ferrero - three ways spilling ink

8/7/2019 ferrero - three ways spilling ink

1/33

1. Introdction

.. W mk uu m , xp ,

y l b qul, wll , l p, bu

l . W x u

uu- pp mk uu u? T w wul

b w w mply m ul

mm lbly . A , w, pp

wk lk u wll l u xpl bmb. I

m mk l l my, pll k mw

T bw uu- l u u Vllm (997), 47. Rp T bw uu- l u u Vllm (997), 47. Rp

Vllm (000).

hREE WAyS O SPilliNg iNKOMORROW

LUCA FERREROUy W Mlwuk / S Uy

ABSRAC

My l u u l uu- l ju m by f m w mly ul mpul m l l-l. Mpm w m -mpul -b -mpulpyll pp -. T pblm w l w y uly mp, y u xluly m my mm -mpul y. I u ppl u l uuu- mu kwl ly b fu uu u. T uly u y w

u l mpl bly upp up . T bly ul u lm mmy p lb, w pmy u -mpul l uu-.

Ke wors: y, uu- , , mmy.

ORIGINAL SCIENIFIC PAPERUDK: 3

7.0 : 59.95


2/33

RAIONALIY IN BELIEF AND ACION

ju by mk uu- . A J.H. Sbl w, B nt o

seer w, p my b bl mk y bl

m I b u w , p ul,

u l , ll .

Tbly w mlly mly by wll pp b wzly

pw, y w u qu quly w mkbl u. A Jy F

mk, wul w w w p

w w p uu b mply b l

, ly w mu uly b l ply mp

w u b.3

.. Dp ubquy lbly, l l-l uu-

puzzl pm. b w, m p m pp

, w wk-wll. S m p mu mbl. S mbl, w p l

mbl ym, p w ppuy mbl. W

pp lz p lu, ju bu past, l

x p . I mbl w w:

I m m I bl rea barrerbw mbl myl,

w I uly p my m u u

m mmy , mmy l... A ply

bul up b wll, l myl m l lu,

I p w u notnp m m mbl.4

T mbl wk wll. T pblm ll p

lu bu p . A p lu m l

upp kp m m l . Bu m

ll. A m mmy p b p u.

A mbl pm w, mpl m p

Sbl (994), 47 (my mp): A p py m mly, mkSbl (994), 47 (my mp): A p py m mly, mk uu ly m bu bl. B nt o seer w, p my b bl

mk y bl m , wl mk mpbl y wul w b pbl l I b u w , p ul, u l , ll .3 F (987), 3-4: I m b yu p 3 p.m. f, , pbu, F (987), 3-4: I m b yu p 3 p.m. f, , pbu, wll pu b w wll u pl m, b m-l lu G. A wk ju w ppl w pyly yu kw mly:yu l , y, pu yu bm. I wk w absote straners; ppl yu wulkw yu bump . A wk ju lby w w l - blbu l, pmly, l w ll yu kw bu u w mm pyly ll yu bu m. Rmkbl. I w ul wllw p w, wul w: y ly w muuly b l ply mp w u b.

4 S (956), 70.S (956), 70.


3/33


4/33

8


T l wy wA p fu uu u.

A ,A m mere ul mm (

l xl by) u pll k mw.

T uu k-pll b pu A uu x l , mw A wll b u pyl pll

k. S wll b w mpu m. O

ul mm m, m m ly l

. W ju, m m bw w mw, l

pll k, jum wul by l p mm. S ul

p ly bytampernw .

.3. T wy A mk pll k mw by wy

-ll precommtment.8 A pmmm m ul , pyll

mm, ul l p u m lly . T w wy mpl

. F, pmmm m py bl u

, wll x p x

m -. F , m pmm l

p k by k u lk ulm, w mk plly

uplly mll mu ll. A xmpl

w pmm kp m my uu m by p

m u mp pl ly wwl. S,

pmmm m bly u l -.

F , w mp mp k by lk lqu

b w wy ky, pu my m u

llw ly wwl.

Alu mm w pmmm u m

pyl , lk Uly b m p, I k b

m , y l wk m

ul mm, ll l x ratona overnance m ;

, bu l b

m by pmmm, w umb lp py-. I my m, l

pmmm lwy p acronc l ,

w ul pmmm x l b

m an l m . Im mw ully A

w m bu l m kll l pll k

lu mw. I u, l- wll wk

pmmm mk pll k mw. T pll m

8 T m pmmm w u El (979).T m pmmm w u El (979).


5/33

L. F HREE WAYS OF SPILLING INK OMORROW

A w mpu , ulk w, y, k

pll lbly u ly ul mm A xp

mk kp pll k.

A p ly pmm x ly nrectfu A uu .A mu k m p p m b

bu wll u pll k mw. Sly,

m mply, fu pmmm manpatve . T

wll uA pll k l p xu

l m , .., upp l

pll k. Nl b u l u

b m ubl. H, wA bu pmmm pll

k mw, m up pll k rectant. T bu wul

pll k w w w w ply p pmmm. I , l b

pll k, ulmly

p l ( , p p pmm ).

T mpul pmmm pl, m

y m b p u ( y mply m

wll l l b m by m). T p

pmmm b bl u rearess w

m wul ll b pmmm. T

wy pmmm plly u l l-l w m l xp llw u

uu.

.4. T l wy mk uu

wA pll k mw ju ot o p . T

w I m : T u uu- .

L z wy w y p by w wy l

l-l p b. F, u p , u

pyl ; u Vllm xpu m

ll l p .9 S, u uu- ,ulk pmmm, mpul . I u ,

bu - wy w m

y m. Fuu- k l- mpul.

