11
Finding Time 1.) Place the speed index underneath the desired airspeed depicted on the “A” scale. 2.) Read below the desired distance on the “A” scale to find time. COMPUTATIONS Fuel Burn 1.) Place time on the “B” or “C” scale directly below pounds on the “A” scale. 2.) Read above the speed index on the “A” scale to find burn rate. Fuel Endurance 1.) Place the speed index below burn rate on the “A” scale. 2.) Locate fuel remaining on the “A” scale. 3.) Below fuel remaining, read the “B” or “C” scale for endurance time. RVR (FEET) 1.) 1,600------------------------------------------------------ -----------------1/4 2.) 2,400------------------------------------------------------ -----------------1/2 3.) 3,200------------------------------------------------------ -----------------5/8 4.) 4,000------------------------------------------------------ -----------------3/4 5.) 4,500------------------------------------------------------ -----------------7/8 6.) 5,000------------------------------------------------------ -----------------1 Additional Factors Engine Anti-Ice -16% +60lbs Heater - 04% +20lbs Both - 20% +80lbs No HIRRS Baffles +1% -16lbs Torque Fuel AVIONICS CHECK Radar Altimeter AN/APN-209(V) Track Operation Operational Test 1.) Off Flag – Not in view. 2.) Altitude Pointer – 0 +/- 5 Feet. 3.) Digital Readout – 0 to + 3 Feet. 4.) LO Warning Light – Will be On 5.) HI Warning Light – Will be Off. HIGH SET Knob – Press and hold. 1.) Off Flag – Not in view. 2.) Altitude Pointer – 1,000 +/- 100 Feet. 3.) Digital Readout – 1000 to +/- 100 Feet. 4.) LO Warning Light – Will be Off 5.) HI Warning Light – Will be On. 6.) HI SET Knob – Release, indications should normalize. ADF DIRECTION FINDER AN/ARN-89 1.) Tune and ID station.. 2.) Mode Select Switch - COMP. 3.) Test Button – Press, the #2 needle should slew 180 degrees. ZULU TIME EST + 5 = UTC CST + 6 = UTC MST +7 = UTC PST + 8 = UTC Version 3 Version 3 //UNCLASSIFIED// //UNCLASSIFIED// VIS (SM) EDT + 4 = UTC CDT + 5 = UTC MDT + 6 = UTC PDT + 7 = UTC

Finding Time 1.) Place the speed index underneath the desired airspeed depicted on the “A” scale. 2.) Read below the desired distance on the “A” scale

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Page 1: Finding Time 1.) Place the speed index underneath the desired airspeed depicted on the “A” scale. 2.) Read below the desired distance on the “A” scale

Finding Time1.) Place the speed index underneath the desired airspeed depicted on the “A” scale.2.) Read below the desired distance on the “A” scale to find time.

COMPUTATIONS

Fuel Burn1.) Place time on the “B” or “C” scale directly below pounds on the “A” scale.2.) Read above the speed index on the “A” scale to find burn rate.

Fuel Endurance1.) Place the speed index below burn rate on the “A” scale.2.) Locate fuel remaining on the “A” scale.3.) Below fuel remaining, read the “B” or “C” scale for endurance time.

RVR (FEET)1.) 1,600-----------------------------------------------------------------------1/42.) 2,400-----------------------------------------------------------------------1/23.) 3,200-----------------------------------------------------------------------5/84.) 4,000-----------------------------------------------------------------------3/45.) 4,500-----------------------------------------------------------------------7/86.) 5,000-----------------------------------------------------------------------17.) 6,000-----------------------------------------------------------------------1 1/4

Additional Factors

Engine Anti-Ice -16% +60lbsHeater -04% +20lbsBoth -20% +80lbsNo HIRRS Baffles +1% -16lbs

Torque Fuel

AVIONICS CHECK

Radar Altimeter AN/APN-209(V)

Track Operation

Operational Test

1.) Off Flag – Not in view.

2.) Altitude Pointer – 0 +/- 5 Feet.

3.) Digital Readout – 0 to + 3 Feet.

4.) LO Warning Light – Will be On

5.) HI Warning Light – Will be Off.

HIGH SET Knob – Press and hold.

1.) Off Flag – Not in view.

2.) Altitude Pointer – 1,000 +/- 100 Feet.

