Final Thesis Submission Jan 15

7/26/2019 Final Thesis Submission Jan 15

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UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MARA

WARGAME SIMULATION:

APPLYING MILITARY

APPRECIATION PROCESS IN

MALAYSIAN ARMY WAR-GAMESIMULATOR

MOHAMMAD FARISZUL SYAUQIE

BIN ISMAIL

MSc.IT

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January 2015UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MARA

WARGAME SIMULATION:

APPLYING MILITARYAPPRECIATION PROCESS IN

MALAYSIAN ARMY WAR-GAME

SIMULATOR

MOHAMMAD FARISZUL SYAUQIE BIN

ISMAIL

IT Project submitted in partial fulfilmentof the requirements for the degree of

Mast! "# Sc$%c $% I%#"!&at$"% Tc'%"(")*

Fac+(t* "# C"&,+t! a% Mat'&at$ca( Sc$%cs

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January 2015

AUTHORS DECLARATION

I declare that the wor in this IT Project was carriedout in accordance with the regulations of !ni"ersiti

Tenologi #$%$& It is original and is the results of my

own wor' unless otherwise indicated or acnowledged

as reference wor& This IT Project has not been

submitted to any other academic institution on non(

academic institution for any degree or qualification&

I' hereby' acnowledge that I ha"e been supplied with

the $cademic %ules and %egulations for Post

)raduate' !ni"ersiti Tenologi #$%$' regulating the

conduct of my study and research&

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*ame of +tudent , #-.$##$/$%I+! +3$!4I 6I*

I+#$I

+tudent I/ *o& , 2012711821

Programme , #aster of +cience in

Information Technology

aculty , 9omputer and

#athematical +ciencesIT Project Title , :argame +imulation,

$pplying #ilitary

$ppreciation Process in #alaysian

$rmy :ar( )ame +imulator

+ignature of +tudent , ,

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

/ate , January 2015

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ABSTRACT

#ilitary simulation systems are categori&0 which is de"eloped by+$$6 Intl& of +outh $frica& In applying this system to suit therequirement in #alaysian $rmy en"ironment' a few upgradesha"e needed to be applied and added into this simulator& -necritical element that shall be adopted is the decision maing

process which is ob"iously will in"ol"e the needs of #ilitary$ppreciation Process ?#$P@& This thesis will discuss more on

the feasibility of maing the #$P decision maing becomemore realistic and reliable base on the output and result whichwill be produced automatically& The result will then influencethe decision that will be chosen in each simulation either in thereal or training scenario& $ session of inter"iewing the user andthe operator of this simulator had conducted to identify the prosand cons of this system& $ set of proposed solutions for future"ersions of 6attleTe >&0 with some impro"ements will bediscussed thoroughly in this project paper based on theinformation collected&

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AC/NOWLEDGEMENT

Immeasurable gratitude to $llah +&:&T& for granting theopportunity in undertaing and completing this piece of wor&The hard wor and pains of researching this study bear the fruitsof in(depth and in"aluable nowledge' indeed&

This research will ne"er be a completed without the guidanceand support of many people& $ "ery special thans to mypassionate super"isor' #r au


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pa)AUTHORSS DECLARATION iiABSTRACT iiiAC/NOWLEDGEMENT i"TABLE OF CONTENTS "LIST OF TABLES i=LIST OF FIGURES =

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS =i

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1&1 Introduction1&2 6acground

1&2&1 6attleTe >&01&2&2 #ilitary $ppreciation Process ?#$P@

1&8 Problem +tatement

1&> %esearch 4uestion1&5 %esearch -bjecti"e1&B +cope of the %esearch1&7 +ignificance of the %esearch

1&7&1 The #alaysian $rmy1&7&2 !sers1&7&8 +imulation +ystem1&7&> %esearcher

1&C %esearch /esign +ummary1&D %esearch Paper -utline

1&D&1 9hapter 2, iterature %e"iew

1&D&2 9hapter 8, %esearch #ethodology1&D&8 9hapter >, $nalysis and indings1&D&> 9hapter 5, 9onclusion and %ecommendation

1

1

2

5

B

C

C

C

D

D

D

D

10

10

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1111

11

12

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2&1 Introduction2&2 :ar )ame +imulator in )lobal

2&2&1 ffect 6ased -peration :argame +ystem ?6-:+@2&2&2 +ynthetic Theatre -perations %esearch #odel ?+T-%#@

2&8 #alaysian $rmy :arfare +imulation 9entre2&> $rmy :arfare 9oncept

2&>&1 )uerrilla :arfareE9ounter Insurgency :arfare ?9I:@2&>&2 9on"entional :arfare2&>&8 lectronic :arfare

2&5 :ar )ames +imulation 9oncept2&5&1 +tochastic #odelling2&5&2 9ommand and 9ontrol /ecision #aing

2&5&8 $nalytical 9ombat +imulation2&B 9onclusion

18

181>

1C

20

22

28

2>

2>25

25

27

2D

80

CHAPTER 0: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

8&1 Introduction8&2 %esearch Phases8&8 Planning

81

81

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8&8&1 Phase 1, Preliminary $nalysis8&8&2 Phase 2, iterature %e"iew8&8&8 Phase 8, /ata 9ollection8&8&> Phase >, $nalysing /ata8&8&5 Phase 5, /ocumentation

8&> %esearch #ethodology8&>&1 4uestionnaire on =perience8&>&2 -perator Inter"iew8&>&8 -bser"ation

8&5 Fariables Identification8&B /ata 9ollection

8&7 Inter"iew8&C +cale of +core 6enchmar8&D 9orrelation 9lassification

8&D&1 /irection8&D&2 +trength

8&10 /ata $nalysis #ethodology8&11 9onclusion

8282

88

88

88

8>

8>

8>85

85

85

87

8C

8C

8D

8D

>0

>0

>1

CHAPTER 1: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

>&1 Introduction

>&2 Instrument %eliability

>&8 /emographic /etails

>8

>8

>>

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>&> $nalysis on fficiency of the #$P $utomation in 6attlTe >&0>&5 $nalysis on earnability of the #$P $utomation in 6attlTe >&0

>&B $nalysis on #emorability of the #$P $utomation in 6attlTe >&0

>&7 $nalysis on -perability of the #$P $utomation in 6attlTe >&0

>&C $nalysis on +atisfactory of the #$P $utomation in 6attlTe >&0

>&D -"erall #ean +core

>&10 Inter"iew indings

>&10&1 fficiency>&10&2 earnability

>&10&8 #emorability

>&10&> -perability

>&10&5 +atisfactory

>&11 9onclusion

>7>C

50

52

5>

5B

57

5757

5C

5C

5C

5C

CHAPTER 2: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5&1 Introduction

5&2 +ummary of the %esearch

5&8 Proposed +olutions for #$P $utomation Impro"ement

5&> %e"iewing %esearch -bjecti"es

5&5 imitation and 9onstraints

5&B 9onclusion

B0

B0

B1

B2

B2

B8

REFERENCES B>APPENDICES BC

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LIST OF TABLES

Ta3(s

Table 1&1

Table 8&1

Table 8&2

Table >&1

Table >&2

Table >&8

Table >&>

Table >&5

Table >&B

Table >&7

Table 5&1

T$t(

%esearch /esign +ummary

Fariables

The /irection +trengths and 9orrelation 9lassification

%eliability Test %esults

#ean easibility e"el





easibility of #$P $utomation #ean e"el

%e"iewing %esearch -bjecti"es

Pa)

10

8B

>0

>8

>C

50

52

5>

5B

5B

B2

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LIST OF FIGURES

F$)+!s

igure 1&1

igure 1&2

igure 1&8

igure 2&1

igure 2&2

igure 2&8igure 2&>

igure 8&1

igure 8&2

igure >&1

igure >&2

igure >&8

igure >&>igure >&5

igure >&B

igure >&7

igure >&C

igure >&D

igure 5&1

T$t(

6attleTe >&0 Initial Page

The /eployment +imulation

ngagement +imulation in the +ystem

9on"entional :ar )aming Process

-perational e"el 9ourse of $ction :argaming Process

+T-%# $ir to $ir #ethodology

/ecision upon +ituation $ppreciation #odel

%esearch Phases Illustration

%elation ramewor of the %esearch Fariables

)ender 9omparati"e of %espondent

!sing =perience

!sing requency

3ears of =perience

The fficiency of #$P $utomation in 6attleTe >&0

The earnability of #$P $utomation in 6attleTe >&0

Pa)

