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From waste dumping towards circular economy: Challenges and Opportunities
IFAT, München, Germany, May 14th 2018Johannes Paul, PhD
Seite 2
Agenda
1. GIZ-Portfolio in Waste Management
2. Waste Management and Circular Economy
3. Challenges and Opportunities
4. Outlook, ISWM enhancement & financing options
Seite 3
• Based at GIZ headquarters in Eschborn, Germany
• Policy advice to the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) on circular economy and waste related issues
• Conceptual work to support bilateral and regional cooperation projects on:
Climate-friendly and resource-efficient solid waste management
Marine litter prevention
E-waste management
• Knowledge exchange: organization of events; compilation of studies, presentations; networking with IGOs, NGOs, research institutes, private sector
Sector Project „Concepts for sustainable waste management and circular economy“
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Main focusPartial focus
GIZ Portfolio Waste Management and Circular Economy
Bilateral and regional projects with activities in solid waste management – ranging from individual studies to areas of main focus
Diese kartografische Darstellung dient nur dem informativen Zweck und beinhaltet keine völkerrechtliche Anerkennung von Grenzen und Gebieten. Die GIZ übernimmt keinerlei Gewähr für die Aktualität, Korrektheit oder Vollständigkeit des bereitgestellten Kartenmaterials. Jegliche Haftung für Schäden, die direkt oder indirekt aus der Benutzung entstehen, wird ausgeschlossen.
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Supporting municipal waste management in four governorates and national framework Advice to solid waste management units and SWM
planning on municipal level in Kafr El Sheikh, Gharbeya, Assiut and Qena
Setting up and advising a national SWM authority Advice for elaboration of national waste policy An annual forum underpins and promotes networking
between actors, an internet platform provides information.
Operator models for collecting and recycling of waste are currently being piloted in the governorates.
Alternative financing models for waste management are being examined, for example Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).
Egypt
National Solid Waste Management Programme (NSWMP)
Ministry of Environment Egypt
09/2012–12/2018
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Improving the management of secondary raw materials in the automobile and construction industry Development and recommendation for the recycling of
used cars as well as for the utilisation of secondary raw materials from and for the construction industry
Setting up and supporting the Indian Resource Panel Development of a political framework to foster
resource efficiency and use of secondary raw materials in India
India
Resource efficiency and secondary raw materials management as a contribution to climate change mitigation
Ministry of Environment,
Forests & Climate Change
05/2014–06/2017
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Initiatives towards circular economy in Europe and G20
• EU: circular economy package tackling waste management, but also eco-design, development of new strategy on plastics etc.
• G20 action plan on marine litter and G20 resource efficiency partnership
• EU Plastic Strategy (January 2018)
• Industry initiatives:
• Ellen MacArthur Foundation “New Plastics Economy” with World Economic Forum, CE 100 Programme, “circular cities network”
• WBCSD “CEO guide to the circular economy”
• WEF – PACE (Platfrom for accelerating Circular Economy)
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Regeneration
‘Outline of a circular economy‘
Source: Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2016)New Plastics Economy
Renewables flow management Stock management
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Primary resource extraction
Design/Production
Consumption/Use
Integrated Waste Management
Secondary resources(Primary resource substitution)
Circular Economy
Distribution
Decouplingenvironmental degradation from economical growth
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Key challenges: Increase of SW generation outpaces efforts
Source: UNEP (2015)
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Key challenges: Waste composition impacts SWM systems
Source: UNEP (2011)
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Key Challenges: Growing Waste Amounts
• Global waste: ~2 billion t of municipal solid waste per year (UNEP/ISWA, 2015)
• Plastic production: 322 million t in 2015 (PlasticsEurope, 2016)
• ~30-40% of plastics production is used for single-use items, e.g. packaging (UNEP/GRID, 2016)
• Drivers: economic growth, urbanization, changing production and consumption patterns
Source: UNEP, GRID (2016) Marine Litter Vital Graphics
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Primary resource extraction
Design/Production
Consumption/Use
Integrated Waste Management
Secondary resources(Primary resource substitution)
Circular Economy
Distribution
Decouplingenvironmental degradation from economical growth
Seite 15
Secondary Resources
Recycling & recovery Composting
Co-processing Anaerobic digestion
A B C
MBT
Incineration Gasification & pyrolysis
Energy Recovery
Residues Open dumping & burning
Landfilling
Consumption / Use
Integrated Waste Management
Littering, Unmangaged?
