Chapter 5

Tracking and Evasion

In combat, a sniper team might have to track and kill an enemy sniper operating in the friendly area of operations. Success in this case depends greatly on the team’s tracking ability. The sniper team might also be deployed to an isolated position, where they must evade enemy forces and survive for some time without friendly support. A sniper must never surrender to the enemy unless continued evasion and resistance will lead only to certain death with no significant loss to the enemy. While evading capture, a sniper can continue to inflict casualties on the enemy.

"There is nothing that sharpens a man's senses so acutely as to know that bitter and determined enemies are in pursuit of him night and day."

— Frederick R. Burnham, Scouting On Two Continents

SECTION I. TRACKINGTracking is the art of following a person or animal by the signs that they leave during their movement.

INDICATORS

1. When a sniper follows a trail, he builds a picture of the enemy in his mind by asking himself these questions:

How many people am I following? Are they well-trained? Are they well-equipped? Are they healthy? How is their morale? Do they know that we are following them?

1. The sniper answers these questions by seeking and evaluating indicators of certain actions at certain times and places. For example, a footprint and a waist-high scuff on a tree could mean that an armed person passed that way. The freshness of the scuff helps identify how much time has passed since the person brushed against the tree.

1. Snipers evaluate the six types of tracking indicators based on their content, cause, and conditions. Table 5-1 outlines the six types of indicators and provides some examples of each type.

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Table 5-1. Six types of tracking indicators and examples.

INDICATORS EXAMPLES

Displacement

Footprint in mud or soft dirtSharp edge marksCrushed vegetation and twigsDislodged stonesFlattened vegetation in the shape of a person

StainsBloodstainsMuddy drag marksCrushed leaf, grass, or berry stains

WeatherSmell or sound carrying downwindRain causing mud to settle into a footprintColor of bloodstain due to exposure to air

Litter

Candy or gum wrappersFood cansCigarette buttsEvidence of firesHuman feces

CamouflageWalking backward to baffle the sniperBrushing out trailsMoving over rocky ground or through streams

Immediate-Use Intelligence

Known enemy unit movementVillage without men of military age

DISPLACEMENT

1. Displacement occurs when something moves from its original position or changes from its natural state. It can result when someone tracks mud through an area, clears a trail (resulting in crushed vegetation and broken twigs), or comes to a rest when carrying a heavy load.

1. The sniper can analyze the displaced substance to determine more information about the enemy. Analysis can include—

Analysis of footprints. Recognition of other signs of displacement.

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EXAMPLES

The sniper finds a muddy footprint. The print is left by someone with bare feet. This indicates that the person who left the print lacks proper equipment.

The sniper locates a trail that someone has cleared by breaking or cutting through heavy vegetation with a machete. Someone walking behind this person has broken trail and, without realizing it, broken more branches.

Someone carrying a heavy load stops to rest. The edge of a box has left a mark that helps the sniper identify the carrier or the load. Also, the load has crushed grass and twigs, and pushed surface stones deeper.

ANALYSIS OF FOOTPRINTS

1. Footprints can indicate direction, rate of movement, number, gender, and knowledge that someone is tracking him. Attributes of footprints include the following:

If footprints are deep and the pace is long, rapid movement is apparent. Long strides and deep prints that are deeper at the toes than the heels indicate running (A, Figure 5-1). Short, deep, widely spaced prints with signs of scuffing or shuffling indicate someone carrying a heavy load (B, Figure 5-1). Prints with unnaturally deep toes and soil displaced to the rear might indicate the short, irregular, stride of someone walking backwards (C, Figure 5-1). This could indicate that the person tried to hide his tracks. To determine the gender of the person (D, Figure 5-1), the sniper should study the size and position of the footprints. Women tend to walk with their toes pointed somewhat inward; men walk with their feet straight or pointed slightly outward. Also, women's prints are usually smaller and closer together (shorter stride) than those left by men.

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Figure 5-1. Footprint types.

Identification of Key Prints

1. The last person in the file usually leaves the clearest footprints. These become the key prints. To identify the key prints—

Cut a stick to match the length of the print.Notch the stick to indicate the widest part of the sole.Study the angle of the key prints to the direction of march.Look for an identifying mark or feature, such as might be made by worn or frayed footwear to help

him identify the key prints.

