European+Automobile+Industry+Report+2009 10

8/9/2019 European+Automobile+Industry+Report+2009 10

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europeanautomobile

industry

reporteuropean automobile

manuacturers association


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The auTomobile indusTry in europe

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3/89

europeanautomobile

industry

reporteuropean automobile

manuacturers association


4/89


5/89

5

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Carlos Ghosn

Presde o ACEA ad Cara & CEO o Rea

ivan hodaC

Secrear Geera o ACEA

EuROPEAn AutOmObilE indusTry reporT


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7/89

7


ACEA eas Assocao des Cosrcers Eropes dAooes orEropea Aooe maacrers Assocao. ACEA s a t ctad, as sc, oe o a eres grops a core o a oreddecso-akg process e Eu.

ACEA as t : bmW Grop, DAF trcks, Daer, FiAt Grop,Ford o Erope, Geera moors Erope, Jagar lad Rover, mAn nzarzege,Porsce, PSA Pegeo Cro, Rea, Scaa, tooa moor Erope, Vokswage

ad Vovo Grop.

ACEA, t 1991, s ased brsses w represeaos toko adbejg. te board o Drecors s coposed o e C ect oc (CEOs)o s 15 eers. ACEA aas cose reaosps w e 29 aoa aooeaacrers assocaos Erope.

ACEA s e rs sorce o orao cocerg c-t gt ,w over 80 Eu Drecves ad ore a 115 unECE regaor reqrees paceoda, a are oe ver ecca are.

ACEA s e a pora o cear ad ct t o e Eropea aooedsr , ecoragg dersadg o e secors porace, s copex ad scoros o soce.

acea

members

aCea in brieF european automobilemanuacturers association


8/89

inTroduCTion 7

environmenT 10

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mobiliTy 30

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CompeTiTiveness 46

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reGulaTory Framework 62

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8

ConTenTs


9/89

inTroduCTion

9

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environmenT


a oer prvae secor. is drve owardsssaae o reas a ogogcoe.

economic downturn

i e secod a o 2008, agas e

ackdrop o erce copeveess adprogress o ssaa, e ecoocdowr e dsr. te akgcrss saed ecooes; cosers adsesses srgged o access cred.Prvae dvdas ed o prcasgew cars ad sesses ega o gor srvva.

e ao secor s oecreded as e ege rooo Erope. te Eropea

uo s e oead o a copevead ovave aoove dsr ageeraes acv rogo e ecoo ro aeras ad pars spp, o R&D

ad aacrg, o saes ad aer-saesservces.

maacrers ave raed ad deveopeda g-sked workorce, prodcgqa prodcs or oe ad eraoaarkes. Vece aacrg spporsover 2 o Eropea jos w aaddoa 10 o czes epoed assocaed dsres. Expors are vaed a

over 70 o aa.

te aoove dsr as asoesased se as a parer ssaa. tecoogca advacesave rog rea soos, drvg dowar essos ro dsr prodcsad prodco ses. maacrers avespeareaded sgca provees vece sae ad eraced soca

respos goas. Aa, e dsrvess 20 o R&D, ore a

i e rs sx os o 2008, deador ew cars across Erope ad dppeda ere 2%, w coerca vecesaes dow js 0.4%. b e ed oe ear, arkes or a pes o vecescrased. i e a qarer, car saese 19.3%: soe eer saes

repored a dece o ore a 50% Deceer aoe. Dead or ewcoerca veces across Eropedecreased 24%.

Coerca veces coed er sarpdowr e rs qarer o 2009.te drop passeger car regsraosrecovered soewa o a s ordaes 15%, sppored e rodco

o fee reewa ceves a er oEu eer saes.

Vece prodco, wc e 20% e as ree os o 2008, s expecedo a a rer 25% 2009 coparedo 2007 eves, w coerca vecesprodco expeced o dece eve ore.Redced epoe eves, prodcos-dows ad sras o dges; ese

are a evae coseqece o esdde dece dead.

T

Twelve million

Europeans

rely on vehicle

manuacturing

to support

their amilies


10/89

10

te ao dsr rged poc akers orecogse e precedeed scae o ecrss. i caed or rge seps o sppora dsr po wc so c o wawe ake or graed rees.

te ecooc coseqeces o ag oac wod e seros. mos o Eropeasre o vece aacrg ad eassocaed spp ca - o spporer aes. Prodco aces codcose ad os o eros revee arereaeed e sowdow.

b e crss reaes ore a jsecooc goas. i cod aso aec

progress owards ssaae o.As dead or ew cars weakes, fee

arke. iproved ege desg, e seo gweg ew aeras, deveopeo aerave-eed veces ad-vece drver ads, ese exapes aveeped sas average ew car CO

2

aos 20% js ree ears.

Essos are a raco o wa e ocewere oo, aks o dsr ovao.

Parcaes ad oer poas avecoe dow over 95% coparedo 1990 eves.

trck ad s akers ave se aecark ecec oo. todas40-oe rcks r arod a rd esse a eqvaes r ears ago,we exas ecooges are rappgore ar essos provg arqa or ows ad ces. ivese ogscs, rackg, drver rag adege raspor sses esreoder rcks work sarer as we asarder or er operaors.

O sae, vece ecoog as epedave e er o deas o Eropesroads e as r ears, despe a

ree-od crease rac voes.

immediate support

Poc akers ave a respos oproec e eress o czes adsaegard e ara evroe. be are aso respose or creaga evroe wc sessesrve. te erdepede are o o

ojecves s oda peraps ore evdea ever.

reewa sows. We aage copaessrgge o access cred, e are esske o prcase ad r e aes,ceaes geerao o coercaveces. Pressre o aacrgdges, cdg veses R&D,

s og.

a strong industry innovates

te dsr as coe a og wao a ssaa crera, adssaae o reas a ke par oaacrers og-er pas.

Drg e as e ears o reave

ecooc sa, aacrers devered ew CO

2redco ecooges o

Market incentives will be key to soten the impact o the recession


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11inTroduCTion

Ao akers ave caed or rgead drasc easres o preve aprooged perod o recesso, osppor aacrg ad coe odrve orward e evroea goasa are sared poc akers adaacrers. i e sor er, roaderad qcker access o aca sppors ecessar. Vece aacrers avereqesed access o 40 o ow-

eres oas, ecessar acked saegaraees.

15 o o s a e eeded aread 2009. legsaors s e preparedspg procedres or access ods ad soreg eraes roappcao o dever.

marke ceves w e ke o soe epac o e recesso, ecoragg feereewa. b ese s e coordaedo avod dsoros across e sgearke. ma cores ave areadake a ead rodcg ceveske scrappage scees ad scaceves. ACEA eers ave caed ora coordaed Eropea poc o esrearess ad respec or copeo res,

proog greaer ecec a sge,Eropea arke we acevg e ao creasg saes o e ceaes ewveces.