Opportunity
Opportunity
Waste treatment
Opportunities Challenge
ChallengeResidual waste management
Challenge
Waste segregation
Secondary Resources
Seite 16
Key challenges: Public participation & waste collection / segregation waste collection efficiency low, mostly
unsegregated wrong household practises, e.g. waste
littering, burning, burying Design of waste collection systems and
colour coding widely scattering Access for waste collection restricted Low refinancing of local SWM services
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Key challenges: Uncontrolled waste disposal
waste is disposed as mixed waste in an uncontrolled manner
Majority of waste is organic matter with potential to generate methane over long time periods
Emissions of waste disposal are not monitored and environmental impacts “tolerated”
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The 3 dimensions of ISWM
Stakeholders Waste generators /
service users Authorities Informal sector Waste dealers Wholesaler Waste
management enterprises and private sector
NGOs
Waste system elements Generation and
Segregation Material flow Collection Transfer / Transport Treatment 4R measures Disposal
Essential aspects Technical Environmental Political / legal Institutional Financial-economic Socio-cultural Educational
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Wasteincineration
Others (Composting, MBA, etc)
© Wolfgang Pfaff-Simoneit, KfW
GHG emissions in end-of-life wastemanagement perspective(treatment and disposal)
Global Warming Potential: 1
Global Warming Potential: 25
Global Warming Potential: 298
CO2
CH4
N2O
Challenges of GHG generation from Waste Sector
Source: GIZ Waste Management Training, 2011
Landfill / dumpsite
Seite 20
Samples of climate mitigation potentials in the waste sector
Source: NDC Factsheet, GIZ 2017
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Secondary Resources
Recycling & recovery Composting
Co-processing Anaerobic digestion
A B C
MBT
Incineration Gasification & pyrolysis
Energy Recovery
Residues Open dumping & burning
Landfilling
Consumption / Use
Integrated Waste Management
Littering, Unmangaged?
Opportunity
Opportunity
Waste treatment
Opportunities Challenge
ChallengeResidual waste management
Challenge
Waste segregation
Secondary Resources
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ECO-Center Site Dev’t. Plan & Layout
Office
Sorting plant “Gravity-MRF”
Windrow compostingFirst SLF unit
Leachate treatment
Eco-Center San Carlos City, Philippines
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ECO-Center Site Dev’t. Plan & Layout
Office
Sorting plant “Gravity-MRF”
Windrow compostingFirst SLF unit
Leachate treatment
Low cost option Eco-Center San Carlos City, Philippines
Seite 2413.05.2018
The Material Recovery Facility San Carlos uses gravity force
Bio-waste processing 10 tons/dayProcessed non-organic waste 8 tons/day
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Final Segregation of “non-bio” at the MRF
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Effectiveness of Eco-Center San Carlos
Total SW collection 2005: 5,475 tons
OrganicResidual
(51%)
(43%)
SpecialRecyclable (5%)(1%)
Organic
(65.2%)
Plastic(12.7%)
Diapers, Napkins
(6.3%)
Metals
(1.8%)
Paper(4.2%)
Fines(5%)
Textiles, Leather,(2.8%)
Glass (1%)
Total SW collection 2010: 6,586 tonsBiowaste disposed 2005: 3,570 tons Biowaste recovered 2010: 3,395 tonsNon-organic recycled 2005: 345 tons (6.3%) Non-organic recycled 2010: 329 tons (5%)
(in% of 15 tons/day)( in % of 17 tons/day)
(composted)
(disposed)
2005 at Dumpsite 2010 at Eco Center
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Assessment of GHG emission scenarios San Carlos City
-4.000
-2.000
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
2005 2010 AFR Plastic 2015 0
t CO
2_eq
GHG emissions
Debits Credits Net
tons C02-eq /year
2005 2010 2030?
(based on GIZ-KfW Climate Calculator; Giegrich & Vogt, 2009)
Dumpsite 2005
Eco-Center 2010 + AFR recovery
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Secondary Resources
Recycling & recovery Composting
Co-processing Anaerobic digestion
A B C
MBT
Incineration Gasification & pyrolysis
Energy Recovery
Residues Open dumping & burning
Landfilling
Consumption / Use
Integrated Waste Management
Littering, Unmangaged?
