From Pre-stellar Cores to Proto-stars: The Initial Conditions of Star Formation PHILIPPE ANDRE DEREK WARD-THOMPSON MARY BARSONY Reported by Fang Xiong,

From Pre-stellar Cores to Proto-stars:The Initial Conditions of Star Formation

PHILIPPE ANDRE

DEREK WARD-THOMPSON

MARY BARSONY

Reported by Fang Xiong, PMO

2

Authors

Mary BarsonyResearch Projects: Spitzer IRS (Infrared Spectrometer) imaging of the outflow driven by the nearest, well-isolated protostar.

Derek Ward-ThompsonResearch Interests: The very earliest stages of star formation, including pre-stellar cores.

Philippe AndreResearch Projects: Early Stage of star formation.

3

Authors

4

OUTLINE

• I. Introduction• II. Pre-Stellar Cores• III. The Youngest Proto-stars• IV. Summary

5

I. INTRODUCTION

• The formation of low-mass stars is believed to involve a series of different stages.

• The first stage: Fragmentation of a molecular cloud into a number of gravitationally-bound cores.

Thermal Pressure

Gravity = Magnetic Pressure

Turbulent Pressure

6

I. INTRODUCTION

• The second stage: The pre-stellar fragment becomes gravitationally unstable and collapses, the released gravitational energy radiates away and the fragment stays roughly isothermal.

• Then, an opaque, hydrostatic proto-stellar object forms in the center.

• The third stage: The central object builds up its mass from a surrounding infalling envelope and accretion disk, while progressively warming up.

7

I. INTRODUCTION

• Standard collapsing theory:

Larson: Runaway Model, “outside first, then inside”.

Shu: Inside-out Model, “inside first, then outside”.• Both Larson and Shu’s model reqiue isothermal

condition.• Observations have shown that the accretion phase

is always accompanied by a powerful bipolar outflows.

8

CONTENT


9

II. PRE-STELLAR CORES

• A. Definition and Identification• B. Spectral Energy Distributions and

Temperatures• C. Mass and Density Structure• D. Lifetimes

10

II. PRE-STELLAR CORESA. Definition and Identification

• In 1980s, Myers and co-workers catalogued about 90 cores by transitions of NH3.

• These cores were separated into starless cores and cores with stars according to whether an embedded source was detected by IRAS or not.

• The starless NH3 were the potential sites of future isolated low-mass star formation.

11

II. PRE-STELLAR CORESA. Definition and Identification

• In 1994, Ward-Thompson observed the 800μm dust continuum emission of about 20 starless NH3 cores from the Myers’s list.

• They found these starless cores have larger FWHM sizes than, but comparable masses to the envelopes of the youngest proto-stars.

• They also demonstrated that pre-stellar cores have flat inner radial density profiles.

12




13

II. PRE-STELLAR CORESB. Spectral Energy Distributions and Temperatures

Detected at 90 & 200 μm (from ISO)

14


Detected at 850 μm (from SCUBA)

Detected at 1.3 mm (from IRAM)

15


The spectral energy distribution of L1544 in the far-infrared and sub-millimeter wavelength

16




17

II. PRE-STELLAR CORESC. Mass and Density Structure

For an isothermal dust source, total mass(gas+dust):

is the average mass column density

is sub-millimeter flux density

is the dust opacity(1.3mm)

0.005 for pre-stellar cores of intermediate densities

0.01 for denser cloud cores and proto-stellar envelopes

0.02 for proto-planetary disks

18

II. PRE-STELLAR CORESC. Mass and Density Structure

Upper: radial intensity profile of the pre-stellar core L1689B at 1.3 mm.Lower: the profile of a spherical isothermal core model with

19




20

II. PRE-STELLAR CORESD. Lifetimes

Generally, we use the ratio of numbers of starless cores to numbers of cores with embedded IRAS sources to estimate their relative timescales. This figure shows the estimated lifetime of starless cores for each of six dark cloud.

21

II. PRE-STELLAR CORESD. Lifetimes

This figure shows the radial density profile predicted by an ambipolar diffusion model at different evolutionary stages ( to ).

22

CONTENT


23

III. THE YOUNGEST PROTOSTARS

• A. Class 0 Proto-stars and Other YSO Stages• B. Density Structure of the Proto-stellar

Environment• C. Direct Evidence for Infall• D. Decline of Outflow and Inflow with Time

24

III. THE YOUNGEST PROTOSTARSA. Class 0 Proto-stars and Other YSO Stages

• In the near-/mid-infrared, three broad classes of young stellar objects (YSOs) can be distinguished based on the slope of their SEDs.

• Class 0 objects are defined by the following observational properties:

(i) The detection of a compact centimeter radio continuum source, a collimated CO outflow, or an internal heating source.

25


(ii) Centrally peaked but extended sub-millimeter continuum emission tracing the presence of a spheroidal circumstellar dust envelope.

(iii) High ratio of sub-millimeter to bolometric luminosity suggesting the envelope mass exceeds the central stellar mass: Lsmm/Lbol >0.5%.

26


• Combining infrared and submillimeter data, it is therefore to define a complete, empirical evolutionary sequence for low-mass YSOs:

Class 0→Class I → Class II → Class III• This sequence can also be parameterized by

the “bolometric temperature”, Tbol.

27


28




29

III. THE YOUNGEST PROTOSTARSB. Density Structure of the Proto-stellar Environment

• In contrast to pre-stellar cores, Class 0 and Class I protostars are always found to be strongly centrally-condensed and do not exhibit any inner flattening in their submillimeter continuum radial intensity profiles.

• Protostellar envelopes in regions of isolated star formation have radial density gradients generally consistent with .

30

III. THE YOUNGEST PROTOSTARSB. Density Structure of the Proto-stellar Environment

• Many Class 0 protostars are in fact multiple systems, when viewed at sub-arcsecond resolution, sharing a common envelope and sometimes a circumbinary disk.

• These protobinaries are probably formed by dynamical fragmentation during the isothermal collapse phase.

31




32

III. THE YOUNGEST PROTOSTARSC. Direct Evidence for Infall

• A comprehensive survey of a sample of 47 embedded YSOs in H2CO and CS suggests that infall is more prominent in Class 0 than in Class I sources.

• In these transitions, infall asymmetries are detected toward 40–50 % of Class 0 objects but less than 10 % of Class I sources. This is consistent with a decline of rate with evolutionary stage.

33




34

III. THE YOUNGEST PROTOSTARSD. Decline of Outflow and Inflow with Time

• Most Class 0 protostars drive powerful CO outflows, some outflow activity even exists throughout the accretion phase.

• Luminosity of these outflows are often of the same order as the bolometric luminosity of the central sources.

• For Class I objects, CO outflows are much less powerful and less collimated than Class 0 objects.

35

III. THE YOUNGEST PROTOSTARSD. Decline of Outflow and Inflow with Time

• The decline of outflow power with evolutionary stage reflects a corresponding decrease in the mass-accretion/infall rate.

• Decline of mass-accretion with time does not imply a higher accretion luminosity for Class 0 compared to Class I because the central stellar mass is smaller at the Class 0 stage and the stellar radius is likely to be larger.

36

CONTENT


37

IV. Summary

38

IV. Summary

39

IV. Summary

Thank You!

Documents

From Pre-stellar Cores to Proto-stars: The Initial Conditions of Star Formation PHILIPPE ANDRE DEREK WARD-THOMPSON MARY BARSONY Reported by Fang Xiong,