Further measures

Soe o e seps sog dsrare as reeva perods o ecoocprosper as e are a recesso.

te dsr as og rged eerregao prcpes, or exape, ad

e deveope o a ore spaecregaor raework.

i Deceer, we cog o ers we wors ecooc crss decades,car akers were preseed w e ewcar CO

2regao, a ge caegg

raework ad e aes a e o over80 Eropea Drecves ad 115 unECEpeces o egsao cocerg oor

veces.

idsr eeves regaors s appe essos eared e as e earso ese eaer es. te ad aga,e ocs o regaos ke ew car CO

2

res as ee o vece ecoogprovees, we pac assessesave cosse sow a a egraedapproac rgs e os cos-eecveees o soce.

now s e rg e o accep s ogcad saegard dsr copeveess pospog cos ew regao. i se e o esre a orog pacassesses o ecca, ecooc adevroea eecs are a e core oa ew proposas, o ere a aer-

og.

i s aso e e o revew oe-sdederaoa rade agreees. Deas arg advaages or porers a devere e wa o recproca ees orEu aacrers expor arkesare accepae. te dea proposedw So Korea, or exape, pesecessar pressre o Eropea-ased

aacrers a s dc perod, ads e dsssed.

the FutureVece aacrers are akg aeasres w er reac o eergero e ecooc crss. Fewer eporarcoracs, ower vece op ad sorerworkg ors are soe o e paseps a w evereess ep rea ag-sked workorce prepared or ere.

Dead w pck p s dc opredc we. te degree o wc esecor w e prepared or re groww deped arge par o e decsosake egsaors drg e dcos o 2009.

tese are ge caegg es or sa. b e aoove secor s a dsrw sreg ad read. W e rgsppor, w coe rog e crrecrss ad coe o dever ecoocees o e Eropea ecoo, socao or os ad e prodcs aw ake road raspor o a jore o aore ssaae re.


12/89

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12

environmenT 12reduCinGCo

2emissions

Theindustryiscommittedtodriving

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Technologycannotbringsolutionson

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Adoptinganintegratedapproach-

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ChapTer 1


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13

19

improvinG air QualiTy

Thankstoindustryinnovation,

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FuellinG The FuTure

Automakerssupporttargetsfor

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Thedevelopmentofcleanalternative

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Qualityiscentraltothedevelopment

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26

vehiCle produCTionand reCyClinG

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14/89

reduCinGCo

2emissions

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14


15/89

15environmenT


edcg a-adeCO

2essos s a copex

sse. tere are o spesoos ad o aoa odares.Ever dsr ad dvda s acceprespos ad erace coecveaco.

te aoove dsr acceps e

par s pa dg ecoogsoos a coe o drve dow CO

2

ad oer cae cage essos. i sacve workg o redce CO

2essos

ro cars ad coerca veces -se, aso ro s prodco ses, ogscsad raspor operaos.

Cars are oe ced as e os sgcacoror o a-ade CO

2

essos.i ac, e core arod 12% ooa CO

2essos Erope; w overa

raspor prodcg 26%. We a ajorcaege, s cear a vece essosare par o a c arger jgsaw.

in brieF

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siGniFiCanT CuTs in Co2

emissionsAverage ew car CO

2essos as ae

sarp over e pas decade. Progress asee drve prar rog ecoog,a respos e dsr eracedder s par o a voar coeo c CO

2essos. ts agreee

was rokered ACEA ad e EropeaCosso 1998 ad covered e

ears 1995 o 2008.

tog progress was coered deveopes sc as e paraerodco o cofcg regaorreqrees, prear gres sggesa ew car CO

2essos ave ae

cose o 20% (w average CO2essos

o arod 154 g/k 2008). Drvers ave,ore rece, sared o vae e-eceecooges aogsde e ore radoaavores sc as coor, sae addesg. CO

2-reaed axao rodced

varos eer saes as aso epedrgger a s coser dead.

te dsr w coe o drve dowCO

2essos ro s prodcs; owever

e porace o o, e spp ad

a read dead or ecoogcasoos, reas a cear esso roe voar agreee.

80%

1995

important proGress in uel eiciencY

Trend in new car CO2emissions (g/km)

161+ 121-140

141-160 120 and less

R

17%

3%

2007

35%

30%

24%

11%

2008

31%27% 26%

16%

sourCe: ACEA


16/89

16 co2

emissions

Co2 leGislaTioni Deceer 2008, e EropeaParae ad Coc approved ewCO

2esso res or passeger cars,

esasg e os deadg pece oevroea egsao e aoovedsr as ever aced.

te egsao adaes a redco appe CO

2o a average o 130 g/k

( 2012 or 65% o ew regseredcars, creasg o 100% 2015)rog ecoog easres. teao dsr s caracersed ogdeveope ad prodco cces. i sereore ecoragg a e ew carCO

2regao provdes soe fex

peeao.

thE AutOmObilE inDuStRyAnD ClimAtE ChAnGE

a lonG-Term perspeCTive ptctg t t t, sg ed

resorces respos ad gag e eecs oa-ade cae cage; s s e ssaacaege a dsra soce cao gore.

Vece akers are tg t ct. teave eraced e caege, deverg sgcaevroea progress o dae. maacrers wcoe o pa a pvoa roe w e coex o

ssaae grow. Eropea aacrers are tcg .

iovao s drvg orward ceaer, greeerad aordae raspor. Frer progress o CO

2

redco w coe ro proved powerras ade deveope o ore reewae eerg sorces.

low-esso veces oer e os ccgt o e road o ssaae o.A coe o ros R&D, rasrcreprovees, eerg se ad arke dead we eeded o acceerae progress.

CO2 savgs w e axsed -t-ct s cear addressed a a sages o e ead eerg ca.

A t t tgt o dever egreaes ees o soce: vece aacrers;e ad eerg prodcers; arcecs o ra adaoa rasrcres; rac aagee adogscs provders, ad er sers; pocas ad

egsaors; cosers, csoers ad drvers. Cae cage s a g cg a aecs

s a. Soos s e raed arod a goa,osc approac.

te aooe dsr t ewecooges o acke e copex qesos rased cae cage ad oer evroea aspecs.act g w a sakeoders s cera o scoe.

Vece akers t t redce er

evroea oopr oda ad o proec epae or soce oorrow.

key poinTs in The reGulaTion For passenGer Cars

a d vg co2 w 120 g/.

eg 10 g d y

dg g .

a ggd h : 65% w w y wh

q 2012; 75% 2013; 80% 2014 d 100% 2015.

e-v w 7 g f g.

s-d vh g h 50 gco2/.

pv h (10,000 300,000 ) hv f

vg d 25%.

avg w co2 hd 95 g/ 2020, wg hgh

h g d v .

p w d dg ; dg h g

y h 3 g/ w y 95 g. s hg w5 d 25 1 3 g/.

i 2014, y wgh w w dd. wg vw, co2g y djd 2016, vwd vy h y.

nevereess, dsproporoae es, wcao o arod 15 es e cos ocaro oer arkes, rea a aero cocer. i e ace o e crreecooc dowr, e represe aaddoa rde or a dsr areadag jo osses ad prodco csacross e Eu.

supporTinG The indusTryi s cear a e ecooc codos wc e dsr s ow operag areexraordar ad fee reewa s derpressre. Acevg CO

2redco arges

w reqre reewed ocs, sppor adcoecve aco ro a sakeoders.We e dsr s coed o


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17

e reqrees, s cocered pedg egsao cocerg gcoerca veces as we as or CO

2

arges or veces e oger er.

tecoogca advaces deped o arvg ao dsr ad sgcavese R&D prograes. Eacear, e dsr speds ore o R&Da a oer prvae secor Erope a20 o or 4% o rover. however,weak dead or veces ps pressreo aacrers o redce a coss,

orcg a revew o R&D dges.

te dsr wecoed e 4 oaa Cea traspor Fac d(sas qo Jaar 2009) ro eEropea ivese bak. Cearowever, or a secor a vess ve esas c aa ecooges aare epg d ower-caro-egsoos or re veces, aoe

s o sce.

i addo o car ecoog, e drver,coce o e ad qa o rasrcreare decsve acors acevg e esposse e ecoo ad ece, owesCO

2essos, ad e dsr as

cosse rged a goveres, ecopaes ad cosers pa er par drvg dow CO

2oo.

