Final Report English Literature Review

8/12/2019 Final Report English Literature Review

1/50

TECHNOLOGY: THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE: PROSTHETICS LIMB

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2

1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 OVERVIEW ...31.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ...4

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 THE HISTORY OF THE DEVICE ...52.2 THE CURRENT TECHNOLOGY OF THE DEVICE ..7

3.0 CASE STUDIES3.1

RESPONDENT 1 (THE DISABLE) 12

3.2 RESPONDENT 2 (THE CARETAKER) 13

4.0 FINDINGS4.1 REPORTS FROM RESPONDENTS ...14

4.1.1 RESPONDENT 14.1.2 RESPONDENT 2

5.0 CONCLUSIONS ..16REFERENCES 17

APPENDICES .18

STUDENTS PROFILE ..48


2/50


Page | 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah praise to Allah, the Almighty for giving us the chance to study English

II subject with ease. Firstly, I would like to give our biggest appreciation and gratitude to our

beloved lecturer Mr. Abdul Mutalib for teaching us all these while with many valuable

lessons and helped us in solving problems regarding English II subject. May Allah bless you

in every single thing that you do.

Next, I would like to thank to Mrs. Haslinda for giving us a lot of useful and crucial

knowledge for the English subject. Moreover, a big thank to you for guiding us along the

progression of this project. Furthermore, thank you for your hard work in order to improve

our marks in the class. May Allah bless you.

A special thanks also to the two respondents , Muhammad Aliff Asyraf bin Mohd

Hamdan and Muhammad Iman bin Azhar for willing to spend your time for the interview

session. Besides, a big thank also for the information given on the interview session. All of

the information are very useful for us in order to make sure the smoothness of the progression

of this project. Moreover, thank you for our parents for the moral and financial support along

the progression of this project.

Lastly, thanks to all the group members who willing to sacrifice your time to complete

each task is this project. This project will be impossible to be completed without the help of

each one of you. Finally , thanks to everyone who had involved in the progression of this

project whether involuntary or voluntary. May Allah bless each of you for your deeds.


3/50


4/50


Page | 4

requires the removal of body part to prevent further infection. Averagely, as many as 133,735

hospital discharges for amputation per year in the U.S.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

To study whether the prosthetic is helpful or not in doing daily activities for the disable. To investigate if there any problem faced by the disable while using the prosthetics. To give a recommendation to improve the technology that have been use by the user


5/50


Page | 5

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 THE HISTORY OF THE DEVICE

According to Sellegren (1982), an early amputation was carry out long ago back in

prehistory even when medicine was famous. First and foremost, in France and Spain

originated about 5000 B.C. there are proofs of Neolithic amputations of fingers illustrated by

drawing on cave walls. Reasons for the amputations were trauma, frostbite and Raynauds

phenomenon. Some patients say no to amputation because they will recognized as criminal as

in Middle East the most frequent cause for amputation was sentenced for crimes. Not so

many agreed to implement amputation even to save life as they assumed that to amputate

meant to deprived the person in this life and also the here after. Most would rather dying with

the diseased limb intact, particularly feeling less pain.

In 484 B.C. in the history of Herodotus, Hegesistratus a Persian soldier was seized by

enemy, imprisoned and encased by his foot. To break free, he cut part of his foot and

substituted it later with a wooden prosthesis. Cathedral of Lescar, France a mosaic illustrated

an amputee reinforced by a wooden pylon. 1862, an ancient vase near Paris portrayed an

amputee whose lower limb replaced by a pylon with a forked end. Next, discovered in a vault

in Capua in 1858, came from the Samnite wars in 300 B.C. It was built from wood and

copper and regrettably lost during World War II when an air attack blasted the museum of

the Royal College of Surgeon.

Prostheses of iron were made by armorers for cavalier who had lost their limbs during

battleship in the middle ages. The refuse to wear the limbs during the fight because of the

heaviness which was such a disadvantage when you are in a fight. A prosthetic leg in

sixteenth century was purposely made not for walking because of sort thigh piece, equinus of

the foot and the two parallel straps that would not have supplied enough rigidity. The knee

unable to fully extend, hence it was certainly limited to use while sitting in the burden. Due to

the fenestrations in the leg, it weighed only about three pounds. After a while in seventeenth

century, a prosthesis purposely made for a congenital deformity rather than an amputation. It

was an Italian leg with iron leg-pieces and a wooden foot, made that way to reduce its mass


6/50


Page | 6

with a reinforcement of two metal side-bars. It contained a big oval hole at one side at its

broad center point. Vittorio Putti suspected that the prosthesis was most probably made for a

male with a length inequality and an adducted foot which could went through medial hole.