A p z wy pll k mw, wy

u uu- , b m

acronc atonom. I u , ly x l

9 T xp m ll l m Vllm (000).T xp m ll l m Vllm (000).


6/33

100


b m m (m ly

u by pmmm), bu x p

b mpully l. A u uu- u

pm pul k mplly x l y, y p umy. L ll atonomos

ntentona acronc aenc, AidA .

T m w mu kp m u m

w uu- : N u b qu y

u uu- ( m l m l

l-l) l kwl mk m bu

AidA. O b I p

l w , l w u u uu-

(ul w , m w I wll u uu- ).

. Decision-Based Reasons

3.. F ul by w b l, m qu mp u

uu- wul qu m pyl

pmmm. I , wul b l

b qum umy.0 T wul b ply

qu lu z u u uu-

.

I k l m wk, w, quy

u m -ll -b . T b

, by , uu l (uully) lu

m. T u w y p

x l m . A w b, w,

u qu y . A ll, pmmm l

u upp - p l . W

mu b w -b mpul, ..,

0 V w uu- pmmm b u Sll (980);V w uu- pmmm b u Sll (980);Al (99); Al (00); Hl (999); Rl (000). S A (996), 54: W m ly u p ulS A (996), 54: W m ly u p ul umu . W umuly ly w w w u. Bu y x m. Aumy u qu w mk w b bl l u uu . Bu w umuly uu m ul l up l x mpbl w u m. T pbl ly w mmm w m u ulll m w. S l Vllm (997),

46. Rp Vllm (000).


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101

p umy. T b bl

ly by lk l w u xpl u

-b . O mply w

llly u l bu l. lm I u--u w mply bu I l u--u

ju pblm , l ul, ,

lly wk m.

3.. Sl ppl b xpl w -b

b . F, w k b ntrapl

m ml ly wll u nterpl pm. T

w l- mm ju. T,

w l- p (..,

p G mmu bw p l uu ).3

A , l l l l uully lu

, ly w wul p by

mm .

A mly u, -b

bu l m p .

A u w, p w ; w bu

u pu w kp w u w

w , u, w wul.4 A ppl, llw u

p u l-kwl. A uw, uu- ll p bu u uu. H, by

my w , w u u by y u p

S Ky (963), 6-0; C, (975), 4-43, 55; l Vllm, (989), 99: My y S Ky (963), 6-0; C, (975), 4-43, 55; l Vllm, (989), 99: My y b ml y w mm u by ml... My y qu ml. F lu I y wmm, I y m w xp w u wul y mm. F m l- mm w, Rul (997), 89. N w ply u

, uy l-mm p mm-b reason.T ul b l-mm y quly -b w. T u k mm wk by lz pyll, bw.3 S R (998), 49: A m l-m pl, I m bu wS R (998), 49: A m l-m pl, I m bu w I wll k uu. S by m , I l p my uul I I m l-m b m, I my l myp wll b my w I w . S l Hm (003), .4 S Sbl (994), 49: T [ ] mm l m, l S Sbl (994), 49: T [ ] mm l m, l , wul b w , mu wy w pm p mppl w w w y pm . T l p wy w wk m ppl. M ppl lu b , pp m wul

y u bu pp pl my py.


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102


l-kwl. F w , u u b l-ulll

p.5

A u u u -b

ply lbl p eventa wu ull lb . T bu p

, w lb , wul m

lu w lly .6 A ppl

wk by wbll .7 A ul m

uu m, mk m w uu -. W

m m, u m

l uully k w p .8,9

3.3. I ubl b m ul m

l l-l. Ty , w, pblm u u l AidA. H I m m

5 S Vllm (989), 98: I ... xp u m fS Vllm (989), 98: I ... xp u m fl . T l-ulll xp p by mm plly l-ulll l bu p y b ulll, y pml u... T xp... , p ml b, l-ulll xp p u ulllm... I m y p- pyll l , bu y uubl , y wll b ll p.6 S Jy (999), 6: A p w pl A my by uu l S Jy (999), 6: A p w pl A my by uu l reason A;

, uu m k A w p pl mk m lkly . O , I up m mm, wy pp w p pl A uu levence k wul A w k bu m l. T, u, uu l not k bu m l.7 T m wbll u by Bm (987), 8, w J Emy.T m wbll u by Bm (987), 8, w J Emy.8 S Pk, (996), 30, l 75: By my , I ly lklyS Pk, (996), 30, l 75: By my , I ly lklyk b I ll pm . D A l... p -. A y mk m lkly b A, I ll pm -ump I my ll A. Su b I m A. I ly wll . My ly by b pp. S ly p m wm jym. O , k A l, bu y fu,l lkl my pm I ll pm ul, , I A.9 I pp, I u -b llly by uu--I pp, I u -b llly by uu-- seecton m w m qully wy p. I u m m xly myD, D-Aumy, D Dlb Lb (mup). Bfy pu, pblm w lu wl. F, l w uu- l upp x fu m, w p pblm w w I m . E u l --l u l lu upp l, qu ll m w u x fu m. W mk -bk mpl ju b pk pul p p. x, y mu b upplm w m w u pp. S, u l--b b l y : N ll uu-

l m l -bk qully wy .


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103

p u bu -b . I w

u l pblm w y -b : Su

pp b my. O , - y m

m bl pp ly m , ly -b . O ,

m wul l - wy w

m, -b pp w Bm ll bpp

.0 T ublm. F, pp b mp

. S, mp pully pblm

m bu w - upp by (u

p lb qu l l

m).