Opportunity
Opportunity
Waste treatment
Opportunities Challenge
ChallengeResidual waste management
Challenge
Waste segregation
Secondary Resources
Seite 29
Trend of biogas application in Germany
Elec
tric
al p
ower
MW
Year
Seite 3013.05.2018
Kusel, near KaiserslauternRenewables 7,500 t/p.a.Electrical Power 330 kWLocal Heat / Drying
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BioFert, SaalfeldErfurt, 1050 KWCapacity: 18,200 Mg/a
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Secondary Resources
Recycling & recovery Composting
Co-processing Anaerobic digestion
A B C
MBT
Incineration Gasification & pyrolysis
Energy Recovery
Residues Open dumping & burning
Landfilling
Consumption / Use
Integrated Waste Management
Littering, Unmangaged?
Opportunity
Opportunity
Waste treatment
Opportunities Challenge
ChallengeResidual waste management
Challenge
Waste segregation
Secondary Resources
Seite 33
For more information: www.coprocem.comContact: [email protected]
GTZ – Holcim guidelines from 2006
English
Spanish
French
Russia
Chinese
Czeck
Slovak
Romania
Hungary
Bulgarian
Portuguese
Renewed Strategic Alliance 2018-2020Update of Guideline for Co-processingin 2018 available (event 16.5 at IFAT)
Seite 34
Countries of (potential) cooperation (Holcim 2006)
MoroccoMexico
Philippines
Chile
China
IndiaEl Salvador
Indonesia
South Africa
Thailand
Colombia
Costa Rica
Brazil
Tests ongoingAgreement signed
Guidelines usedas reference in stakeholder’s
dialogues
EU
Canada
US
Australia
Egypt
Seite 35
Common input materials for co-processing in cement kilns
Segregated plastic and packagesfrom municipal waste management?
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Seite 3713.05.2018
Waste reclaimers at the Calahunan MRF Iloilo City
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Co-benefits for the informal sector through AFR recovery
Recovery of sellable materials increased
Working under a “roof” Working in a team Increased work safety and
occupational health Segregation of organic materials
enabled Additional jobs for AFR sorting,
packing Reduction of waste disposal
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Fair jobs forwaste workers
Circulareconomy
Consumption
Integrated Waste Management
Resources
Healthy environment&
Sustainable lifestyles
Production
Extend Producer‘sresponsibility
Marine litterprevention
Linear Economy
Resources Production Consumption Disposal Marine litter
Circular Economy to replace „end-of-the-pipe“ systems
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Financing / refinancing of SWM servicesa) National funds b) Budget from user fee’s (collection, disposal)c) Income from material recovery or recyclingd) Development support e) Climate finance
Opportunities from Circular EconomyResources
Switch to renewables Use by-products Resource efficiency Mining sector engages
in secondary raw materials
Production
Life cycle approach Design for longer use Design for repair Design for recycling Process optimization Prepaid collection and
recycling through EPR Producer fee’s Tourism sector fee’s
Consumption
Deposit / refund systems
Awareness raising Eco-labelling “Take back” options Sharing schemes Leasing Green public
procurement
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References
• Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2016) The New Plastics Economy – Rethinking the future of plastics.
• GIZ (2015) Economic instruments in solid waste management.
• Baldé et al. (2015), The global e-waste monitor – 2014, United Nations University, IAS – SCYCLE, Bonn, Germany.
• GIZ (2015) Marine Litter – Causes, impacts, solutions.
• GIZ (2015) Reducing the input of plastic litter into the ocean around Grenada.
• Jambeck et al. (2015) Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, vol. 347, issue 6223, p. 768-771.
• Ocean Conservancy (2013) Stemming the Tide.
• UNEP, GRID (2016) Marine Litter Vital Graphics.
• UNEP, ISWA (2015) Global Waste Management Outlook.
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GIZ – Flyer ‘Publications’
Seite 44
Waste-to-Energy Options in Municipal Solid Waste Management
A Guide for Decision Makers in Developing and Emerging Countries
• Understanding WtE as part of integrated waste management system
• Overview on Financial, legal, ecological and institutional requirements which have to be met before WtE is applied, e.g.
• Composition, quantities and calorific value of waste
• Legal framework & environmental requirements for WtE
• Financing the management of MSW
GIZ WtE Decision-Makers Guide June 2017
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Please visit us on Twitter@waste2circular
Thank You!
Dr. Johannes PaulDeutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale ZusammenarbeitDag-Hammerskjöld-Weg 1-565760 Eschborn – GermanyTel: +49 (0) 6196 – 79 12 91Email:[email protected]