Next, the amputation operation itself contribute one of crucial obstruction to the

evolution of a fine walking prosthesis. The citizen of South America munched cocoa leaves

and alkali to release alkaline and anesthetic method in Europe included opium or alcohol.

Even with these additional component, the operation must be done fast and most of it was

by guillotine fashion, as mentioned by surgeons from Hippocrates onward. The function of

ligatures was explained by Hippocrates this method and throughout the Dark Ages, the

surgeons ceased bleeding by boiling oil or by crushing the stump. Turpentine, alum and

vitriol were the type of styptics used to control bleeding until 200 years ago. Hotel-Dieu, the

enormous and the oldest hospital in Paris, vitriol was reportedly used to stop all kinds of

amputation in the 1670s. Rabel, one surgeon of the day, confidently believed in a remarkable

styptic, vulnerary water, that he stated that it could stop any wounded army from bleeding

to deaths. Finally, he succeeded to persuaded minister of war, Loius XIV to give him

permission to carry out a public demonstration. Before a crowd of physicians and surgeons

gathered at the Hotel des Invalides, he amputated the thigh of a soldier. Despite his anxiety,

repeated implementation of his styptic and uncontaminated bandages, the soldier bled to

death in full view of audience.

Until twentieth century, cautery slowly become prominent. It was applied as a

hemostatis and anti-putrefactive agent or a sort of early stages of wound healing. An Arab

physicians, Albucasis stated in his book,On Surgery and Instruments that he eulogized

the function of the actual cautery which means a red hot iron if compared to potentialcauteries where such it could spread further away from the target area. Then, Ambroise Pore

declared the use of boiling oil in 1537 to treat fresh wounds during a campaign in Turin. The

use of the ligature for hemostasis in amputations was later introduced by Pared fifteen years

later.


7/50


Page | 7

2.2 THE CURRENT TECHNOLOGY OF THE DEVICES

By Jessica Hobby, MD and Heather Bailey ,2003-2013 Conjecture Corporation,published online 9 October 2013, http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-prosthetic-leg.htm

Types of prosthetic leg

Artificial limbs are of two typesexoskeletal or crustacean and endoskeletal or

modular. The Exoskeletal variety has a hard and rigid shell because the walls of the artificial

limbs are responsible for the shape as well as the weight transmission. In the endoskeletal

type a central shaft covered by a cosmetic covering is used to transmit weight. Artificial

limbs are named according to the level of amputation performed to fit the limbs. The four

main names for artificial limbs are:

Transtibialthe artificial limb that replaces the missing part of leg below the knee Transfemoralthe artificial limb above the knee Transradialthe artificial limb that replaces the arm below the elbow Transhumeralthe artificial limb above the elbow

Modern day artificial limbs have moved a long way from the peg legs and

cumbersome iron and wooden replacements for missing limbs used in olden days. Advanced

surgical procedures enable precise amputations to fit appropriately devised artificial limbs.

Lighter materials and improved computer aided designs in artificial limbs along with laser

assisted measuring and fitting of the limbs, afford greater degree of flexibility and

maneuverability for the user these days.

Ideally artificial limbs must be light, flexible and easily adaptable to the user to

permit easy movement. It should also be strong enough to support the bodys weight if they

are artificial legs or feet and manipulate objects if they are artificial arms or hands or parts of

the same. Artificial limbs basically need to be functional, comfortable, afford a great degree

of stability, be cosmetically acceptable, not too expensive, readily available and serviceable

and preferably local for quick repairs and adjustments. Artificial limbs are usually made out
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-prosthetic-leg.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-prosthetic-leg.htm


8/50


Page | 8

of materials like willow wood, metallic alloys, fiber and plastic lamination and complex

carbonfiber substances.

Marks.l.J & Michael.J.W (2001). Artificial Limbs, 323(7315): 732735. Retreived

fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1121287/

Interface between stump and socket

The quality of the interface between amputees limb remnant and the artificial prosthesis

is the most important aspect in the invention of prosthesis. Artificial legs can be rated on their

effectiveness based on the smoothness of the socket, connection between amputees

remaining limb and prosthesis. Many clinical researches have been done to improve the

socket of the prosthesis.

Lately, the invention of the silicone elastromer helps to reduce the friction between

amputees skin and the rigid body of the prosthetics thus providing comfort zone and full

control of the prosthesis. Currently, researchers came out with a new invention of thicker gel

material. It helps to dissipate the pressure and provides cushioning effect. This technology is

same applied on the bicycle cushion seat.