3.4. N bpp by l ly ubl. O mw b bpp - w xp llw

u l . T , w, xly w pmmm

upp wk. I wy wk, u. T, lu

bpp ly pblm , ly pblm

y . A wy w upp b

bpp ( pp pm mmm

lly pu u ubj) y y k. T,

m , k pu l ,

-b , pp pmmm, ul p y

u pu. Bu -b b ly

, w w lly x y m m

. O , -b m b

, m ly mpully, , by u

w p l b m

mply wm. T wul mk bpp Bm

, -b ul u l l

- l . T, w, l qum

umy. N u l p w l

- m. T pblm ul b b mpul - l - ll l. A u

wat up , bu ow l . I -b

m bu xu l m ,

u mpul.

0 S Bm (987).S Bm (987). S D (980), 90: I w , mlly wS D (980), 90: I w , mlly w

ml xpl ply.


10/33

104


3.5. T m -b pp, ,

lmm bw w uppl l. O , y m b

bull mb uly u w

lly p umy. O , y m l umy by mk -b b b u , y ,

ly bl pu ub y lly y b pw

. T, w, u m

u , mly, uu- mw

fu uu u.

T lmm y w y y m -b

m. I p w y k ll. T y mu w

wy -b ll uu u,

bu b mmly k up w , bpp mpul.

N ll ppl u b m qupp l up ll.

T plly u mul m

l-kwl ulllm

l- p. T bu u lwy pl

ly b ulll by lly , l w

ll . A l-kwl ,

m, y m u ly lu

l-kwl pm by p p. Pblm l wbll- y. T wbll l bpp.

Bu , uk w p . I l

xp bkk, u wul l

w w wu b u by wbll

by p .

T y l- mm u m bpp

pblm. L w. T y xpl ml

pl mm. I pl mm, mply

bu b mm . x, mm lwy bpp. T , ll, m p mm:

mm l. A u, bpp

I m u -b . My p I m u -b . My p ly , w p, wu ml xpl umu y. Nl, w pbly u -b b , ul b w pl bpp . T , w, mu py nrectqu , u wbll -b b (w wul mlly w , bu m m u u ply uu l l p w , w, wul

l b u , bu w-bll l ).


11/33


10

pblm pl mm. Bu bm ublm w w

k wk pl l mm,

upp b bpp. A pbl lu lm l-

mm lwy b k u y lly bp .T lu, w, p u pblm w

l- mm. I lly pw k l-

mm, l l w bu by mm

l u. N u pblm pl mm,

ubj p p, ly

p k mm. Bu pl u u

uy m pp p l-

mm y l uy.3 A l- mm ul

bpp uu u, bu ly p

u u.

3.6. T l- l

pp b. T uk w ju bu p

l upp -. E k

b w up u luly

upp by p . M, plubl lm

-b ly u. F y m lp

w m w w ubl uwll mbk

ull lb m. T, m u ,

mul m l- l pp

m pm.

I mu u u. I w b AidA,

uuul w up ul p

p bu w wul w w ull

lb. Lkw, b w u p

p uwy G mmu m m

p l. O u, m l , l- ,

l- mpl mmu b k lm w expct refectve l- ul l

. H y ul b ul by m b w

m ply y p. Nl, ll mplubl

lm , ly mplly -fly, w w u u p

, w lwy ul l l-

u mpl G mmu.

3 S 6 b.S 6 b.


12/33

10


I m y m b b pply b

m . T , w, pp b m, u

p w enerau . T m wul b

uju w m wk lm, mly, u wk mw anao w pl pm lk mm,

, mmu. A u, wul b m b

ul mm pbl u -b .

T ly wul b m ly llu uu -b ;

w -b () pl ly w mk , (b)

uully lu, y bl, () u, y mpul. I

w, y wul mply lm -b y mu lk

-b G-mmu-b , xp y b

pu ul p pl mmu. T l

lm, w, p u ppl l xply pw. W w

l w ly w -b upp lk lk

y ply pbl l u uu-

AidA. T wul mu m ll, lu . T

y wul y bu w upp , w

y , u w; w qu w y w

. W mu u lu m pm m -b

u u b pp. I ppl, ll l p pbly

mul y m -b , bu

w p y.

. he Pschoogica-Proensit Vie

4.. A l w by -b

wy w l. T m muly w wk

Ml Bm. H p u l fu

u u u pyll mk-up: uly b, kll,

p, pp , u ml , mk u u p llw u m wu u w m

p.4 T k l -b ,

ull lb bu w . T lz

pp xpl m ; b eat

llw u p .

4.. I ubl u pyll mk-up ply mp l

xpl fu l u. Bu plu

4 S Bm (987), 6-7, 5, 60, 65-66.S Bm (987), 6-7, 5, 60, 65-66.


13/33


10

y mu y . F w m p z

ll bu pp. A w mu mk u m

p u u ubl u by w

u . I pul, w mu mk u f u w pyl pmmm.

4.3. H u w lp pyll-ppy w (

ppy w, ) . Sm u wk by

ll mm pyll p b.5 T u

mply ul pyll bly

pbly w. T bly w lly ll by p

m pyll mm p b p

m m l .

A p mm k m b ully p u( w m u x), bu b p

pbl u u AidA. T p p l

umy. I mpul , lu m

bpp. T p l u by xu

, bu by bly pp

pl u . T u wk

by l up m w ( -b y

m ), bu by bw . Lk y mpul ,

p mm mmly p jum bu w . T b u b m ( ll) ly by

mp w uly ppy.

4.4. A b ppy wul lm

mk nabe w . I ul m

ppy , bu lwy p

, ly l . I , ppy mu

b jum-, b m m pylly

pyll lk b, p, bw,

yp.