1. If the trail becomes vague, disappears, or merges with another, the sniper can use his stick measuring device and, with close study, can identify the key prints. This method helps the sniper stay on the trail.

Box Method

1. Using the box method lets the sniper count the total number of individuals being tracked. There are two ways to perform the box method:

Stride method. 36-inch box method.

Stride Method

1. The stride method (Figure 5-2) is the most accurate method and is used when the key prints can be determined. Under the right conditions, this method is accurate for counting up to 18 persons. To perform

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the stride method—Use the set of key prints and the edges of the road or trail to form a box.Count the number of prints within the box.Divide by two. This is the number of personnel traveling on this road or trail.

Figure 5-2. Stride method.

36-Inch Box Method

1. If the sniper cannot find any key prints, the sniper uses the 36-inch box method (Figure 5-3). This method gives a close estimate of the number of individuals who made the prints. However, it is less accurate than the stride method. To perform this method—

Use the edges of the road or trail as the sides of the box.Measure a cross-section of the area, 36 inches long.Count each indentation in the box and divide by two.

Figure 5-3. The 36-inch box method.

RECOGNITION OF OTHER SIGNS OF DISPLACEMENT

1. Foliage, moss, vines, sticks, or rocks that are scuffed, or that are moved or snagged from their original position are valuable indicators. Vines might be dragged, dew droplets displaced, or stones and sticks overturned, revealing a different color underneath. Grass or other vegetation can be bent or broken in the direction of movement. Indicators of displacement include—

Bits of torn clothing, snagged threads, or dirt clumps or residue from footgear on thorns, snags, or the ground.

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Flushed animals and birds. The cries of birds or the movement of tall grass or brush on a windless day indicates a disturbing presence or an animal on the move. Changes in the normal life of insects and spiders. Disturbed bee nests, anthills, or spider webs are good indicators of human passage. Slide or scuff marks at a stream, displaced algae or water plants, or overturned rocks within a stream. A person trying to use a stream to cover his trail can create slide or scuff marks where he enters or exits a stream and displace algae or other water plants when he slips. Also, snipers might find signs of travel where the ground opens up along the banks.

STAINS

1. A stain is a smear or deposit on one organism or article from or by another. The best example of staining is blood from a profusely bleeding wound, but there are other types of stains.

BLOODSTAINS

1. Bloodstains often appear as spatters or drops and are sometimes on aboveground surfaces; they also appear smeared on leaves or twigs of trees and bushes. By studying bloodstains, the sniper can determine the wound's location (Table 5-2), its seriousness, and the distance that the wounded person can move unaided. This can lead the sniper to enemy bodies or show where they have been carried.

Table 5-2. Bloodstains left by various types of wounds.

TYPE OF WOUND APPEARANCE OF BLOODSTAINWound on the trunk of the body Steady drip

Wound on an extremity Appearance of blood slung to the front, rear, or sides

Arterial wound or blood from veins Appearance of blood poured at regular intervals as if from a pitcher

Lung wound Pink, bubbly, and frothy

Head wound Heavy, wet, and slimy

Abdominal wound Often mixed with digestive juices, indicated by odor and light color

OTHER STAINS

1. Staining can also occur when muddy footgear drags over grass, stones, and shrubs. Thus, staining and displacement combine to indicate movement and direction.

EXAMPLES

Crushed leaves can stain rocky ground that is too hard to show footprints.

Roots, stones, and vines can get stained when moving feet crush leaves or berries.

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SIMILARITY OF STAINS AND DISPLACEMENT

1. The sniper might have trouble differentiating between staining and displacement, since both terms can apply to some indicators. For example, algae can be displaced from stones and stain other stones or the bank. Muddy water (stain) collects in new footprints (displacement) in swampy ground.

NOTE: Mud settles and water clears with time. The sniper can use this information to indicate time. Normally, mud clears in about an hour, although this varies with the terrain and weather.

WEATHER

1. Wind, snow, rain, and sunlight change and sometimes, sooner or later, erase sign. Knowing how these weather conditions affect soil, vegetation, and other signs can help the sniper determine time passage.