Experece o e 1998 voaragreee sows a dead easresare crca o drve p saes o e-eceodes wc a e ore expesve

e sowroo de o e addoaprodco coss er aacre.

te esasg o copreesvereeg eworks s aso e a pror.As aerave-eed cars ad ore a-eecrc veces are devered o arke,cosers s e code e wave e ecessar sppor o ree e.

F-ct g, c-g, c gctc ct

The Golden rulesoF eCo-drivinG

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environmenT


18/89

18 co2

emissions

sourCe: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, WG III, 2007. World Business Council or Sustainable Development, 2004.

hoseodsa cosers 9%

traspor 17%(Road, Ra, Ar & Waer)

Passeger cars 7%

Power/eagsaos 27%

Deoresao 22%

idsr 25%

oVerVieW o Global co2

emissions

The eleCTriFiCaTionoF The auTomobile

ectc c prose a ees or orows ad ces, sc as zero appe essos, adaacrers are pavg e wa or e eecrcao

o e aooe. however, sgca vese a vare o paers w e ecessar o esrearrers o arke accepace are acked ad orease a-eecrc oorgs poea.

vc ct w coe o work waer sppers o sses ke eerg des,dra ad recarge es. te w aso coreacve o dscssos o ecca regaos sc assadardsao o -vece recargg pos

C s e code e avaa adcoveece o recargg aces. A copreesverecargg rasrcre s eeded ad pos s esadardsed across Erope.

Ceaer veces ct sod e ecoogera ad ased o cear evroea gas.CO

2-ased axao sses ee eecrc vece

owers w ower axes. Cocessos ke redcedparkg carges are aso avaae soe ces.

Fct- coser capags sod epassee aca ad evroea ees o a-eecrcoorg. however, e sod aso e cear o eecca ad pracca caeges aead.

We eecrc veces e o essos -se,CO

2s geeraed a sorce. more ctct

geerao w aoaca prove e we-o-weeadvaages o eecrc veces.

leGislation or liGHt commercial VeHicles?

lg coerca veces (lCVs) a vare o sess cos or operaors adcoseqe, e CO

2essos o lCVs a der a o depedg o er aca

se. i sor, coerca veces cao e sp copared o passeger cars.

Proposas o cop ad pase a raework ased o esso arges ro passegercar egsao o lCVs are fawed ad, a s dc e, e Cosso savod as depoe o ew regao. te proposed lCV CO

2esso arge

o a average 175 g/k 2012 s reasc. i gores og ead-es or lCVdeveope, as we as e daage a prce creases wod dever o a areaddepressed arke.te Eropea Cosso esaes a average rea prce crease o 10%.

Frerore, e Cosso daa s o sce ros o dever a sod assor egsao. torog pac assesses, esred eer regaoprcpes ro e CARS 21 repor, s e apped ecessar ecoocrde o dsr, s csoers ad soce s o e avoded.

19


19/89


19

CombaTinG ClimaTe ChanGe The nexT sTepste Cosso as se arges oraverage ew car CO

2essos o 95 g/k

2020. log-er arges are wecoed aacrers ecase e devercera prodc pag, aowg orog deveope cces e dsr.however, orog pac assessess derp proposas o esre a

ees o soce are devered e oscos-eecve wa.

te essos ro car CO2

redcoarges over e as e ears s eeared. ivese R&D, deverg

ew ecooges as we as opsedprodcs, reas a esae o edsrs o-gog coe. Cos-eecve easres a dever egreaes ee o e evroe se adoped, ad addoa sppor gveo a secor a w coe o ovaead ves ecoog ad egeerg

soos.

Average car essos eow 120 g/k sposse approprae poc easres arep pace - ad a pares are voved.A osc ad cos-eecve approac

attF

Eco-driving can improveuel economy by up to 20%.

db

Alternative uels can signicantlycontribute to overall CO

2

emissionreductions. Biouels, in particular, canand need to be produced sustainably.

Better cooperation o transportmodes and removing barriers to cross-border

haulage can reduce CO2

emissions signicantly.

itct& lgtc

CO2-related taxation

creates consumerdemand oruel-ecient vehiclesand alternative uels.

Substituting 50% o current trac lightswith dynamic systems or a better trac fowcan save 2.4 million tonnes o CO

2per year.

Co2-tTt

vcTcg

ov 50 co2-g hg

hv dd, d h fw vv -hg w .

WorkinG toGetHer an inteGrateD approacH to reDucinG co2

emissions

a cdes eer rasrcre,cogeso redco easres, espp o a sce rasrcre oraerave es ad oer eerg sorces,ad a Erope-wde axao ased o sew rg grea ees o e ecoo,ower essos ro a road raspor(o js ew cars) ad sreg o a

ao dsr a coes o ovaeo d ecoog soos. te eeso a egraed approac o aceve EuCO

2redco arges ave ever ee

sarper ocs.

environmenT

20


20/89

20 co2

emissions

Liter/100km

1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

30

45

60

sourCe: ACEA

Eropea aacrers ave ogcapoed e ecec, dg arepao or ece coerca vecesa are aso sae ad o e gesqa. tere s a cear sess case orcoos provee, as e a

operag cos or a raspor copas e. Fe ecec s aso ke oprovg e evroea peroraceo e vece.

trcks ad g coerca vecesare crca o e ecoo. te carrear 80% o a reg dsrasedcores ad dever arod 70kg ogoods o eac Eropea cze ever da.

A oder rck rs arod 30% esse a oe ade e 1970s. tarasaes o e cospo o js oere o dese per 100 oekoeres, wcorrespodg CO

2ees.

Drver rag prograes, wcprove sks ad oos e ecec,ca e depoed were eeded. Sop-sarrac rpes e essos o a rck,epassg e evroea ees ovese roads ad e deveope

o a ege rasrcre o ecoragerac fow ad preve ecessarod-ps.

vision 20-20te Eropea coerca veceaacrers are srvg o proverer. to dere er deerao,e secor as ed ed e

Vision 20-20, aoced a e haover

oorsow 2008. ts raesecoog progress w oer acorsad acors a w ep c CO

2.

te drec coro ro coercavece aacrers e Vision 20-20s o rer decrease a oder rckse cospo a average 20%per oekoere e ear 2020

copared o 2005.

i addo, e dsr w acveep srke a aace ewee oad evroea proeco rog aparersp w poca eaders, e edsr, e aers, vece operaorsad, as o eas, e drverseseves. te aacrers aossraeg s e Eu ojecve o redce

overa greeose gas essos 20% owards 2020.