5 S Sp (00): Rul mlly p m wll b m, S Sp (00): Rul mlly p m wll b m, by pylly bl wll xp [.. by ]. Hw m - wll ? F, ul m p m by ul. T bk ul wul, w, b p by ul. T pblk pbly l y ul , b uw bk ul, wul b ubl bk ul . S, ul m bl pml pyll b. A p ul m l b bl w - ml pu, u ul m, u wul b w mp

bk ul.


14/33

108


T mp m ll u pblm. T u w

ppy p l

- . O mp u pp

l pbl l lly . A ppl, bu u pyll mk-up, w ,

yplly pu b ul u uu y: ul w

actve ppy by u p , w ully l

.

4.5. T lu, w, pblm. I m u llw u

p umm, bastc pm. I y

bll pm pm xly m u

ul l pyl p, u w. T pp

by mp w pp w p w k p. W w u wy, p p w l

ly p w, by m xl mp (

, by p pyl b p mpl w). A

ppy llw u p , , lwy

b rect ppup l mm b p . T

mply by ly p . T m

ll m l l ul pp

pbl fu p l u. T l

, w, x ly w stops ppy,

ml ul. A ppl, u

p . T p , y, m-p : I p by ul,

bu l m mm up. I w, l

pl lk yw. yplly, yw ul ply ul m

uly pyll p, bu uully bl k l

yw ly p w .

A Bm ml ly mk, mlly l

l w w m [ ] m. Fllw u w

pl , ll, lk llw u w w.6

I m m-py llu b, p m

w, u pu x l l

- . T m-py yw- ppy w l

qum umy. I u p ,

mlly l b ul .

W b p x uu u, by wy u

ul absence l . T u, my w, j

6 Bm (999), 60.Bm (999), 60.


15/33


10

mp ppy w. (Fum, w u

m AidA w llw u p ply,

b pm u w mul l y .)

4.6. N pu u I bu yw-w Bm. T () Bm ppl pyll pp

xpl m , (b) xpl

bu m-p u , b m llw

qu.

Nf p yplly l

l m . R, f

p yplly mly absence

, b xpl by ppl l

l b p.7

Dp xpl m m-py ,

l w k pp b l pp

llw u p ly w yw. T l p

m mply by u . I pbl, l

ppl, kp p u p

m u m (w pmy

p ). F, b u

. S, b m, u

p . I upp bl

m, by . M,

m b m pyll py

. I , p mu b up lu

b pbl bj . G pl

p bw , m m-py

l, wl l p pbly b

ly p p umy.

T lu l p pbly ppy w

ppl w pp, uly ,

uly . T wul mp ly w

yw. Bu ly, ul ly l w u

AidA. T bu y wul b u,

bu u lm m y up pp uly

w p mpbl w umy.

N lkly , bu b m l p u

7 Bm (987), 6, mp.Bm (987), 6, mp.


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110


pp, b b bu ppy w m

pll l xpl ll m.

. An Incsive Accont o Ftre-Directed Decisions

5.. I pu , I w lm w

. T m mm pblm my w l z

l bu y. T w u

wy u m y l

l-l, u mpul pmmm. I k f

uully u, m y u

u uu- . Ty mply l pp y lly

u .

T u ll . Sm w u b (u

l w, G-mmu,

ppy w) u wy mk uly m

m l l-l. T w, w, u m pblm.

E u, ully k, u p

l y . I w mp lz y u

ll uu- , wul mp ullly

ul xpl ly m . A b,

w y ul mmy u l bu w wul lu w

ull lb w; bu lwy . Lkw, w

m uly G-mmu w uu l; bu

lwy . Flly, w pyll pp xpl

; bu ll pp wk wy.

O m mp lz w by k m ll u

ul mm pbl AidA, bu m b z

u by ly w pm u G

mmu pyll pp. T ublm

m, w, p w ll xply pw. T

w wul mply pblm, by ll u wy w

m m l l-l, ll u ow y

p y.

5.. A u, w wul k xply mp,

mb l u m pm w m

mp y. T pbl, mpbly bw

mm l , G-mmu, pyll


17/33


111

ppy. D mm m b wk x. E

mm wul b k lz AidA, yp y

u uu- . T mb w wul

p. Hw, lk ll ju b by m mb y bu ll u, mb w xplly wk. W lk

ppl wy m w mm ul u lz AidA

wy.

I m pp, I wll u wy pu m z

u mm pp ul AidA, m

mx-b--k u . I wll p mw ux

wy. All u ump uu-

b eectve fu uu u. Cy

ump, I wll u pmy u ul b uml uu AidA, l p w, w x,

uu- bu AidA l l l

u. A my y, qu k w w

k y w mlly w uu-

w lk uu- w pw fu

uu u. I wll u AIDA p . T

lm wll lp u b u u u bu

uu- y, w u wll lp u

ppl wy mk py mm b uby w .

5.3. L u pll k u u. L m I m

w upp l lu mw llw

l (I wll S). Im ll l

bly my uu k-pll ly bl m ly

w, bu l y m m w ul mw. T m w

I my qu w I ul mw lu,

mmly l m b ly lbl I

u pll k.

I lk , lly m w my l

mw mk my uu u. G l

lwy mmly ly bl m, w I

m w I m , I mply ul mmly

lz I m . T lz fu by y pu m

bu w - , m x y fu

uu m uu u. T ly w m mk

, p m w I m now. I

, m w -


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112


present- mmly xu w. T l ,

, xu. I mly m I u . I p,

l m y m bu -

I m mk bw m l m .G , Hum ly mk, wll fu ly p

(, III..5) m fu

uu . E m xu pw ly m

w I m at te tme o tat assessment( , w mmly

y w my uu k-pll).