3.) Digital Readout – 1000 to +/- 100 Feet.

4.) LO Warning Light – Will be Off

5.) HI Warning Light – Will be On.

6.) HI SET Knob – Release, indications should normalize.

ADF DIRECTION FINDER AN/ARN-89

1.) Tune and ID station..2.) Mode Select Switch - COMP.3.) Test Button – Press, the #2 needle should slew 180 degrees.

ZULU TIMEEST + 5 = UTCCST + 6 = UTCMST +7 = UTCPST + 8 = UTC

Version 3 Version 3//UNCLASSIFIED// //UNCLASSIFIED//

VIS (SM)

EDT + 4 = UTCCDT + 5 = UTCMDT + 6 = UTCPDT + 7 = UTC

Page 2: Finding Time 1.) Place the speed index underneath the desired airspeed depicted on the “A” scale. 2.) Read below the desired distance on the “A” scale

PRE-MISSION CHECKSAVIONICS CHECK

VOR AN/ARN-123(V)

1.) Mode Select Switch - VOR.

2.) HSI CRS set COURSE to 315 degrees (Both HSI’s).

3.) VOR/MB TEST Switch – Down and Hold.

• MB Light on VSI should be on.

• HSI VOR/LOG Course Bar and VSI Course deviation Pointer Centered +/- 1 Dot.

• #2 bearing Pointer should go to the 310 to 320 degree position.

• To-From Arrow should indicate TO.

• VOR/MB Test Switch-release.

TRANSPONDER

1.) Master Switch – STBY, No-Go Light should be on.2.) Allow 2 minutes for Warm-Up.3.) Modes 1 and 3A - Select Proper Codes.4.) Press To test Lights – Check.5.) ANT Switch to – DIV.6.) Master Switch – NORM7.) M1, M3, M3A, MC Switches – TEST – TEST GO Light should be on.

Version 3 Version 3//UNCLASSIFIED// //UNCLASSIFIED//

1.) Mission: Log Book/Laptop Review, (Is Aircraft Capable)?

2.) Performance planning Card: (PPC).

3.) Weather: Departure, Enroute Arrival.

4.) NOTAMS: Departure, Enroute, Primary, Alternate.

5.) Primary Approach: Navaids, Lighting, Tower (Effective Times, STAR, Minimums Per AR 95-1. (Can I Use Airfield?)

6.) Alternate Approach/Airfield: Same as above.

7.) Route: ELA/Sectional as Appropriate

8.) Departure Criteria: Can I Depart?

9.) Standard Instrument Departure: (SID)

10.) Flight Plan: Per GP. (Services, Rank/Honor Codes).

11.) Crew Brief:

12.) Clearance:

13.) Departure:

14.) Landing:

1.) Weather Void Time: Check.2.) Anti-Ice/Pitot Heat: As Required.3.) Go/No-Go Fuel: Verify.4.) Initial heading/Course: Set.5.) CIS/Mode Select: As Required.6.) GPS: Programmed.7.) NAVAIDS: Tuned and Identified:8.) Transponder: Normal, Code Set:9.) Take Off Time: Noted.

BEFORE ITO CHECKLIST

1-6 7-12 13-1819-2425-30

= 0.1= 0.2= 0.3= 0.4= 0.5

= 0.6= 0.7= 0.8= 0.9= 1.0

31-36 37-42 43-4849-5455-60

FLIGHT TIME CONVERSION

Page 3: Finding Time 1.) Place the speed index underneath the desired airspeed depicted on the “A” scale. 2.) Read below the desired distance on the “A” scale

