Faktor Produksi.doc2074 14866

8/18/2019 Faktor Produksi.doc2074 14866

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\red0\green0\blue0;}\viewkind1\viewscale100\margl0\margr0\margt0\margb0\deftab80\dntblnsbdb\expshrtn\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg1}{\bkmkend Pg1}\par\pard\ql \li1855\sb0\sl-410\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1855\sb0\sl-410\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1855\ri1659\sb241\sl-410\slmult0\fi338\tx4539 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 ANALISIS FAKTOR -FAKTOR PRODUKSI YANG MEMPENGARUHI\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 KUANTITAS OUTPUT PADA INDUSTRI SELANG DAN PIPA PLASTIK DI \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 INDONESIA TAHUN 2010 \par\pard\ql \li5230\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5230\sb45\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jaka Pratama \par\pard\ql \li5374\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5374\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5374\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5374\sb116\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ABSTRAK \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1242\sb232\sl-412\slmult0\fi707 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor input produksi yang \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 dapat mempengaruhi tingkat produksi pada industri pipa dan selang dari plastik di Indonesia \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 pada tahun 2010. Faktor-faktor produksi yang dimaksud antara lain adalah jumlah tenaga \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 kerja, bahan baku, dan mesin yang digunakan dalam proses produksi. Data yang digunakan \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 pada penelitian ini adalah data sekunder berupa hasil Survei Industri Besar Sedang tahun \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 2010 yang diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik. Dari hasil survei tersebut, terdapat \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 53 \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1241\sb6\sl-415\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 perusahaan berskala besar-sedang yang menggeluti bi

dang industri pipa dan selang plastik. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi linier berganda atauMultiple \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Regression yang menggunakan pendekatan fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas. Pembentukan \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100model dilakukan dengan menguji tingkat signifikansi variabel baik secara parsial maupun \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 keseluruhan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah faktor produksi yang paling dominan \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap tingkat produksi adalah jumlah bahan \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 baku yang digunakan. Namun secara keseluruhan/ simultan ketiga variabel tersebut \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap tingkat produksi pada industri pipa dan selang dari \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 plastik. \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pa

rd\ql\li1440\sb68\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Keywords : \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Faktor Produksi, Fungsi Produksi Cobb Douglas \par\pard\ql \li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb88\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs22 Page 1

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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1411\shptop15293\shpright10497\shpbottom15313\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz21\shplid1{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 9086}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(9086,20);(9086,0);(0,0);(0,20)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 2237281}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg2}{\bkmkend Pg2}\par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb67\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 1.\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 PENDAHULUAN \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1241\sb230\sl-414\slmult0\fi705 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Tak dapat dipungkiri bahwa sektor industri memiliki peranan yang sangat vital dalam \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 perekonomian suatu negara, termasuk di Indonesia. Dari tahun ke tahun, kontribusi sektor \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 industri pengolahanterhadap pembentukan PDB semakin besar. Selain itu, berkembangnya \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 industri mampu menciptakan lapangan pekerjaan yang lebih luas. Pada tahun 2004, sektor \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 industri pengola

han mampu menyerap tenaga kerja yang cukup besar mencapai 11 juta orang. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Kesempatan kerja memang sangat identik dengansasaran pembangunan khususnya \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 pembangunan ekonomi. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan strategi yang komprehensif dalam \line \up0\expndtw-4\charscalex100 membangun sektor industri agar dapat dijadikan leadingsector di Indonesia. \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1240\sb7\sl-413\slmult0\fi705 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Untuk mengoptimalkan peranan sektor industri dalam pembangunan perekonomian di \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Indonesia, maka produksi dari industri tersebut harus ditingkatkan pula, khususnya industri \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 bahan pipa dan selang plastik. Produk yang dihasilkan oleh industri pipa dan selang plastik \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 banyak digunakan untukberbagai keperluan, mulai dari industri besar misalnya pada instalasi \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 pengolahan limbah industri, hingga pemakaian dalam skala rum

ah tangga seperti penggunaan \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 selang dan pipa plastik. Jadi dapat dikatakan bahwa industri pipa dan selang adalah salah satu \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 penunjang kelancaran bisnis industri di Indonesia. \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1240\sb8\sl-412\slmult0\fi705 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Pentingnya peranan dan sumbangan sektor industri, khususnya industri pipa dan \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 selang plastik, maka industri tersebut harus meningkatkan produksinya dengan strategi-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 strategitertentu yang telah ditetapkan. Permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam penelitian ini\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 adalah seberapa besar pengaruh tenaga kerja, bahan baku, dan mesin terhadap produksi pada \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 industri pipa dan selang plastik serta input yang signifikan dalam mempengaruhi besaran \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 kuantitas produksi. \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li