8

8

>

1B

17

202C

82

>1

>5

>5

>B

>B>7

>D

51

58

55

B1

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The #emorability of #$P $utomation in 6attleTe >&0

The -perability of #$P $utomation in 6attleTe >&0

The +atisfactory of !sing 6attleTe >&0 for #$P $utomation

9ommand and 9ontrol /ecision #aing #odel

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

A33!4$at$"%s

#$P #ilitary $ppreciation Process

P-P T/ Pusat -lah Perang Tentera /arat

+#$P +taff #ilitary $ppreciation Process

I#$P Indi"idual #ilitary $ppreciation Process9#$P 9ombat #ilitary $ppreciation Process

:/ and :arfare /octrine

9-$ 9ourse of $ction

+$ +ituational $wareness

#/ #ilitary /octrine

+P++ +tatistical Pacage for the +ocial +ciences

6-:+ ffect 6ased -peration :argame +ystem9: 9on"entional :arfare

9I: 9ounter Insurgency :arfare

IP6 Intelligent Preparation for 6attlefield

+T-%# +ynthetic Theatre -perations %esearch

#odel

.$ .igh e"el $rchitecture

# ield #anual

# lectromagnetic

: lectronic :arfare

# lectromagnetic n"ironment

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/-T#P /octrine' -rganisation' Training'#aterial' eadership' Personal' acilities

92 9ommand and 9ontrol

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

5.5. I%t!"+ct$"%

This chapter deli"ers a brief e=planation to clarify the

purpose of :argame +imulation +ystem and its rationality of

applying the system in the training' e=ercises and real operation

while in the same time capable of assisting in de"eloping

warfare tactics' technics and procedures which commonly called

as the doctrine& This chapter also co"ers the research

bacground that deri"ing the research problem& Then' the

objecti"es of the study will be identified' followed by the

significance of the study& $t the end of this chapter' a research

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design summary is pro"ided to gi"e the initial idea of how thestudy will be conducted&

5.6. Bac7)!"+%

#ilitary simulation system can be categori


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generated& or the modeling that will present that present thesignificant challenges de"eloping such high resolution

simulations' e"en if the required nowledge of military tactics

and doctrines are a"ailable& -bject oriented methodologies and

concepts are generally used to model and de"elop such systems&

6e that as it may' it is not able to create and create an

e=tremely mind boggling war


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5.6.5 Batt(T7 1.8

In the "ision of de"eloping a modern and multi(capable

$rmy in #alaysian $rmed orces' a brand new training method

by applying wargame simulation has been de"eloped andenhanced since the year of 1DC2& The pioneer study has done in

#arch 1DC2 based on the method used by *ew ealand /efense

orces and adopted from their wargame doctrine' The irst

orray ?P-P T/' 200C@& In the following year' #alaysian $rmy

has de"eloped their own doctrine on implementation of

wargame simulation which was more suitable according to their

organi


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igure 1&1, 6attleTe >&0 Initial Page

igure 1&2, The /eployment +imulation

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igure 1&8, ngagement +imulation in the +ystem

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:ith the current de"elopment of modern $rmy concept'

#alaysian $rmy had adopted a new technology of simulation

system de"eloped by +outh $frican company' +$$6

International +&$& This brand new technology and infrastructure

has de"eloped in )emas' *egeri +embilan& This project was

started since the year of 200D and officially operational in 2018&

This latest simulation system used by the $rmy is the 6attleTe

>&0 which is originally de"eloped by +$$6 International& The

6attleTe >&0 contains all ranges of modern warfare practice and

also capable of simulating the past warfare from ancient time

?+$$6 Intl' 2010@& $s shown in the igure 1&1' users ha"e to

login to the system according to their designated function either

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as the 6lue orce' %ed orce or e"en the $ssessor& Theintelligent function in the simulation shown in igure 1&2 will

display the current situation played or run by the system& The

time of running the simulation will be depending on the

$ssessor which has the authority to use the real time or the

game time as shown in igure 1&8 where the simulation is

simulating the engagement scenario& The simulation also has the

capability of storing the simulation played by the user andre"iews the result as well& This capability is "ery useful for

training purpose and doctrine de"elopment references& The

system can be able to generate and produce a precise result and

pro"ide the accurate data output that will be used in the

de"eloping doctrine&

5.6.6 M$($ta!* A,,!c$at$"% P!"css 9MAP

The military appreciation process ?#$P@ as its rational

decision(maing tool to support commanders at all le"els mae

timely and appropriate decisions& $t the tactical le"el of

command' the #$P has three distinct "ariations that are applied

dependent upon se"eral "ariable factors ?:/ 5&1&>' 200D@&

These factors including the si


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is required and the si


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the #$P' attained better e=ecution because of more thoroughthought of the applicable "ariables ?allesen' 1DD5@&

#$P is meticulously de"eloped using the specific steps

which are currently used by almost all the military forces around

the world& These steps are,

#ission $nalysis&

"aluation of actors&

9onsideration of 9ourse of $ction ?9-$@&

+election of the 6est 9-$&

/e"elopment of Plan&

The -utline has esteem as a method for creating

aggregate situational awareness ?+$@& +$ has been characteri


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studies with !+ military associations to sur"ey the linages inthe middle of +$ and choice maing adequacy' and his decision

is that group +$ is pi"otal for "iable choice maing& Truth be

told' research has showed that getting and eeping up +$ in

groups is much more mind boggling than in people& The #$P

e=ercises of deciding leaderGs e=pectation and imparting data

through consistent organi


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generated only by the gaming en"ironment ?Perla' 1DD0@& :ithlimitation capability lie human being' the simulation system

unable to process more than single gaming or warfare

en"ironment by itself& The results produced from the war games

will be carefully compared to the results of field e=periments'

allowing for many war gaming e=periments to be e"aluated

against e=periments with real forces ?:atman' 2008@&

The ne=t problem identified is the time constraint& our

hours of game play too three months to analy


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comparing predicted outcomes' and choosing an option whichbest matches the goalsA ?/earlo"e' 2008@&

The last identified problem in this discussion is the

unspecified or indefinite command functions that appear in the

system& Players do not understand the implicit "ictory conditions

for a scenario because of failure to understand the beginning(

state political limitations ?Perla and #arowit


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on their le"el of nowledge including the e=periences andfamiliarities in certain fields& Thus' the judgment and the

perception may cause the lac of e=actness in maing decision&

The lac or poor decision can be reduced and synchroni


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5.2 Rsa!c' O3;ct$4

The objecti"e of this research paper deri"ed from the

arguments stated abo"e and will be deliberately e=plained and

discussed& The discussion includes these particular points,

a& To conduct the feasibility study onto #$P automation&b& =plaining the implementation of #$P automation in

the 6attleTe >&0 using the related decision maing

process and model&

5.< Sc", "# t' Rsa!c'

+cope co"ered in this research paper is focusing more to

the doctrine de"elopment team' $rmy combat units and also the

students among the "arious $rmy training centres& These users

shall be deeply understand the #$P and now how to

distinguish the compulsory input required by the #$P itself&

The concept of #$P automation is to process all the input from

the users and produce the output by running the wargame

according to the standard formatting& Then the output for each

different #$P will be directly run by the simulation system and

the system continues to project the result and determine the le"el

of effecti"eness for each #$P& $ccording to the step of #$P'

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the fourth step required the user to e=ecute mind(wargame eitherdeliberately or quicly depending on the situation& This mind(

wargame usually taes too long to be processed considering the

se"eral 9ourse of $ction ?9-$@ stated in the step three of the

#$P& $s reported by !+ *a"al %esearch -ffice ?#arsh et& al&'

2001@' a well(trained officer usually taes at least si= hours to

produce result of a mind(wargame for one 9-$& $nd normally a

good #$P designed to ha"e at least four sets of mind(wargamewhich are ?i@ own most(liely 9-$ and ?ii@ most(dangerous

9-$ against ?iii@ enemyAs most(liely and ?i"@ most(dangerous

9-$ ?$T9.4' 2011@ &

5.= S$)%$#$ca%c "# t' Rsa!c'

The main significances of this study are to gi"e the best

solution option to the entire #alaysian $rmy in de"eloping'

training and reference resources of the #$P and doctrine& -ther

than that' more ad"antages of doing this study are,

5.=.5 T' Ma(a*s$a% A!&*.