5.4. N S, umy p. F, I x

l bu my m my u b m

l l m . S, l x

b m p l, -mpul m . Tm umy, w l AidA, qu

uu- x y k xu pw uu m

, m . I ul m up

umy u S, u m m

l m upp ul l m

.

5.5. I llw I w w w S ml

uy u u uu- u l l

l wl. B , w, I mu u

ll y. I ul b u S b u ml wk

l-wl bu m pbl lm

u uu- ; mly, py uu-

sette w uu.

5.6. T u l qu w . Cl

l uu (

bluly by ul) u w . I ubl m

S. I S, qu w lwy ull m m. I , l --m l

w ; mm mk uu

ulkly mpbl.

5.7. T , w, ulmly m uml w

qu w b l. T qu l

w bly u , u

w xp uu -. Nmlly, w k u pu

y , w u pu by .

Bu S w u wu w lm. I S,


19/33


113

uu- l w wll . I l u

aent s sette , w ulmly w lly m.

I S, u m upp w y m

qu w . T, b b l - l uu- m fu,

ly, - . T lbly p wll ,

ulyeectve uu- . T m , l u pl

lk S, - b pu m

p mpl transmsson preservaton l m. N u

m p y u m bw

m m m. T m b muully l

y b l -. T m bw m

um muul fu m, bu ul pp u, z., u mpl lu

- . T m w bu y p

pp m .

5.8. T lu pu u k l b

l - l l bl mpl stabt b

() mpl upp - , (b) py pp

. T bly u mb w

. O , l u w

bl u x p puu u (y, xmpl pll k, kp pp u

x upbly, b lu, .).

O , w m b ll lb . T

w G Wl ll u uy

w b m pl m. 8 T

lb k bu p k lb,

l/mpl , w ju pll k

mw.

Tu, l m mp by blyb uu pp ,

k p m w p bu uu u,mly, wll lly

xu pw. T w, lk S, uu-

( w uu- by qu) b k u

lbl p bu uu u (by mk pbl

w x p uu -).

8 Wl (000), 8.Wl (000), 8.


20/33

114


5.9. O pbl pblm w p u l p

wl m xp kl. T bu,

w wl m bu w , ppuy

pbly m bu w . Nl, l b bly pp bl,

wy wll m m m

. Nl, umy qu b

ppuy , w w mk , by xp

l ppl by m. T , w,

y p w py jy umy

AidA. (T y ll u w p w py, w

mp qu, bu b pp.)9 I y

, ul b kl p my u

uu- . I p y u l

l , x u mpul . T u

pmmm , mu u uu- , lwy

ulm p m . T

ppl lwy u , w l . T ly wy

py uu p k by

j x l m pyl , by k

ly pbl ulbl u ul mm.

5.0. T mp bu lu I m xpl. I

, pl S, u AidA

u uuly l, -xu m

m u ump bly. Bu w ll u bu uu-

AidA l? W I u u S, pl

. O m b u mp

u ml AidA. T mpl. T pu

u uu- AidA m S b y

b ppl ll u. T bu u

Sz., p muully l, -xu m

bku bl reatve ea y w k b u uu-

. T l z ppl l y .

F, llw u w bw b m y.

T xlu bwAidA u u

AidA ly k y m by l llu

byS. N u l m, , l l-l pylly

mm pmmm. S, l ppl u w

9 F m x u u, my Pl Iy D Ay (m).F m x u u, my Pl Iy D Ay (m).


21/33


11

z w p ll mm m w I

l ll mb w, .., m ju xpl

by m pm . I w pbl u

mm bu pbly qully uul lm blk u p l AidA.

5.. B ul my ppl, I l bj

l , l bly ly. T bj

uully w um bly. G um b

pu , wk pp b u

mp u bly, u y u u

m. T, bj u, u k

wk xluly, l pmly, u bly

ly.I bj b u mu

uml l u uu- AidA. I mk

k wk u bly. R,

bly pupp u uu- . H, m

AidA manestaton uly bly ly.

5.. Vllm wy , by ly bl ly, m

lz bu y.30 T

wy , w, ly m w mb w u : ()

uu- necessar bu y

l l uu u, (b) u l mu b ml

xp uu ly. I k y w ,

mkly y m w l, u pmmm,

plly xp bly by mp

p u . Gu uu-

b u w ml l, lu m lu,

w u bpp l- mpul xp uu

ly.

My bw ml l ul

b p l y bu . My p ly

bu y ( l u l S)

30 C Vllm (997), 46 w u mk uy mmm by pC Vllm (997), 46 w u mk uy mmm by p xly u mpbly bw u p uu l. T bu by p xly mmm uk lly wul lwy b by l lb l l, w wul ly mz w w m mmm l uk. Bu xly wul lp xpl u ul py uu- mmm; wul mly w wy l f w u

u py l.


22/33

11


ml. A w mk bu, bu

ly bku bly, ly m

actate uu pp bl .

I y bly, I m u bly ,m b k lwy . My p p ly bly

pupp pul AidA u y ump

u pul . A u w mu b

pl um u bly b xu w l mu

b l .3 Flly, I mk lm bu w quly w

ly bly ly. F my p pup, I ju

w bw (w xp bly)

mpul ml l l l-l (w xp bly).

I u u um u m p ubl, u AidA b qu , pbly m w

lly u. Bu wul b pblm my u, w

y bu w w bly.3

. A Pschoogica Pasie Accont

6.. L w w w mk pl S l

u uu- AidA -lz um.