Dynamic response feet with plastic springs

The invention of prosthetics using carbon fibre was a great success in the history of

prosthetics. It brings artificial limbs to a whole new level. It is also known of its ability to

withstand a heavy weight. One of the most successful innovators has been Flex-Foot which

was designed based on carbon fibre springs. Moreover, it also has the most effective in

energy storing and releasing ability and suitable for vigorous activities such as running.

Furthermore, the combination of enhanced socket and prosthetic feet with optimum

response helps the amputee medallists to complete 100 metres run in Paralympics just a

second extra compared to the real Olympic record. Next, it is also contains shock absorbing

mechanisms which helps to reduce impact. Moreover, the Re-Flex shin-foot (two spring

loaded shock absorber and dynamic response foot) design improvises the biomechanical

performance of prosthesis limb.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1121287/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1121287/


9/50


Page | 9

Microprocessor controlled movement

In 1990s, a few studies had been done on the quality of prostheses and engineers cameout with the new invention of prosthesis. The invention was The Otto Bock C-Leg. This

device is an intelligent prosthesis because it helps to improve the symmetry of amputees

gait while walking a wide range of walking speeds. The Otto Bock C-Leg contains sensors

which will help to buckle the prosthesis to the leg firmly depends. It is also will not buckle

unintentionally during standing. The buckling system is managed by two microprocessors

which is planted into the amputees leg, it will detect the amputees movement and send

information to the hydraulic damper to adjust the tightness of the prosthesis on the amputees

leg. Therefore, it will increase the amputees stability and make it easier to amputees to

traverse on harsh ground, sloppy road and to walk downstairs.

Skeletal attachment of artificial limbs

A few decades ago, a Swedish physician, Per Branemarkwith a dental profession

surprisingly developed a surgical technique to connect the artificial teeth directly to human

jaw. Nowadays, his technique has been accepted worldwide. Recently, he tried with his

second attempt to gain back attention by introducing direct attachment of the artificial limb to

the amputees bone. Moreover, if this technique successfully proves its ability to stay in long

term to the skeleton it will automatically reduce the cost of creating custom-design

prosthetics sockets. Moreover, it is also will not affect by the changes of body weight and

temperature as it is anchored inside the limb.

This technique requires two stages surgery to attach titanium implant to bone. The

procedures might carry the risk of infection. In this case, a prior study needs to be done inchoosing the patient. It is because the person who wears this device needs to have a hygienic

lifestyle in order to prevent the attachment from infection. Moreover, the trials of the

technique are not possible as it will permanently attach to the bone. This technique will be

applicable if the others techniques fail to fit on the amputees leg. Furthermore, a survey has

been done stated that most patients with direct attachment prosthesis develop quick superior

control over the limb.


10/50


Page | 10

Making artificial limbs lifelike

Amputees might have different demand, some may want their prosthetic leg with arobotic appearance but mostly want their prosthetic looks lifelike. However, both kinds of

prosthetics are similar in the socket system because both are using silicon material to reduce

shock and friction. Furthermore, the innovation of the prosthetic skin allows the prosthetic

to appear more realistic and lifelike. Nevertheless, the price of the prosthetic skin is too

expensive. Plus, the skin also needs to be replaced after a few years of usage. Moreover,

many amputees preferred using plastic skin because of its cheap price and easy to get. Lately,

clinical engineers are working on the technology to reduce the weight of silicone or the

probability of using any alternative materials.

The potential of low cost, limited function prostheses

Nowadays, the idea of using moulded plastics for prosthetic successfully creates

lightweight prosthetic, reduce the course, suitable for person with limited walking ability, and

this is suitable for the elderly amputee. Moreover, moulded plastic designs also have water-

resistance ability and suitable for use in the shower or on the beach. Furthermore, the

production of prosthetic using moulded plastics is very cheap thus it is reasonable for

developing countries as the complex and expensive technology is prohibited.

In some cases, prosthetics may face a problem in tropical climates countries. A few

years back, Blatchford invented a prosthetic which is specially design for tropical climates

country which able to work properly in higher humidity zone. The moulded plastics

prosthetic also got the attention of The International Committee of the Red Cross to create an

initiative to supply moulded plastic prosthetic to area that facing environmental catastropheswhich results in large number of amputation.


11/50


Page | 11

Futu re developments

The prosthetic invention will highly depends on the demand. Moreover, the market forlow cost, limited function devices will continue to expand in an effort to meet the needs of

the developing world which experiencing the restrictions in the term of funding . Moreover,

there will be more invention which applies the aerospace and computer technologies into the

prosthetics to provide a better and futuristic prosthetic.

Furthermore, the technology used for athlete artificial limb will be applied on the less

active individuals. Therefore, it will gradually improve the prosthetic function itself on the

individual. Moreover, the technologies used by developed countries will be applied on the

developing countries to enhance the invention of artificial limbs. Lastly, the will be a great

challenge to find the will and the way to fund widespread application of prosthetic

innovations.