ConTinuous innovaTioniovao as devered progress dese drveras. now a rck akersare workg o rd ecoog, wcca c e cospo 15 20%.ma aso ave odes capae o rg

o aerave es ke oeao adcopressed ara gas (CnG) we rasvovg coerca veces ad sesed w droge e ces are akgpace.

Deveope o eeacs ad feeaagee rg rer ececprovees cg essosad epg oos sess ecec.

maacrers ow oer sses a caassess rck ad drver perorace-se, prodcg repors or ogscseas ack a ase.

commercial VeHiclesThe business oF Fuel eFFiCienCy

moDern trucks use less uel

21


21/89

improvinGair QualiTy

21

c vhwh w

vg qy w d

22 improVinG air QualitY


22/89


xas ar poas are owa raco o wa e werewo decades ago. Ege

ecec provees ad exas

aer-reae sses ave drveassve cs caro ooxde (CO),drocaros (hC), roge oxdes (nOx)ad parcae aer (Pm) ro cars adcoerca veces.

te aooe secor spporseasres o redce road rasporessos rer. however, ese se ased o orog ad raspare

pac assesses. te pror orregaors s e o axse eeso e evroe, e qckeserae, wo daagg dsrcopeveess.

in brieFeg hg d h -

y hv hd

d no w ,

d v, g qy w d

.

Vh w v,

dd h h h y wg h

wgh h d y w g, h

h v d h y. u

jv h v d d

hv h v dgg co2d

.

m , v f w,

hd h y. th wd

qy d g vh ed qy d v w .

emission sTandardsCars ad coerca veces sod Erope are sjec o src s o eass o ar poas prodced ro e

appe. Caed Ero sadards, esewere rodced 1991 w Ero 0 orpasseger cars ad 1992 w Ero i orcoerca veces.

iovao as eped ee progressveger arges as e res ave deveoped.tecooges ke varae vave g,drec e jeco ad proved egeaagee sses ave a paed a roe.

So oo ave exas aer-reaesses. new dese cars are ow edw parcae raps o ee ogew Ero 5 sadards, we a o e

E

indusTry proGress in reduCinG emissions

th dvd w 86% no d 95%

h h h y 1990.

ov h 10 y, h hv dd y 35% d

w d () y 30%.

i 100 dd dy y g 1

d h 1970.

p d d vh

y 99%.

23environmenT


23/89


23

aes coerca veces se SeecveCaac Redco (SCR) coao

w a rea-ased addve (oe radearks Adbe) o ep redce nOx essos.

idsr w coe o ovae ad asacve parcpaed dscssos overe aes Ero 5 ad Ero 6 res or carsad e Ero V ad Vi res or coercaveces.

however, dsr reas cocered a

e Cosso dd o carr o properpac assesses o e coss ordsr o ee ese ew arges ade prce rses a ew ecooges wodpose o vece ers.

Euro 0 Euro 1

1991

Euro 2

1996

Euro 3

2000

Euro 4

2005

Euro 5

2009

Euro 6

2014

Emissions(%

Euro0)

Petrol NOx

Diesel NOx

Diesel PM

80%

60%

40%

20%

Euro 0

1988 1991 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013

Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V Euro VI

Emissions(%

Euro0)

emissions and hiGh CosTs

Ao akers eeve a a ack o a rospac assesse as ed o a sgcader-esao e coss o eege Ero 6 arges.

Dese car prces, or exape, are orecaso rse. i 2005, e CossosCea Ar or Erope (CAFE) Prograesggesed a 202 crease. however,a depede pae, se p e

PASSEnGER CARS tRuCKS

Innovation has helpedmeet progressively higher targets

eVolution o emission stanDarDs sourCe: ACEA

environmenT



24/89


Cosso, aer orecas a e coscod e ore a or es gera 900. te Cossos gre was

aso ased o e asspo o a a precos ea prces, wc as areadee see o e correc.

te eec o a sgca prce creasecod daage e arke or e-ece dese cars ad vas, parcardrg e ecooc dowr. tscod ave e perverse eec o acrease CO

2essos ro cars ad

r e copeveess o Eropeaaacrers, wo are ecoogeaders we coes o dese eges.

isses ke arke dsoro ad ecoer eec o Eropea CO

2esso

arges deosrae w a orog adraspare pac assesse, asedo reasc cos asspos, s or

e ass or a ecoog-ed arges orvece aacrers.

enCouraGe FleeT renewalSgca provees ar qa woccr aks o fee reewa. As oder carsad rcks are repaced ewer odes,essos ro road raspor w coedow, eve e asece o e aesesso s.

te cocso a ca e draw s aa rapd repacee o oder veces wewer odes wod core ore oredcg esso eves a a rergeg s. ts s especa reor gasoe cars ad s sppored edgs o e CAFE Prograe wcoresees a redco nOx ad VOCessos ro gasoe veces o orea 90% 2020, eve wo Ero 5.Soe goveres ave cosderedposg saes axes or ew cars. tss o e rg approac. te dsreeves a eer saes sod eecoraged o ake seps o acceeraefee reewa.

iceves o e aes odes wdrve dow a esso pes CO

2ad

poas ad rg e aes geeraoo sae veces oo Eropea roads.

Many o the latest commercial vehicles

use Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

in combination with a urea-based additive(one trademark is AdBlue) to help reduce

NOx emissions

25


25/89

FuellinGThe FuTure

25

Wg gh

dv dyd w

uellinG tHe uture26


26/89

in brieFi h d

qy h d dd

wy. advd - g

d vh y q

wh d d dd

hv h w , d .

Qy y . sdd d

d wy h

e , w d h

eu. py h ddv (.g.

d) d : g

dvg h

ddv .

a y e g

d -y gh g

gd h. thy

w h eu g 10%

w gy d y 2020.

th dv v d

w , cnG, hydg d ,

dy v gvh, hg d co

2d h .

a egraed approaco redcg essosro road raspor, espp o ceaer es

pas a pora roe a copeesprovees vece ecoog.Aerave es ep address qesosa arse ro e o reserves adsecr o spp.

te Eropea aoove dsr

sppors oves o crease e reewaeeerg x ad as paed s par vesg eav ecooges adever veces capae o rg oceaer es oda.

Da-e cars ad coerca vecesrg o lPG (qeed peroegas) or CnG (copressed ara gas)are coo, as are rd odes.

ivese as aso ocsed o fex-ecars a ca se ora pero or ger-ed oes ke E85 (a x o 85%eao ad 15% pero).

maacrer prograes o devereecrc cars ave acceeraed, wecars ad rcks capae o rg odroge prodced ro reewaesorces - eg o CO

2

essos roe appe - are aread eg raed oEropea roads.

