptic solution were soon discarded as the instrument became rather sticy.Sterilization in a "as chamber overni"ht was both e*pensive and impractical. Then sterilizable linen ba"s withappropriate openin"s !or the ob+ective and eyepieces were employed. These were o!ten desi"ned by the

hospital=s nurses on an individual basis. eiss provided sterilizable stainless steel caps &Fi".10( !or thema"ni!ication chan"er nobs and similar autoclavable rubber caps !or the locin" nobs and sleeves !or theeyepiece tubes.

) ma+or improvement were the disposable clear plastic antistatic drapes &Fi". ??( mareted by an )merican !irmin the late 90s. These were o!!ered in a variety o! desi"ns to accommodate di!!erent observer tubes and otheraccessories. ach drape had a rubber mount with a removable clear acrylic window that could be slipped overthe microscope ob+ective to secure the drape without obstructin" the sur"eon=s view. Should the window becomesplattered with blood or another liquid, it could quicly be removed. The drapes used adhesive strips or

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E3ontraves mobile !loor stand !or 8eurosur"ery. The mouthswitch !or easy manipulation is indicated. The ball +oint, whenloosened let the microscope assembly !ind its vertical a*is !orthe centre o! "ravity. The microscope assembly could bemoved up or down to brin" the centre o! "ravity into the '-a*is, a dumb'bell balancin" wei"ht acted on the 8'S a*is.

) correspondin" ceilin" mount was also made. The !irst versiondid not have the second lar"e lower counterwei"ht.

Functional schematic !or 3ontraves !loor stand withindication o! ran"es o! movement


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rubber bands to secure them aroundthe microscope, articulated arms, andobserver tubes or assistant=s

microscopes.There remained still the problem o!heat accumulation inside the drape!rom the microscope=s illuminator. )smore and more microscopes cameequipped with !ibre li"ht sourcesmounted away !rom the actualinstrument, heat was no lon"er aproblem.

4i,,erent 5ersions o, the Opmi

The basic modular principle o! the Opmi made its adaptation to new and specialized sur"ical procedures a !airlysimple matter. )mon" the !amous names connected with the development o! the operatin" microscope we !indalso 6r. $"nacio arraquer &sen.(, who in 1


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The Opmi 9 a,ter &arra+uer en+oyed only a short li!e, bein" superceded by more versatile equipment. TheOpmi B was a simple arran"ement o! a microscope body without ma"ni!ication chan"er or !ocusin" mechanism,a homo"eneous illuminator and a cine camera with close'up ob+ective, all arran"ed in a trian"ular !orm. $t wassupposed to !acilitate cinephoto"raphy o! ocular sur"ery. The arrival o! the beam splitter with a choice o! cine'adapters spelt the end o! the Opmi B.

The Opmi - 7a,ter Harms8 &Fi". ?A( consisted o! an Opmi 1 body without !ocusin" mechanism and built'inilluminator, suspended !or ophthalmic sur"ery vertically with coa*ial mechanical and optical a*es and an inclined

binocular tube. On the suspension sha!t was mounted a second rotatable arm at 2:Z carryin" a secondmicroscope body with A'step chan"er and a strai"ht binocular tube. The ob+ective o! this microscope had a !ocallen"th 2A mm lon"er than that o! the main microscope.Two e*ternal A 7 1A - illuminators, !ocused on the operatin" !ield, complemented the set'up.

)s with the arraquer microscopes, !ocusin" was done by means o! the !oot controlled motor head.

$n 1


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Fi".?9 Fi".?:

In "art 2 o! this article the motorized and zoom versions o! the operatin" microscopes amon" others will bediscussed, endin" in the period o! the mid 1


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Fs Zeiss Operating Microscopes 1