Experiment No. : 01 · Experiment No. : 01 AIM: To Study Simple And Digital Vernier Calipers. APPARATUS: Vernier Caliper, Digital Vernier Caliper, Different Components. THEORY: It

Sub Code: 2141901 MMM - Lab

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Experiment No. : 01

AIM: To Study Simple And Digital Vernier Calipers.

APPARATUS: Vernier Caliper, Digital Vernier Caliper, Different Components.

THEORY:

It uses two scale one fixed and other movable. Both scale having the number of

division. The total number of division on Vernier scale equally divided the minimum

measurement of main scale and this is called the LEAST COUNT of Vernier Caliper. Also

as number of division on Vernier scale increases, the accuracy of Vernier caliper can be

increased.

DESCRIPTION:

It consist of two scales, main & Vernier scale.

Main scale is engraves on solid L-Shaped frame & Vernier scale slides on the main

scale.

Vernier scale which slides on the main scale has a movable jaw which slides on

frame. The movable jaw can be locked at any desired position with the help of

locking screw.

The work to be measured is kept between the jaws for measuring the outside

dimensions.

PROCEDURE:

1. Vernier caliper is cleaned with a cloth.

2. The clamping screws are loosened.

3. The given component is fixed in both the two jaws.

4. The component should be perfectly hold.

5. The outside diameter of component is noted.

6. Then the inside diameter of the component is measured with the help of knife face.

7. The thickness is measured with the external jaws.

8. The length of the component is measured by adjusting the movable jaws.

9. The procedure is repeated for all the components.

10. At least three readings should be taken and then average will give the accurate

measurement.

OBSERVATION:

Least Count of Vernier Caliper = Smallest divison on main scale

Total Number of division on vernier scale mm

= ___________________________ mm


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OBSERVATION TABLE:

Job

Measurement

I (mm)

II (mm)

III (mm)

Avg. (mm)

Rod

Length

Outside dia.

Small

Hallow

Cylinder

Length

Outside dia.

Inside dia.

Thickness

Large

Hallow

Cylinder

Length

Outside dia.

Inside dia.

Thickness

Sphere Outside dia.

CALCULATION:

Total Reading = Main scale Reading + ( No. of Vernier division coinciding with main

scale * Least Count )

= ______________________ + ( No. of Vernier division coinciding with main

scale * 0.02 )

RESULT:

• The diameter of the given cylindrical component and sphere is determined to an accuracy of 0.02mm.

• The result is checked with digital Vernier caliper.


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Experiment No. : 02

AIM: To Study Simple And Digital Micrometer.

APPARATUS: Micrometer, Digital Micrometer, Different Components.

THEORY:

A micrometer consists of a movable spindle (jaw) that advances toward another

parallel-faced jaw, called an anvil, by rotating the thimble. The thimble rotates over an

engraved sleeve or barrel that is mounted on a solid frame. The axial main scale on the

sleeve is calibrated in mm and the thimble scale is the vernier scale and is usually divided

into increments of 0.01mm which is its LEAST COUNT.

DESCRIPTION:

The end of the screw forms one measuring tip and the other measuring tip is

constituted by a stationary anvil in the base of the frame.

The screw is threaded for certain length and is plan afterwards. The plain portion is

called sleeve and its end is the measuring surface.

The spindle is advanced by turning thimble connected to the spindle.

The spindle is aside fit over the barrel land barrel is the fixed part attached with

frame.

The barrel is graduated in unit of 0.05cm.

The thimble has got 25 divisions around its periphery on circular portion. Thus it

sub-divides each revolution of the screw in 25 equal parts.

PROCEDURE:

1. The micrometer is checked for zero error.

2. The given component is held between the faces of the anvil and spindle.

3. The spindle is moved by rotating the thimble until the anvil and spindle touches

the cylindrical surface of the component.

4. Fine adjustment is made by ratchet .the main scale reading and thimble scale

reading are noted.

5. Two are more reading are taken at different places of the component.

6. The readings are tabulated and calculated.

OBSERVATION:

Least Count of Vernier Caliper = Smallest divison on main scale

Total Number of division on micrometer scale mm

= ___________________________ mm


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OBSERVATION TABLE:

Job

Measurement

I (mm)

II (mm)

III (mm)

Avg. (mm)

Sphere Outside dia.

Small

Rod

Length

Outside dia.

Large

Rod

Length

Outside dia.