ENROUTE MISSION CHECKS HUD CHECKLIST

1. PSCU eye select – Left or Right

2. Connect PSCU to quick disconnect.

3. P-PGM/OP/CP PGM switch – OP.

4. ADJ/ON/OFF – ON, FAIL and ON lights should illuminate. Bit Test is Automatic.

5. FAIL light goes out after approximately 10 seconds.

6. Allow a 1 minute warm up.

7. ADJ/ON/OFF switch – ON.

8. If FAULT is displayed in DU – ACK and re run BIT TEST.

9. If Required BIT/ACK switch – BIT and hold. ON and FAIL Lights On, FAIL off after test complete.

10. BIT/ACK switch – Release.

11. BRT/DIM switch - Adjust

12. DSPL POS control – Adjust.

13. Select Mode/Pages to be programmed (If desired).

14. P-PGM/CP-PGM/OP switch- As desired.

15. BIT/ACK switch – ACK to program full display.

16. PGM SEL/NXT control – SEL program as needed, if not NXT.

17. PROG annunciator alone will flash when complete.

18. BIT/ACK switch – ACK and hold for 1 second.

19. OK will be displayed for 2 seconds.

20. Adjust ALTITUDE, PITCH and ROLL as required.

21. P-PGM/CP-PGM/OP switch - OP.

22. ADJ/ON/OFF switch – ADJ.

23. INC/DEC switch – as required.

24. BIT/ACK switch – ACK

25. Repeat steps for PITCH and ROLL.

26. ADJ/ON/OFF switch – ON

27. RE-Run BIT TEST after take off.

Version 3 Version 3//UNCLASSIFIED// //UNCLASSIFIED//

1.) OAT: Check + 4 Celsius and Below.2.) Flight Instruments: As Required.3.) Avionics: Tuned and Monitored.4.) CIS/Mode Select: As Required.5.) Systems Instruments: Check6.) Cruise torque: Note.7.) Fuel Check: Initiate, Monitor, Complete.8.)Parking Brake: Release If required.

LEVEL OFF CHECKS

1.) NAVAID Frequencies: Check.2.) Entry Procedures: Brief.3.) Outbound Heading: Brief.4.) Inbound Course: Brief.

CO-PILOT HOLDING BRIEF

CO-PILOT APPROACH BRIEF

1.) Type/Name Of Instrument Approach.2.) MDA or Decision Height and Time If Applicable.3.) Final Approach Course.4.) Time To Missed Approach Point.5.) Review Published or ATC Briefed Missed Approach.6.) Actions at Breakout and Field in Sight.

PRE-APPROACH CHECKS

1.) Frequencies: Check.2.) HIS: As Required.3.) CIS: As Required.4.) Landing Light: As Required.5.) External Lights: As required.6.) Before landing Checks: IAW UH-60 Checklist.

Page 4: Finding Time 1.) Place the speed index underneath the desired airspeed depicted on the “A” scale. 2.) Read below the desired distance on the “A” scale

//UNCLASSIFIED//Version 3

MISSION PLANNING DUTIES

//UNCLASSIFIED//Version 3

MISSION EXECUTION DUTIES

1.) LEAD: Route PlanningPrimary / Alt. Route OverlayRoute/Crew/Commo Card

2. CHALK 2: SOl Frequencies and Call SignsChallenge and PasswordsLZ and PZ Sketches

3.) CHALK 3:AMC (Air Mission Commander)Briefing / Rehearsal CoordinationRisk AssessmentMission Schedule / Brief Sheet.

4.) CHALK 4:Obtain/Arrange Threat Brief & OverlayComsec Fills / ASE PreparationKY-58 Fills, Havequick FillsKit 1C Mode 4 keyedALQ 144 and APR 39 SettingsPPC Prep Max Acft Load &Weakest ATF

5.) CHALK 5:SAR Coordination/ DAPP Points &Pick UP TimesNOTAMS, ACO-SPINS, Range BriefingsWeather / Illumination DataA2C2 Coordination

NUMBER OF AIRCRAFT

MISSION PLANNING DUTIES

DUTIES 2

CHALK 3

3 4

5

5

4

3

1

2 CHALK 2CHALK 1

CHALK 4

CHALK 5

CHALK 1 CHALK 1 CHALK 1 CHALK 1

CHALK 2 CHALK 2

CHALK 2 CHALK 2

CHALK 2

CHALK 2

CHALK 3

CHALK 3CHALK 3

CHALK 4

CHALK 4

1. LEAD: Primary NavigationRoute TimingATC CommunicationsTransponder

2. CHALK 2: Primary Back Up Navigation And Route Timing

3. CHALK 3: AMC DutiesMonitor ABNClose Air Support and Sead Calls

4. CHALK 4: Range UpdatesFlight FollowingPosition Reporting (HF)

5. CHALK 5: Monitor 0&1 NetCoordinate Weather Updates For AMC

MISSION EXECUTION DUTIES

NUMBER OF AIRCRAFTDUTIES 2

2

3

3

4

4 5

5

CHALK 1 CHALK 1 CHALK 1 CHALK 1

CHALK 1

1

CHALK 2

CHALK 2

CHALK 2

CHALK 2CHALK 2CHALK 2

CHALK 3CHALK 3CHALK 2

CHALK 3

CHALK 3

CHALK 4

CHALK 4

CHALK 4

CHALK 5

Page 5: Finding Time 1.) Place the speed index underneath the desired airspeed depicted on the “A” scale. 2.) Read below the desired distance on the “A” scale

