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© BAE Systems 2014. All rights reserved.

EW TEST AND EVALUATION - ASSURING SURVIVABILITY AND OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS

Dr. Mike Pywell - EW Technologist & Project/Engineering Manager – Typhoon EW Rig Support EquipmentMitch Midgley-Davies – Technical Lead - Typhoon Avionics Sensors Future Capability (Radar/EW)

Electromagnetic Engineering DepartmentBAE SYSTEMS, Military Air & Information

DEAL 5980 1

Presenter

Presentation Notes

© BAE Systems 2014. All rights reserved. DEAL 5980

Introduction

Contents• Survival – man-made and unintentional threats

• EW importance to survivability, mission success and affordability

• Description of EW systems

• Challenges facing the EW Test and Evaluation community

• EW T&E process and capabilities

• Description of significant developments to date

• Moving EW T&E from flight towards modelling and simulation

Security statement: Unclassified

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Survival - Unintentional Threats

USAF Photo: Senior Airman James Croxon NASA ReportSP-2003-4529

• Lightning Strike

• High intensity radiated fields (HiRF)

• Electro-static discharge

Lightning strikes near taxying C-130 Hercules in Iraq

Bruce Fisher’s F-106B Delta Dart was struck 714 times during lightning research missions

Typhoon undergoing full-threat lightning strike testing in BAE SYSTEMS EW Test Facility

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Survival - Man-made Threats

© Reproduced with the kind permission of Jane’s Information Group

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Typical Missile Engagement Ranges vs. Missile Volume

SA-3

SA-8

SA-10

SA-13

SA-14

SA-15

SA-16SA-18

SA-19

SA-20

SA-21

SA-6 SA-11, SA-17

SA-9

SA-12

SA-7 (USAF Photo by Airman 1st Class Jonathan Snyder)

• Patriot

• Roland

• Javelin• Rapier

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Survivability and EW

• EW is a vital element of survivability

• Key capability of military aircraft

• Assists survival to fulfil primary goal – mission success

• Importance of ‘zero’ or ‘near zero’ attrition

Photo: LCpl. Andrew Williams, US Marine Corps

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Survivability components and terminology

• Complex relationship between individual components

• Applicable to land, sea and air platforms

• Optimal survivability require balanced approach

• Objective is best survivability needed to affordably achieve mission success

DEFENCE/

Source: Pywell, M., 2013. Development and management of high-fidelity test technology for comprehensive performance evaluation of electronic warfare systems in multi-threat environments. PhD. University of Central Lancashire, UK.

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Survivability - The EW contribution

DEFINITION: ‘Military action that exploits electromagnetic energy to provide situational awareness and achieve offensive and defensive effects.’*

*North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Glossary of Terms and Definitions (English and French).AAP-06(2013) Available at http://nsa.nato.int/nsa/nsdd/listpromulg.html

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EW Suite – functional block diagram

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Typical Modern Defensive Aids System - Typhoon

1) Laser Warner

2) Avionics bay

3) Missile Warner

4) Flare dispenser

5) Chaff dispenser

6) ESM/ECM port pod

7) ESM/ECM starboard pod

8) RF towed decoy

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Modern EW Equipment Fit

(Photos © SELEX-ES 2008-2013)

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EW T&E Contribution to Challenging Solutions

Challenge A S I E UOptimisation, Development and Sustainment of EW T&E Facilities

Bolster chamber and laboratory test capability robustness• To trap more problems prior to flight, saving T&E cost/time by reducing number of fly-fix-fly iterations required• To better support R&D, evaluation of prototype technical solutions and EW Technology Demonstrator Programmes• By generating more operationally realistic and measurable RF/IR/EO threat environments in laboratory/chambers

Network EW T&E, Synthetic Environment (SE) and Modelling & Simulation (M&S) facilities – Benefits:• System requirements capture and optimisation, system development risk minimisation, training, tactics development

Ensure long lead capabilities available in time. Anticipate:• Urgent Operational Requirements, upgrades and future EW fits• Upcoming ‘digital from back of sensor’ systems

Rapid Development, Insertion & Acceptance of EW Systems Improvements

Support increased EW acceptance process use of SE and M&S – provide facilities for robust validation of EW models

EW Sensor placement optimisation via modelling and sub-/full-scale testing in anechoic chamber, to prevent, reduce, resolve problems with EW sensors/effectors, data links, communication systems and other RF sensors

Laboratory/chamber R&D to understand mismatches between flight and ground test results

Generate capability to perform mission rehearsal/optimisation in anechoic chamber’s secure RF environment

Reduced Cost and Environmental Impact of EW T&E and Facilities

Less flight testing and ground engine running = reduced fuel cost and carbon footprint

More energy-efficient ground test facilities e.g. RF threat simulators

Reduced RF environmental pollution: Radio/Radar/EW, EM Compatibility (EMC), lightning strike tests in chamber