EFFECTS ON INDICATORS

1. By studying weather effects on tracking indicators, the sniper can determine the age of the sign. For example—

Fresh bloodstains are bright red. Air and sunlight changes blood to a dark red, and when the moisture evaporates completely, to a dark brown crust. Scuff marks on trees or bushes darken with time. New scuffs might ooze sap, but the air will harden the sap in time. If particles of soil are just starting to fall into the print, the print was probably made within the previous half hour. If the edges of the print are dried and crusty, the prints are probably about one hour old. A light rain can round the edges of the print. Knowing when the last rain occurred can help the sniper figure out the age of the print. A heavy rain can erase all signs of a footprint. Trails emerging from streams might look rain-worn from the water draining from the travelers' clothing or equipment. This is worse when more than one person walks out of the stream in single file. A wet, weathered trail slowly fading into a dry one is a fresh trail. Wind dries tracks and blows litter, sticks, or leaves into prints. By recalling wind activity, the sniper can estimate the age of the tracks. He must distinguish between fresh litter and litter that was crushed into the tracks when they were made.

WIND

1. Wind affects sounds and odors. If the wind is blowing toward the sniper, sounds and odors might be carried his way. If it is blowing away, he must take care, because wind also carries sounds toward the enemy.

1. The sniper can determine wind direction by dropping a handful of dust or dried grass from shoulder height. By pointing in the same direction the wind is blowing, the sniper can localize sounds by cupping his hands behind his ears and turning slowly. When sounds are loudest, the sniper is facing their origin.

1. In calm weather (no wind), air currents too light to detect can carry sounds to the sniper. Air cools in the evening and moves downhill toward the valleys. If the sniper is moving uphill late in the day or at night, air currents will probably be moving toward him if no other wind is blowing. As the morning sun warms the air in the valleys, it moves uphill.

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SUN

1. The sniper should also consider the sun. It is difficult to fire directly into the sun, so if the sniper keeps the sun at his back and the wind in his face, he has a slight advantage.

LITTER

1. A poorly trained or undisciplined unit advertises its passage with a trail of litter and other human signs. This can include food wrappers, cans, cigarette butts, the remains of fires, or human feces.

1. The sniper must consider weather conditions when he estimates the age of litter. Weather affects litter in the following ways:

Rain flattens or washes away litter, and it turns paper into pulp. Moisture rusts cans starting at the opened edges, then moving toward the centers of the cans.

CAMOUFLAGE

1. The followed party might use techniques to baffle or slow the sniper. It might walk backward to leave confusing prints, brush out trails, or move over rocky ground or through streams.

IMMEDIATE-USE INTELLIGENCE

1. Immediate-use intelligence is information about the enemy that the snipers can use to gain surprise, to keep the enemy off-balance, or to keep the enemy from escaping the area.

1. The commander might have many sources of intelligence: reports, documents, or prisoners of war. Together, these sources indicate the enemy's last known location, plans, and destinations. The sniper combines these indicators, interprets them, and forms a composite for on-the-spot intelligence.

1. Tracking gives the commander definite information on which to act immediately. For example, a unit may report there are no men of military age in a village. This information is of value only if it is combined with other information to make a composite picture of the enemy in the area. Therefore, a sniper who interprets trail signs and reports that he is 30 minutes behind a known enemy unit, moving north from a specific location, gives the commander information on which he can act at once.

NOTE: The sniper reports facts, not his interpretation of facts. The gender and size of the party, the load, and the type of equipment, and other information can mean many things.

SECTION II. COUNTERTRACKINGIf someone finds the tracks of the sniper team, they might assume that a highly trained team is operating in the area. However, having countertracking skills helps the sniper team avoid detection and survive the mission.

Immediate action drills are required to evade the tracking team. A sniper team skilled in tracking techniques can successfully employ deception drills to lessen signs that the enemy can use against them. However, it is very difficult for a person, especially a group, to move across an area without leaving signs that a trained eye would notice.

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ROUTE SELECTION

1. The sniper team may take the most or least traveled routes to cover their movement. The team should avoid using areas where they can easily be tracked, such as lightly traveled sandy or soft trails. A sniper who tries to hide his trail moves at reduced speed, which gives the experienced tracker time. Unfortunately, taking time to reduce or avoid leaving trail sign does slow them down.

MOST-TRAVELED ROUTES

1. A sniper may try to confuse the tracker by moving on hard-surfaced, often-traveled roads or by merging with civilians. These routes should be carefully examined, because a well-defined approach leading to the enemy will probably be mined, secured by enemy personnel, or covered by snipers.

