Flexi Country

7/31/2019 Flexi Country

1/19

Working time

Relevant Eurofound

research and data


2/19

PresentationPresentation

Working hours: some stylised facts Work life-balance

Working time flexibility

Gender aspects of working time

Conclusions

Main sources: Fourth European Working Conditions survey (2005),

European Establishment survey on working time / work life balance

(2004-5)


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Annual working hours: the historical trendAnnual working hours: the historical trend

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1870 1900 1913 1929 1938 1950 1960 1973 1980 1990 2000

France

Germany

UK

US

Source: Huberman 2003


4/19

Working more than 48 hours a weekWorking more than 48 hours a week

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

TR RO EL PL BG HU CZ SK HR LV SI IE MT ES AT LT CH BE PT IT UK CY DK EE DE SE NL LU FI FR NO

Self-employed Employee


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Who works long hours ?Who works long hours ?

14.8%

19.9%

8.5% 9.4%

43.9%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%25%

30%

35%

40%

45%50%

Male Female Employee Self-employed

TOTAL EU27 SEX EMPLOYMENT STATUS


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WorkWork--life balancelife balance

80% are satisfied but 40+% of those working long hours are80% are satisfied but 40+% of those working long hours are

not satisfied, working fathers report more dissatisfactionnot satisfied, working fathers report more dissatisfaction

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

45

Very well Well Not very well Not at all well


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Dissatisfaction with workDissatisfaction with work--life balance bylife balance by

countrycountry

Do working hours fit in with family or social commitments outside work?

Unsatisfactory work-life fit by country

0

10

20

30

40

50

NO

AT

DK

CH F

I

DE

UK

NL

LU

BE

PT

FR IE

CZ

EU27

SE

MT

SK

CY

LT

EE

ES

HRS

I

RO

BG

HU ITP

LLV

TR

EL

%

30

36

42

48

54

60

hrs

Not very w ell Not at all w ell Weekly hours


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Standard hours are preferredStandard hours are preferred

Different schedules and dissatisfaction with work-life fit (%)

(male full-time /female part and full-time)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Daytime, weekday, no long days

Daytime, some weekend work, no long days

Daytime, weekday, some long days

Daytime, some weekend including long days

Daytimeschedulevariants

female p/t male f/t female f/t


9/19

Flexibility?....Flexibility?....

Work fixed starting and finishing times by

gender, %

01020304050

607080

EU15 EU15 EU15 EU25

1995 2000 2005 2005

male female total

Source: Fourth European Working Conditions survey


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Working time discretion by countryWorking time discretion by country

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

SE NL DK FI AT BE LU UK FR DE IE IT EE SI CZ SK PL ES LV MT LT RO HU EL PT CY BG

Your working hours are entirely determined by yourselfYou can adapt your working hours within certain limits

You can choose between several fixed working schedules

They are set by the company with no possibility for changes



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FlexiFlexi--time arrangements in the EUtime arrangements in the EU

Datafrom

EFEstablishmentSurv

ey(2005)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

CY

PT

EL

HU

BESI

IT

ES

NL

LU

FR

ALL 21

DK

DE

AT

CZ

IE

PLUK

FI

SE

LV

Possibility to use accumulated hours for longer periods of leavePossibility to use accumulated hours for days offPossibility to accumulate hours, but no full days offPossibilit to var start and end of dail work no accumulation of da s


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WhyWhy waswas flexitimeflexitime introducedintroduced??

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

To reduce paid

overtime hours

To make working hours

more adaptable to the

variations in workload

To enable employees

to better combine work

and family or personal life

To cope with commuting

problemsOther reasons Don't know/No answer

Data from EF Establishment Survey (2005)


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TheThe effectseffects ofof flexitimeflexitime

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Better adaptationof workloads

Lowerabsenteeism

Higher jobsatisfaction

Other positiveeffects

Communicationproblems

Increased Other negativeeffects

(Positive effects) (Negative effects)

costs

Reduction ofpaid overtime



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Contactability outside workContactability outside work--hours (byhours (by

phone/email)phone/email)

Contacted outside working hours

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Male

Supervisoryresponsibilities

Female

Male

No supervisory

responsibilities

Female

Every day

At least once a w eek

A couple times of a month or less of ten

Less often

Never


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Gender divergence: working hours andGender divergence: working hours and

parenthoodparenthood

Weekly working hours by gender and number ofchildren U-16

25

30

35

40

45

None 1 2 3 4 or more Total

hrs

m f



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Combined working hours : women work the longestCombined working hours : women work the longest

(EU27 only)

21.3

43.1

40.0

7.3

32.7

7.9

23.0

23.5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

male

female

male

female

Part-time

Full-time

Paid working hours main job +Paid working hours second job+Commuting time +Unpaid working hours


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ConclusionsConclusions

1. Average working weeks have declined markedly over the last generation more so in the EU than in the US - but one in ten Europeanemployees still report that they usually work over 48 hours per week.

2. Working time flexibility: not as widespread as some might think. More

prevalent in Northern European countries

3. Around 50% of EU establishments have some form of flexitimearrangements; their evaluation of the effects of these arrangements isvery positive. Evidence that it WLB practices improve performance and

time management, reduces absenteeism and facilitates recruitment.

4. The double burden: taking household and labour market work togethergives a very different picture of the relative workloads of men andwomen.


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Supplementary slideSupplementary slide

..from ESWT 2004/5


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Proportion ofProportion of flexiflexi--timerstimers in thein the companycompany


All

80-9060-80%

40-60%

20-40%

Less 20%

No flexi-timeflexi-timeworkers

Sweden

Finland

Austria

Latvia

Germany

Denmark

Ireland

CzechRepublic

Poland

UnitedKingdom

France

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Spain

Italy

Hungary

Belgium

Slovenia

Greece

Portugal

Cyprus

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Documents

Flexi Country