Factors Regulating the Size-Resolved Production and Composition of

Nascent Marine Aerosols

William C. Keene1, Amanda Frossard2, Michael S. Long1, John R. Maben1, Lynn M. Russell2, David J. Kieber3, Joanna Kinsey3,

Timothy S. Bates4, and Patricia Quinn4

1University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA United States2University of California, San Diego, CA United States

3State University of New York, Syracuse, NY United States4NOAA PMEL, Seattle, WA United States

Particle Formation

Film Droplets

Jet Droplets

Particle Formation

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Diameter (mm)

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

1500

1000

500

0dV

/dlo

gD

p (m

m3

cm-3)

d

N/d

log

Dp (

cm-3)

Conversion Factors

Number Concentration to Number Flux

Flux (cm-2 s-1) = Conc. (cm-3) * Detrain Velocity (cm s-1)

= Conc. (cm-3) * 2.47 cm s-1

Bubble Rate to Air Detrainment Flux

Detrain Flux (L m-2 s-1) = Bubble Rate (L min-1) / Area (m2) / 60 s min-1

= Bubble Rate (L min-1) * 0.514 min s-1 m-2

18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00

Time, hh:mm UTC, 2 June 2010

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Num

ber

Flux

(<1

um

GM

D),

cm

-2 s

ec-1

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Num

ber

Flux

(>1

um

GM

D),

cm

-2 s

ec-1

>1 um GMD @ 80% RH<1 um GMD @ 80% RH

Number Production Flux

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Bubble Rate, L min-1 @ STP

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Bub

ble

Plum

e V

ol (

@ a

mbi

ent T

P), L

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Fine (D) FritsCoarse (A) Frit

Bubble Plume Volume versus Bubble RateAverage Injection Depth ~1.21 m; Volume of Model Ocean - 38L

Number Size Distributions in Head Space

0.01 0.1 1 10

Geometric Mean Diameter (Dry), um

1E+1

1E+2

1E+3

1E+4

1E+5

dN /

dLog

(Dp)

, cm

-3

Fine (D) Frits

0.01 0.1 1 10

Geometric Mean Diameter (Dry), um

1E+1

1E+2

1E+3

1E+4

1E+5

dN /

dLog

(Dp)

, cm

-3

Coarse (A) Frit

0.01 0.1 1 10

Geometric Mean Diameter (Dry), um

1E+1

1E+2

1E+3

1E+4

1E+5

dN /

dLog

(Dp)

, cm

-3

1 Jet

0.01 0.1 1 10

Geometric Mean Diameter (Dry), um

1E+1

1E+2

1E+3

1E+4

1E+5

dN /

dLog

(Dp)

, cm

-3

2 Jets

Number Production Flux vs. Air Detrainment Flux

0 1 2 3 4

Air Detrainment Flux, L m-2 sec-1

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

Nu

mb

er F

lux

(<

1 u

m G

MD

), c

m-2

sec

-1

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Nu

mb

er F

lux

(>

1 u

m G

MD

), c

m-2

sec

-1

<1 um GMD (16 May)>1 um GMD (16 May)<1 um GMD (24 May)>1 um GMD (24 May)<1 um GMT (25 May)>1um GMD (25 May)<1 um GMD (27 May)>1 um GMD (27 May)

Coarse (A) Frit

0 1 2 3 4

Air Detrainment Flux, L m-2 sec-1

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

Nu

mb

er F

lux

(<

1 u

m G

MD

), c

m-2

sec

-1

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Nu

mb

er F

lux

(>

1 u

m G

MD

), c

m-2

sec

-1

<1 um GMD (15 May)>1 um GMD (15 May)<1 um GMD (24 May)>1 um GMD (24 May)<1 um GMT (25 May)>1um GMD (25 May)<1 um GMD (27 May)>1 um GMD (27 May)

Fine (D) Frits

Number Size Distributions, UVA Generator vs. PMEL SeaSweep

Number Production Flux vs. Seawater Characteristics

18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00

Time, hh:mm UTC, 2 June 2010

0

10

20

30

SST,

deg

C; S

alin

ty, p

su

0

10

20

30

Chl

a, u

g L

SSTSalinityChl a

Sea-surface Temperature, Salintiy, and Chl a

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Chl a, ug L-1

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Sub-

um N

umbe

r Flu

x, cm

-2 se

c-1

Sub-um Number Flux at 80% RH vs. Chl a

18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00

Time, hh:mm UTC, 2 June 2010

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Num

ber F

lux

(<1

um G

MD

), cm

-2 se

c-1

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Num

ber F

lux

(>1

um G

MD

), cm

-2 se

c-1

>1 um GMD @ 80% RH<1 um GMD @ 80% RH

Number Production Flux

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Chl a, ug L-1

0

100

200

300

400

500

Supe

r-um

Num

ber F

lux,

cm

-2 s

ec-1

Super-um Number Flux @ 80% RH vs. Chl a

21:36 22:48 0:00 1:12 2:24 3:36

Time, hh:mm UTC, 6-7 June 2010

0

5000

10000

15000

Num

ber

Flux

(<1

um

GM

D),

cm

-2 s

ec-1

0

100

200

300

400

500

Num

ber

Flux

(>1

um

GM

D),

cm

-2 s

ec-1

<1 um GMT w/ seawater on<1 um GMD w/ seawater off>1 um GMD w/ seawater on>1um GMD w/ seawater off

Aerosol Production Flux w/ Seawater On and Off

Summary• Bubble plume volume was inversely correlated with bubble size.

• Bubbles within plumes evolved towards similar size.

• Upon bursting, bubbles injected artificially through coarse and fine frits produced similar size-resolved number concentrations.

• Resulting number production fluxes were linearly correlated with air detrainment fluxes.

• Relative to frits, number fluxes produced by bubbles from jets were shifted towards larger size fractions.

• Relative size distributions produced in the UVA generator were similar to those produced with the PMEL SeaSweep.

• Number fluxes were inversely correlated with chl-a during some periods suggesting an important direct link between biogenic surfactants and the physics of marine aerosol production.

• When the air-sea interface was not cycled, the accumulation of bubble rafts attenuated aerosol production significantly.

Acknowledgements

NSF Chemical Oceanography ProgramUniversity of VirginiaUniversity of California, San DiegoState University of New York, Syracuse

Department of EnergyUniversity of Virginia

UCSD- PNNL ACCI (Aerosol Chemistry and Climate Institute)

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationPacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

The PMEL crew

The captain and crew of the R/V Atlantis

Panels to Replace Those in the Side 3

0.01 0.1 1 10

Geometric Mean Diameter (Dry), um

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

dF

n /

dL

og(D

p),

cm

-2 s

ec-1 Detrain Air = 4.2 L m-2 sec-1Detrain Air = 2.7 L m-2 sec-1Detrain Ari = 1.6 L m-2 sec-1

Dry Number Flux (Fine D Frits)

0.01 0.1 1 10

Geometric Mean Diameter (Dry), um

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

dFv

/ dL

og(D

p), u

m3

cm-2

sec

-1

Dry Volume Flux (Fine D Frits)