Ao akers ave eraced errespos o rg veces o arkea r o ceaer, aerave es.isses ke ssaae e prodco,qa ad e deveope ocopreesve re-eg rasrcre

rea ke o ecoragg wder ake-po ese veces.

bioFuelste aoove dsr s coed oe deveope o ssaae oesas par o e reewae eerg x.Fro 2010, a ew pero veces we copae w es coag aax 10% ed o oeao,we dese veces w e copaew eds coag a ax o7% FAmE (Fa Acd me Eser). te

ao dsr does o sppor e se s veces o a sadard arke desecoag ore a 7% FAmE.

beds o qa oes p o eses, prodced o eraoa sadards,ave e poea o c CO

2essos

sgca we acg e eedsad capaes o ege ad veceecooges. ts s parcar pora

as aacrers work owards ra-ceaesso sadards Ero 5 ad Ero 6.

bioFuel QualiTyACEA s a eer o e WordwdeFe Carer, aog w represeaveso Aerca ad Japaese ao akersad goa ege aacrers. Sep 1998, e grop prooes greaerdersadg o e pac o e qao eges, essos ad perorace,ad rece ssed gdees oreders.

A prereqse or e se o eseecooges are es a rea reeo spr ad eas ad ave srccoroed eves o oer ke e ares

ke ocae/ceae, voa, sa adoxda eves.

I

27environmenT


27/89


te dsr s ereore cocered pars o e rece adoped Fe QaDrecve wc cod daage coseraccepace o oes, arg oeqa, wc cod aso rage e

era arke.

te sses:

Thepermitteduseofmetallicadditives,

parcar a agaese-asedaddve caed mmt, wc w casesesve pars ke caass, sesorsad spark pgs o a preare.

TheEuropeanParliamenthasagreed

a dese sa cde a ax 7%FAmE coe. however, eer saesw s e aowed o arke deseprodcs w a FAmE coe greaera 7%, dsorg e era arkew e poea or cosse eqa across e Eu.

Fuelpumplabellingindicatingthe

proporo o oe eds peroad dese w o e adaor.

Ao akers ear s rsks cosercoso ad oss o codece correc es are sed veces orwc e are o copae.

For ConsumersSppor or ceaer e deveope govere ad e e dsreps drve aacrer veseprograes. however, s cear acosers oo s e code eceaer es or er veces.

te ao secor aas a ceaeres s provde a perorace acosers expec, we epg redceessos. Eges s coe or cea ad o e sscepeo preare copoe ares.Coveece s aso ke. Sadard ess e wde avaae across gsaos e Eu ad e cear aeeda e pp as aacred o src

qa sadards, ad sae orer veces.

tOWARDSSECOnD-GEnERAtiOnbiOFuElS

te ao dsr sppors e ssaaeprodco o oes. tere are a cosderaos ssaae oe prodco. however, scear a redced greeose gas essos roprodco ad se cce s e aceved.

Eropea ao akers codc researc o a

aerave es, cdg secod-geerao oes,o dvda ad rog er Eropea ResearcCoc EuCAR. EuCAR as esased a workggrop o es, ad cored o e we-o-weeaass o oes, assessg overa essoscdg prodco ad cospo.

Secod-geerao oes, or exape btl (oasso qd) or hVOs (drogeaed vegeae os),ca rer redce CO

2essos. te are reed

o essea e drocaros, sar areo o-ased drocaros (pero ad dese) prodced a ro o-ood crops, wood adagrcra wase.

te are expeced o e ore copae w aeges ad o res ger greeose gassavgs. We prodced ro agrcra wase,secod-geerao oes avod e eed oraddoa ad ad poea cearg o CO

2

-asorgoress or weads. isses cocerg e prodcoad se o ersers o sppor crop grow are asoavoded.

Researc o ew re es s crca. however,rs-geerao oes eed o e red o e rg ssaa crera ad ros eccasadards are apped. tese es serve as seppgsoe owards ewer geeraos, ad w ep esre

e cog ao o e ecessar e rasrcreas we as a sce arge arke pace.

Hydrogen vehiclesare being trialed

on European roads

28


28/89

vehiCleproduCTionand reCyClinGa dy g

29environmenT


29/89

eccg s a pror oro e Eu ad aoovedsr. As prodcers, car

akers ackowedge er respos odever ssaae prodcs ro crade-o-grave ad are prod o repor ajorprogress owards s goa.

Esaes sgges ewee 2 ad 5%o oa car CO

2essos are geeraed

drg e reccg pase o a cars e.O a ver ed ao o wase oad s coes ro e aoovesecor, aog arod 8 o vecesreac e ed o er ves eac ear.trog a coao o ovao reccg ad recover ecoog, aeraaagee ad orao ssesa are qe aog aacrg

dsres, e dsr ca deosraeresa ad recover raes reqesed egsao, eadg o redced wase-o-ad ad proved car recca.

maacrers ave c coe or eor eav eas - ercr, cad,cro (Vi), ad ead. Cro (Vi)ad cad ave ee eaedere; reag ercr aos

in brieFr h vw

wh dg y d

v h d d .

th g

gy d h h d h

d--gv h.

th v dy h vd h

dv d vv, vh g. i h dw

h d h hvy

: h d wh vd d

yd h d vh d dd

w d.

i h wh h yg dy,

hv w

e d gdd d

d- d yg d. th w

vd wh v d -

h vh.

Hwv, h gvg yg hv

vd d f. th ed--l

Vh Dv wh

g , d y h Hgh lv

cars 21 g, hd d. s

d h wh h g h g.

- wc are de o e pased-o - arearead egge. lead appcaos kesoder, or wc ere s o eccaaerave, ao o js a ew graes eac vece.

end-oF-liFe vehiCle ruleste Ed-o-le Vece Drecve adDrecve o Resa, Recca ad

Recovera o oor veces se ewreqrees or vece reccg.toda, ew veces s deosraeresa ad/or recca o a eas85%, ad resa ad/or recoverao a eas 95% weg, easredagas e eraoa sadardiSO 22620.

Ao akers sppor e prcpe o

prodcer respos, aso er roe epg cosers recce ed-o-eveces.

however, reccg reas a sse orwc e coros o a sakeoderssod e cosdered. Prodc s edsrs core copeece; a egraedapproac, workg w e reccgdsr, egsaors, ad csoers, s ees wa o esre coed progress vece reccg.

a Case For simpliFiCaTionCar aacrers ace a ajor caege,aacg goas recca w arges oer areas cdg CO

2redco,

proved sae ad rea, we

akg sre veces rea aordae ore csoer.