The #alaysian $rmy will enhance the capability of

gaining a new concept of doctrine de"elopment' training plan

and also method of e=ecution of a military operation& It is also

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gi"e a big opportunity of studying the warfare concept anddeployment&

5.=.6 Us!s

$mong the users' this study will enable the better way of

thining in de"eloping #$P and study it thoroughly& -ther than

that' this study may e"ol"e a new era of #$P de"elopmentwhere the users can sa"e their time and produce a better result of

operation planning&

5.=.0 S$&+(at$"% S*st&

$s for the +imulation +ystem itself' this study will

enable it to be upgraded to a new le"el where it can be able to

store and recall all the pre"ious operation planning& The

+imulation +ystem will become more beneficial and practical to

the organi


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5.> Rsa!c' Ds$)% S+&&a!*

Table 1&0 shows the design summary for this research

paper&

Table 1&1,

Research Design Summary

Rsa!c' Q+st$"%s Rsa!c' O3;ct$4s T""(s?Mt'" Tc'%$@+ Rsa!c' O+t,+

:hat is the feasibilityof applying #$PautomationK

To conduct thefeasibility study onto#$P automation&

iterature re"iew on,9on"entional #$P

de"elopment process

Pros and cons ofde"eloping technic of#$P ?manual and auto@

9onduct Inter"iew,Towards userTowards operator

9ollect information data,4uestionnaire+ur"ey

6enefits of applyin#$P automation w

be identified

thoroughly&

.ow to implement the#$P automation into

=plaining theimplementation of

iterature re"iew on9ommand and control

Process ofimplementing the

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the 6attleTe >&0simulation systemK

#$P automation in the6attleTe >&0 using therelated decision maing

process and model

decision maing process

/ata $nalysis, 9omparisonbetween con"entional #$Pand simulated #$P results&

automated #$P topresented accordinthe selected modeldecision maing

process&

5. Rsa!c' Pa,! O+t($%

This thesis consist of fi"e ?5@ chapters throughout which

will be discuss thoroughly& /iscussions and arguments will be

done meticulously for achie"ing the objecti"es of the study&

-ther than this chapters included are as follows,

5..5 C'a,t! 6: L$t!at+! R4$.

In the 9hapter 2' topics that will be discussed are closely

related to the objecti"e of the research paper& $ll the information

described in this chapter will be thoroughly e=plained by

referring any related documents that e=plained the objecti"e

requirement& Topics discussed in this chapter are :argame

+imulator in )lobal' #alaysian $rmy :arfare +imulation

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9entre' $rmy :arfare 9oncept and :argame +imulation9oncept&

5..6 C'a,t! 0: Rsa!c' Mt'""(")*

This chapter discusses the research approach and

methodology used in this research& The information and data

will be gathered using "arious style including simulated data'

literature re"iew and also sur"ey questionnaire to get the e=act

and better result for this research paper& #ost of the data and

information will directly digested from the simulation result and

for the purpose of comparison' inter"iews and sur"ey will be

conducted& Topic co"ered in this chapter including research

approach' planning' data collection' data analysis and

documentation for this research purpose&

5..0 C'a,t! 1: A%a(*s$s a% F$%$%)s

This chapter will be discussed about the information

gathered and will be thoroughly discussed and analy


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technic that will be used to e"aluate the data is using the+tatistical Pacage for the +ocial +ciences ?+P++ "ersion 1D@

tools& /ata will be processed and produced for the comparison

and quantitati"e calculation&

5..1 C'a,t! 2: C"%c(+s$"% a% Rc"&&%at$"%

inal conclusion for the whole study paper will be

concluded in this chapter& +ome recommendation and suggestionwill be pro"ided for the purpose of enhancement and future

de"elopment&

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

6.5 I%t!"+ct$"%

This chapter will re"iew the pre"ious studies which are

rele"ant to this research& $ll the required information regarding

the studies in particular fields will be referred as the concrete

facts in any arguments& In this chapter' the information on

concepts that are gathered from journals' articles' and

proceeding will be discussed in order to understanding this

research further&

6.6 Wa! Ga& S$&+(at"! $% G("3a(

The military has constantly attempted to battle their

fights in a manufactured or simulated en"ironment before

battling them in this present reality& There are such a "ariety of

"ariables that getting e"erything right is ama


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authorities to clarify their plan to many officers were apercentage of the most punctual "irtual planets& 6oard wargames

supplanted the sand with paper and included manages so a

player could really do a few e=pectations in an unrefined "irtual

space& *ew inno"ations lie motion pictures' gadgets'

hydrodynamics' machines' and systems ha"e all changed the

face and helpfulness of these military apparatuses&

In readiness for sending fighters to urope amid :orld

:ar II' the !nited +tates $rmy made far reaching field mo"es in

the woods and slopes of the condition of ouisiana ?:einer'

1D5D@& 9ountless warriors practiced their parts and utili


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function to conduct training' rehearsal and also de"eloping thedoctrine&

6.6.5 E##ct Bas O,!at$"% Wa!)a& S*st& 9EBOWS

6-:+ is the :argaming component of the 6-

toolit used by the !nited +tates of $merica $ir orce to

simulate their warfare concept ?Plot


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ad"antages of effects based o"er target(based and objecti"es(based strategies include both economy of force for quicer'

more decisi"e' and lower cost deployment yet the probability of

reduced collateral damage&

ffects(based operations complement rather than replace

target(based or objecti"es based approaches& They are

e=ceptionally amiable to mission(sort requests and system

alternati"es that donGt underline wearing down basedmethodologies& 6- applies o"er the whole scope of military

missions from helpful help operations' peace(production or

implementation operations or ordinary war& It applies whether

deadly or non(deadly' acti"e or potential power is utili


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6-:+ Program will formulate the 6- concept withina wargaming en"ironment and then build techniques and tools

for war(fighting commanders to implement the process& The

resulting product from this initiati"e will assist commanders in

building -perations Plans that focus on targeting to achie"e the

specific effects required to achie"e control o"er an ad"ersary as

opposed to destruction&

The focus is e=pressly on physical and beha"iouralimpacts including immediate' roundabout' aggregate and falling

impacts& ocuses of gra"ity and target e=amination are utili


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41


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apon System and Target System Input and constraintsTarget Attrition Measure of EectivenessRolled up Wargame Res

Fighters, bomber. cargo

Aircraft

Blue aircraft losses, over time

Runaway, ammo, logistics, shelters

Airbase

C3 Sites

TBM Launcher, SAMa, Groun to Air

Missiles

Tan!s, artillery, infantry, etc

round !orces

!orce"on"!orce or attrition based Wargame and Analysis

Re aircraft losses, over time

Re groun targets estroye, over time

Blue groun targets estroye, over time

Blue aircraft sorties, over time

Re aircraft sorties, over time

"stablish Air Su#eriority

"nemy sortie rawown

$oalition aircraft attrition

"nemy force rawown

%isru#t & isorient enemy leaershi#%efeat war 'ghting forces

$oalition groun attac!

"nemy armour losses

%efeat war sustaining ca#acity

"nemy strategic target rawown

igure 2&1, 9on"entional :ar )aming Process

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+trategic le"el weapon framewor and target frameworinformation and stipulations are nourished into the war(gaming

instrument& This incorporates data with respect to the numbers

and sorts of air ship and rocets' ground compel and air base

creation' and logistics data& %outine war(gaming apparatuses

in"estigate these qualities and mimic strategic engagements& The

results are target(wearing down #easures of ffecti"eness

?#-s' for e=ample' those indicated in the igure 2&1 which isthe blue and red airplane misfortunes o"er the long haul&

:hittling down based #-s is mo"ed up to mimic whether

authorityGs goals ha"e been met&

In the igure 2&2' the outline of the operational(le"el

which is de"eloped as a guidance for all commanders and

warfare planner ?$T9.4' 2011@' %ed orce 9-$ "ersus 6lue

orce 9-$ war(gaming methodology clarifies the steps and

ideas of creating 9-$& The war(gaming procedure will in reality

create the last arrange that ought to be piced by the higher

officer to e=ecute the operation& The principle goal of

operational le"el war(gaming is to gi"e the commandant the data

he needs to pic among different 9-$ alternati"es&

igure 2&2, -perational e"el 9ourse of $ction :ar(gaming

Process

43


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Red !orce C#A $evelopment %I&' &rocess(

entify Aversary Li!ely )b*ectives an %esire "nstate(entify Full Set of All +otential Aversary $)A"valuate an +rioritie "ach $)A

!urt)er $evelop C#A

Time-Ty#e of )#eration

Area of )#eration

)b*ectives

Force %is#osition

Aversary $)A "valuation $riteriaSuitability

Feasibility

Acce#tability

ni/ueness

$onsistency w-%octrine

Timing-+hasing

(+B $onstraints

Aversary ca#ability

Battles#ace environment

%escri#tion of $)A

Situational Tem#lates

Scheme of Maneuver

List of 0igh 1alue Target

enerate &lan

%evelo# +lan

"2ecute-Monitor

Final Mission Statement

1S

Re Force $)A Blue

Force $)A

Mission Analysis

Review of Situation

Analye (ntent

%etermine Tas!