CALCULATION:

Total Reading = Main scale Reading + ( No. of Vernier division coinciding with main

scale * Least Count )

= ______________________ + ( No. of Vernier division coinciding with main

scale * 0.01 )

RESULT:

• The diameter of the given cylindrical component and sphere is determined to an accuracy of 0.01mm.

• The result is checked with digital micrometer.


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Experiment No. : 03

AIM: To Find Taper of Tapered Job Using Sine Bar And Slip Gauges.

APPARATUS: Tapered job, Sine bar, Slip gauges, Spirit level, Surface leveling

table, Surface plate.

PROCEDURE:

1. Set the work piece to measure the taper angle using sine bar and dial gauge.

2. Transverse the dial gauge plunger over the ramp of work piece.

3. Note down the initial reading, final reading and the length of the traverse.

4. Alternately, try to king the inclined surface of the work piece, whose taper angle is to be measure, to the horizontal plane by placing suitable combination of slip gauge under the lower end of the work piece.

5. Note down the length of the slip gauge.

6. Calculate the taper angle through the formula given.

Setting the given sine bar to the given angle

Take note of the given angle for which the top surface of the sine bar is to be set. 1. Theoretically calculate the height of the slip gauge required to lift one end of sine bar Such that top surface of the sine bar make the required slope. 2. Insert the selected combination of slip gauge under one end of the sine bar.

3. Use dial gauge with stand and traverse the plunger of the dial gauge over a know length and check the slope of the sine bar.

SINE BAR DIGRAM


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OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr.

No.

Length of sine

bar (mm)

Height of Slip Gauge (mm) Difference in

Height

𝒉𝟏~𝒉𝟐

mm

Angle

𝜽

𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏𝒉

𝒍 𝒉𝟏 𝒉𝟐

1

2

3

4

5

MODEL CALCULATION: 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒉

𝒍

Where,

H - Height of the slip gauge

L - Distance between the centers

Ø - Inclined angle of the specimen

CONCLUSION:


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Experiment No. : 04

AIM: To Check The Height of The Machined Component With Standard Dimensioned

Component Using Dial Gauge.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

Slip gauge set

Dial gauge with stand

Surface plate

Vernier caliper

PROCEDURE:

1. The slip gauges are built up to the given weight of the component.

2. Dial gauge with stand is placed on the surface plate.

3. The built up gauge is placed under the plunger.

4. The indicator is set to zero.

5. The built up gauge is removed.

6. The given machined component is placed under the plunger.

7. The variation in the height of the component is noted from the reading of the dial.


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OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. No. Dial reading on built up slip

gauges in div.

Dial reading on

component in div.

Variation of height

In (mm)

1

2

3

4

5

component height =____ mm.

RESULT:

• The height of the machined component is checked with standard dimensioned

component (slip gauges) using dial gauge.

• The variation in height is ________________ mm.


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Experiment No. : 05

AIM: To Measure The Thickness of Gear Tooth By Using Gear Tooth Vernier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Gear tooth vernier Vernier caliper Gear

FORMULA USED:

Depth= (𝑍𝑚

2)(1 +

2

𝑍− cos (

90

𝑍))

Width= Zm × sin (90

𝑍)

Outer diameter of gear = (Z + 2)m

Where, Z = No of gear tooth , m = Module

PROCEDURE:

1. Find the zero error in the horizontal scale and vertical scale of the given gear tooth

vernier.

2. Find outer diameter of the given gear by using vernier caliper.

3. Count the no of tooth on the given gear.

4. Calculate the depth of pitch circle from the top circle.

5. Calculate the module (m) of the gear.

6. Similarly calculate the theoretical width by substituting and no of gear tooth in the

formula.

7. The vertical gear tooth vernier is made of point the calculate the depth value.

8. Now the gear tooth, i.e. kept in between in the two jaws of the gear tooth vernier.

9. Observe the main scale reading and vernier scale coincidence of the horizontal scale.

10. Repeat the observation of different position of the same tooth and calculate the

average.

Least count: Horizontal scale=0.02mm

Vertical scale =0.02mm


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OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. No. Gear tooth MSR

(mm)

VSC

(mm)

Actual

Reading

(mm)

Avg. (mm)

1

I

2

3

1

II

2

3

1

III

2

3


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CALCULATION:

Module = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

(𝑍+2)

Depth = (𝑍𝑚

2) ( 1 +

2

𝑍− cos

90

𝑍)

Width = Zm × sin (90

𝑍)

Deviation =theoretical value-actual value

RESULT:

Thus the thickness of the gear tooth of the given spur gear is calculated using gear tooth

vernier.