R

30 VeHicle proDuction anD recYclinG


30/89

based o pas experece, caraacrers sress a e Ed-o-leVece Drecve s o a posve exapeo regao. te ao dsr eeves sod e sed as a es case or eerregao.te crre res are secor-specc,

fexe, par coradcor, adoverap w oer regaos. Regaorarges a do o geerae cos-eecveevroea gas s e revewed.Secor specc aera resrcos areaso accepae. Fa, e dsrsresses a prodc-ocsed res sode deca across e Eu o aa eegr o e sge arke.

produCTion: Car makersreduCe environmenTal impaCT

Eropea ao aacrers avesgca redced e evroeapac o vece prodco receears. Per prodced, eergcospo, CO

2

essos, wase,waer se ad VOC essos ave adecreased. A dsr eve, ress areaso feced e er o vecesprodced. i os cases, owever, akso creased evroea ecec, erse vece prodco ro 2005 o2007 was accopaed a redcoo asoe essos ad cospoa e dsr eve, oo. te gres

cocer passeger car aacrg aprodco ses e Eu27.

2.80

2.70

2.60

2.50

2.40

2.30

2.20

0.88

0.87

0.86

0.85

0.84

0.83

0.82

0.81

0.80

7.00

6.50

6.00

5.50

5.00

4.50

4.00

enerGY consumption sourCe: ACEA

co2

emissions sourCe: ACEA

Waste (dg ) sourCe: ACEA

Million tons

Million tons

tons

m3

44.00

12.00

1.9

13.00

2.1

44.00

11.00

1.7

44.00

10.00

1.5

44.00

9.00

1.3

44.00

8.00

1.1

44.00

7.00

0.9

44.00

6.00

0.7

44.00

5.00

0.5

2005

2005

2005

2006

2006

2006

2007

2007

2007

Million MWH MWH

Energy Total (Million MWH/year) | Energy per unit produced (MWH)

CO2 Emissions Total Million (t/year) | CO2 Emissions per unit produced (t)

Waste total (t/year) | Waste per unit produced (t)

As cars are equipped with more and more eatures

to make them saer and more environmentally-riendly,

the complexity o production increases as well,

with negative eects on energy demand. However,

manuacturers constantly work on improving energy

eciency. As a result, energy consumption per vehicle

produced has decreased by 6.5%.

note The fgures include direct and indirectenergy consumption, i.e. rom on-site and external

energy suppliers.

CO2emissions per vehicle produced decreased by 5%,

mostly through eciency increases, and somewhat helped

by a warm winter in 2007. Dierences in the trends on

energy consumption (previous graph) and CO2 emissionshave to do with changes in the energy mix available at the

dierent production sites.

note As or energy, the fgures include direct

and indirect emissions, i.e. rom on-site and external

energy suppliers.

The amount o waste per vehicle went down 4.8%,

thanks to eorts by the manuacturers to reduce waste.

noteScrap metal, which is recycled and then used

as a secondary raw material, is not included.

31


31/89


Long-term strategies to reduce water consumption have

made it possible to reduce the water use per car produced

by almost 23%. This includes the increasing use o

re-circulation technologies, which allows the reuse o water.

7.50

7.00

6.50

6.00

5.50

5.00

4.50

4.00

Water useD sourCe: ACEA

absolute Voc emissions sourCe: ACEA

Voc emissions per VeHicle proDuceD

95.00

703.5

4.5

90.00

603.0

4.0

85.00

502.5

80.00

402.0

75.00

301.5

70.00

201.0

65.00

100.5

60.00

00

2005

20052005

2006 2007

20072007

Million m3

thousand tons

m3

Water total (million m3/year) | Water per unit produced (m3)

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are organic solvents

mainly emitted rom paintshops. The graph shows the

VOC emissions per car produced and the emissions o all

passenger car manuacturers taken together. With new

technologies such as water-based paints that replace

solvent-based paints, manuacturers have been able toreduce emissions by 14.3% per vehicle.kg/unit

European auto manuacturers

have signicantly reduced

the environmental impact

o vehicle production in recent years

32


32/89

ChapTer 2

c d vh h y d d y. thy vd dd

y d dv h gd d v w

gd h, d h. Dvg y hgh w , . Hwv h y; hd

d h hg d w gh d-v .

mobiliTy

33


33/89


32

susTainable mobiliTy

Mobilityandtransportarethelifeblood

d y.

Sustainablemobilitymeansmoving

d gd h

d wy, wh d h

v.

Improvedroadtrafcow,inter-

d w,

vh d , d dd

d h y jgw zz.

35

road saFeTy

Overthelast30years,passivesafety

d w v vh

hg hv hd hv h

dh e d,

d h-d .

Furthertechnologicalprogresswith

y ig t

sy (its) , vd

dv g, d dg

d g

g d .

Roadsafetypolicymusttakeaccount

g

dvg -v d

d g.

Aspartofanintegratedapproach,

h erap d

g d h ch esc

w g d

y h dy.

40

european TransporT poliCy

Fourineveryvelandjourneysin

e d y ; v 70%

gh vd y d gh

vh.

RoadsaretheveinsofEuropethrough

whh y fw.

th eu d y

h h d

hv h

gwh.

Vehiclesgenerate378billionintax

v h y 4.1% eu

GDp; v d ,

hwv, h 1.5% GDp

h 1980 h 1% dy.

IntelligentTransportSystems(ITS)

g h ;

y v

hd w dd

, dv ,

hv d

.

34


34/89

susTainablemobiliTy

eg ,

d -d y

35mobiliTy


35/89


oor veces dever wa we

ake or graed odersoce. toda, or ever

ve ad jores are ade car. idsrased cores, 71% o regs oved rcks ad g coercaveces rgg s e gs we re oda, ro ood ad coes o e adoce sppes.

Despe e ecooc dowr, deador persoa o ad raspor ogoods w grow goa. ta presesoppores or Eropea ao akers.however, as rac grows ere ad osdee Eu, aso rgs o sarp ocs a seo caeges.

Frer rasao, evroeproeco, road sae ad respose se

o resorces; ese are js soe o esses a s e acked as we oveo e secod decade o e 21s cerad eod.

in brieFs y g e

, j . Hwv,

h d y g

hgy . a jgw,

h y h jd gh

.

th v g .

iv vh hgy, g

y d d

hv dy yd g g

d vg y.

Hwv, h h dd

hg hg gwh wh

v v d vd

y y y d hgh

v h.

Gv, , d

d d d y h .

Wg gh, w jy h

y d h

y h vh g, wh g

h h g y d h v.

susTainable mobiliTyte ao secor s coed o a ode

o ssaae o. iveses ceaer, saer veces ad prodcoprocesses ave aread deveredprogress. b e ears aead, a orecoaorave approac w e ecessar od o e dsrs ead.

taks o aves ke CARS 21, oresakeoders are aware a ssaae

o s o js a qeso o regage aoove dsr. is a ode wc pe paers ave a roe, ada s work ogeer o rg soosa dever ax ees o soce, proec Eropea jos posg coss o dsr.

A ceaer evroe, eer sae adproved soca respos are posse

s vso or e re. however, ke ajgsaw, a copee pcre cao eergeess a e peces are prese adjoed ogeer proper.

M

transport Generates economic GroWtH anD Vice Versa sourCe: DGTREN

pg, Gd, GDp

105

100

110

115

120

125

130

135

140

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Passengers (1) (pkm) | Goods (2) (tkm) | GDP (at constant 1995 prices)

1995=100

36 sustainable mobilitY


36/89

an inTerdependenT modelte oor dsr as a ke roe o pa e ssaae o ode. i vess

20 o R&D eac ear o deverecoog, prodco processes ad erespose workg pracces a socedeads.

however, ssaae o cao eao assgg respos o oe paraoe. mpe paers are voved svso or e re.