Action-Limitation

Facts-Assum#tion

Mission Statement

Evaluate !actors

Groun

"nemy

)wn Troo#s

$ivilians

"nvironment

Time an S#ace

Tas! Assessment

Selection of C#A

$om#are $)A

Select the Best $)A

Course of Action

"nemy Most Li!ely $)A

"nemy Most %angerous $)A

Generate List of )wn $)A

'lue !orce $eliberate Appreciation %MA& &rocess(

The same number of the prioriti


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9-$s created& In any e"ent' the doubtlessly and the mostha


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include those missions most critical to the proper representationof air and space power and missions most understood by

operators and subject matter e=pert ?3oungblood and /ale'

1DD5@

+T-%#G+ core model will be an e"ent(dri"en' stochastic

process in which entities from multiple sides will interact in air'

land' sea' and space en"ironments& It is being written in the 9MM

programming language and will be compliant with high le"elarchitecture ?.$@ requirements& There are fi"e top(le"el object

classes in +T-%# which are the n"ironment' 92 #anagers'

Interaction #anagers' $ssets' and Intelligence #anagers& The

n"ironment is the foundation of +T-%# and ser"es as the

game board for the entities& It pro"ides weather and terrain

effects for the rest of the modelGs objects& :eather is di"ided into

forecasted and actual weather& orecasted weather is used in the

planning process while actual weather affects detection' attrition

and weapon deli"ery e"ents& Terrain is the medium upon which

surface entities mo"e and affects how the 92 #anagers plan for

entity mo"ements& Terrain also affects weapon lethality' direct

"s& indirect fire potential' terrain masing of sensors' etc& The 92

#anagers pro"ide computer control of the planning processes

for the simulation entities& $n analyst must LteachL the computer

92 #anager to mae decisions that adapt to the warfare

simulation& The 92 #anagerGs plans' in turn' control the core

beha"iour of each entity in +T-%#& Interaction #anagers are

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the LrefereesL for +T-%# and adjudicate any interactionsbetween entities&

In order to facilitate simulation de"elopment'

modification' and enhance model transparency' +T-%# has

separated interactions into their own objects ?e&g& +pace' $ir'

)round' etc&@& $ssets are e=plicit representations of the entities

within the simulation& These assets are di"ided into object sub(

classes which are gi"en indi"idual characteristics through inputdata& These assets are aggregated and disaggregated dynamically

to apply the appropriate amount of detail while meeting runtime

constraints& The capstone of +T-%#' the Intelligence

#anagers' controls the perception of the entities within the

simulation ?i&e& the ground truth@& The Intelligence #anager logs

and updates information as it is percei"ed&

It also reconciles the degree of o"erlap and redundancy

as multiple obser"ations are made of numerous entities& It

combines all obser"ations of all entities into a single picture of

the battlespace& This perception employs the GbestG obser"ation of

each GnownG entity to de"elop an information base to support

the 92 #anagersG planning functions and the reactions of

indi"idual $ssets during the simulation ?6rady' 1DDD@&

9ertain aspects of air(to(air combat are modelled outside

of the air(to(air adjudicator& or instance' the initial +T-%# air(

to(air prototype assumes that an engagement can occur& The

steps that lead up to an engagement are assumed to ha"e already

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(nitialie "ngagement(nitialie

+hase (nitialie 1olley

Select Flight Grou# TargetsSelect Flight Grou# 3ea#onAllow

"sca#es

Select 4e2t 1olley "2change 1olley"n

+hase

occurred& The air motion and detection manager object triggersthe engagement outside of the air(to(air adjudication manager

object& The air(to(air algorithm calculates the weapon

e=penditure and attrition that result from the engagement& The

air(to(air engagement process is shown graphically in igure 2&8

which is adapted from the tactical doctrine used by $ustralian

$ir orce&

igure 2&8, +T-%# $ir(to($ir #ethodology

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+T-%# disaggregates the engagements into a series of"olleys that mae up a particular engagement& This more e=plicit

modelling concept allows for a more accurate representation of

munitions consumption and firing doctrine since each "olley is

separated by an assessment of the opponentGs forces resulting

from your attac& ach of the three phases is subdi"ided into

sets of discrete "olleys& $ "olley is defined as an opportunity for

aircraft to fire one or more sal"os of one or more weaponsagainst one or more targets& There are two types of "olleys'

answered and unanswered& $n answered "olley is where

weapons are e=changed and each side suffers attrition& $n

unanswered "olley is where only one side fires and only the

other side suffer attrition& The unanswered "olley methodology

is used to capture aspects of surprise of aircraft and range(

ad"antages of certain weapons&

-"erall' +T-%# has captured most of the critical

elements of the air(to air engagement process& There were

significant methodology impro"ements that model attrition and

munitions consumption with a higher degree of fidelity

compared to the other simulation system&

6.0 Ma(a*s$a% A!&* Wa!#a! S$&+(at$"% C%t!

#alaysian $rmy :arfare +imulation 9entre of also

called as Pusat -lah Perang Tentera /arat ?P-P T/'200C@ is

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located in +yed +irajuddin 9amp' )emas' *egeri +embilan&$dapting the concept of ad"ance armed forces technology

around the world' this simulation centre was officially operated

starting from early 2012 in a brand new compound& Pre"iously'

P-P T/ was situated in "arious places which were in +hah

$lam' +ungai 6esi' Port /icson and Pulau Pinang&

+tarting at +hah $lam' +elangor in 1DC2' a nucleus team

was de"eloped as the pioneer for P-P T/& nown as the $rmy:arfare +imulation Team' it consists of se"en officers whom

played the role to study and re"iew the suitable simulation

system that going to be established ?P-P T/' 200C@& $t the end

of the year of 1DC2' the team was relocated in +ungai 6esi

9amp' uala umpur and firmly establish there since& The "ery

first model used by the team was the irst orray which was

adapted from the *ew ealand /efence orce doctrine& The

doctrine was studied thoroughly as guidance for them to de"elop

a new simulation concept&

In the mid of year 1DC8' the team was successfully

de"eloped the "ery first #alaysian +imulation /octrine called

as Tempur Pertama& Tempur Pertama has been used as a

reference for se"eral #alaysian $rmy Training 9entres in

assisting them to prepare the warfare planning during courses of

battle study& In 1DCB' pro"ided with better facilities' the team

was then mo"ed to 6atu !ban 9amp' Penang and re(established

as :arfare +imulation Project& In year 1DD0' the :arfare

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+imulation Project was renamed as $rmy :arfare +imulation9entre and mo"ed to +egenting 9amp' Port /icson& :hen the

comprehensi"e facilities were completed in )emas' they mo"ed

to the totally brand new infrastructure in 200C&

Through all those years' #alaysian $rmy :arfare

+imulation 9entre had using four types of simulation system&

The pioneer study has done in #arch 1DC2 based on the method

used by *ew ealand /efense orces and adopted from their

wargame doctrine' The irst orray ?P-P T/' 200C@& In the

following year' #alaysian $rmy has de"eloped their own

doctrine on implementation of wargame simulation which was

more suitable according to their organi


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:ith the current de"elopment of modern $rmy concept'#alaysian $rmy had adopted a new technology of simulation

system de"eloped by +outh $frican company' +$$6

International +&$& This brand new technology and infrastructure

has de"eloped in )emas' *egeri +embilan& This project was

started since the year of 200D and officially operational in 2018&

This latest simulation system used by the $rmy is the 6attleTe

>&0 which is originally de"eloped by +$$6 International& The6attleTe >&0 contains all ranges of modern warfare practice and