Advantages

Artificial limbs provide many advantages to the amputee. Firstly, It helps to regain the

freedom of movement. In some cases, prosthetics may work better than the real leg.

Moreover, with the using of the prosthetics amputee can travel farther because it is no longer

subject to muscle strains. Furthermore, It is also helps to build back self-confident to the

amputee and make them easier to blend with the crowd. In other hand, it encourages higher

rates of physical therapy and rehabilitation. Lastly, most prosthetic limbs can be used for a

long time up to 10 years.

Disadvantages

Prosthetics are expensive and it might be impossible for the poor to have it. Next, some

prosthetics are heavy in weight thus it will be the limiting factor for the elderly and children

to use it. Furthermore, the amputee will need to pay a lot of money for the rehabilitation

process


12/50


Page | 12

3.0 CASE STUDY

RESPONDENT 1 (THE DISABLE)

NAME : MUHAMMAD ALIFF ASYRAFF BIN MOHD HAMDAN

AGE : 18 YEARS OLD

DATE OF BIRTH : 18 DECEMBER 1995

PLACE OF BIRTH : IPOH, PERAK

RELIGON : ISLAM

INTEREST : BUSINESS

EMAIL ADDRESS : [email protected]

CONTACT NUMBER : 013 5268169


13/50


14/50


Page | 14

4.0 FINDINGS

4.1 Reports for respondents

Respondent 1 (The disable)

From the interview that we had done, we found that prosthetics legs do help the amputee to

ease him in doing his daily activities. Firstly, the respondent stated that he was involved in a

motorcycle accident which caused his right leg to be amputated. According to the

respondent, it is already three months since he wore the prosthetics. Moreover, he stated that

he sometimes faced some difficulties in movement including climbing staircase and etc.

Furthermore, regarding the comfortability of the prosthetics, the respondent stated that he

was not comfortable with the prosthetics at first due to the friction between the skin and the

contact surface of the prosthetics. Next, he also stated that he was starting to get use with the

distraction and stated that the prosthetics helped him in doing daily activities. The respondent

also able to regain back his movement and easier compared to the use of crutches.

Moreover, the respondent also stated that the prosthetics leg sometimes makes him less

stable in movement after a long walk. He also stated that he has limit in doing activities while

wearing the prosthetics as it is less stable and not too comfortable.


15/50


Page | 15

Respondent 2 (The Caretaker)

From the interview that we had done, the caretaker said that Aliff sometimes facing somedifficulties in movement. Plus, he stated that Aliff sometimes showed a sign of uneasiness

while using the prosthetics leg. He also agreed that the prosthetics leg helps Aliff in doing his

daily activities as the prosthetics provides a good support to his limb.

Moreover, the caretaker also stated that Aliff was not comfortable with the prosthetics leg

at first due to the difficulty to gain stability. However, after a few weeks of usage he started

to get used to it. After the amputation, Aliff was unable to drive a car or motorcycle. In that

case, the caretaker has to send Aliff to the class every day. It becomes a routine for the

caretaker to send Aliff to the class in the morning and fetch him at the evening.


16/50


Page | 16

5.0 CONCLUSION

Alhamdulillah, with the bless of Allah and constant guidance from our supporting

tutor, Madam Haslinda, we finally completed our project on technology of prosthetic leg. A

thousand thanks and gratitude our group would present for those who had gave cooperation in

terms of knowledge and the skills involved in this project directly or indirectly.

In this project, we had done an intense research about the technology of prosthetics

legs. With these technology, it has helped people go through their daily life as a normalperson again which are walking and running. The technology exist since 5000 B.C. where the

Neolithic era and undergo revolution until it had helps millions of people even though had to

go through different stages where many life had been sacrificed in order to achieved success

in using the prosthetic legs. Nowadays, people who had lost their legs will have no worry

anymore because there are numerous alternative to replace the lost leg.

From the findings, we can summarize that the prosthetics leg technology has helped

the amputee to regain back their movement. Next, it helps the amputee to do their daily

activities. Moreover, the artificial leg also generates self-confident to the amputee. Besides, it

makes the amputee to be along with the normal people without feel timid. In that case,

prosthetics helps to improve the patients condition physically and emotionally.

In the future, more researches might be done to the prosthetics technology in order to

improve and enhance the technology. Firstly, they will be a prosthetics technology which

allows the amputee to control their prosthetics leg; the height and tightness. Next, there will

be a prosthetics technology which is stronger and lighter to allow the elderly and the children

to use it without any difficulties due to the weight. Moreover, the prosthetics skin

technology will be more life-like and realistic thus attract many amputees to use the

prosthetics leg.