1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb133\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 2. TEORI \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb48\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.1.1. Industri Pipa dan Selang Dari Plastik \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1246\sb232\sl-412\slmult0\fi719 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24Menurut Undang-Undang No. 5 tahun 1984 tentang perindustrian, yang menyebutkan \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 bahwa industri adalah kegiatan ekonomi yang mengolah bahan mentah, bahan baku, barang \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 setengah jadi, dan/atau barang jadi menjadi barang dengan nilai yang lebih tinggi untuk \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 penggunaannya, termasuk kegiatan rancangan dan perekayasaa


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n industri. Pengertian industri \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 juga meliputi semua perusahaan yang mempunyai kegiatan tertentu dalam mengubah secara \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 mekanik atau secara kimia bahan-bahan organis sehingga menjadi hasil baru. \par\pard\ql \li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb167\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs22 Page 2

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8}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 2237281}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg3}{\bkmkend Pg3}\par\pard\qj \li1440\sb0\sl-413\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\sb0\sl-413\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\ri1243\sb232\sl-413\slmult0\fi719 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Dari pengertian di atas maka industri mencakup segala kegiatan produksi yang \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 memproses pembuatan bahan-bahan mentah menjadi bahan-bahan setengah jadi maupun \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 barang jadi atau kegiatan yang bisa mengubahkeadaan barang dari suatu tingkat tertentu ke \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 tingkat yang lain, kearah peningkatan nilai atau daya guna yang berguna untuk m

emenuhi \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 kebutuhan masyarakat. Industri sebagai suatu sistem terdiri dari unsur fisik dan unsur \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 perilaku manusia. Unsur fisik yang mendukung proses industri adalah komponen tempat \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 meliputi pula kondisinya, peralatan, bahan mentah/bahan baku, dan beberapa hal yang \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 memerlukan sumber energi. Sedangkan unsur perilaku manusia meliputi komponen tenaga \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 kerja, ketrampilan, tradisi, transportasi, dan komunikasi, serta kpeadaan pasar dan politik \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (Dumairy, 1998). \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb45\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia menggolongkan industri dalam empat kriteria yaitu: \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb48\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1. Industri besar menggunakan tenaga kerja mencapai 100 orang a

tau lebih. \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2. Industri sedang menggunakan tenaga kerja mencapai 20-99 orang. \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3. Industri kecil menggunakan tenaga kerja 5-19 orang. \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb124\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4. Industri rumah tangga menggunakan tenaga kerja mencapai 1-4 orang. \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb156\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 2.1.2. Definisi Produksi \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1241\sb211\sl-413\slmult0\fi707 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Menurut Lipsey (1995), pro


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duksi merupakan semua kegiatan untuk menciptakan dan \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 menambah kegunaan suatu barang atau jasa dengan memanfaatkan faktor-faktor produksi \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 yang tersedia. Sedangkan faktorproduksi adalah sumber-sumber ekonomi yang harus diolah \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 oleh perusahaan untuk dijadikan barang atau jasa untuk kepuasan konsumen dan sekaligus \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 memberikan keuntungan bagiperusahaan. Menurut Beattie dan Taylor (1994) produksi \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 adalah proses kombinasi dan koordinasi material-material dan kekuatan-kekuatan (input, \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 faktor, sumberdaya, atau jasa-jasa produksi) dalam pembuatan suatu barang atau jasa. \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1244\sb6\sl-415\slmult0\fi707 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Menurut Joesron danSuhartati, produksi merupakan hasil akhir dari proses atau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 aktivitas ekonomi dengan memanfaatkan beberapa masukan input. Dengan pengertian ini \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 dapat dipahami bahwa kegiatan produksiadalah mengkombinasikan berbagai input dan \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 masukanuntuk menghasilkan output. Hubungan teknis antara input dan Output tersebut \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 dalam bentuk persamaan, tabel atau grafik merupakan fungsi produksi. \par\pard\ql \li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb247\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs22 Page 3