1. Secondary Light Panel - Blue-OFF-White - set as desired2.. Pilot Flight Instrument Lights - Set3. Caution Advisory Switch - Dim - Cyclic PNL LTS Switch-Check4. Master Warning/Caution Advisory NVG Dimming Controls- Adjust5. Radar Altimeter Dimming Control- Adjust6. Glare Shield Lighting - Set7. Copilot Instrument Lights - Set8. Lighted Switches - Adjust9. Formation Lights - Set as required10.NAV Lights - Norm-IR - Set as required11. Cargo Hook Light - As required12. Cabin Dome Light - Blue-OFF-White - Set as desired13. Non-Flight Instrument Lights - Set14. Upper Console Lights - Set15. Lower Console Lights - Set16. Pilot's, Copilot's, NCM's Utility Lights - Set as desired17. Cabin Dome Light Control - Set as required18. Standby Compass Light Switch - Set as required19. Landing Light - Check20. Search Light - Check

//UNCLASSIFIED//Version 3

INTERIOR/ EXTERIOR LIGHTING CHECKS

//UNCLASSIFIED//Version 3

1.) Mission overview.2.) Currency verification.3.) Flight route.4.) Weather-Departure, en route, destination, and void time.5.) Required items, mission equipment, and personnel.6.) Airspace surveillance procedures (task 1026), assign scan sectors.7.) Analysis of the aircraft. a. Logbook and preflight deficiencies. b. Performance planning. (1) Comparison of computed ETF/A TF with logbook. (2) Re-computation of PPC, if necessary. (3) Max torque available and GOINO GO data. (4) Single engine capability -MIN/MAX -IAS. (5) Emergency SE IAS - Airspeed to maintain between SE MINIMAX IAS based on the mission and briefed for purposes of crew coordination. c. Mission deviations required based on aircraft analysis.8.) Crew actions, duties, and responsibilities. a. Aircrew coordination - two challenge rule, terminology. b. Transfer of .flight controls (P'). c. Brief emergency actions. (1) Mission considerations. (2) Inadvertent IMC. (3) Egress procedures and rendezvous point. (4) Actions to be performed by P', P, and NCM. (5) NVG failure.9.) General crew duties: Announce when focused inside (time limit to be appropriate for conditions, when VMC). a. Pilot on the controls (P'). (1) Fly the aircraft - primary focus outside when VMC, inside when IMC. (2) Cross-check systems and instruments. (3) Monitor/transmit on radios as directed by the PC. b. Pilot not on the controls (P). (1) Tune radios and set transponder. (2) Navigate. (3) Copy clearances, ATIS, and other information. (4) Cross-check systems and instruments. (5) Monitor/transmit on radios as directed by thePC. (6) Read and complete checklist items as required. (7) Set/adjust switches and systems as required. c. Crew chief, medic, and other assigned crewmembers. (1) Secure passengers and cargo. (2) Perform other duties assigned by the PC.10.) Risk assessment considerations.11.) Time and place for crew-level after action review.12.) Crewmembers' questions, comments, and acknowledgment of mission briefing.

CREW MISSION BRIEFING CHECKLIST

TABLE 4 - 1

Page 6: Finding Time 1.) Place the speed index underneath the desired airspeed depicted on the “A” scale. 2.) Read below the desired distance on the “A” scale

HOLDING PPC

Version 3 Version 3//UNCLASSIFIED// //UNCLASSIFIED//

0 to 179

180 to 359 °

°

°

°

IFR EVEN Thousands

VFR ON TOPEVEN ThousandsPlus 500ft

IFR ODD Thousands

VFR ON TOPODD ThousandsPlus 500ft

IFR ODD

IFR EVEN

CRUISING ALTITUDES

VFR above 3,000ft AGL but below 18,000ft MSL unless otherwise authorized by ATC. For IFR outside of Controlled Airspace. All courses are Magnetic.