also capable of simulating the past warfare e"en from ancient

time ?+$$6 Intl' 2010@& The simulation also has the capability

of storing the simulation played by the user and re"iews the

result as well& This capability is "ery useful for training purpose

and doctrine de"elopment references&

6.1 A!&* Wa!#a! C"%c,t

$s the countryGs main area dri"e' the $rmed force shields

national hobbies by leading military engagement and security

collaborationN deflecting hostility and sa"agery by state' non(

state' and indi"idual performing artists to a"oid clashN and

con"incing ad"ersaries to submit to national will through the

annihilation of their territory powers and the sei


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military operations in both local and remote settings& The $rmyforce supplies dri"es through a rotational' cyclical status model

to gi"e an anticipated and practical supply of secluded powers to

warrior commandants with a surge limit for sudden possibilities&

To satisfy its moti"ation' the $rmy force must plan for a wide

scope of missions and stay prepared to lead full(range operations

to help the accomplishment of national strategy points&

$rmed force powers must be arranged to directoperations abroad to help ensure or progress #alaysian /efence

orcesG di"ersions against ad"ersaries equipped for utili


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)uerrilla wars are not interesting in their political"iewpoint' howe"er the political measurement is highlighted by

the way that its political moti"ation is decisi"ely what is utili


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In place for guerrilla fighting to start and grab hold' ageneral public must be powerless or ha"e the conditions which

mae it ready for a rebellion& The reaction to helplessness can

change from one of complete renunciation to that of sa"agery&

The way in which the reaction is gi"en is focused around

"arious different "ariables' for e=ample' general training of the

populace' customary qualities and principles of the general

public' the way of the legislature and the e=tent to which it willendure dispute' and also e=ercises happening inside other

defenceless social orders ?/+9H+9' 1DD8@&

$ powerless society will be society of discontent that has

a lot of potential for social turmoil and dissent& It is inside this

defenceless society that a guerrilla pioneer can animate mass

bacingN and it is he that can gi"e the association that change

o"er their potential "itality of dissent into the motor strengths of

guerrilla fighting ?.essler' 1DB8@&

6.1.6 C"%4%t$"%a( Wa!#a!

The notion of con"entional warfare refers to Oa form of

warfare between states that employs direct military

confrontation to defeat an ad"ersaryAs armed forces' destroy an

ad"ersaryAs war(maing capacity' or sei


56/143

forces and assumes the indigenous populations within the areaof operations to be non( belligerent' passi"e actors with minimal

interference on the military operations who will accept whate"er

the political outcome may be either through imposition'

arbitration or negotiation&

The twenty first century howe"er saw the rise in the

occurrence of terrorist attacs as well as the increased security

threat posed by the non(state actors& This begs the questionwhether these e"ents mar the decay of con"entional warfare'

being rendered obsolete by these new threats in the twenty first

century& 6eing replaced with a brand new concept of modern

warfare concept' hybrid warfare' and con"entional warfare is

considered as unsuitable warfare concept to be applied&

The hybrid warfare is the one that incorporates the Ofull

ranges of mode of warfare' including con"entional capabilities'

irregular tactics and formations' terrorist acts that include

indiscriminate "iolence and coercion and criminal disorder

?.offman' 200D@& In short' hybrid warfare combined the lethality

of interstate armed conflict with the obsessed and prolonged

Oenthusiasm of irregular warfare concept of deployment&

6.1.0 E(ct!"%$c Wa!#a!

: alludes to any acti"ity including the utili


57/143

electromagnetic range ?#+@ or to assault the ad"ersary& Thereason for : is to deny the ri"al a genuine or saw ad"antage in

the #+ and guarantee cordial unrestricted access to the

electromagnetic en"ironment& : can be connected from air'

ocean' land' and space by manned and unmanned framewors&

: is utili


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broadening set of : targets and threats to enable land forcecommanders to dominate the #+ within their area of

operations& The integration of : capabilities across the

doctrine' organi


59/143

%ather' to model a wonder as stochastic or deterministic is thedecision of the onlooer& The decision relies on upon the

eyewitnessG moti"ationN the model for judging the decision is

handiness& %egularly the best possible decision is clear' howe"er

disputable circumstances do emerge& -n the off chance that the

coin once fallen is immediately secured by a boo so that the

result LheadsL or LtailsL stays obscure' two members may at

present con"eniently utili


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LielihoodL and LpointL are terms in unadulterated arithmetic'characteri


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action as models is taught by case& Test applications fromnumerous and different


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+erce#tion

REA* W#R*$

#'+ECTI,ES- &RI#RITIES- $#CTRI.ES-TT&s- C#.STRAI.TS

A##reciation $ECISI#.

"2#eriences

(nformation

nerstaning

5nowlege

$onte2t

%ata

immediate situation in the battlespace& The tactical decision aidswill need to pro"ide support attuned to those judgmental and

inferential processes&

They were also agreed that the currently practiced

command and control theory lacs a clear definition of the part

of the cogniti"e process between understanding and decision& It

is sometimes called Owisdom' but that term does not really

describe it& Perhaps a better term would be Oappreciation orOmilitary appreciation&

igure 2&>, /ecision upon +ituation $ppreciation #odel

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That term is a traditional one that means acomprehension of the implications of the situation upon an

ability to achie"e operational objecti"es& This is precisely the

type of comprehension that builds upon understanding to reach

the decision and was adopted and inserted into the decision

maing process model as shown in the igure 2&>&

Tactical decision aids will need to help the decision

maers correlate all of these factors quicly' unambiguously' andwith sufficient confidence to mae the decision& -ne of the

major complications at this stage is that the decision maer is

being ased to mae a judgmental decision with potentially

lethal consequences and that the decision needs to be based on a

perception of the situation that is statistical in nature& The

decision maer not ha"e the ad"antage of being able to feed

deterministic inputs into a well defined algorithm to produce a

deterministic result& Instead' a perception of the situation that

includes information of "arying degrees of clarity and credibility

has to be used and also use a process that is largely judgmental

to decide on a course of action that appears to satisfy the

objecti"es' rules of beha"ior' and constraints& These related

factors ha"e become the biggest influence in the process of

decision maing where the decision maer shall be able to relate

and combine those factors accordingly& In some other e"ents'

many of the factors will become unnecessary to be loo into& In

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other ways' some will become burden that will cause a liabilityfor that decision maer in maing decision&

6.2.0 A%a(*t$ca( C"&3at S$&+(at$"%

=planatory recreations are utili


65/143

ability and Prerequisites $ppraisals including 6lueprintappraisal for such things as emergency administration' power

blended e"aluations' nergy Fiability "aluations and $sset

$rranging including aculty and ogistics $dministration& The

+cientific )aming is gone for helping in the detailing of precept

method and arrangement treats issues all the more e=tensi"ely

and is of more quic significance to the military& The issues

emerged in such records as reported' the 6arrier :hite Paperwith other such manuals being appropriate to e=amination by

in"estigation and gaming ?/ibb and :ringley' 1DD>@& This could

prompt %efinement of Principle and +trategies methods and

approaches&

The le"el of human in"estment in wargaming e=tents

from aggregate association in a manual amusement to


66/143

translated into setch or map model& The main objecti"e ofpracticing the simulation is to gi"e a clear "ision of mission or

operation that going to be conducted& In the modern era' the

concept of warfare already altered for se"eral time including

9on"entional :arfare and lectronic :arfare& To enable the

capability of choosing the right and correct decision within a

limited time' war(game simulator is one of the solution of

finding the best and final decision& The capability of analysing'e=plaining and simulating the effect on each 9-$ chosen will

be "ery helpful and efficient& It also has the capability in

designing a new concept of e=ecuting an operation&

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CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

0.5 I%t!"+ct$"%

%esearch approach and methodology used as guideline

for any researcher to achie"e research objecti"es& This chapter

pro"ides a set of directions for conducting the research and

e=plains how the methodology has been implemented

throughout the research& The chapter also highlights the research

approach' research planning' data collection procedures' sur"ey

instrument' and plans for data analysis that will be used in

collecting and documented&

0.6 Rsa!c' P'ass

%esearch phases are the step(by(step processes that need

to be followed by the researchers in order to complete their

research& %esearch phases also wor as a guide and trac for the

research& or this study' from se"en main phases normally must

be done in a research' it only too fi"e phases where it only end

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by the documentation phase without the design' testing and thee"aluation& Phase one starts from the preliminary study'

followed by the literature re"iew' data collection' analysing data

and finally the documentation& 6elow are the details for e"ery

phases and igure 8&1 shows the illustration of this research

phases for this research study&

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Formulation of +roblem Statement, Research 6uestions, Research )b*ectives an Sco#e of the