17/50


Page | 17

REFERENCES

1. Marks.l.J & Michael.J.W (2001). Artificial Limbs, 323(7315): 732735. Retreivedfrom http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1121287/

2. Hobby, J. and Bailey, H. (2013). What is Prosthetic Leg?. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-prosthetic-leg.htm

3. An Early History of Lower Limb Amputations and Prosthesis. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2328816/

4. Wilson, B. Recent Advances in Below-Knee Prosthetics. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp://www.oandplibrary.org/al/pdf/1969_02_001.pdf


18/50


Page | 18

APPENDICES

Ar ticle of H istory on Prosthetic Leg


19/50


Page | 19


20/50


Page | 20


21/50


Page | 21


22/50


Page | 22


23/50


Page | 23

Ar ticle of Advantages and Di sadvantages of Prosthetics Leg


24/50


Page | 24


25/50


Page | 25


26/50


Page | 26


27/50


Page | 27


28/50


Page | 28


29/50


Page | 29

Ar ticle of h istory of prosthetic leg

Prosthetic care goes back to the fifth Egyptian Dynasty (2750-2625 B.C.); archaeologists

have unearthed the oldest known splint from that period. The earliest known written reference

to an artificial limb was made around 500 B.C., Herodotus wrote of a prisoner who escaped

from his chains by cutting off his foot, which he later replaced with a wooden substitute. An

artificial limb dating from 300 B.C., was a copper and wood leg unearthed at Capri, Italy in

1858.

In 1529, French surgeon, Ambroise Pare (1510-1590) introduced amputation as a lifesaving

measure in medicine. Soon after, Pare started developing prosthetic limbs in a scientific

manner. In 1863, Dubois L Parmelee of New York City made an improvement to the

attachment of artificial limbs. He fastened a body socket to the limb with atmospheric

pressure. He was not the first person to do so, but he was the first person to do so with

satisfactory results. In 1898, Dr. Vanghetti invented an artificial limb that could move with

through muscle contraction.

In 1946, a major advancement was made in the attachment of lower limbs. A suction sock for

the above-knee prosthesis was created at University of California (UC) at Berkeley. In 1975,

Ysidro M. Martinez' invention of a below-the-knee prosthesis avoided some of the problems

associated with conventional artificial limbs. Martinez, an amputee himself, took a theoretical

approach in his design. He did not attempt to replicate the natural limb with articulated joints

in the ankle or foot which is seen by Martinez as causing poor gait. His prosthesis has a high

center of mass and is light in weight to facilitate acceleration and deceleration and reduce

friction. The foot is considerably shorter to control acceleration forces, reducing the frictionand pressure.

The history of prosthetics and amputation surgery begins at the very dawning of human

medical thought. In the three great western civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome the first

true rehabilitation aids recognized as prostheses were made.

What is prosthetic leg?

A prosthetic leg is a prosthesis, or artificial limb, that is attached where the leg has been

amputated due to a trauma or disease. Although prosthetic legs may vary greatly, all modern


30/50


Page | 30

prosthetic legs have three major components: the pylon, the socket and the suspension

system. Additional features of a prosthetic leg are dependent on the type of amputation that

has been performed.

Traditionally made of metal rods, the pylon is the skeleton of the prosthetic leg and acts as a

support structure. More recently, pylons have been made of carbon and fiber composites that

are much lighter. Sometimes the pylon may be covered by foam or plastic, which can be

formed and dyed to match the amputees skin tone to give a more natural look.

The socket is the part of the prosthetic leg that connects the prosthesis to the stump, or

residual limb. A socket transfers forces from the prosthetic leg to the stump, which requires

that the socket is carefully fitted so it doesnt damage or irritate to the skin. The socket is

attached to the limb over a liner and sometimes a prosthetic sock to assist with a comfortable

fit.

The suspension system is the mechanism responsible for keeping the prosthesis attached to

the body. The type of suspension system is dependent on the type of amputation that was

performed. Some suspension mechanisms operate on suction, while other artificial legs are

attached by using a harness system. Patients who have undergone a transfemoral amputation,

or an amputation above the knee, will need a harness system, whereas patients who have

undergone a transtibial amputation, or an amputation below the knee, will possibly be able to

use a suspension system that relies on suction.

In addition to the type of suspension system used in a prosthetic leg, whether or not an

amputation was transfemoral or transtibial dictates other features. For example, a patient who

has undergone a transfemoral amputation will need to have a prosthetic leg that has anartificial knee. Even though all prosthetic legs have the three basic components and additional

features, it is important to remember that each limb is custom made for the comfort and

function of the amputee.

