From individuals to social and vice-versa

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From individuals to social and vice-versa

André CamposUtrecht University, The Netherlands

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Frank Dignum, Virginia DignumUtrecht University, The Netherlands

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Motivation

Different approaches in social simulation Micro-models aim to see emergent properties in the macro

levels Macro-models do not take individuals into account Micro-macro models usually aim to:

• Validate macro behaviors through adequade micro-models• Limit emergence through constraints in the macro-model

Micro and macro behavior are deeply related Micro influences macro, which influences micro, which influences

macro, which influences...

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Objectives

To design a framework where the cyclical behavior (micro-macro) can be studied

Sub-goals To define a generic agent architecture able to represent the

impact of social influences on individuals To define (or reuse) a generic social framework able to be

adapted according to the individuals To define a way in which both levels of abstraction influence

each other

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Processes of social influences

Based on the work of H.Kelman (social psychologist) Social influence can be expressed through 3 processes:

Compliance: occurs when an individual wants to attain a favorable reaction from the other

Identification: occurs when an individual wants to establish or maintain a satisfying relationship to the other

Internalization: occurs in order to maintain the equivalent correspondence of actions and beliefs with his or her own value system

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Social influence in social elements

Tasks that all social elements* perform as they negotiate their social environment

Protect and promote their interests: it is related to the Compliance process (rewards or punishments)

Establish and maintaint their relationships: it is related to the Identification process (roles and depedencies and what is expected from them)

Affirm and express their identities: it is related to the Internalization process (sharing of values)

* individuals, groups, organizations, societies,…

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Meso layer and the social influence

The meso layer is a way to facilitate the model translation between micro and macro

Includes Norms Social structures Cultural backgrounds

It can be seen as an organizational approach of the society (Goals, roles etc.)

We’ve applied of social influence studies in the micro-meso interface

+ -

Adapted from (Dignum et al. 2008)

micr

om

eso

mac

ro

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Rules, roles, and values

To protect interests, it is necessary Rules To maintaint relationship, it is necessary Roles To express identities, it is necessary Values Individual and social systems are integrated by:

The adherence of their rules The involvement in their roles The sharing of their values

Examples of conflicts of rules, roles, and values A couple in a working environment where it is forbidden

couples working together A man who wants to contribute to his country but was invited

to figth in a war that he is against

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Social enactments

The conflicts (or the absence of them) help to model different attitudes regarding role enactments Social enactment: the individual gives priority to its role’s goals Selfish enactment: the individual gives priority to its own goals Maximally social enactment: the individual ignores its own

goals for the duration of the role enactment Maximally selfish enactment: the individual ignores the role’s

goals

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Meso and micro social influence

Group says:”These are my rules that you must follow when playing these roles to me in order to bring or maximize some shared values”.

Group

Rules

Values

Individual

RolesValues

From meso to micro

Group

Values

Individual

RolesValues

From micro to meso

Rules

Individual says:”These are my rules that I will follow as a member of group playing these roles to me in order to bring or maximize some shared values ”.

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The meso layer

Based on a subset of the OperA framework Organizational model

• Social structure• Normative structure

Social model• Social contract

It can be extended to introduce links between Norms and goals (a norm exists for a reason) Goals and values (a goal exists for maximizing a value)

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The micro layer

It is necessary to represent the impact of the social on the individuals and what impacts on the social level

Human behavior as a conjunction of Reasoning (decision-making) Emotions Personality Personal values (cultural background, ethical or moral beliefs

etc.)

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Elements of an agent architecture

Reasoning BDI-like decision-making process It can easily express the elements of social influence (e.g.

interests are goals in the BDI approach) Emotions

OCC model (Ortony-Clore-Collins model) It is an exclusively cognitive approach (emotions as a reaction

from a perceived situations) Personality

MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) It can be easily adapted to model processes rather than

contents

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The agent architecture

Decision making component

Social component

Emotional component

Beliefs Emotions

Inference Deliberation Self-evaluation

Perception Action

ValuesRules Roles

Compliance Identification Internalization

plan

possible worlds

Personality

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General overview

Emotions and goals drive the “possible worlds” reasoning Emotions are a result from the

Perceived social environment Possible worlds foreseen

Social component is responsible for identifying conflicts with personal and social rules, roles, and values

Personality model how the processes are performed Sensing vs. Intuition Thinking vs. Feeling

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The cognitive process (1)


Social component

Emotional component

Beliefs Emotions


Perception Action

ValuesRules Roles


plan

possible worlds

Personality

How the agent perceive the world?

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Social component

Emotional component

Beliefs Emotions


Perception Action

ValuesRules Roles


plan

possible worlds

Personality

How this perceived world impact on the agent vision?

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Social component

Emotional component

Beliefs Emotions


Perception Action

ValuesRules Roles


plan

possible worlds

Personality

Which emotions may be raised from this impact?

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Social component

Emotional component

Beliefs Emotions


Perception Action

ValuesRules Roles


plan

possible worlds

Personality

What can happens?

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Social component

Emotional component

Beliefs Emotions


Perception Action

ValuesRules Roles


plan

possible worlds

Personality

What the agent can do?

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Limited possible worlds reasoning

W00

W01

W01.1 W0

1.2

W02

W10

W11

W11.1 W1

1.2

W12

W10

W11

W11.1 W1

1.2

W12

W12.1 W1

2.2

W12.1.1 W1

2.1.2

t0 t1

Wi0

Wia,b..

Wia,b..

Wia,b..

ti - Virtual time iteration- Current perceived world (on iteration i)

- Possible worlds nodes in a hierarchical branch structure- World state that accomplishes the agent goals

- World state where the agent emotional focus is

Node expansion

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A general algorithm

while aliveS = get stimuli (outer world)B = update beliefs (S, T)I = evaluate impact (B, Ru, Ro, Va)E = update emotions (B, I, T)repeat

W = review possible worlds (B, P, E, I, T, A)

E = update emotions (B, I, T)until not(panic(E)) or has to react (B, T)if empty(P) v ¬achievable(P,W) v

reconsider(P,B)D = gather desires (Ru, Ro, Va, E, P,

T)I = define intention (B, D, I, T)P = generate plan (W, I, A, T)

execute action (P, A)

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Final remarks Work in progress (high level of abstraction) Example of possible applications

Study of social/group policies on the individuals Study of group dynamics (e.g. group formation) Study of insurgent movements

Next steps Formalization and implementation (2APL) Development of a simulation scenario

Integration with other IS works Complex scenarios using personality-based negotiations Importing OperA models to compose the meso-layer 2APL plugins for planning over the possible worlds

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From individuals to social and vice-versa