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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 9086}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 60}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(1,60);(9086,60);(9086,0);(1,0);(1,60)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 2237281}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}

{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1411\shptop15293\shpright10497\shpbottom15313\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz21\shplid1{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{

\sn geoRight}{\sv 9086}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(9086,20);(9086,0);(0,0);(0,20)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 2237281}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg4}{\bkmkend Pg4}\par\pard\qj \li1440\sb0\sl-410\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\sb0\sl-410\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\ri1245\sb241\sl-410\slmult0\fi707 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Meskipun dalam proses produksi terdapat banyak faktor produksi yang digunakan, \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 tetapi tidak semua faktor produksi tersebut digunakan dalam analisis fungsi produksi

. Hal ini \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 tergantung dari penting tidaknya pengaruh faktor produksi terhadap hasil produksi. \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1240\sb7\sl-414\slmult0\fi707 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Pada kegiatan produksi dikenal istilah nilai output dan biaya input. Nilai output dalam \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 industri pipa dan selang dari plastik merupakan penjumlahan nilai dari barang dan jasa yang \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 dihasilkan sendiri maupun yang diberikan kepada pihak lain ditambah keuntungan dari \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 barang yang dijual kembali dan penerimaan lain dari jasa non industri serta selisih nilai stok \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 barang setengah jadi. Biaya input dalam industri pipa dan selang dari plastik meliputi semua \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex


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100 biaya yang dipakai untuk memproduksi suatu barang seperti bahan baku dan penolong, bahan \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 bakar, tenaga listrik dan gas, sewa gedung, mesin dan alat-alat, serta pengeluaran lainnya \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 berupa jasa industri maupun non industri (BPS, 2009). \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb112\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 2.1.3.\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Modal \par\pard\qj \li1440\sb0\sl-416\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\ri1242\sb13\sl-416\slmult0\fi719 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Sejumlah dana atau modal merupakan sumber daya pokok yang wajib terpenuhi dari \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 suatu usaha. Faktor modal juga salah satu penyebab timbulnya kendala terhadap pertumbuhan \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 dan perkembangan sektor industri kerajinan ini. Apabila dana dimiliki dan digunakan dengan \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 baik maka perusahaan / industri diharapkan dapat menjalankan usah secara continue dan \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 berkembang sesuai target dengan yang ditetapkan. Penggunaan dana ditinjau dari segi \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 kebutuhannya dikenal dengan dua maca yaitu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 : kebutuhan dana jangkan panjang dan \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb100\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 kebutuhan dana jangka pendek (Marlina :1990) \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1241\sb32\sl-412\slmult0\fi719 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Kegiatan dana jangka menengah atau panjang dikenal dengan istilah modal tetap yang \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 terutama diperlukan untuk memproduksi dan mendistribusikan hasil produksi.Besar kecilnya \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 tergantung dari ukuran usaha dan

bidang usaha yang dikelola. Dan jangka pendek \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 dipergunakan oleh perusahaan untuk membiayai perputaran dalam jangka kurun waktu satu \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 bulan sampai dengan satu tahun dan jumlahnya dapat berubah-ubah. Dana jangka pendek \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 atau sering juga disebut dengan dana operasional modal kerja. \par\pard\ql \li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb170\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs22 Page 4

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9/767

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10/767

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11/767

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12/767

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13/767

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}}}}}\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg5}{\bkmkend Pg5}\par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmu

lt0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb67\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 2.1.4.\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Tenaga Kerja \par\pard\qj \li1440\sb0\sl-412\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\ri1240\sb20\sl-412\slmult0\fi707 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Menurut Badan Pusat Statistik pengertian tenaga kerja adalah penduduk usia 15 tahun \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 ke atas yang sedang bekerja , yang memiliki pekerjaan namun sementara tidak bekerja, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 seseorang yang tidak memiliki pekerjaan dan sedang mencari pekerjaan dikategorikan \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 bekerja. Sedangkan bukan tenaga kerja digolongkan sebagai penduduk berusia 15 tahun ke \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 atas tetapi tidak termasuk dalam tenaga kerja adalah mereka yang bersekolah , ibu rumah \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tangga, dan lainnya. \par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard

\li1440\sb275\sl-276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 2.2. Kerangka Pikir\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb62\sl-276\slmult0\fi3900 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Gambar 2.1\par\pard\ql \li4438\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4438\sb44\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Kerangka Pemikiran Teoritis \par\pard\ql \li2570\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2570\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2570\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2570\sb256\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Tenaga Kerja \par\pard\li2628\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2628\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2628\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2628\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2628\sb92\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx7270 \up0 \expndtw-3


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\charscalex100 Bahan Baku\tab \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Tingkat produksi\par\pard\ql \li2918\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2918\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2918\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2918\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2918\sb208\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Mesin \par\pard\qj \li1440\sb0\sl-415\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\sb0\sl-415\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\sb0\sl-415\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\ri1248\sb85\sl-415\slmult0\fi707 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Pada penelitian ini, ditujukan untuk mengamati ada tidaknya pengaruh antara jumlah \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tenaga kerja, jumlah bahan baku, dan mesin yang digunakan dalam proses produksi terhadap \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 tingkat produksi atau output yang dihasilkan pada industri kimia dasar organik yang \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 menghasilkan bahan kimia khusus. Diharapkan ketiga variabel tersebut memiliki pengaruh \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 yang positif terhadap tingkat produksi. \par\pard\ql \li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb107\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs22 Page 5\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg6}{\bkmkend Pg6}\par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb67\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 2.3. Fungsi Produksi Cobb-Douglas \par\pard\qj \li1440\sb0\sl-415\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\ri1182\sb15\sl-415\slmult0\fi707 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Fungsi produksi yang paling sering digunakan dalam penelitian-penelitian tentang \line \up0 \expndtw-3\cha

rscalex100 produksi adalah fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas. Fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas diperkenalkan \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 oleh \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 C.W.Cobb \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 dan \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 P.H.Douglas\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 pada tahun 1928. Fungsi Cobb-Douglas adalah suatu \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 fungsi atau persamaan yang melibatkandua atau lebih variabel, dimana variabel yang satu \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 disebut dengan variabel dependen \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (yang dijelaskan/Y), dan yang lain disebut variabel \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb100\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 independen (yang menjelaskan/X). (Soekarwati,1993). \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Beberapa alasan praktis dalam menggunakan fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas, yaitu: \par\pard\ql \li1800\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1800\sb68\sl-276\slmult0 \up0\expndtw-2\charscalex100 1.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\f

s24 Bentuk fungsi Cobb-Douglas bersifat sederhana dan mudah penerapannya \par\pard\qj \li1800\ri1237\sb42\sl-400\slmult0\tx2160 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas mampu menggambarkan keadaan skala hasil (return to \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 scale). \par\pard\ql \li1800\ri1208\sb12\sl-410\slmult0\tx2160\tx2160 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 3.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Koefisien-koefisien fungsi Cobb-Douglas secara langsung menggambarkan elastisitas \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 produksi dari setiap input yang dipergunakan dan dipertimbangkan untuk dikaji dalam \line\tab \up0\expndtw-4\charscalex100 fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas tersebut \par\pard\ql \li1800\ri1182\sb10\sl-410\slmult0\tx2160\tx2160 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 4.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Koefisien intersep dari fungsi Cobb-Douglas merupakan indeks efisiensi produksi \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\

charscalex100 yang secara langsung menggambarkan efisiensi penggunaan input dalam menghasilkan \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 output dari 6actor yang sedang dikaji tersebut. \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1238\sb206\sl-416\slmult0\fi707 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Fungsi Cobb-Douglas adalah suatu fungsi atau persamaan yang melibatkan dua atau \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 lebih variabel; variabel yang satu disebut sebagai variabel dependen, yaitu variabel yang \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 dijelaskan \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (Y), dan yang lain disebut sebagai variabel independen, yaitu variabel yang \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 menjelaskan (X) (Soekartawi, 1993). Di dalam penelitian ini model yang digunakan adalah \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas dimana sec


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ara matematis persamaan fungsi produksi Cobb\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Douglas dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut: \par\pard\ql \li4815\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4815\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4815\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4815\sb132\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 .......................................................................(1) \par\pard\qj \li1440\sb0\sl-420\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\ri1242\sb6\sl-420\slmult0\fi719 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Sebelum data dapat diolah dan dianalisis lebih lanjut, data-data yang diperoleh harus \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 terlebih dulu ditransformasikan ke dalam bentuk Logaritma Natural (Ln). Hasil transformasi \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 fungsi produksi ke bentuk linier adalah sebagai berikut : \par\pard\ql \li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb6\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs22 Page 6