After an amputation has been completed and the swelling has gone down, a plaster mold is

taken of the stump. This mold is used to make a duplicate stump for the purpose of fitting the

prosthetic leg as it is being constructed. After the artificial limb is finished, adjustments are

made through trial and error during multiple physical therapy sessions.


31/50


Page | 31

Types of prosthetic leg

Artificial limbs are of two typesexoskeletal or crustacean and endoskeletal ormodular. The Exoskeletal variety has a hard and rigid shell because the walls of the artificial

limbs are responsible for the shape as well as the weight transmission. In the endoskeletal

type a central shaft covered by a cosmetic covering is used to transmit weight.

Artificial limbs are named according to the level of amputation performed to fit the limbs.

The four main names for artificial limbs are:

Transtibialthe artificial limb that replaces the missing part of leg below the knee

Transfemoralthe artificial limb above the knee

Transradialthe artificial limb that replaces the arm below the elbow

Transhumeralthe artificial limb above the elbow

Modern day artificial limbs have moved a long way from the peg legs and cumbersome iron

and wooden replacements for missing limbs used in olden days. Advanced surgical

procedures enable precise amputations to fit appropriately devised artificial limbs. Lighter

materials and improved computer aided designs in artificial limbs along with laser assisted

measuring and fitting of the limbs, afford greater degree of flexibility and maneuverability for

the user these days.

Ideally artificial limbs must be light, flexible and easily adaptable to the user to permit easy

movement. It should also be strong enough to support the bodys weight if they are artificial

legs or feet and manipulate objects if they are artificial arms or hands or parts of the

same. Artificiallimbs basically need to be functional, comfortable, afford a great degree of

stability, be cosmetically acceptable, not too expensive, readily available and serviceable and

preferably local for quick repairs and adjustments. Artificial limbs are usually made out of

materials like willow wood, metallic alloys, fiber and plastic lamination and complex carbon

fiber substances.


32/50


Page | 32

The future of prosthetic leg

Today most prosthetics are little more than glorified support systems, and its extraordinarilydifficult to get a protheses made of sensors and metal to mimic human movement. But the

research team at RIC is getting close. Since around 2005, RIC has been working on a method

called targeted muscle reinnervation, which reappropriates nerves from an amputated limbs to

healthy muscles. In the case of Vawter, nerves from his lower leg were reattached to healthy

hamstring muscles.

This person has essentially been rewired, explains Dr. Levi Hargrove, one of RICs lead

researchers on the project. So essentially, the neural impulses that are sent from the brainthe

ones telling the body to stand, walk or change positionscommunicate with the prosthetic leg

through sensors, and a computer then translates those instructions into actions. Over time, an

algorithm learns the patterns of a users intended actions and can begin to react to their

thoughts, thus making a mechanical limb function intuitively or a least lot more like a normal

human leg.

A technology like this is obviously attractive to the military, and $8 million in funding proves

that. But while the RIC team was working with the department of defense in administering

this technology to wounded veterans, it was focused mostly on upper body prosthetics. The

Army said, We love the technology, but we have there are 10 times more leg amputati ons

than arm amputationscan you do anything to improve the control of prosthetic legs?

People have been using neural information to control prosthetic limbs for decades, but all of

them have been for the upper-body. Legs, on the other hand, are a little more difficult to

control, and it was until recently that the technology was advanced enoughand lightenoughto really even begin thinking about making a prosthetic limb like this. All of the

innovation will come to the electronics, says Reinecke, adding that around 10 years ago the

sensors and materials would have made a leg like this around 300 pounds.

Today, thanks to lightweight materials like graphite and micro-technologies, the leg is around

10.2 pounds and the research team is shooting to get it under 10. The research still has a ways

to go. Error rates, which mostly refer to the number of times a user scuffs his or her feet on

the ground while walking, need to be lowered in order to reduce falls. And Freedom

Innovations still has a lot of work to do translate a research-based technology into a consumer


33/50


Page | 33

product. For as sophisticated as the leg is, it still could be lighter, and the machine-like noise

could stand to be more subtle.

Everyone involved says they hope to have something on the market for clinical testing in as

little as two to three years. In consumer time that feels like an eternity away, but in science

its a remarkably quick pace. Five years ago I thought there was no way to achieve all that

weve achieved, says Hargrove. I thought it would take 10 years to get to where we are

right now.