Depth of the gear tooth = ______________mm

Width of the gear tooth = ______________mm

Theoretical value = ______________mm

Actual value = _______________mm


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Experiment No. : 06

AIM: To Calibrate given Bourdon Tube pressure gauge.

INTRODUCTION:

The dead-weight tester is a device used for balancing a fluid pressure with a known weight. It acts as a source of static pressure. Typically, it is a device, which is used for static calibration of pressure gauges. It can also be employed for measurement of pressure. Here we will use it as a calibration device. It consists of following parts.

Needle Valves:-

There are two needle valves. One at right and at left side. Oil cup is fitted on the top of one of the valves. Pressure gauge to be tested, can be fitted to the other valve by means of adapters. Different types of adapters have been provided to fix the gauges with 3/8” , ½” BSP threading. Both the valves are connected by means of metallic adapters to the main block.

Main Block:-

Besides the above adapters main block houses floating plunger and screw pump assembly.

Screw Pump:-

Screw pump consists of main cylinder, screw and nut support. Rotation of the handle causes the screw to move into the cylinder. By operating the pump and valve, sufficient quantity of oil can be taken in. screw pump also develops sufficient pressure to lift the floating plunger.

Floating Plunger:-

Fluid pressure developed by screw pump acts on the bottom of the plunger and the pushes the

plunger up along with the weight-carrier and weights. Effect of friction is eliminated by rotating

the plunger along with weights.

Set of Weights:-

Each weight is marked in terms of the pressure equivalent of its weights.

PRECAUTION:

Floating plunger is most important part of the tester and must be limited to its travel length. If the handle is rotated continuously, the floating plunger may get damaged and locked. Hence care should be taken to limit the displacement of plunger to above value.

PROCEDURE:

It is essential that floating plunger is vertical during operation. This could be accomplished by leveling the top face of the weight carrier.

OIL FILLING:-

1] Fix the oil to one of the valves. In fig. No. 1 it is fitted to the right side valve.


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2] Open this valve and close the other valve.

3] Fill clean HYDRAULIC MINERAL OIL to nearly top of the oil cup. SAE NO. 20 or 30 are suitable. It is necessary that oil is clean.

4] Turn the screw pump handle clockwise. This will expel some air from the system which will bubble out in the oil cup.

5] Turn the pump handle anticlockwise. Oil will be sucked into the instrument.

6] Repeat this clockwise and anticlockwise turning, until no air bubble appears in the oil cup.

7] Open the other valve and rotate the screw pump handle for oil to come out of this valve.

8] Close this valve and draw more oil in the instrument.

PRESSURE GAUGE TESTER:-

1] Ensure that air has been expelled from the system as per the oil filling procedure given above.

2] Place a spirit level on top of the weight carrier and adjust level by means of the leveling screws in the standard way. The tester is now ready for use.

3] Installation pressure gauge to be tested as shown in the illustration. Use an adapter if necessary.

4] Open valve under the pressure gauge (i.e. left valve) and close valve under the oil cup (i.e. right valve).

5a] Place a weight on the weight-carrier and slowly turn the screw pump clockwise. This increases the pressure in the system which will be shown on the pressure gauge.

5b] Rotate the weight to reduce the effect of the friction in the free piston. Keep turning the handle until the weight carrier and weights rise by about 3 to 4mm. If the weight-carrier is lifted beyond the above limit, the piston is exposed and may suffer damage.

5c] Take reading of the pressure gauge while the weights are rotating. Write it down against the value of pressure which is the sum of pressure markings on the weights and weight-carrier.

5d] Progressively add weights and take reading as above.

5e] When the maximum reading has been taken reduce the pressure by turning the handle anticlockwise and reducing the weights progressively.

5f] Consider the average of the value for increasing and decreasing pressures.

In case two pressure gauge are desired to be tested simultaneously, the oil cup may be removed and second gauge installed, on the other valve. The valve under the gauge should also be opened.


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NOTE:- Care should be taken while operating the instrument that the weight carrier dose not rise too much as otherwise the free piston may be damaged.

CLOSING UP:

After the work is over, turn screw pump handle anticlockwise so that- a] There is no pressure in the system and b] Maximum oil is drawn in. Reinstall the oil cup if it had been removed and open the

valve under it. This will ensure that (a) there is no residual pressure in the system and (b) prevent pressure build-up by accidental turning of the screw pump handle.