Govere as a ke roe o pa. taxreaks w ep cosers coose eceaes ew veces, acag feereewa. CO

2-ased axes w ecorage

respose se.

Osde e ao secor, goveres swork w e eerg dsr o rg eceaes es o arke. ta cdes

ssaae oes, lPG ad CnG, adew ecooges ke Gtl (gas o qds).

Crca, aso eas esrg qasadards are o coprosed.

Free fowg rac s oe o e ospora easres o c ecessarroad raspor essos. ivese rasrcre s ereore parao.We-desged roads ad racaagee sses ep c accdesad ower CO

2ad oer ar poas.

Fa, e dvda as a pora

roe o pa, o prvae oorssad coerca vece drvers. terrespos s everoes respos.

A joed-p approac, wc e roeo oers s eer gored orderpaed ad wc e oordsr recogses s ke roe, ca devera ode o ssaae o or e

re. te Eropea ao dsr scoed o s goa.

whaT are The ChallenGes?

s y vg

d gd e h

wy, g d vg . th

h

d d d vg h hgy,

d g y h

g v.

i vg d y y dg

v vh hgy, g

d dg, vd dv d d

g y h h.

s y g

hv h, gg h

y h vh h d d

dg h -dvg hq

y d v y.

i h vh,

dg vh

g, vg g h y

h y w, d dgg

yd h d h v

h h g d.

cy, dg h

, y dgg

gy w h w e v

dy g vg d dvg

h hg d w- vh .

37


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road saFeTyDvg vh,

y g d h d

38 roaD saetY


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edcg aaes ad jreso Eropes roads s paro a ssaae o

ode. taks o vese aoakers ad oer sakeoders, sgcaprogress as ee aceved. i e as 30ears, vece ecoog as eped avee er o deas, despe a ree-odcrease rac voes o Eropearoads. A coe o road saereas cera o a vece akersdeveope pas.

however, sae s a sared socearespos dered e aca 95% o a accdes are cased drver error, sc as poor acpao,approprae reaco o a azard ad

voao o road rac aws. Cog

in brieF

i h 30 y, e d hv d h-d .

Hg v vh dg d hgy

h dv dw , d y

v d dv .

mg d vh d wh h

g , d,

wy dv h g.

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dy y hgh dd. chg hg v d

d vd/g y

h h d v

d e d.

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. ig d

c thg (ict) d igt sy (its) w y h

wh d v

vy.

idy w w h d

v dvd y ,

g h w q w

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hd.

th y gd h, whh

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wd y d y. a h Hgh lv

cars 21 g d, hgy, dv

d, d w d

vd qy

.

th dy w h

gd h wh h

c h rd sy a p.

rer provees veceecoog w copeear itSeasres, proved drver rag, eerroad desg ad eorcee o exsgrac regaos prose e greaesees o soce.

te dsr w coe o ca or aegraed approac o road sae scosao o e CossosFor Road Sae Aco Pa. ts wse a e-ear poc raework,coecg 2010.

A a cocer or e dsr ade Cosso s a red owards rsgaaes ew eer saes. measreso drve fee reewa, ke scrap scees,

are o e ecoraged sce e average

R

tHe saetY trianGle

vehiCledriver

inFrasTruCTure

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red ro occpas o verae roadsers ke pedesras ad ccss, wprovees ro-ed desg sc assoer oes or coapse rrors.Researc ad deveope acve saeas aso creased. tecooges desgedo preve a accde akg pace, raera gag s eec, ke AbS, ESCad seae reders, are wde ed assadard o odas cars ad coercaveces.

Sses reerred o as ADAS (AdvacedDrver Asssa Sses) are asocreasg coo. tese se sesors,radar ad vdeo agg o oor esrrodgs o e vece; d spooorg, ACC (acve crse coro)

ad ae deparre wargs are exapes-se oda.

age o cars soe cores ca e po 14 ears. Repacg ess sae oder carsro e fee w ep.So oo w provees rasrcre,eorcee ad drver edcao.

auTo makers journeyPassve sae sses ave paed a ajorroe casa redco. tecoogesad desg easres a e eec oa cras a e ake or graed oda, wo provees, ke pre-esoedseaes, arags ad cras, adeerg-asorg crpe zoes, e deao o roads wod e ar greaer.mos veces ow ga a ax5-sar rag o EronCAP cras ess

ad passve sae s reacg a eve oar. more rece, aeo as

on tHe WaY to roaD saetY sourCe: International Transport Forum

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

300.000

1970 1990 2000 2006

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Thousand units

Thousandfatalities

Motor Vehicles in use | Fatalities

Wearing seatbelts remains a most important habit to adopt

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The road ahead - iCT and iTsi e ears aead, rer ecoogca

reakrog w coe rogeraco ewee drver, vece ad eevroe. Sccess peegese iege Cocaotecooges (iCt) w pa a ajor roe drvg casaes dow rer, ad eaooe dsr s workg o akes appe.

however, a coaorave approac secessar o sppor a erace w-vece sae sses o excageorao ad reorce operaoa

sraeges. ACEA w acve core

o e Cossos itS Aco Pa adw work o address sses sc as eeed or a ser-red a-aceerace (hmi), as we as aers reago prvac ad drver a.iovao, creav ad copeow dever progress iCt ad itS.maacrers sppor sadardsaowere akes sese ad were prodcsad servce are are eog o geeraea arger arke. however, regaos se cosdered o a case--case ass adsjec o rgoros pac assesses.

alerT wiTh eCall

a JoineD-upapproacH to saetY

Ao akers were aog e verrs o sg e meorad oudersadg or eCa, e ssewere a vece aoaca aerseergec servces o e ocao oa accde.

eCa s a cear exape o ow deresakeoders s work owards esae ojecve a coordaed wa. iakes o sese, or exape, o aveeCa coa a vece weere s o rasrcre avaae oaswer a dsress ca.

Fro e ose, ao akers ave

sressed e acve roe a eersaes, eergec servce provdersad oer sakeoders, ke oeework provders, pa.

i s aso pora a dsr gesa ead-e o a eas ree earsaer sadards ave ee xed, asdeveopg ew veces akes aears o accops. O e, eCa

coa ca e oered or a ewpe-approved veces.Deas osde coro o e dsrea a sadardsao w proao e ased e ed o 2009. iw e e p o eer saes o sare process o pgradg e ecessareergec servce rasrcre odever e eCa cocep.

intelliGent transport is a keY DeVelopment sourCe: European Telecommunications Standards Institute

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eduCaTion and enForCemenTSce e 1960s, coerca veceakers ave oered corses aecorage eco-red, sae drvg.toda, aacrers dever a wderage o rag prograes prooges pracce sc as acpaor drvgse ad e porace o veceaeace. Coerca veceoperaors are aso reqred o dergoproessoa copeece assessesever ve ears.