34/50


Page | 34

Ar ticle Of F utur e on Prosthetics Leg


35/50


Page | 35


36/50


Page | 36


37/50


Page | 37


38/50


Page | 38


39/50


Page | 39

TRANSCRIPT

CONVERSATION WITH THE DISABLE

INTERVIEWER: OK, ERMM ASSALAMUALAIKUM, I AM MUHAMMAD NAIM FROM

UTP, ERMM, WE WOULD LIKE TO INTERVIEW YOU ABOUT YOUR LEGS, ERM..THE

PROSTHETICS, BEFORE PROCEED WE WOULD LIKE TO TELL YOU THE

OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH, THE FIRST ONE IS TO IDENTIFY THE FUNCTION

OF PROSTHRTICS, THE SECOND ONE IS TO STUDY THE EFFECTIVENESS OF

PROSTHETICS TO CURE THE DISABILITY AND THE LAST IS TO STUDY WHETHER

THE PROSTHETICS IS HELPFUL OR NOT IN DOING DAILY ACTIVITIES, BEFORE

THAT CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT YOUR BACKGROUND, YOUR NAME, YOUR AGE..

THE DISABLE: FIRST, MY NAME IS MUHAMMAD ALIFF ASYRAF BIN MOHD

HAMDAN, AGE IS EIGHTEEN, OCCUPATION NO, I AM STILL STUDYING.

INTERVIEWER: HAVE YOU MARRIED BROTHER?

THE DISABLE: I AM STILL SINGLE, HAHA (THEN LAUGHING)

INTERVIEWER: OK ERMM..CAN I KNOW WHEN YOU DO YOU START USING THE

PROSTHETICS?

THE DISABLE: I STARTED USING TH PROSTHETICS SINCE THE AUGUST


40/50


Page | 40

INTERVIEWER: CAN YOU EXPLAIN TO US THE INCIDENT WHICH CAUSED YOU TO

WEAR THE PROSTHETICS LEG ?

THE DISABLE: I ACTUALLY HAD ACCIDENT ON THE ROAD

INTERVIEWER: DID YOU HIT OR YOU HAD BEEN HIT DURING THE ACCIDENT?

THE DISABLE: I HAD BEEN HIT ACTUALLY

INTERVIEWER: HOW DO YOU FEEL WHEN USING THE PROSTHETICS?

THE DISABLE: SOMETIMES I FEEL WEIRD

INTERVIEWER: BUT SO FAR DO YOU THINK IT OKAY, UNCOMFORTABLE MAYBE?

THE DISABLE: I FELT A BIT UNCOMFORTABLE AT FIRST BUT I FINALLY MANAGED

TO GET USE TO IT.

INTERVIEWER: WHY DO YOU FEEL NOT COMFORTABLE?

THE DISABLE: WHEN I WALK LIKE A SOUND COME FROM IT, BUT I AM NOT SURE

WHAT KIND OF SOUND IT IS


41/50


Page | 41

INTERVIEWER: DO YOU THINK USING THE PROSTHETICS IS THE BURDEN TO YOU?

THE DISABLE: I DO NOT THINK SO

THE INTERVIEWER: DURING THE USAGE TIME, DOES THE PROSTHETICS HELP

YOU IN YOUR DAILY ACTIVITIES.

THE DISABLE: IT TAKES A LOT OF TIME FOR ME TO MOVE AND SOMETIMES I JUST

REMAINED SEATED BECAUSE IM KIND OF LAZY

INTERVIEWER: DO YOU FEEL COMFORTABLE WHEN USE THIS PROSTHETICS TO

AMONG THE CUMMUNITY?

THE DISABLE: I FELT DIFFERENT COMPARED TO OTHERS

INTERVIEWER: DOES IT PAIN DURING USE THIS PROSTHETICS LIKE WHEN YOU

WALK YOU FEEL PAIN HERE (SHOWING) AND CAUSE YU TO STOP THE WALK?

THE DISABLE: ACTUALLY THE PROSTHETICS CAN BE DIVIDE TO A FEW

CATEGORIES, WHAT I AM UING KNOW IS.. (THINKING) I AM NOT TOO SURE BUT

MINE IS CONVERSE ENERGY BUT I STILL CAN FEEL THE TIRED OF WALKING


42/50


Page | 42

THE INTERVIEWER: (LAUGHING) THEN, DO YOU FEEL IMPROVEMENT MAYBE IN

TERMS OF BEFORE AND AFTER USING THE PROSTHETICS, LIKE DO PROSTHETICS

GIVE THE ADVANTAGES FOR YOU IN YOUR DAILY LIFE

THE DISABLE: I THINK IT IS NORMAL, YES NORMAL

THE INTERVIEW: BROTHER, IF YOU DO NOT MINT CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT THE

COST OF YOUR PROSTHETICS

THE DISABLE: THE COST DEPEND ON THE MATERIAL OF THE PROSTHETICS

ACTUALLY, LIKE I AM WEARING IS ABOUT 13K, ANOTHER TYPE IS FROM CARBON

BUT IT IS EXPENSIVE BECAUSE IT IS LIGHT NOT HEAVY AND THE COST IS ABOUT

15K

THE INTERVIEWER: HOW ABOUT THE MAINTANANCE OF THESE?