Codes Strong Contributor Medium Contributor Minor Contributor or Not Applicable

From ‘Improved Test Capabilities for Cost-effective Performance Evaluation of Airborne Electronic Warfare Systems’ (J. Royal Aeronautical Society, Sep-10), by these authors

AffordabilitySurvivabilityIndustrialEnvironmentalUAS (UAV/UCAV)

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EW T&E Process

From: Welch & Pywell NATO RTO AGARDograph 300 Vol.28, EW Test and Evaluation (Dec 2012). http://ftp.rta.nato.int/public//PubFullText/RTO/AG/RTO-AG-300-V28///$$AG-300-V28-ALL.pdf

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EW T&E Capabilities

• Required to support system design, development and customer acceptance

• Modelling and Simulation (M&S)

• Sub-System and Avionics Integration Laboratories (SIL)

• Hardware In The Loop (HITL)

• Measurement Facilities (MF)

• Installed System Test Facilities (ISTF)

• Open Air Ranges (OAR)

© UK Crown copyright 2006

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Modelling and Simulation

M&S is: • Representation of reality via use of models and simulations• Used throughout the platform systems’ life cycle

Testing EW systems can be considered a ‘simulation’ of their operational use

M&S examples used in EW T&E include:• Antenna pattern modelling• Full emitter scenario modelling within RF threat simulator

Synthetic Environments – rising importance to EW T&E process

© Northrop Grumman Amherst Systems 2006

© BAE Systems 2013

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Systems Integration Laboratory

From ‘Testing Tomorrow’s EW System Today’: P.W. Richard, BAE SYSTEMS North America

ScenariosEmitter Library

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Measurement Facilities

Various Types of MF’s used for T&E of EW Systems:

• Cover testing of:

• Un-installed EW components, e.g. antennas

• Platform-installed EW systems

• Main types shown on this and next slides:

• Radar Cross Section

• Infra-Red Signatures

• Antenna performance EMC Tests on Open Air Test Site

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Radar Cross Section Measurement

RCS Range:

• 2–18 GHz ground plane range

• Full polarisation – H, V and Cross

• Absolute RCS data, 1D and 2D imagery

• Component and full scale targets up to 35tonnes and 15m

• On 7m tall, 12 tonne Az/El low-RCS positioner

Mobile RCS Measurements:

• 2–40 GHz instrumentation radar system

• Test articles from component to whole bodytargets of up to 12 m

• Measure target in early and mid-life cycle,production stage and in service

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

THE RCS RANGE: PROVIDES THE FOLLOWING FEATURES A 2 – 18 GHz GROUND PLANE RANGE COVERING FULL ANTENNA POLARISATIONS – HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL AND CROSS POLAR PROVIDES ABSOLUTE RCS DATA, AND 1D AND HIGH RESOLUTION 2D IMAGERY CAN ALSO BE PROVIDED TO ALLOW ENGINEERING DIAGNOSTICS. CAN CATER FOR COMPONENT AND FULL SCALE TARGETS UP TO 35,000KG AND 15M IN SIZE AND BESPOKE AND ‘OFF THE SHELF’ TARGET SUPPORT SYSTEMS ARE AVAILABLE. THE MOBILE RCS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM IN THE BOTTOM RIGHT OF THE SLIDE PROVIDES DIRECT RCS MEASUREMENT, ISAR AND SAR IMAGING CAPABILITIES. CAN BE UTILISED FOR COMPONENT LEVEL TESTING (ANTENNAS, FIXINGS, CONTROL SURFACES ETC) TO WHOLE BODY TARGETS UP TO 12M. CAN BE MOVED FROM LOCATION TO LOCATION SO OFFERING THE OPTION FOR MEASURING VEHICLES ‘IN SITU’. OFFERS FACILITIES FOR MEASURING IN EARLY AND MID LIFE-CYCLE BUT ALSO ADDS THE POSSIBILITY OF MEASURING VEHICLES AT THE PRODUCTION STAGE AND ALSO IN-SERVICE, SO COMPLETING THE LIFE-CYCLE COVERAGE.