{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1411\shptop15219\shpright10497\shpbottom15279\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz19\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 9086}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 60}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(1,60);(9086,60);(9086,0);(1,0);(1,60)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 2237281}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv

1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}

{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1411\shptop15293\shpright10497\shpbottom15313\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz21\shplid1{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 9086}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(9086,20);(9086,0);(0,0);(0,20)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 2237281}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}

}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg7}{\bkmkend Pg7}\par\pard\ql \li8562\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8562\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8562\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8562\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8562\sb67\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 .........(2) \par\pard\ql \li2148\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2148\sb268\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Dimana: \par\pard\ql \li2148\ri6691\sb34\sl-410\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Y=variabel yang dijelaskan \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 X=variabel yang menjelaskan \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 A\u8217?=intersep \par\pard\ql\li2148\sb121\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 bi=besaran yang akandiduga \par\pard\qj \li2148\ri6007\sb26\sl-420\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 u=kesalahan (disturbance term) , dan \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 e=logaritma natural, e= 2.1782 \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li14

40\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb111\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs242.4.\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Skala Hasil Usaha (Return to Scale) \par\pard\qj \li1440\sb0\sl-416\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\ri1237\sb13\sl-416\slmult0\fi719 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Menurut Nicholson (1995), konsep skala hasil usaha (return to scale) menjelaskan \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 suatu keadaan dimana output meningkat sebagai respon adanya kenaikan yang proporsional \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 dari seluruh input. Konsep skala hasil usaha ini memiliki tiga kemungkinan keadaan. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pertama, sebuah fungsi produksi dikatakan menunjukka


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n skala hasil konstan (constant return \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 to scale) jika peningkatan seluruh input sebanyak dua kali lipat berakibat pada peningkatan \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 output sebanyak dua kali lipat juga. \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1245\sb0\sl-415\slmult0\fi719 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Kedua, jika penggandaan seluruh input menghasilkan output yang kurang dari dua \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 kali lipat penambahan input-input produksi, maka fungsi produksi tersebut menunjukkan \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 skala hasil yang menurun (decreasing return to scale). Ketiga, jika penggandaan seluruh \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 input menghasilkan output lebih dari dua kali lipatnya, maka fungsi produksi mengalami \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 skala hasil yang meningkat (increasing return to scale). \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1242\sb0\sl-413\slmult0\fi719 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Konsep skala hasil usaha (return to scale) suatu industri perlu dilakukan untuk \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 mengetahui apakah industri tersebut mempunyai konsep atau kaidah increasing, constant \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 atau decreasing return to scale. Jika jumlah parameter peubah bebas dari fungsi produksi \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Cobb-Douglasdilambangkan dengan \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs24 \u8721? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 skala hasil usaha dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga, \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb113\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 yaitu (Soekartawi, 1993): \par\pard\li2160\sb150\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3934 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 1.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Jika \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs24 \u8721?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 , maka skala hasil usaha berada pada kondisi increasing return to\par\pard\li2160\sb144\sl-276\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 sc

ale yang berarti laju pertambahan produksi lebih besar dari laju pertambahan\par\pard\li2160\sb137\sl-276\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 input.\par\pard\ql \li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb12\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs22 Page 7

{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1411\shptop15219\shpright10497\shpbottom15279\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz19\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 9086}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 60}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(1,60);(9086,60);(9086,0);(1,0);(1,60)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276

8}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 2237281}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}

{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1411\shptop15293\shpright10497\shpbottom15313\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz21\shplid1{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 9086}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(9086,20);(9086,0);(0,0);(0,20)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}

{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 2237281}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg8}{\bkmkend Pg8}\par\pard\li2160\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2160\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2160\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2160\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2160\sb69\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3977 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 2.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Jika \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs24 \u8721?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 , maka skala hasil usaha berada pada kondisi constant re


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8}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 2237281}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}

{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1411\shptop15293\shpright10497\shpbottom15313\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz21\shplid1{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 9086}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(9086,20);(9086,0);(0,0);(0,20)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 2237281}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg9}{\bkmkend Pg9}\par\pard\qj \li2148\sb0\sl-400\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2148\sb0\sl-400\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2148\ri1246\sb269\sl-400\slmult0\tx2573 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 5.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Jumlah elastisitas produksi dari masing-masingfaktor produksi merupakan \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 pendugaan terhadap skala hasil usaha dari proses produksi. \par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb61\sl-276\slmult0\fi707 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Akan