HOLDING

COURSE

DIRECT ENTRY

DIRECT ENTRY

110

70°

°

TEARDROP ENTRY

70°

PARALLEL ENTRY

°

110

TRANSPONDER CODES

VFR--------------------------------------------1200IFR----------------------------------------------PER ATCHIJACKED-----------------------------------7500LOST COMMO------------------------------7600EMERGENCY-------------------------------7700

1.) Place outbound seconds over inbound seconds.2.) Read over speed index for solution.

1.) Significant change in mission:2.) Increase of over 5 Celsius.3.) Increase of over 1,000ft Pressure Altitude.4.) Increase of over 500 pounds of weight.5.) ETF change of 0.05

STOPRE-COMPUTE PPC FOR THE FOLOWING

An update is required when there is an intent to land and/or takeoff when operating within:

1)3,000lbs of the Max Allowable GWT (OGE)2)There is an Increase Of 500 Feet Pressure Altitude 3)An Increase in 5 Degrees Celsius from planned PPC

UPDATE WHAT?

1) Aircraft Weight2) Max Torque Available 3) Max Allowable GWT OGE4) GO/NO-G0 OGE

Complete the Arrival Section of the PPC if arrival conditions at destination differ significantly from the Departure conditions.

TABULAR DATA

Conditions: 6000 PA , 10C, 1.0 ATF Zero Fuel Weight: 12.300lbs

Aircraft Can Weigh: 18,700Aircraft Does Weigh: 14,600OGE Power By: 4100 – Divide By 200Max Torque Available: 93 - Subtract Previous Value From Max Torque Predicted Hover Torque: = 72

Page 7: Finding Time 1.) Place the speed index underneath the desired airspeed depicted on the “A” scale. 2.) Read below the desired distance on the “A” scale

N 39.35.13 W 088.43.20N 39.32.21 W 088.43.50N 39.30.68 W 088.42.10N 39.27.64 W 088.41.80N 39.26.73 W 088.42.90N 39.26.85 W 088.43.30N 41.15.11 W 088.39.50

Ready For Take OffActivate Secure CommoDiscontinue Secure CommoExecute Scatter PlanMission Abort (Fuel) .Mission Abort (Maintenance)Mission Abort (weather)Launch Backup AcftDelay, All Acft Go To IdleDelay, All Acft Shut DownLead Will Slow Down 10ktsLead Is X Minutes FastLead Is X Minutes SlowLead Is Lost, Require Lead ChangeLead Is Lost, Request VectorsLead Turn Right Lead Turn LeftStop TurnLead Is Cutting Corners For TimeTaking Alternate Route.Flight Is IMCNVG FailureDoppler/GPS FailureAircraft Closing For Join UpUnidentified Acft (Assumed Hostile)Positive ID Of Enemy AcftArrive At PZDepart PZArrive LZDepart LZPZ/LZ/TAA HotGo AroundAircraft DownArrive Laager SiteDepart Laager SiteMission CompleteAssembly Areas

AlphaBravoCharlie1-106th

BeaconGo GreenGo RedFour WindsBingoScrewdriverUmbrellaBackupLazySleepHeavy MetalCheck Time FastCheck Time Slow,NightmareStumbleCheck Nav RightCheck Nav LeftStop TurnDrop KickFlip FlopBlind Alley OwlTommy 0.ClosingBogeyBanditTrail BlazerHomesteadRoundup StagecoachSharksGo AroundLame DuckHideoutSaddle upBUDWEISERNest

PhantomMad DogMustangBlack Horse

BREVITY CODES

//UNCLASSIFIED//Version 3 //UNCLASSIFIED//Version 3

LOCAL POINTS00 DEC38 ALSIP39 AKLEY 40 ELWIN41 HGTSV42 DECV43 PIAV44 SPINR45 RFD46 CMY47 PIA48 MDW49 CP LINCOLN

N 39.50.10 W 088.52.00N 41.40.70 W 087.45.15N 39.52.64 W 088.45.92N 39.47.25 W 088.57.13N 41.30.36 W 087.34.17N 39.44.15 W 088.51.22N 40.40.48 W 089.47.34N 39.50.38 W 089.40.36N 42.11.43 W 089.05.49N 43.57.30 W 090.44.16N 40.39.90 W 089.41.60N 41.47.20 W 087.45.20N 39.49.61 W 089.40.24