T bw S ml u l l

bly, w I lm pu l

u AidA. W mk S uuul ump y m

lly mmly mpl upp

- . T w llw S b bl p lb m

w qu w . O u, m

b xp m ul . T mpl - uully

3 S my Pl Iy D Ay (m).S my Pl Iy D Ay (m).3 T wT wAidA ppl l p jubl l p, p, lu m l .T ypl bly. A w l p u pul mpl uu u , l pbl m l . T (lk x puzzl) w b a bl beore ully ppuy , ly pp , b b, ul l . A my w, p qu w u AIDA u . I mplly ubl lyu, llw m my y u uu- . Hw, y ly w b bl , I m mm lm u uu-

.


23/33


11

qu xpu u, lu m. T p

ull lb wul pu ubbl lb

u. A lk S u m AidA pu

C uu . I w u ll AidA, w,w wul b w Hul lb pw, w

u w .

6.. I llw , I wll w w w lm lb u

ly lk u uAidA. W , I wll u,

x w ly pyll mm, qu, llw u

m lm -mpul , , kp w

p mpl pu m AidA xmpl S: I p

wl mm p ull bl .

6.3. A p w m lu pyllly plubl u wy bu assessments I lm ul b w

m. T m u b wly

p xplly jum u b . Ty

b u bly. Ty m b u

kwlm lu -. Uully, kwlm

xb w ul xpl

upp . T b m kwlm

mm p k my w

m ppl. T p pmly m n w u u, ly u xplly mul

jum. W I pk u , I ly m

at te tme o te assessment p u qu by

(y, m m w w uu

-, k ply lbl y m, mk ppy m,

k wul mk uu - ly, ju l ul

u uub w - , .). My

w qu wl m b xplly

uly jum u . R, qu wl -mpul kwlm - n

p ml bly u.

N mmeac p mk p

m umy. T mmy b w

p u ul mpul. Aumu

p k rectresponsbt u

ul mm jum-y u, b

w takn o steps to te eect tat u wll b m

m ppl.


24/33

118


. Meor and Decisions

7.. A lz S wl mpl

m m . Uuly, lly u

lm lk u. Ulk Hul lb, w ul

rescover mpl . I lz ,

p kwlm pu wl b scover

o assent to . T lm kwlm x

lm y . I pu y b p

m, bu wl wll b lm assentn, w buly mu

l ly. T bu bu pbl uly

mmy, .., uly p l w

w y qu .33

7.. T u wy pu l mmy AidA mk

lbl um p lb, w ly

kwl mpl . A l , w

qu w , mply ul p

lu ly. I mp k mmy a

uu- . W lb, lu ( ), ,

mmb m , . T m b mpl,

w. b w, S wy qu p

pp. W bu p m u

by ? T mmy p pyll event( my p lb m m) by l y mm b w I m

w. A m, I k b , lu

I k u my p lb w I m w.

A l w pu mmy b bu p pyll -,

wy . Bu w mmy pmly bu u p

ml y. W mmy m p

jum w w m, bu p jum. I

as w je b , jn

.

7.3. I mp mmy p ju--b-

-. W m pl m u

m w ul (lu bl) cam

u wy. x, S wy mpl,

lk lm m m m pyll ju.

33 F mmy uly p, w p my p m,F mmy uly p, w p my p m,

Bu (993) Ow (000).


25/33


11

Nl, p S wy ju. E

ju m w ul lm b mmly p,

ll p . T lm mk

m l xu p jum. Mmy ulyby w p jum x xu l m by byp

uu x l . T x l k

m assent . T kwl

, , by mmly p u m w

, .., by - .

7.4. T uly mmy p u w m,

m qu ly y, bu ly l . T

mmy lp w wl m m byAidA by

, y, ym ul ppl. Mmy p u mpl lb, bu k y l

p lb, .., acceptance lb lu. T uly

mmy, uly p m ul

mm, w lm mm

mm p mpu u m umy.

Sll, lm pl juy m

u, mu assent to lm p m.34

7.5. T p lm p by mmy m b

m w lm b w m m w m AidA. T l mmy qu Hul

lb pw. I z lb. I mml

l m kwl , uully by m. T

mply m j qu lm by mmy

by l lm u p u. N m j

lm x y. I , ly u

m, lly .

7.6. T by mmy -b-ju-,

ym ju , bu mm b eat. I w w, wul b p ly mmy. F wul b u

bu kwlm . O ul bw, w,

ul um ul qu. T

ul ulmly l l umy u

34 S Bu (999), 405: I lu u mbl p , muS Bu (999), 405: I lu u mbl p , mum ( ) reason mbl. u, l lu f ylu jum. Y w y w , uu b b bu m ly m by p jum

l w x.


26/33

120


mpl l p l p l. T um wul b

uu. F, wul l b u p p

w k u m w ply. S,

ym mpl lm m l wul ulmly b l uu x y, wul u mly

u mpl m p wll.

7.7. T ul m p p xpl w Bm

ll , b m,

xp b eat. T m, w, llw

u p -l m, , ul p

ul m uly pyll pp ( , llw u

m p p, mm l , ubpl pyll

mm). I pm , u ul actve m , b . T l

m f ul;

mply m. W mp m u

contemporaneos p l , k mml

m p ym p , u,

ul upp lm w ply . 35

7.8. T l mmy xpl w uu- mk

uu u, x l ul , ll l,

xu uy m. T fu by bu b by mmy. T l lb p y

, y , bu u lm m u, w

ubl p m .