&reliminary Analysis

*iterature Revie/

$ata Collection

System Testing, (nterview, Site 1isit, Relate %ocument on the System

Analy0ing $ata

$ocumentation

&)ase 1

&)ase 2

&)ase 3

&)ase

&)ase 4

igure 8&1, %esearch Phases Illustration

3.3 P(a%%$%)

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0.0.5 P'as 5: P!($&$%a!* A%a(*s$s

This phase refers to the understanding of the research

that will be carried out& It in"ol"es si= main aspects that are

formulation of the problem statements' construct the research

questions' and determine the research objecti"es' define the

scope of the study' understand the significance of the researchand identified the research design& %esearch questions and the

objecti"es are determined based on the problem statements that

ha"e been formulated& The objecti"es of this study are basically

based on this problem statement where it also formulated the

scope of the research as well as the significance to do this study&

0.0.6 P'as 6: L$t!at+! R4$.

The second phase is the literature re"iew& $s mention

before' literature re"iew concerns about the theories and

nowledge related to the research topic& It requires the

researcher to read a lot from "arious sources such as from

boos' journals' proceedings' conferences and others& This phase

will benefit and help the researchers to analyse the data and

proposed their own focus area&

0.0.0 P'as 0: Data C"((ct$"%.

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In this third phase' the data and information that are

needed to fulfil the researchAs requirements are collected

through some techniques and methods& There are a lot of

research methods can be done with two main approaches that

are quantitati"e approach and qualitati"e approach& The suitable

research methodology that could be used in this research paper

is the quantitati"e research methodology since it may in"ol"ewith a precision in data calculation and the factors in"ol"ing the

numerical "alue instead of collecti"e data sets& The

considerations of applying this method are including the

manageable numerical data "alue' quantifiable input and it also

suitable to be used for testing the hypothesis when de"eloping

all ind of tactics yet to be tested& .owe"er' some inter"iew will

be conducted to gather information about user e=perience on the

simulation system&

0.0.1 P'as 1: A%a(*s$%) Data

$fter each data and information had been collected' the

analysing part will tae place and this part aim to get the issues

and problems in the simulation& $ll analysed data will be

merged together and will be studied meticulously and will be

proceed to the ne=t phase of research paper&

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0.0.2 P'as 2: D"c+&%tat$"%

The last phase in this study is the documentation part

where e"erything about the research are been recorded based on

the analysis that been done& The purpose is to ensure that the

research will pro"ide a "aluable asset that can be used in furtherstudy by other people&

0.1 Rsa!c' Mt'""(")*

%esearch methods are the techniques in finding the data

and information for a study& +ometimes it is called act(inding

Techniques& or this study' quantitati"e approach will be used&

This approach in"ol"es the collection and analysis of e=tensi"e

data on many "ariables in a naturalistic en"ironment to gain into

the situation including the human resource factors&

3.4.1 Q+st$"%%a$! "% E,!$%c

6y conducting a set of questionnaire to ensure the

objecti"es of these studies can be achie"ed' a few factors that

needed to be considered are as follows,

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thical consideration which in"ol"es theparticipantsA pri"acy and secrecy without e=aggerate

any situation which can implicate their job or career&

The results collected are just used for the study

purposes&

Population and +ampling W a group of 20 operators

are selected which ha"e used the simulation systemfor more than two ?2@ years and another group of 80

students from #ilitary +chool which currently

undergo commander course which in"ol"e the #$P

de"elopment in highest regularity&

Fariables Identification W there are fi"e ?5@ types of

dimension that will be used& Those are/emographic' fficiency' earnability'

#emorability and $ttracti"eness ?rrors and

+atisfactory@ of the simulation system&

0.1.6 O,!at"! I%t!4$

$ few sessions of inter"iews been conducted with thesimulation system operator& rom the inter"iew session' it fulfil

the aims of this study which is to get the information about the

current method of conducting and using the simulation system

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as well as to now about the userAs and operatorAs performancele"el&

0.1.0 O3s!4at$"%

The obser"ation technique is done in many ways& -ne of

them is when at the site "isits which is obser"ing the operator

run the system& This technique also can be done throughobser"ing the current software pacage or through the internet&

0.2 Va!$a3(s I%t$#$cat$"%

Table 8&1 list all the in"ol"ed "ariables that will be used

during the analysis process& Fariables are defined by dimension&

The first dimension is /emographic that contains the

respondentAs gender' age' education bacground and years of

e=perience& #eanwhile' other following dimensions are

fficiency' earnability' #emorability' -perability and

+atisfactory which are indicated based on the studies

requirement&

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Table 8&1,

Fariables

D$&%s$"% Va!$a3(s T*, Va(+

D&")!a,'$ca& )ender *ominal

1& #ale

2& emale

b& $ge *ominal

1& 20(2D years2& 80(8D years

8& >0(>D years

>& 50(5D years

5& B0 and abo"e

c& ducation

6acground*ominal

1& +P#

2& +TP#

8& /iploma

>& +arjana #uda

5& +arjanad& 6attleTe >&0

=perience

*ominal 1& 3es

2& *o

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e& requency of

!sage*ominal

1& *e"er2& ew time a month

8& -nce a wee

>& "ery day or two

5& +e"eral time a day

f& 3ears of

=perience*ominal

1& X1 year

2& 2 W 5 years

8& Y 5 yearsE##$c$%c* Inter"al 1 W 5La!%a3$($t* Inter"al 1 W 5M&"!a3$($t* Inter"al 1 W 5O,!a3$($t* Inter"al 1 W 5Sat$s#act"!* Inter"al 1 W 5

0.< Data C"((ct$"%

4uestionnaires ha"e been used in this study to obtain the

findings on the topic chosen& 4uestionnaire is one of the most

well(nown research instruments used by researchers& It is a set

of unstructured questions distributed among people at particular

places for them to fill in the answers& It is also an instrument

when researcher needs to quicly andEor easily gets much

information from people in a non(threatening way&

4uestionnaires are chosen because they are written documents

which can be sent to a big group of people& The questionnaires

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which can be seen in $ppendi= $ consist of fi"e ?5@ factorswhich are,

fficiency which will be studied on the benefit or

how efficient the #$P automation towards the

current purposes&

earnability by e"aluate the usersA capability ofadapting and learning the process and flow in the

system&

#emorability regarding to the ability of usersA to

memori


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section consist the rating scales used to access the respondentsAattitude& The fi"e scales or degree of responses ranging from

Ostrongly disagree to Ostrongly agree which can be measured

for assessing the le"el of responses from the participant& #ost of

the researcher used this type of questionnaire sets& 6y using

these scaling questions' it is easy to simplify and quantify the

factors that affect the related "ariables in the questionnaire sets&

0.= I%t!4$

This study has chosen a face(to(face inter"iew& This was

used for the researcher to yield richer information and pro"ide

many opportunities such as to fully understand someoneAs

impressions or e=periences and learn more about the problems

and issues regarding the matter&

$ few sessions of inter"iews ha"e been conducted with

the e=pert users who are using the 6attleTe >&0 simulation

system frequently in e"eryday basis& They are the group who are

in"ol"ed in long term period in 6attleTe >&0 de"elopment team'

training team and also the mediator between the users and

contractor& The inter"iew will taes into session when all

distributed questionnaire ha"e been analysed& The question that

will be ased is based on the grading gi"en from the respondents

as per shown in $ppendi= 6& The focus of question is more

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towards usability problems to get feedbac from them in a wayto increase usersA satisfaction in using the system&

0.> Sca( "# Sc"! B%c'&a!7

The fficiency' earnability' #emorability' -perability

and +atisfactoryon the participants toward using the 6attleTe

>&0 system will be based on the scores from the questionnaires&$ rational scale and benchmar scores is required to access the

usability of 6attleTe >&0& There is no specific scale used to

determine le"el of feasibility& In this study paper' the

formulation de"eloped by %ennis iert in the 1D80s to access

peopleAs attitudes is to be used to formulate the scale& #ost of

the questions in the questionnaire that were constructed by the

researcher contain i"e(Point iert(type items of which each

has fi"e possible responses ranging from either Ostrongly

disagree to Ostrongly agree ?*ajib' 1DDD@& The categories of

scales are as follows,

L4( "# Fas$3$($t* Fact"!s Ma%

Sc"!