LEAST-TRAVELED ROUTES

1. Least-traveled routes avoid all man-made trails or roads and confuse the tracker. These routes are normally magnetic azimuths between two points. However, the experienced and persistent tracker can use the proper concepts to follow the sniper team.

DECEPTION TECHNIQUES

1. Evading a skilled and persistent enemy tracker requires skillfully executed maneuvers to deceive the tracker and to cause him to lose the trail. Sniper teams carrying equipment cannot outrun an enemy tracker, because the tracker travels light and is escorted by enemy forces designed for pursuit. The sniper team also has to think about the enemy units moving to intercept it from the flanks and front. The size of the pursuing force affects the sniper team's chances of success in employing ambush-type maneuvers.

1. Sniper teams use the following antitracking techniques in immediate action drills and deception drills:

Obliterating tracks. Replacing foliage. Moving over hard rocky ground. Moving in water. Covering feet. Changing shoes. Walking backward. Walking on paths and trails. Changing direction suddenly.

NOTE: Knowing these techniques can also aid the sniper team in their tracking efforts.

OBLITERATING TRACKS

1. The usual method is to use a broom made of branches, twigs, or leaves. However, it takes a lot of time and energy, and cannot be used over long distances. Sniper teams usually just sweep away their tracks after they cross a dirt road. Regardless of how carefully the sniper tries to put the trackers off the scent, the maneuver might draw attention due to the absence of spoor.

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REPLACING FOLIAGE

1. When using this method, the sniper returns foliage to its natural state after passing through it. The sniper tries to return broken or displaced grass and branches to their original positions, possibly using a stick. He can do this over a distance of several meters. Since the sniper cannot go back to check his work, he does not know how effective it is.

NOTE: When using this method, the sniper must also obliterate his tracks, which slows him further.

MOVING OVER HARD ROCKY GROUND

1. This is probably the most economical antitracking method in terms of the physical effort and time required. The sniper may mislead the tracker by crossing an area of hard, rocky or pebble-strewn ground, on which little or no tracks are left.

1. The success achieved by the sniper using this method will depend on the extent of the hard ground. A good tracker will still be able to identify evidence of the team’s passage, noting damaged moss and displaced stones.

1. The disadvantage for the sniper is that he must sooner or later leave the hard ground. A tracker searching for spoor around the perimeter of hard ground will find where the sniper team left the hard ground, if the area is not too large.

MOVING IN WATER

1. Water does not necessarily remove all traces of human passage. The ability of water to eliminate traces of the team's movement depends on the force of the current and the composition of the riverbed. If the river or stream is muddy and the current weak, lighter color traces of mud might reveal tracks left by the sniper. In some cases, the prints could remain visible for several days.

1. When moving in water— Avoid stepping on or disturbing aquatic plants and splashing water on exposed rocks. Be very careful when leaving the water to avoid tracking mud or moisture on rocks, dry ground, dirt (it does not match), or foliage.

COVERING FEET

1. By wearing socks on top of his boots or attaching strips of cloth, sacking, or animal skins to his footwear, the sniper can blur the outline of his soles. However, this widens the track he will still leave, in a pattern that corresponds to the stride of an adult male. His mark will be even clearer on grass or foliage.

CHANGING SHOES

1. This is a common technique. The sniper carries two pairs of shoes. If he comes to a heavily traveled trail and changes shoes on it, his track becomes more difficult to distinguish from those of others who have passed. However, this technique won't help in areas with light traffic because the tracker will note the change in shoes.

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WALKING BACKWARDS

1. The way the sole of a shoe contacts the ground indicates that the walker was backtracking, which suggests that he knew that he was being tracked.

WALKING ON PATHS AND TRAILS

1. Another common antitracking technique is to use a heavily traveled trail so that those who follow will cover his tracks.

1. On a well-used dirt road, the sniper can also walk in the ruts made by tires. Hopefully, subsequent vehicular traffic will erase his tracks. These two techniques are difficult to detect. Only by carefully examining the road over several hundred meters in both ways can the tracker relocate the spoor. The success or failure of this painstaking, frustrating job depends on the number of people who walked over the sniper's tracks.

1. The sniper can completely hide his tracks by walking on paved surfaces. This makes tracking him difficult, if not impossible. The most that a tracker can do in that case is to search along the shoulder for the spot where the sniper left the road.