JACK QUEEN KINGJOKER ACE RP1 NORTH

RED BLUE BLACK BROWN GRAY WHITE YELLOW RP 1 SOUTH

LZ ALPHA LZ BRAVO LZ CHARLIE LZ DELTA LZ ECHO LZ ECHO WEST LZ MTA (CRIB Checkpoint)

N 39.57.10 W 088.43.60N 39.51.80 W 088.25.50N 39.45.70 W 088.22.30 N 39.37.30 W 088.22.40N 39.32.20 W 088.35.20 N 39.33.20 W 088.42.30

N 39.43.70 W 088.49.90N 39.34.60 W 088.59.70N 39.23.30 W 088.56.20N 39.17.30 W 088.43.80N 39.20.70 W 088.33.30N 39.26.90 W 088.32.70N 39.31.20 W 088.36.50N 39.33.20 W 088.42.35

Page 8: Finding Time 1.) Place the speed index underneath the desired airspeed depicted on the “A” scale. 2.) Read below the desired distance on the “A” scale

//UNCLASSIFIED//Version 3

LOCAL COMMO CARD

DEC OPS DEC ATIS DEC TWR PIA ATIS PIA GND PIA TWR SPI ATIS SPI TWR SPI APP CMI TWR CMI APP MDW ATIS MDW TWR MDW APP BMI TWR BMI ATIS

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.

KC 135 277.7 (HAPPY)

139.00/246.8126.35118.90/392.10126.10/282.20121.85/348.60119.10/252.90127.65/270.10121.30/257.80118.60/ 307.00120.40/229.40132.85/291.00132.75118.70/226.30118.40/388.00124.60/388.90135.35

DEC OPSPIA OPS MDW OPS

47.0/139.0/246.80 32.30/141.150/280.90 47.50/242.40

//UNCLASSIFIED//Version 3

BACK UP PUMP HOT WEATHER LIMITATIONS

FAT TIME COOLDOWN

-54c to 32c Unlimited N/A

33c to 38c 24 minutes 72 Minutes

39c to 52c 16 minutes 48 minutes

APU OPERATING LIMITATIONS

To prevent APU overheating, APU operation at ambient temperature of 43c and above with the engine and rotor operating, is limited to 30 minutes. With the engine and rotor not operating, the APU may be operated continuously up to an ambient temperature of 51c.

Page 9: Finding Time 1.) Place the speed index underneath the desired airspeed depicted on the “A” scale. 2.) Read below the desired distance on the “A” scale

DATE ACFT CALL SIGN ACFT DESIGNATION

TYPE A/S DEPART ROUTE OF FLIGHT TOZULU

DEPARTETE

REMARKS

VFR

FUEL ON BD ALTN WT & BALANCEWEATHERNOTAMSETE/ALTN ACFT SER/UNIT/HOME STATION

PCRANK SSN ORGINAZATION AND LOCATION

PI

CE

IFR

STOP OVER

G2387629 DEC 2007

130 DEC

H-60/U or G

V

DEC

DEC

130

130

PIA

DECPIA

I

I

VOID TIME = MISSION TIME ROUNDED UP

(VOID 2+00)

LOCAL2020:30 2+00

ALT

DEC V313 V434 MACIN 1+30

1+45

17:30

17:30 PIA V129 V50 ELWIN (2+30 BMI 0+35)

S-PIA

SERVICES REQUESTED, RANK AND HONOR CODES

B.S.1+002+30 SPI

FITSNUGGLY, P. I.

FITSWELL, D. I.

SLAPAHO, W. I.

82-23876/ A Co. 1-106 AVN/DECDEC/29 JUNE 02CHECK

A Co. 1-106 AVN/DECCW4

CW3

SGT

--ON FILE--

A Co. 1-106 AVN/DEC

A Co. 1-106 AVN/DEC

//UNCLASSIFIED// Version 3

--ON FILE--

--ON FILE--

Page 10: Finding Time 1.) Place the speed index underneath the desired airspeed depicted on the “A” scale. 2.) Read below the desired distance on the “A” scale
Page 11: Finding Time 1.) Place the speed index underneath the desired airspeed depicted on the “A” scale. 2.) Read below the desired distance on the “A” scale