Infra-Red Signature Measurement

Key measurement capabilities:

• Engine/plume measurements

• Hotspot investigations and black body calibration

• Thermal Imaging Cameras:

• Medium Wave IR (3-5 μm)

• Long Wave IR (8-12 μm)

• Spectro-radiometer (1.25 – 14.8 μm)

• Temperature range -20ºC to +1500ºC

• Ground-to-Ground/-Air and Air-to-Air & -Ground

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

THE THERMAL IMAGING CAMERAS WHICH OPERATE OVER BOTH MEDIUM AND LONG WAVE INFRA RED ARE USED TO MAKE ENGINE/PLUME MEASUREMENTS HOTSPOT INVESTIGATIONS AND BLACK BODY CALIBRATION THEY OPERATE OVER A TEMPERATURE RANGE OF -20ºC TO +1500ºC AND CAN BE OPERATED GROUND-TO-GROUND, GROUND-TO-AIR AND AIR-TO-AIR & AIR-TO-GROUND


Antenna Pattern Measurement

• Essential to know antenna pattern and gain

• Data gathered from facilities shown

• Data used to:• Support design verification• Validate Modelling & Simulation• Programme RF threat simulators

Antenna Pattern Measurement

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

IT IS ESSENTIAL TO KNOW ANTENNA PATTERN AND GAIN FOR THREE MAIN REASONS: TO OPTIMISE RECEIVER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE DURING THE EW EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT PHASE. TO VERIFY THAT PERFORMANCE FOR THE UN-INSTALLED AND INSTALLED ANTENNA CASES DURING THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION PHASES. TO PROGRAMME THREAT SIMULATORS FOR POST-ANTENNA LABORATORY TESTING DURING ALL LIFE CYCLE PHASES OF THE PLATFORM, FROM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT THOUGH TO IN-SERVICE SUPPORT TO THE MILITARY USER. MUCH SYSTEM-LEVEL PERFORMANCE CAN BE CONFIRMED VIA MODELLING & SIMULATION, BUT THIS NECESSITATES MEASURED DATA TO VALIDATE THAT M&S. DATA FOR ALL THESE PURPOSES CAN BE GATHERED VIA A RANGE OF MEASUREMENT FACILITIES, AS SHOWN ON THIS SLIDE.


Installed Systems Test Facilities

• Large anechoic chambers

• Limited examples world-wide, this is UK example

• Recently upgraded:• 11 Channel CEESIM• Signal Measurement System• Infrastructure & Amplifiers

RFEG

ECM RMS

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Open Air Ranges

www.raf.mod.uk/rafspadeadam/gallery.htm

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Pywell, M. ‘Developments in RF Simulator Technology – Approaching the Affordable Fidelity Limit’. The Aeronautical Journal (2007)

Emitter modelling -

• Fully Complex Emitters and Environment Realism

• RF source improvements

• RF pulse shaping

• Optimal Use of RF Resources

• Modelling of jammers and newer radar features

• Pulse Modulator Components

• Emitter antenna pattern modelling



Significant Threat Simulator Developments to Date (1)

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Significant Threat Simulator Developments to Date (2)

Propagation & atmospheric effects models• Atmospheric effects• Multipath• Gaming volume, surface types, terrain

modelling/masking• Platform and Emitter geometry modelling and

dynamics

Platform and System Under Test (SUT) antenna/aperture/receiver models

• Receiver antenna pattern modelling• Digitally controlled attenuators• Phase Comparison & TDOA SUT techniques• Polarisation modelling



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Significant ECM RMS Developments

• Wider bandwidth

• Improved Dynamic Range: >50 dB

• Improved Low Signal Detection


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Laboratory & Chamber Testing Benefits vs. Flight Trials

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How much EW T&E can ACTUALLY be done by M&S and SE?

HLA RTI: High Level Architecture Real Time Implementation

• Move from Physical to ‘Virtual’ testing using M&S and SE

• Clear more can be done this way

• Will never totally supplant ground & flight test

Key Questions:• Boundaries between physical and virtual testing

• Overall cost-effectiveness of those types of testing

• Sufficient confidence in M&S and SE to fully trust results

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Conclusions

• EW remains crucial to survivability and so to mission success

• Significant military affordability challenges exist

• EW T&E community continues to help meet these challenges

• Further worthwhile improvements have been identified under three headings.

• Improved RF threat scenario simulation fidelity• Reduced overall T&E cost• Reduced flight testing

• For further information see: • Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering (2010) Ch.375- Ch.380• ‘De-Risking Platform Clearance of EW Systems’

G. Slater & M. Pywell (2012)

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EW Test and Evaluation – Assuring survivability and operational effectivenss

Questions?Co-authors’ contact details:

Mitch Midgley-Davies, BEng, CEng, MIETEmail: [email protected]: +44 (0) 1772 857173

Dr. Mike Pywell, BSc, MPhil, PhD, CEng, FIETEmail: [email protected]: +44 (0) 1772 852801

www.baesystems.com

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Thank you

mailto:[email protected]

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http://www.baesystems.com/

© BAE Systems 2014. All rights reserved.

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© BAE Systems 2014, unpublished, copyright BAE Systems all rights reserved. Proprietary: no use, disclosure or reproduction without the written permission of BAE Systems plc.

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EW TEST AND EVALUATION - tangentlink.comtangentlink.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/14.-EW-Test-Evaluation... · • 2–18 GHz ground plane range • Full polarisation – H, V and