Tetapi fungsi cobb douglas ini juga mempunyai kelemahan-kelemahan, antara\par\pard\li1440\sb137\sl-276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 lain :\par\pard\ql \li2148\ri1240\sb227\sl-410\slmult0\tx2573\tx2573 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 1.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Spesifikasi variabel yang keliru, hal ini menyebabkan nilai elastisitas produksi \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 yang diperoleh negatif atau nilainya terlalu besar atau kecil. Spesifikasi ini akan \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 menimbulkan terjadinya multikolinearitas pada variabel bebas \par\pard\qj \li2148\ri1245\sb19\sl-400\slmult0\tx2573 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 2.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Kesalahan pengukuran variabel, hal ini terjadibila data kurang valid sehingga \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 menyebabkan besaran elastisitas produksi yang terlalu besar atau kecil. \par\pard\ql \li2148\ri1245\sb7\sl-416\slmult0\tx2573\tx2573\tx2573\tx2573\tx2573 \up0 \expndtw0

\charscalex100 3.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Bias\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 terhadap variabel manajemen. Faktor manajemen merupakan faktor penting \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 untuk meningkatkan produksi karena berhubungan langsung dengan variabel \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 terikat seperti manajemen penggunaan faktor produksi yang akan mendorong \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 besaran elastisitas teknik dari fungsi produksi ke arah atas. Manajemen ini \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 berhubungan dengan pengambilan keputusan dalam pengalokasian variabel input \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 dan kadang sulit diukur dalam pendugaan fungsi Cobb-Douglas \par\pard\ql \li2148\ri1246\sb0\sl-420\slmult0\tx2573\tx2573 \up0\expndtw0\charscalex100 4.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Multikolinearitas\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 , dalam fungsi ini sulit dihindarkan meskipun telah diusahakan \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 agar bes

aran korelasi antara variabel indipenden tidak terlalu tinggi seperti \line\tab\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 memperbaiki spesifikasi variabel yang dipakai. \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb72\sl-276\slmult0 \up0\expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 2.5. Konsep elastisitas \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1245\sb231\sl-413\slmult0\fi707 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 Menurut Nicholson (2002), perubahan yang terjadi pada satu variabel menimbulkan \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 efek pada variabel lainnya, sedangkan kedua variabel tersebut tidak dapat diukur dalam \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 ukuran yang sama. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut digunakan konsep e


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lastisitas. Di mana \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 persamaan kedua variabel tersebut dapat ditulis: \par\pard\li2148\sb124\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tldot\tx8810 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Y= f(K,...)\expndtw0\charscalex100\tab \t \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (3)\par\pard\ql \li1440\sb121\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Dari persamaan diatas, untuk mengetahui elastisitas Y terhadap K adalah :\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3918\colsr160\colno2\colw7682\colsr160\qj \li3070\ri705\sb132\sl-288\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs17 \u8260? \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8260?\par\pard\column \ql \li4078\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb28\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 ..........................................................................................(4) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1440\ri1242\sb21\sl-420\slmult0\fi707 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Elastisitas merupakan ukuran persentase perubahan suatu variabel yang disebabkan \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 oleh perubahan sebesar satu persen dari variabel lainnya \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 (Soekartawi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 1993). Menurut \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb119\sl-276\slmult0\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Nicholson (1994), konsep elastisitas pada umumnya merupakan ukuran seberapa jauh para \par\pard\ql \li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9849\sb77\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs22 Page 9


\sn geoRight}{\sv 9086}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 60}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(1,60);(9086,60);(9086,0);(1,0);(1,60)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 2237281}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}

{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1411\shptop15293\shpright10497\shpbottom15313\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz21\shplid1{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 9086}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(9086,20);(9086,0);(0,0);(0,20)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 2237281}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}

{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2849\shptop13483\shpright3276\shpbottom13503\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz163\shplid2{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 427}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(427,20);(427,0);(0,0);(0,20)}}

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}



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\sn geoRight}{\sv 233}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(233,20);(233,0);(0,0);(0,20)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}

{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3951\shptop13483\shpright4079\shpbottom13503\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz195\shplid4{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 128}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,20);(128,20);(128,0);(0,0);(0,20)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}

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