+trongly /isagree 0&00 W 1&00

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/isagree 1&01 W 2&00*eutral 2&01 W 8&00

$gree 8&01 W >&00

+trongly $gree >&01 W 5&00

or the le"el of feasibility' the categories of benchmar

are as follow,

L4( Sc"! 9!"+% +,

t" t' %a!st

*egati"e X

2&5

*eutral 2&5 (

8&5

Positi"e Y

8&5

0. C"!!(at$"% C(ass$#$cat$"%

%elationship is a measurable process by which the

analyst finds the way of connections among distincti"e "ariables

?eedy H -rmond' 2005@& The ensuing measurement' called a

relationship coefficient' is a number between (1 and M1& #ost

connection coefficients are decimals ?either positi"e or negati"e@

some place between these two e=tremes& $ relationship

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coefficient for two "ariables all the while measures two separatethings about the relationship between those "ariables,

0..5 D$!ct$"%

The heading of the relationship is demonstrated by the

sight of the connection coefficient' as it were' by whether the

number is certain or negati"e one& -n the off chance that two"ariables ha"e a tendency to climb or down together' they are

said to be absolutely related and in the e"ent that they ha"e a

tendency to mo"e in in"erse headings' they are said to be

contrarily corresponded& The relationship measurable

e=amination in this study is alluding to Table 8&2&

0..6 St!%)t'

The si


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N)at$4 Ra%) Dsc!$,t$"% P"s$t$4 Ra%)

0&00 *one 0&00

(0&1D to (0&01 Fery :ea 0&01 to 0&1D

(0&8D to (0&20 :ea 0&20 to 0&8D

(0&5D to (0&>0 #oderate 0&>0 to 0&5D

(0&7D to (0&B0 +trong 0&B0 to 0&7D

(0&DD to (0&C0 Fery +trong 0&C0 to 0&DD

(1&00 Perfect 1&00

0.58 Data A%a(*s$s Mt'""(")*

or this research' 20 sets of questionnaires are distributed

among the 6attleTe >&0 operators and 80 sets of questionnaires

to a group of #ilitary +chool students& $ll the respondents fully

completed the questionnaires& igure 8&2 shows the relationship

framewor of the research "ariables& The lists of the in"estigated

hypothesis with proper statistical analysis will be coded in

+tatistical Pacage for the +ocial +ciences ?+P++ Fersion 1D@ to

analyse the data& igure 8&2 below illustrates the hypothesis,

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E5ciency

*earnability

Memorability

#perability

Satisfactory

!easibility !actor of MA& Automation

igure 8&2, %elation ramewor of the %esearch Fariables

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0.55 C"%c(+s$"%

"en though the methodology of finding the feasibility

of applying #$P automation is followed thoroughly' a good

feedbac may not be achie"ed as e=pected& The e=pectation on

participants to e=ecute the conducted test and information

gathering session accordingly was not truly reali


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determining the research results and finding the solution basedon the problem found&

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CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

1.5 I%t!"+ct$"%

This chapter deli"ers the results based on findingsconducted onto participant feedbac from the questionnaire and

inter"iew session& The results collected will be presented in the

form of listing' classifying and identification and shown in the

form of tables and figures& The techniques used will be in"ol"e

the analy


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In order to analy&1,

%eliability Test %esults

Fact"!s Cass It&s C!"%3ac's A(,'a

easibility 50 81 0&C78

fficiency 50 > 0&B21

earnability 50 5 0&75C

#emorability 50 B 0&CC2

-perability 50 > 0&587

+atisfactory 50 B 0&C17

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$ccording to )eorge and #allery ?2008@' nearly 0 "aluemeans that the le"el of reliability is lowest' meanwhile nearly 1

means that the le"el of reliability is highest& .e also declared

that if the "alue is more than 0&C' that "alue can be accepted as

an appropriate le"el of reliability for any instrument that we did&

Therefore from Table >&1' the result of 9ronbachAs $lpha

specified that the score of the reliability test for o"erall

feasibility factors is 0&C78 and it shows the instrument that used

in measuring the feasibility of the 6attleTe >&0 simulation

system has strong reliability& The factors of efficiency'

learnability' memorability' operability and satisfactory ha"e the

moderate score between0&CC2 and 0&587& These scores indicate

the reliability factors of the questionnaire are acceptable&

1.0 D&")!a,'$cs Dta$(s

ollowing tables show the respondentsA demographic

details& -"erall' there are 50 respondents responded to this

sur"ey whom came from two ?2@ different groups which are theoperator of the 6attleTe >&0 and the student from #ilitary

+chool& The significant of selected these two ?2@ groups is their

e=pertise in generating #$P and operating the simulation

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system& $mong 50 participants' there are 7BZ male and 2>Zfemale respondents completed the questionnaire as per shown in

the graph in igure >&1& 6ased on igure >&2' 2CZ of them had

ne"er used this system pre"iously& 6ut it will not affect the result

of questionnaire as they are familiar enough with the #$P&

$ccording to igure >&8' 8BZ said that they are using

6attleTe >&0 "ery often which is se"eral times a day or twice

daily and 82Z of them use the system few times a month or less&

#eanwhile' another >Z used once a wee& 6ased on e=perience'

igure >&> shows 5BZ from respondents use 6attleTe >&0

system between 2 years and 5 years of e=perience' whereas there

are no respondents that ha"e used this system more than 5 years&

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igure >&1,

)ender 9omparati"e of %espondent

#aleemale

0

10

20

80

>0

8C12

G%!

)ender

igure >&2

!sing =perience

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3es*o

0

10

20

80

>0

8B1>

Us$%) E,!$%c

!sing =perience

igure >&8

92


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!sing requency

0

5

10

15

20

1> 1B

2

12

B

Us$%) F!@+%c*

!sing requency

igure >&>

3ears of =perience

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X1 year2 ( 5 years

Y 5 years

0

5

10

15

20

25

80

222C

0

E,!$%c

=perience

1.1 A%a(*s$s "% E##$c$%c* "# t' MAP A+t"&at$"% $%

Batt(T7 1.8

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igure >&5 below describes the summary output in thea"erage numbers for each question answered by the participants

on fficiency factor and mean used for it& The mean scores are

classified into fi"e parts which are,

L4( "# E##$c$%c*

Ma% Sc"!

+trongly /isagree 0&00

W 1&00

/isagree 1&01

W 2&00

*eutral 2&01

W 8&00

$gree 8&01W >&00

+trongly $gree >&01

W 5&00

%esponsesEfeedbac,

1 R +trongly /isagree' 2 R /isagree' 8 R *eutral' > R $gree' 5 R

+trongly $gree

igure >&5,

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The fficiency of #$P $utomation in 6attleTe >&0

$1$2

$8$>

0

10

20

80>0

50

1 2 8 > 5

igure >&5 abo"e shows the numbers of feedbac

gathered from the respondents and mean "alue of percentage

according to their factors question& rom the graph data' it is

concluded that each questionsA mean "alued higher than >&00

and the highest "alue is >&7> from the effecti"eness of

completing tas using the system& #eanwhile' the lowest "alue

score is the efficiency of completing tas gi"en in the 6attleTe

>&0 which scored >&12& This shows that all respondents agreed

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with the efficiency using 6attleTe >&0 to produce decision fortheir #$P sequence&

The mean scores then studied further into classification of

feasibility le"el which is categori&>>

+um 17&7B


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Table >&2 shows the mean score of feasibility of #$P$utomation using 6attleTe >&0 for its efficiency factors& The

score of >&>> indicates that the feasibility le"el is in the positi"e

le"el category which pro"es that all respondents are "ery well

understood the system purposes and nows how to apply it on

maing decision&

1.2 A%a(*s$s "% La!%a3$($t* "# t' MAP A+t"&at$"% $%

Batt(T7 1.8

igure >&B below describes the summary output in the

a"erage numbers of graph format for each question answered by

the participants on earnability factor and mean used for it& The

mean scores are classified into fi"e parts which are,

L4( "# E##$c$%c*

Ma% Sc"!