THE DISABLE: THE MAINTANANCE LIKE OTHERS, NEED TO TAKE CARE THE OIL

OF THE PROSTHETICS

INTERVIEWER: IF YOU DO NOT MIND, CAN YOU SHOW US THE PROSTHETICS?

THE DISABLE: YES CAN, (SHOWING THE PROSTHETICS)


43/50


44/50


Page | 44

TRANSCRIPT

CONVERSATION WITH THE CARETAKER

INTERVIEWER: ASSALAMUAIKUM BROTHER, I AM AMIRUL AND THAT IS NAIM, WE

ARE FROM UTP, WE HAVE BEEN TOLD THAT YOU IS THE CARE TAKER OF ALIFF

ASYRAF, CAN WE INTERVIEW YOU ABOUT HOW YOU TAKE CARE HIM?

THE CARETAKER: YES, CAN (SMILING)

INTERVIEWER: FIRST CAN YOU TELL ME YOUR FULL NAME?

THE CARETAKER: MY FULL NAME IS MUHAMMAD NUR IMAN BIN AZHAR

THE INTERVIEWER: YOUR IC?

THE CARETAKER: ICAFTER THIS I TELL YOU (LAUGHING)

THE INTERVIEWER: THE FIRST QUESTION, HOW THE CONDITION OF ALIFF IN

THIS FEW DAYS, AFTER HE HAD ACCIDENT AND AFTER HE USE THE

PROSTHETICS? HOW WAS THE CONDITION?

THE CARETAKER: AFTER HE GET THE PROSTHETICS HE CAN WALK AGAIN.


45/50


Page | 45

THE INTERVIEWER: BROTHER, DO YOU THINK, DOES THE PROSTHETICS HELP HIS

LEGS TO DO THE DAILY ACTIVITIES?

THE CARETAKER: VERY HELP BECAUSE SUPPORT HIS LEG TO MOVE LIKE WHEN

HE WANT TO STAIRS UP AND IF THERE IS NO PROSTHETICS IT WILL DIFFICULT

FOR HIM TO GO TO CLASSES

INTERVIEWER: DOES HE SHOW ANY SIGN OF DIFFICULTY AND PAIN DURING

MOVEMENT?

THE CARETAKER: A LITTE BIT, HE FELT NOT HAPPY AT FIRST, BUT AFTER A LONG

TIME NOT ANYMORE

THE INTERVIEWER: SO YOU NOTICE A LOT OF POSITIVE CHANGES OF HIM WHEN

USING THE PROSTHETICS..HOW HE GOES TO CLASS USUALLY LIKE HE WALK ON

OWN FOOT OR??

THE CARETAKER: I ACTUALLY THE ONE WHO SEND HIM TO THE CLASS.

THE INTERVIEWER: USUALLY HOW DO YOU SEND HIM TO THE CLASS?

THE CARETAKER: BY MOTORCYCLE

THE INTERVIEWER: SO EVERYDAY YOU SEND AND FETCH HIM?


46/50


47/50


Page | 47

THE CARETAKER: IT IS OKAY (SMILING TOO)

INTERVIEWER: (SHAKING HANDS WITH THE CARETAKER THEN SMILE)


48/50


Page | 48

STUDENTS PROFILE

NAME : MUHAMMAD NAIM BIN MOHD SHUKRI

ID NO : 18847

COURSE : FOUNDATION OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

AGE : 18 YEARS OLD

DATE OF BIRTH : 11 OCTOBER 1995

PLACE OF BIRTH : KUALA LUMPUR

RELIGION : ISLAM

INTEREST : BODY BUILDING




49/50


Page | 49

NAME : WAN MUHAMMAD NASYRIQ BIN WAN GHAZALI

ID NO : 18938

COURSE : FOUNDATION PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

AGE : 18 YEARS OLD

DATE OF BIRTH : 26 FEBRUARY 1995

PLACE OF BIRTH : JERTEH, TERENGGANU

RELIGION : ISLAM

INTEREST : READING




50/50


NAME : MUHAMMAD YAASIN KHAIRI BIN

MUHAMMAD ISMADI

ID NO : 18978

COURSE : FOUNDATION OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

AGE : 18 YEARS OLD

DATE OF BIRTH : 25 JANUARY 1995

PLACE OF BIRTH : KUALA TERENGGANU, TERENGGANU

RELIGON : ISLAM

INTEREST : DRAWING

Documents

Final Report English Literature Review