CHANGING DIRECTION SUDDENLY

1. The sniper can suddenly change direction, preferably on hard or rocky ground. However, the tracker can relocate the tracks by using proper lost spoor procedure. Sudden changes of direction can delay follow-up, increasing the time-space gap.

SECTION III. EVASION, RESISTANCE, AND ESCAPE Continuous operations and fast-moving battles increase the sniper's chances of either becoming temporarily separated from his unit or captured. If the sniper becomes isolated, is separated from his unit, or is captured, it is his duty as a Soldier to continue to fight, evade capture, and regain contact with friendly forces.

EVASIONEvasion is the action the sniper takes to stay out of the enemy's hands when separated from his unit and in enemy territory. There are several courses of action he can take to avoid capture and rejoin his unit. He may stay in his current position and wait for friendly troops to find him, or he may try to move and find friendly lines.

PLANNING

1. Planning is essential to achieve successful evasion. When planning a mission, the sniper should have an escape plan. When he operates with conventional forces, he keeps this plan simple because he will remain close to the FLOT. However, the sniper's mission often places him deep behind enemy lines; this requires a more complex plan.

1. The following guidelines will allow for successful evasion: Keep a positive attitude. Use established procedures. Follow your evasion plan of action (EPA). Be patient. Drink water. Conserve strength for critical periods.

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Rest and sleep as much as possible. Stay out of sight. Consider—

Terrain and climate, including current conditions and terrain of the AO and the route to the objective.

Civilian population, including numbers, political beliefs, dress and customs, paramilitary forces, and controls and restrictions. Service and support, including resupply, survival kits, special equipment, and inspections. Reentry of friendly lines. Evasion route. This should be a route you can remember and follow easily.

Odors

1. To prevent detection, the sniper should avoid the following odors: Scented soaps and shampoos. Shaving cream, after-shave lotion, or other cosmetics. Insect repellent (camouflage stick is least scented). Gum and candy (smell is strong or sweet). Tobacco (odor is unmistakable).

1. The sniper should mask his scent using crushed grasses, berries, dirt, and charcoal.

Initiate Evasion Plan of Action

1. The sniper should establish— Suitable area for recovery. Selected area for evasion. Neutral or friendly country or area. Designated area for recovery.

SHELTERS

1. When building or choosing shelters, the sniper should consider the following guidelines: Use camouflage and concealment. Locate carefully. Use the acronym BLISS.

Blend. Low silhouette. Irregular shape. Small. Secluded location.

Choose an area. Least likely to be searched (i.e., drainages, rough terrain) and blends with the environment. With escape routes (do not corner yourself). With observable approaches.

Locate entrances and exits in brush and along ridges, ditches, and rocks to keep from forming paths to site. Be wary of flash floods in ravines and canyons. Conceal with minimal to no preparation. Take the radio direction finding threat into account before transmitting from shelter. Ensure overhead concealment.

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MOVEMENT

1. A moving object is easy to spot, but if travel is necessary, the sniper should adhere to the following guidelines:

Mask with natural cover. Stay off ridgelines and use the military crest (2/3 of the way up) of a hill. Restrict to periods of low light, bad weather, wind, or reduced enemy activity. Avoid silhouetting. At irregular intervals—

Stop at a point of concealment. Look for signs of human or animal activity (i.e., smoke, tracks, roads, troops, vehicles, aircraft, wire, and buildings). Watch for trip wires or booby traps, and avoid leaving evidence of travel. Listen for vehicles, troops, aircraft, weapons, and animals. Smell for vehicles, troops, animals, and fires.

Employ noise discipline. Check clothing and equipment for items that could make noise during movement and secure them. Break up the human shape or recognizable lines. Camouflage evidence of travel. Route selection requires detailed planning and special techniques (irregular route/zigzag). Conceal evidence of travel using techniques such as—

Avoid disturbing vegetation. Do not break branches, leaves, or grass. Use a walking stick to part vegetation and push it back to its original position. DO NOT grab small trees or brush. This may scuff the bark or create movement that is easily spotted. In snow country, this creates a path of snowless vegetation, revealing your route.

Mask unavoidable tracks in soft footing. Place tracks in the shadows of vegetation, downed logs, and snowdrifts. Move before and during precipitation. This allows tracks to fill in. Travel during windy periods. Take advantage of solid surfaces (i.e., logs and rocks), leaving less evidence of travel. Tie cloth or vegetation to feet, or pat out tracks lightly to speed their breakdown or make them look old.

