Faktor Pendorong Bisnis Internasional

©2004 Prentice Hall1-1

Pengertian Perdagangan Internasional (bisnis internasional)

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Alasan dilakukannya International Trade

Disparitas HargaSupply-demand Laws

SeleraPerbedaan Sumber Daya

Komponen yang terlibat

Lebih dari satu negara– Pemerintah

– Swasta

– Rumah tangga

Organisasi Perdagangan Internasional

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How Does International BusinessDiffer from Domestic?

Currency conversion Legal systems Culture Availability of resources

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Why Study International Business?

Large organizations Foreign-owned subsidiaries Small businesses Competitors Business techniques and tools Cultural literacy

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International Business Activities

Exporting and Importing International Investments Licensing, Franchising, and

Management Contracts

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Exporting and Importing

Exporting: selling of products made in one’s own country for use or resale in other countries

Importing: buying of products made in other countries for use or resale in one’s own country

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53% of Boeing’s aircraft sales are to foreign airlines

Perlu diketahuiPerlu diketahui

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Visible and Invisible Trade

Trade in Goods– Merchandise exports and imports

– Visible trade

Trade in Services– Service exports and imports

– Invisible trade

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International Investments

Capital supplied by residents of one country to residents of another

2 categories:– Foreign direct investments

– Portfolio investments

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Other Forms of International Business Activity

Licensing: firm in one country licenses the use of its intellectual property to a firm in a second country in return for a royalty payment

Franchising: firm in one country authorizes a firm in another country to utilize its operating system and intellectual property

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Management Contracts

A firm in one country agrees to operate facilities or provide other management services to a firm in another country for an agreed-upon fee

Common in upper-end international hotel industry

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This Beijing restaurant is one of 430 that McDonald’s has built in China

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Table 1.1 The World’s Largest Corporations – 2002

Rank Name Country Revenues $Mil

1 Wal-Mart Stores U.S. 246,525

2 General Motors U.S. 186,763

3 Exxon Mobil U.S. 182,466

4 Royal Dutch/Shell Netherlands 179,431

5 BP Britain 178,721

6 Ford Motor U.S. 163,871

7 DaimlerChrysler Germany 141,421

8 Toyota Motor Japan 131,754

9 General Electric U.S. 131,698

10 Mitsubishi Japan 109,386

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Sources of International Commodity Trade Data

Standard International Trade Classification (SITC)

– Commodity Trade Statistics

– Main Economic Indicators

U.S. Census Bureau report of exports and imports

– United States Commodity Imports and Exports as Related to Output

Supply Curves of Wheat and Textiles Under Constant Cost Conditions

FIGURE 2.1FIGURE 2.1

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Comparative Opportunity Cost

Who Exports What?

– Necessary to measure joint productivity of all factors (in monetary value).

– Unit production cost = aggregate resources used in production of one output unit

Limits to Mutually Beneficial Exchange

Region of Mutually Beneficial Trade

FIGURE 2.2FIGURE 2.2

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Dynamic Gains from International Trade

Static effects—reallocation of resources Dynamic benefits—additional resources available Higher income from more efficient use of resources Increased savings, more resources available for

investment Technological spillover Increased size of national market Economies of scale and benefits to economy at large

– Competitive pressure on prices– Product improvement– Technological advancement– Increased labor pool– Infrastructure development– Inflation dampening

Tugas Mandiri

Identifikasi Kegiatan International Trade Isu-isu yang sedang terjadi saat ini