T fu mpbl w umy. I mpul.

Mmy u y l xu u

. I mply p ummy

l m . T mmy l jum stan-n

w ul m l lb. H,

35 D umy qu m wbly m. I ll D umy qu m wbly m. I ll wl w I ll p . T l p u p m ppl ( ly mpl -f). I mm m l y. Awbly , , b m . T u b wbl w p-ly ly p ( , l qu p m). Lkw w ply ubl ly p m ppl (y bu pu lu pylly ) m ll b wbl , xp bbl juy up x l . I y , wbly qu , ll l up m, b ly ly p

.


27/33


121

mmy llw kwl, lu ly, b ul

. T kwlm, , mm l

p . I k m ul p p

m - wu u .

. he re Meor o he Wi

8.. I pu , I u mb mmy

p w ul wl uully u AidA.

T y mmy l AidA. Mmy pbl

l lm b lk u. Bu ly l u x AidA, w

ppl wu mmy. A AidA p,

bu wl kwlm l, uul m . T wl m w p u m

mm p uu kwlm bl . T

kwlm w lp , bu l

AidA. T kwlm m ju wll b ly w ex no.

u Nz mu xp, u mmy wll36 qu

byAidA bly mmb p m. I blyconsstent

k u , mm, qu u

- ; u constant w umu kwlm

mplly bl, -mpul -. T xly w pp

S llu b, w wy I u

llu uu AidA pu m.

8.. T l mmy u pbl ppl, bu lly p

wll. Fuu- ly u. Ty

mk b AidA. A m m,

w y mk , b p

llu b. W m AidA umy b p

l wy. T l wl m k y

m, l y mpul. T ul wl p

p mp wy, pbly m mm , w

lm lk u AidA. Bu ly wy.37 Gu

AidA m b pu by m mm mp by l

u.

36 Nz (887).Nz (887).37 I llu m wy D, D-Aumy, D DlbI llu m wy D, D-Aumy, D Dlb

Lb (m).


28/33

122


. A Reassessent o the raditiona Vies

9.. T l w uu- b ul l

l-l. Sm p umy u u

u AidA. Bu mk l y u

u l mp y . W y lz,

l u u w pblm. F, y pmllly

mplubl, ly p ul AidA m

xpl. S, l u l u ulm uu

AidA. A qu, y lz () mm y mp

lysome m my um l AidA;

(b) , u bl , ll um pbl.

9.. T l ul p u w. L m llu m

m . C u b -b

. T u ly m wl

kwlm . Hw, y by u

u pl , f w w

ju ly mm m lu

p lb. I w pu pm

m , -b y . T

bu f , p w p , wll

qu: W ul I w w wy? I p

, m k qul l- mm , u l bu w wul w, w

ull lb. By w ly w w pp

pl up , k l

lu lly . I pm f

, kwlm -b ul xply

llw u p . T m, w,

xpl ll AidA. k w

llulz pu u uu- ; pu

b pmllly mplubl xplly u.

T m -b b u w

y mul m enttement p by mmy.

I l , p p mpl

-b . T m ppl u ly w

ll juy l p jum. I b

ll, w, wu k u y

-b . A - p lu, by

mmy llw b rect p, -,

upp p lu. T ppl y


29/33


123

my -b ul w ul u

lm ly l mmy m

m p .38

9.3. T pu lu pp upp ppy w. A , u ml , wu ul y -b

. S mply l l b u by m uly ppy

p b up. H,

wu u ; wu p . T ul

p p , m lly, wk mm

-p um uly pyll

pp.

T ppy w l . T

p ppy w mul m pmm ul wk uly mmy. R,

w mk m ppl x pyll p,

b, pp mk w p .

T pblm w w ppl x uly

pyll pp uly m bw u m

mplly x y. T pyll b, p,

pp ply l y y m. T l

y , w, u p m

y. N ll wy w u pyll pp l u w u p b u u AidA. T

p m I b w I l py

yw pu w l y wl--p

pu. A b ml, - lly m by

ul pyll pp. Bu ly wl--p

p pp mu , pl-ll,

-l lm . T

lm y l pp u u

AidA. T y b wk uubl pyly. T bu b, ly bu ulm pyl

u pyll p. T ubl

umy l ll. T bu umy m

ly x b l p

38 A u pblm w m -b w, w I m wll A u pblm w m -b w, w I m wll wk, y z pl l pl pm u u mm G mmu. T k , u llly p,

l z l- uly ppy m.


30/33

124


llw u p . T u w S

lm u.39

1. Concsion

0.. I pp, I u w u l uu-

p uu u ly by bu

m y, w I ll umu l

y AidA. T m y m mpul l

l-l (pu by pyl pmmm). A

AidA l p umy. D umy

u pm m by wl m

ull kwlm bl . I ppl, AidA qu bu uu- . Nl, bu

lm u lb u, m w u y qu

bu m bu p kwlm .

Su qu u mplm AidA ly x y

jpz uy u p bl ,

uy m by umy.

T y wy wAidA b mplm ( m mm

b p m mmy). T b ul

y y by u xluly pbl

mplm AidA. I uly, lly pl uqu mm

uly bu u uu- . W m ly

u mm lp lm b lk u w u p

umy, u u ul l pu m

AidA. E mm u ly uml u l

u AidA, z., -mpul wl kwlm bl

pl . E mm ppl pbl, ly bu

l mm m b lbl, bu l bu m b u

bl llw w ull kwlm .