Secure trash or loose equipment, and hide or bury discarded items. Trash or lost equipment identifies who lost it. If pursued by dogs, concentrate on defeating the handler.

Travel downwind of dog/handler, if possible. Travel over rough terrain or through dense vegetation to slow the handler. Travel downstream through fast-moving water. Zigzag route, if possible.

Penetrate obstacles as follows: Enter deep ditches feet first to avoid injury. Go around chain-link and wire fences. Go under fence if unavoidable, crossing at damaged areas. Do not touch fence; look for electrical insulators or security devices. Penetrate rail fences, passing under or between lower rails. If this is impractical, go over the top, presenting as low a silhouette as possible. Cross roads after observation from concealment to determine enemy activity. Cross at points offering concealment, such as bushes, shadows, or bends in the road. Cross in a manner leaving footprints parallel (cross-step sideway) to the road. Plan

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ESCAPE

1. Escape is the action the sniper takes to get away from the enemy if he is captured. The sooner the escape attempt, the more likely it will succeed.

1. The following are some other reasons for making an early escape: Right after capture you will be in better physical and mental condition. The physical treatment, medical care, and rations of prison life quickly cause physical weakness, night blindness, and loss of coordination and reasoning power. Friendly fire or air strikes may cause enough confusion and disorder to provide a chance to escape. The first guards usually have less training in handling prisoners than the next set. You might know something about the area where you were first captured. You might even know the locations of nearby friendly units.

1. There are only two conditions that the sniper should look for to optimize his attempt to escape: escape early and when the enemy is distracted. Once the sniper has escaped, it may not be easy to contact friendly troops or get back to their lines. The sniper should use his survival skills to increase his chances of survival.

NOTE: For more information about survival, see Appendix H of this manual.

LEGAL ASPECTS OF EVASION AND ESCAPE

1. Sniper teams must know the difference between an escapee and an evader. Under the Law of War, some of the same acts that are legal if committed by an evader are illegal if committed by an escapee. Commission of these acts could cause the escapee’s prosecution and punishment.

EVADER

1. An evader is an armed combatant of a warring power who, while separated from the main fighting force, has never been captured. An evader has a duty to try to rejoin his unit. An evader may carry out acts of war at will, subject to the laws of land warfare. If he follows the laws of land warfare, he may not be prosecuted as a war criminal for acts committed during his evasion. However, if he violates the laws of land warfare, he may be tried as a war criminal.

ESCAPEE

1. An escapee is a person who, after becoming a prisoner of war, tries to elude the custody and authority of the detaining power. All military personnel have a duty to try to escape. In his attempt to escape, an escapee is allowed to violate domestic laws or regulations of the detaining power, provided that he does so only in order to escape and only if he hurts no one. He is also allowed to wear clothing other than his uniform. Doing so does not reclassify him as a spy.

1. An escapee avoids committing any act of war, carrying any type of weapon, or engaging in armed resistance. The moment the escapee commits any of these actions, his status changes. He is no longer a prisoner of war (POW) and is subject to prosecution under the laws of the detaining power.

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RESISTANCE

1. Snipers can show resistance in many forms. The Code of Conduct prescribes the manner in which every Soldier of the United States armed forces must conduct himself when captured or faced with the possibility of capture.

THE CODE OF CONDUCT

I. I am an American, fighting in the forces which guard my country and our wayof life. I am prepared to give my life in their defense.

II. I will never surrender of my own free will. If in command, I will neversurrender the members of my command while they still have the means toresist.

III. If I am captured, I will continue to resist by all means available. I willmake every effort to escape and aid others to escape. I will accept neitherparole nor special favors from the enemy.

IV. If I become a prisoner of war, I will keep faith with my fellow prisoners.I will give no information or take part in any action which might beharmful to my comrades. If I am senior, I will take command. If not, I willobey the lawful orders of those appointed over me, and will back them up inevery way.

V. When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am required to giveonly name, rank, service number, and date of birth. I will evade answeringfurther questions to the utmost of my ability. I will make no oral orwritten statements disloyal to my country (and its allies) or harmful totheir cause.

VI. I will never forget that I am an American, fighting for freedom,responsible for my actions, and dedicated to the principles that made mycountry free. I will trust in my God and in the United States of America.

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