Place dust cover on the instrument and stack weights properly.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr.

No.

Pressure Applied

(kgf/cm2)

pa

Pressure Indicated

(kgf/cm2)

pi

Error

(kgf/cm2)

Ep = pi - pa

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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GRAPH:

Applied Pressure vs. Indicated Pressure.

CONCLUSION:


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Experiment No. : 07

AIM: To calibrate a L.V.D.T. for displacement measurement.

INTRODUCTION:

One of the most useful variable inductance transducers is the differential

transformer, which provides an A.C. voltage output proportional to the displacement of

core passing through the windings. It is a mutual inductance device making use of three

coils arranged generally on a single cylindrical concentric nonmagnetic form. The center

coil is energized from an external power source and the two coils connected in series

oppositions to each other, are used as pick up coils. Output amplitude and phase depend

on the relative coupling between the two pick up coils and the power coil. Relative

coupling in them is dependent on the position of the core. Theoretically there should be

core position for which the voltage induced in each of the pickup coil or secondary’s will

of the same magnitude and the resulting output should be zero.

Within limits on the either side of the position (Null) core displacement results in a

proportional output. While the output voltage magnitudes are ideally the same for equal

core displacement results on either side of null balance, but phase relation existing

between power source and output changes 180 degrees through null. It is therefore

possible through phase sensitive detector to distinguish between outputs resulting from

displacements on each side of null.

L.V.D.T. is a very widely used transducer for conversion of mechanical displacement

into proportional electrical voltage. The displacement into proportional electrical voltage

range extends for new microns to few tens of inches. It is free from temp. Effects.

PRECAUTIONS:

1] While connecting lead wire from panel to transducer, make proper connections. Avoid shorting of the excitation source terminals.

2] Move the core with a gentle fashion.

PROCEDURE:

1] Connect the terminals marked ‘PRIMARY’, on the front panel of the instrument to the

terminals marked ‘PRIMARY’, on the transducer itself, with the help of the flexible

wires provided.

2] Identically establish connection from terminals “SECONDARY”.

3] Keep pot marked “MAX” in most anticlockwise position.

4] The magnetic core may be displaced and the pointer may be brought to zero position.

If the DPM is not indicating zero use potentiometer marked “MIN”, to get a zero on

DPM at zero mechanical position. If the core is displaced in both directions, the meter

must show indications with appropriate polarity. Now displace the core to 19mm

position in one of the directions. Adjust the ‘MAX’, pot to get an indication of 19.00 on


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the DPM under these conditions. Now the setup is ready for experimentation. You may

again check for zero position also.

5] Now the core can be displaced by a known amount in the range +19 and –19mm and the meter readings can be entered in the table given below. It may be noted that by interchanging the secondary terminals or the primary terminals the polarity of the meter indication can be reserved for a given direction of input displacement.

6] Plot the graph of input displacement and the output indications on the X and Y axis respectively.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. No. Input Displacement (mm) Output Indication (mm)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

CONCLUSION:


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Experiment No. : 08

AIM: To calibrate given Thermocouple.

INTRODUCTION:

Thermocouple, a transducer based on see beck effect is the most common and

widely used single device for temp. measurement in industrial application, for the range

0 degree to 4000 degree F. Thermocouple is a self generating transducer and is basically

a pair of dissimilar metallic conductors, joined so as to produce an e.m.f. depending upon

magnitude of temp. difference and materials of conductors. Combinations used for base

metal thermocouple are copper constantan (-30 to 800F), iron constantan (-300F to

1580F) Chromel – Alumel etc.

Thermocouples are low in cost, reliable in service, are easily used, cover wide range

of temp. Measurement have very good time response characteristics (because of low

thermal mass), but they are not perfectly linear over entire range and require cold

junction compensation if ice-bath is to be avoided.

PRECAUTIONS:

3] While connecting the thermocouple to the input, observe the correct polarity.

4] A broken or unconnected thermocouple will give out of scale indications.

5] Please ensure that the thermocouple tip does not touch the heater element directly. Proper earthing of the heater may be ensured. Proper stirring of hot water must be carried out

PROCEDURE:

1] Connect the thermocouple supplied to you at the input terminal. For Chromel –

Alumel thermocouple, Chromel must be connected to +ve input terminal and Alumel

must be connected to –ve input terminal. If copper constantan thermocouple is used,

copper wire must be connected to +ve input terminal (Red) and constantan wire must

be connected to -ve terminal (Black). If iron constantan thermocouple is used, then

iron wire must be connected to +ve terminal. The thermocouple is provided with RED

or BLACK marking. The supplied set up is using 40milivolts excitation for cold

junction compensation bridge suitable for Chromel – Alumel thermocouple.