A mp y uu- mu mk m

y wy w bu AidA. T u I

ul pp. I mp, w, ym uy ll

wy w AidA b mplm.40 My m

39 S (956), 04.S (956), 04.40 T um w mpy up umy u uT um w mpy up umy u u

l w m l m l mpul p k p u


31/33


12

b wl. F, ul w l AidA.., wl

kwlm bl , , w

uqu pl wy u l uu AidA. N

m , pu AidA, xp wu uu- l.

0.. By b l b uu umu y,

bm pbl xpl u puzzl u m

u. O w pp umu l y

qu renewa u kwlm , w lz

y m umy qu u pj b actvesstane

m. I w u k uu- wul l u

bu, w wul b up by S lm bu p m

u lu. Bu by w w ul b bl pp w uly b u u ply u wl

kwlm upp .

S l lm m ex no wl

u p . , w mp

kwlm , w I ll y p

. T y u. H, lm b lk u, w

lk Hul lb pw u, mu k

u qu p m p .

T mb p qu u uu- . W , w, mpbl lp w

bu w p . b l m bu wul

mu lqu x u m mpl y, z.,

mplly x l y m umy. I

, wl kwlm ex no. W u b u

b p ly l w u w u p

bl pl upp .4 H, mplly-x

x pj. A xmpl wul b w uu - lly mpl - bw w uu mbu w m b p ( pp -, m bl, ). I u w m mpul qu l l-l (lk l ly mm, l-u lk), wu y m l ulm u pj p u ll umy. Alu, ly pk, AidA, y b qu uul srroates . W pk l ppul wy, w m bxu k m u uu- . T ubl l wu y ju m AidA, w b p ly pm ul l umy. W w ul , , u pl mpl p ml l y,m uuly u mpy u.

4 S M (00), 8: T lu m kp bk y m. F m myS M (00), 8: T lu m kp bk y m. F m my


32/33

12


umu w wu Hul, bu w lwy

m p Sypu.4

REFERENCES

Al, G., (99), Pcoeconomcs: Te Stratec interacton o Sccessve Motvatona States Wtn tePerson, Cmb: Cmb Uy P.

Al, G., (00), Te Breakown o W, Cmb: Cmb Uy P.

A, E., (996), R, Au, Vlu: Rpl Su Pp, Etcs, 06, 538-544.

Bm, M., (987), intenton, Pans an Practca Reason, Cmb: H Uy P.

Bm, M., (999), aces o intentons, Cmb: Cmb Uy P.

Bu, ., (993), C P, Te Posopca Revew, 0, 457-488.

Bu, S., (999), W Pl R Mu B I W A F Ou R, Astraasan Jornao Posop, 77, 399-4.

C, H-N., (975),(975), Tnkn an don: te Posopca onatons o instttons, D:Rl.

C, G.A., (996), R, Humy Ml Lw, K, C., (.), Te Sorces oNormatvt, Cmb: Cmb Uy P, 996.

D, D., (980), Essas on Actons an Events, Ox: Ox Uy P.

El, J., (979), usses an te Srens, Cmb: Cmb Uy P.F, L., Pl Iy D Ay (m).

F, L., D, D-Aumy, D Dlb Lb (m).

F, J., (987), Pscosemantcs, Cmb: MI P.

Hm, E., (003), u D Ay, Nos, 37, 5-5.

Hl, R., (999), I Wk Wll,Jorna o Posop, 96, 4-6.

Jy, J., (999), Te onatons o Casa decson Teor, Cmb Nw Yk: CmbUy P.

K, I., (797),Metapsca Prncpes o Vrte, Cmb Uy P, 996.

lu b m w I my b p, bu I mu z lu ly x y b p I u . Amy m ppl wbl w I l m u .Ty w bu m qu pl ly ly my l pl .4 El pp b p Uy Rjk, UCLA, APA E D-El pp b p Uy Rjk, UCLA, APA E D- M. I k u bk m. I k El B, Cl Bl,yl Bu, Bb Hm, Pml Hym, A Jm, S Kly, C K, RulKum, G Lw, R M, Jm Py, F Sul lubl u m. Pul Sl kly lp w pp l mup. T b pp b plly u by Uy W Mlwuk Gu Sl

R Aw.


33/33


Ky, A., (963),Acton, Emoton an W, L: Rul.

MCl, E., (990), Ratonat an dnamc Coce, Cmb: Cmb Uy P.

MCl, E., (997), Pm Rly Rul, Posop an Pbc Aars, 6, 0-58.

M, R., (00), Atort an Estranement, An Essa on Se-Knowee, P: PUy P.

Nz, F., (887), On te geneao o Morat, Ipl: Hk, 998.

Ow, D., (000), Reasons wtot reeom, L: Rul.

Pk, ., (996), Te Pscoo o reeom, Cmb: Cmb Uy P.

Rl, H., (000), Te Scence o Se-Contro, Cmb: H Uy P.

R, C., (998), Te Bons o Aenc, P: P Uy P.

Rul, B., (997),Mn n Acton, Nw Yk: Ox Uy P.

S, J.P., (956), Ben an Notnness, Nw Yk: Pk Bk.

Sll, ., (980), Te Strate o Confct, Cmb: H Uy P.Sp, S., (00), Jul C, Posopca isses, , 530-57.

Sbl, J.H., (994), Uul I akn Cances, Cmb Uy P.

Vllm, D., (989), Practca Refecton, P: P Uy P.

Vllm, D., (997), D Hw D, Cully, G. Gu, B., (.), Etcs an PractcaReason, Ox Uy P, (997). Rp Vllm, D., (000), Te Possbt oPractca Reason, Ox: Ox Uy P.

Wl, G., (000), Pxml Pl F, Posopca Stes, 99, 3-9.

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