W 1&00

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/isagree 1&01W 2&00

*eutral 2&01

W 8&00

$gree 8&01

W >&00

+trongly $gree >&01

W 5&00

%esponsesEfeedbac,


+trongly $gree

igure >&B,

The earnability of #$P $utomation in 6attleTe >&0

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61 62 68 6> 65

0

5101520258085

1 2 8 > 5

igure >&B abo"e shows the numbers of feedbacgathered from the respondents and mean "alue according to their

factors question& rom the graph data' it is concluded that each

questionsA mean "alued between 8&50 to >&10 and the highest

"alue is >&0C from the ability to adapt function and dialogue

buttons in the system& #eanwhile' the lowest "alue score is the

arrangement of the contents in the 6attleTe >&0 which scored

8&5& This shows that all respondents agreed with the learnabilityof using 6attleTe >&0 to produce decision is easy for the first

time or e"en for the e=perienced users&

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The mean scores then studied further into classificationof feasibility le"el which is categori&8 shows the mean score of feasibility of #$P

$utomation using 6attleTe >&0 for its learnability factors& The

101

Fas$3$($t*

#ean 8&C>

+um 1D&1C


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score of 8&C> indicates that the feasibility le"el is in the positi"ele"el category which pro"es that all respondents are able to

quicly learn and adapt the system requirement during the

process&

1.< A%a(*s$s "% M&"!a3$($t* "# t' MAP A+t"&at$"% I%

Batt(T7 1.8

igure >&7 below describes the summary output in the

a"erage number in graph format for each question answered by

the participants on #emorability factor and mean used for it&

The mean scores are classified into fi"e parts which are,

L4( "# E##$c$%c*

Ma% Sc"!


W 1&00

/isagree 1&01

W 2&00*eutral 2&01

W 8&00

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$gree 8&01W >&00

+trongly $gree >&01

W 5&00

%esponsesEfeedbac,


+trongly $gree

igure >&7,

The #emorability of #$P $utomation in 6attleTe >&0

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91 92 98 9> 95 9B

0

5101520258085

1 2 8 > 5

igure >&7 abo"e shows the numbers of feedbac

gathered from the respondents and mean "alue according to theirfactors question& rom the graph data' it is concluded that each

questionsA mean "alued between 8&>0 to >&20 and the highest

"alue is >&1C from the ability to speed up the tas completion by

using the system& #eanwhile' the lowest "alue score is the

numbers of steps required to complete the tas which scored

8&>C& This shows that all respondents agreed with the

memorability of using 6attleTe >&0 is easy and simple to bememori


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L4( Sc"! 9!"+% +,

t" t' %a!st

*egati"e X

2&5

*eutral 2&5 (

8&5

Positi"e Y8&5

Table >&>,


Table >&> shows the mean score of feasibility of #$P

$utomation using 6attleTe >&0 for its memorability factors&

The score of 8&7> indicates that the feasibility le"el is in the

positi"e le"el category which pro"es that all respondents are

105

Fas$3$($t*

#ean 8&7>+um 22&>>


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able to memori


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+trongly $gree >&01W 5&00

%esponsesEfeedbac,


+trongly $gree

igure >&C,

The -perability of #$P $utomation in 6attleTe >&0

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/1/2

/8/>

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 8 > 5

igure >&C abo"e shows the numbers of feedbac

gathered from the respondents and mean "alue according to their


questionsA mean "alued between 8&70 to >&80 and the highest

"alue is >&2C from the clarity of pro"iding troubleshoot message

to the user within the system& #eanwhile' the lowest "alue score

is the influence of maing errors caused by the simulation

system which scored 2&70& This shows that all respondents

agreed with the operability of using 6attleTe >&0 are well

guided and user friendly& >BZ of the respondents also disagreewith the error caused by the system itself&

The mean scores then studied further into classification

of feasibility le"el which is categori


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L4( Sc"! 9!"+% +,

t" t' %a!st

*egati"e X

2&5

*eutral 2&5 (

8&5

Positi"e Y8&5

Table >&5,


Table >&5 shows the mean score of feasibility of #$P

$utomation using 6attleTe >&0 for its operability factors& The

score of 8&C0 indicates that the feasibility le"el is in the positi"e

109

Fas$3$($t*

#ean 8&C

+um 15&2


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le"el category which pro"es that all respondents are able to useand operate the system without produce any simple mistae&

1.> A%a(*s$s "% Sat$s#act"!* "# Us$%) t' Batt(T7 1.8

#"! MAP A+t"&at$"%

igure >&D below describes the summary output in the

a"erage numbers in graph format for each question answered by

the participants on +atisfactory factor and mean used for it& The

mean scores are classified into fi"e parts which are,

L4( "# E##$c$%c*

Ma% Sc"!


W 1&00

/isagree 1&01

W 2&00

*eutral 2&01

W 8&00$gree 8&01

W >&00

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+trongly $gree >&01W 5&00

%esponsesEfeedbac,


+trongly $gree

igure >&D,

The +atisfactory of !sing 6attleTe >&0 for #$P $utomation

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1 2 8 > 5 B

0

10

20

80

>0

1 2 8 > 5

igure >&D abo"e shows the numbers of feedbac

gathered from the respondents and mean "alue according to their


questionsA mean "alued between >&00 to >&50 and the highest

"alue is >&>> from the easiness of using the system by

information pro"ided inside it& #eanwhile' the lowest "alue

score is the o"erall satisfaction with the system which scored

8&>C& This shows that all respondents satisfied in using 6attleTe

>&0 for #$P $utomation&

The mean scores then studied further into classificationof feasibility le"el which is categori


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L4( Sc"! 9!"+% +,t" t' %a!st

*egati"e X

2&5

*eutral 2&5 (

8&5

Positi"e Y

8&5

Table >&B,


Table >&B shows the mean score of feasibility of #$P

$utomation using 6attleTe >&0 to e"aluate usersA satisfactory

factors& The score of >&25 indicates that the feasibility le"el is in

113

Fas$3$($t*

#ean >&25

+um 25&5


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the positi"e le"el category which pro"es that all respondents arehighly satisfied with the #$P $utomation by using 6attleTe

>&0 as a tool&

1. O4!a(( Ma% Sc"!

Table >&7 below shows the o"erall mean score for

feasibility factors of applying #$P $utomation using the

6attleTe >&0 :argame +imulation +ystem& The mean scores

used to identify the le"el of feasibility are di"ided into three

categories,

L4( Sc"! 9!"+% +,

t" t' %a!st

*egati"e 0&00 W 1&BB

*eutral 1&B7 W 8&88

Positi"e 8&8> W 5&00

Table >&7,

easibility of #$P $utomation #ean e"el

fficiency earnability #emorability -perability +atisfactoryeasibility

e"el

#ean >&>> 8&C> 8&7> 8&C >&25 >&01

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+um 17&7B 1D&1C 22&>> 15&2 25&5 20&02

6ased on the le"el of all the fi"e factors chosen' the

feasibility le"el are described and determine as the positi"e

which indicates all respondents agreed and accepted the

feasibility of applying #$P $utomation using the system& The

mean for the feasibility of #$P $utomation scored >&01 and

determined as the positi"e category&

1.58 I%t!4$ F$%$%)s

The factors of feasibility output produced by conducting

a session of questioning and answering by using the set of

questionnaire method onto fi"e chosen factors& These factorspro"ide the numerical information to be studied on& In order to

get more precise feedbac from the users' another session of

gathering information was conducted in a different way such as

inter"iewing the operator& The summary of inter"iew session is

described as,

1.58.5 E##$c$%c*

$ccording to the inter"iew session with the user and the

operator' most of them agreed to accept the efficiency le"el of

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applying #$P $utomation using 6attleTe >&0 is high andreliable& These practices are "ery useful for them to complete the

tasing of de"eloping #$P especially in maing such thorough

decision which in"ol"ing the cost of time spent& They had

sa"ing much time during the process of maing decision to

complete their #$P sequence and proceed to the ne=t step

which is de"eloping the plan&

1.58.6 La!%a3$($t*

$ll participants declare that they are able to learn the

system process and woring scheme based on the user

friendliness of the system& .owe"er' they also admit that all

personnel that are going to use the system need to attend a short

course conducted for their better understanding of using the

system& $n e=pert had also highlighted the better understanding

will produce a better result in the simulation process&

1.58.0 M&"!a3$($t*

"en the simulation system has its own data storage and

capable of recording or archi"ing data' some certain materials

need to be memori


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systemAs functions& This sills and techniques are impossiblystored in the systemAs recording and archi"ing functions&

1.58.1 O,!a3$($t*

$ll the users ha"e been familiar with all the steps and

concepts& .owe"er' when it comes to the system wi

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Final Thesis Submission Jan 15