2] Potentiometer marked “MAX” must be turned fully anticlockwise.

3] Ensure that water heater is ready and the container contains sufficient amount of

water. Now switch on the heater supply.

4] Prepare a mixture of melting ice and keep the mixture stirring regularly. Immerse the

thermocouple in the ice bath and adjust the pot. Marked “MIN” on the panel to get

zero on the DPM . in case ice bath is not available, then you may use ordinary tap water


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also and minimum temperature can be adjusted equal to that of the tap water as

indicated by mercury in glass thermometer.

5] When the water starts boiling, the potentiometer marked “MAX” is adjusted to get an

indication of the boiling point temp (which is measured with the help of mercury in

glass type thermometer). Repeat steps 4 and 5 until you get satisfactory indication at

0 degree or ambient temperature of tap water and at boiling point.

6] Turn off the heater so that water starts cooling down. Note the indicated reading on

the DPM and the thermometer reading. Enter the observations in Table given below

and then plot the graph of thermometer reading on X axis and thermocouple reading

on Y axis choosing proper scales.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr.

No.

Thermometer Reading

ºC

DPM Reading

ºC

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

CONCLUSION:


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Experiment No. : 09

AIM: To calibrate given Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)

INTRODUCTION:

The principle of operation of resistance temperature detector (RTD) is based on the fact that the electrical resistance of many metals increases almost directly with temp and is reproducible to high degree of accuracy. The term used to express this characteristic is well known coefficient of resistance and is defined by the appropriate formula.

Rt = Ro (1+α ٭ t) where

α is temp coefficient of resistance for the metal used Ro is resistance of the element at 0 degree Celsius and t is temperature of the element in degree Celsius.

Platinum, Nickel and Copper are generally used as basic materials for RTD.

We may note the following as regards the RTD as transducer for temp. Measurement.

The resistance of RTD increases as the temp increases. The resistance and temp are linearly related over a wide temp. range.

In general resistance thermometers are larger and less convenient to apply than the thermocouple. They are massive and hence exhibit poor time response characteristics.

They require bridge balance circuitry and have rather restricted upper temp. range. They exhibit higher accuracy and reliability than thermocouples.

PRECAUTION:

6] As RTD is having rather large time constant, allow sufficient time for RTD for cooling down.

7] Please handle RTD very carefully as it is very costly.

PROCEDURE:

1] Connect RTD across the terminals marked “INPUT” Note that polarity is immaterial.

2] Connect terminals marked “OUTPUT” to DPM input terminals.

3] Immerse sensor in ice bath & check that value of RTD resistance at 0˚C & set DPM as zero by rotating ‘Minimum’ pot.

4] Immerse sensor in boiling water & check that value of RTD resistance at 100˚C & set DPM as 100 by rotating ‘Maximum’ pot.

5] Enter the readings in observation table for some other unknown temperatures.

6] Plot the graph of RTD resistance vs. Temp.


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OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr.

No.

Thermometer reading

˚C

RTD indication on DPM

˚C

Resistance of RTD

Ω

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

CONCLUSION:


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Experiment No. : 10

AIM: To calibrate a Strain Gauge Sensor.

INTRODUCTION:

Resistance wire strain gauges are transducers applied to the surface of structural

members under test in order to sense the elongation or strain due to applied loads.

The wire strain gauges depends upon the fact that when the wire is stretched elastically,

its length & diameter are altered. This results in overall change of resistance due to both

the dimensional change of resistivity (R = ζ = q/A)

In addition to single bonded wire strain gauges we can have, metal foil gauges,

rosette gauges and semiconductor strain gauges. Normally strain gauges with nominal

values of 120 ohms, 240 ohms, 330 ohms are available.

Strain gauge transducers find application in the measurement of such variables as load,

force, thrust, pressure, torque, displacement, flow etc.

The main problem with the resistance wire strain gauges is the extremely small

change in resistance as a result of change in the applied load. This makes the circuit

operation & strain gauge installation very critical.

Moreover temperature effects are also required to the taken care of.

PRECAUTION:

1] Make connections to the binding posts & terminals very carefully.

2] Ensure that the cantilever arrangement is securely fixed to the table.

3] Select any arm to be tested, either 2 arm or 4 arm. For selection a switch is provided

on the front side of panel.

4] See fig. 2 & 3.

PROCEDURE:

1] Balance the instrument by moving the ten turn pot in gentle fashion and then come

down to most sensitive range.

2] Additional pots are provided to get the finer balance.

3] Now apply a gentle pressure by a weights on the cantilever beam. The digital

indication will show some change in value. If upward force is applied the meter

pointer shall show opposite deflection.

After doing the experiment one can check-up the meter output with the help of following formula:-

E Out = Exc. X Δ R

R


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Δ R

R = Gauge factor x Strain

= 1.9 x Strain

Strain = 6

Stress

2 x 10 (Modulus of Elasticity = 2 x 106 Kg/cm2) for mild-steel.

Stress = f = M

Z Where z = Moment of Cross Section

Z = 1/6 bt2 (b = width of cantilever & t = thickness of beam) M = Length x Applied Load.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

G.F. = Gauge factor = 1.9

Rg = 350 Ω

L=Length of cantilever = 17.5 cm

b= Width of cantilever = 2.42 cm

t= Thickness of cant. = .4555 cm

Exc= Excitation source voltage = 5 Volts

Y= Young modulus of elasticity = 2 x 106 Kgf/cm2

Sr.

No.

Output of

Bridge

(Eout)gauge, mV

Applied

Moment

M, Kgf-cm

Stress

f = m/z

Kgf / cm2

Strain = f

y

Δ R

R

= G.F. X strain

(Eout)th

mV

Full

Bridge

Half

Bridge

Full

Bridge

Half

Bridge

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

SAMPLE CALCULATION:

Z = 1/6 bt2 = , cm3

M = Length (cm) x Applied load (kgf) = Kgf-cm

Stress = f = M

Z = , Kgf/cm2

Strain = Stress

Y =


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Δ R

R = Gauge factor x strain

(Eout)th = Exc X Δ R

R (for full bridge or 4 arm bridge)

= Exc

2 X

Δ R

R (for half bridge or 2 arm bridge)

GRAPH:

full bridge (Eout)gauge vs (Eout)th

half bridge

CONCLUSION:


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-: Short Questions :-

INTRODUCTION ABOUT METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS 2 Marks:

1. What is measurement? Give its type.

2. Mention the two important requirements of measurements.

3. Define primary sensing elements.

4. What are the categories of S.I units?

5. Define the term standard.

6. Define precision and accuracy.

7. Define systematic error.

8. What are the sources of errors?

9. Define the term repeatability.

10. Define the term calibration.

LINEAR AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS 2 Marks:

1. Define metrology.

2. List the various linear measurements. What are the various types of linear

measuring instruments used in metrology?

3. Define backlash in micrometer.

4. Define cumulative error and total error.

5. What are the slip gauge accessories?

6. Write down the applications of limit gauges.

7. What are the advantages of electrical and electronic comparator?

8. What are the sources of errors in sine bars?

9. Write down the applications of bevel protractor.

10. What is the constructional difference between an autocollimator and an angle

dekkor?

SCREW THREAD AND GEAR FORM MEASUREMENTS 2 Marks:

1. Define the effective diameter of thread.

2. Give the names of the various methods of measuring the minor diameter.

3. What are the types of pitch errors found in screws?

4. What is the effect of flank angle error?

5. What are the applications of toolmaker's microscope?

6. Name the types of gears.

7. Define addendum and dedendum.

8. Define module.

9. Name the gear errors.

10. What are the types of profile checking method?


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LASER METROLOGY 2 Marks:

1. Why laser is preferred in engineering metrology.

2. Define wavelength.

3. What is Interferometer?

4. Give the different types of interferometer.

5. Name the common source of light used for interferometer.

POWER, FLOW AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

2 Marks:

1. Define force.

2. Give the list of devices used to measure the force.

3. Define the working of load cells.

4. Name the instrument used for measurement of torque.

5. Give the basic principle of mechanical torsion meter.

6. Classify the types of strain gauges.

7. Mention the types of dynamometer.

8. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of orifice meter.

9. Define thermocouple.

10. What are the different types of bi- metallic sensors?

Documents

Experiment No. : 01 · Experiment No. : 01 AIM: To Study Simple And Digital Vernier Calipers. APPARATUS: Vernier Caliper, Digital Vernier Caliper, Different Components. THEORY: It