For a car owers owever, earg odrve a e er o rag a eeo oorg. iapproprae speed, acooad drg sse, drvg we red ado wearg seaes g e soe oe dageros as oorss adop w

sce argeg o edcao, ragad eorcee.

ACEA wecoes e ac a oreepoers are eracg erresposes o ecorage o-gogdrver rag.

Consumer CampaiGnste dsr s a acve parcpa eCoose ESC capag, wc creaes

awareess ad dersadg o eees o specg e skd-preveoecoog. more a 50% o ew carsow coe ed w ESC as sadard,ad a er w coe o rsea sead pace.

Aorda s parcar pora orcosers acg ecooc pressresa oe, ad addoa eecroc saeeqpe oe copees w cooreares or ed dges.

i s pora a ers cosder ae eares o a car a es proecer aes. te dsr as ereorewecoed seps e Eropea saecosor EronCAP o cde ESCe sae rags or ew cars, e

rs acve sae sse o e easred e grop.

road inFrasTruCTureACEA s a srog spporer o e EroRAProad assesse prograe. As par o aegraed approac o accde redco,provees desg, cosrco adaeace o roads are ke.

isses ke oeecks, d corers,approprae speed s ad poorgg, a aec sae. uorae, prevos road sae sraeg, e EropeaCosso as eded o overookessea rasrcre easres scas ads, pac assesses ad saeappgs.

maacrers aso po o e weao orao avaae a oca eve,wc rge eeds o e sared w

dga ap provders o as prove eroad sae daaase. O ad o-oardavgao sses, or exape, code cde ore reae geo-reerecedroad speed daa or drvers.

42


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europeanTransporTpoliCy

rd dv y jv

d gwh,

w w v

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e aooe dsr sgvg acve p o e ewrevso o Eropes traspor

Poc, expeced o e deed eex Cossos er. maacrerswecoe a e Cosso as esared e preparao o s revew,aead o e exprg o e e-ear scope

o e 2001 We Paper.

in brieFth d h h d

d j h e y.

rd h vwhg jy

d d dvd,

dvg h gd w gd

h d w, d h v

whh h y .

t py h gy

w h h d,

hy d, , , h h

h d dg hgy.

e t py w dvd

q h g g

h 1990 d d d h h

y: gwh, w dv .

Hwv, h g gwh

d v d h l

sgy w h gd,

d h dv d

v. i d h

. a h hgg ,

h v

gwh d dv wh g wt py .

e d v hgh whh

vy fw. Y, h , y

hv gg h hh h

v w. cg, d v

dv d

hv d hd v, wh

dg g wd wd v

g d y jv.

TOe o e daea ees o e 2001traspor We Paper was e cocepo oda s, e dea a odes oera road raspor sod e ecoragedor e sake o e evroe. i asoprooed de-copg road rasporro ecooc grow. bo cocepsred o o e sce as a ass or a

workae raspor poc.

44 european transport policY


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improvinG eFFiCienCyte Cossos d-er revew, pre-seed 2006, served e deveopeo a eer ass or Eropes trasporPoc. i parcar, ackowedged araspor s e cosdered w aoverarcg raework o ssaaeecooc grow, ad a a raspor

odes s prove ecec as we asworkg ogeer.i preseed co-oda, a ore posveass or re poc a oda s,ad revsed e cocep o de-copgraspor ro ecooc grow. tsrepreseed a sep e rg dreco,ackowedgg e porace o roadraspor o Eropes ecooc prosper.ACEA s ow cose oorg e

reasc approac o raspor poc.however, e Eu s ow decsveove owards a raspor poc ased o

ecec raer a odes.

te dsr reas cocered e oe pc persseprecocepos ao road raspor,wc ca ead o reasc adeecve poc ojecves ad easres.Oe exape s e wdespread ee asoe odes are dea eer ro aevroea po o vew a oers.

te rea s dere, as s depedso a grea exe o e sao o aodes ax capac. ts, r,depeds o e voe ad e weg oraspored goods, e eed or oadgad oadg, e des o s ework,e sorce o eerg, e eerg eedro a oaded vece copared w

we oaded ad specc eeds oe cood o e raspored.

modes and means oF TransporTComplemenT eaCh oTherAoer coo percepo s a aodes o raspor copee w eac oer.Fac s a soe odes are copeoor raspor o cera coodes

a, geera, odes serve e ecoo a copeear wa.

Oe wa o deg wc odescopee, s o ook a e vae o egoods a are raspored e dereodes. Exsg aases o rasporw e Eu deosrae a e vaeo e goods s a pora crera or eseeco o e ode o e sed ecsoer.

peeao o ore specc poceasres, parcar e CossosGreeg traspor Package adoped J 2008.

ACEA ecorages derpg repoc ojecves o sod assesseso er posse pac, ad o ase

scearos ad asspos o scecdaa. te ao dsr aso rges e earcosao w a reeva sakeodersvoved ad o ake se o er experkowedge.

The road aheadi s 2006 revso ad e pcogrevew o e We Paper, e Cossoas cear opeed e wa or a ore

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A coser ook a passeger raspor,rerore, sows a dvda adcoecve raspor oer dere servcesad ereore dere eeds.te are o, as oo oe assed,

cocag vesses. Pc rasporpas wo a do a crcaspporve roe, a o asrearoes. is roe ca e eaced sservce s rer adaped o e eedso s sers (coor, fex, odaegrao, ec.).

A orced oda s poc ased orac resrcos ad creased cossor dvda raspor w ead o a g

oss o weare wo e expecedees or o ad qa o e.Regardg pc raspor, e EropeaCosso sod vesgae e varosarke osaces, prooe ad

ope access o operaors ad press orcopeo e secor.

need For invesTmenTsi addo, e dece vese rasrcre, wc as ae ro1.5% o GDP e 1980s o ess a 1%oda, s e reversed. te ao secorgeeraes ore a 378 o axrevees eac ear. Erope sod e

dg ke raspor projecs a w oo oderse Eropes rasrcre, w aso ep redce egaveevroea pacs ad w creaeos o jos provg exsg addeveopg sarer ew rasrcre,especa roads.

Erope sod o e aggg ed

oer eadg ecooes: eeds oreCo dg or ke rasporprojecs.

proile

o tHe roaD transport sector

580,000 aage copaes 95% w ewer a 10 epoees

Caoage 1.2% o oa aoaroad raspor

280,000 passeger raspor copaes

500 passeger-k sad coac aa

Europe must modernise its inrastructure

46 european transport policY


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1

CharGinGPar o e Greeg traspor Packagecded a cocao o e Sraegor ierasao o Exera Coss. tsrodced e cocep o cargg asa eecve eas o regag racfow ad fecg oda spread. Aoakers ave qesoed evdece aroad prcg wod prove Eropea

copeveess ad ao akers eevee eodoog sed o cacaecoss a wod app o sers s gsce.

te proposa coes o pace adsproporoae rde o road rasporad does o cde a cos-eeaass coparg erasao o

exera coss w oer sraeges.

te ao secor eeves a, carggs o e cosdered as par o og-ertraspor Poc, s e apped o araspor odes. Doe cargg se avoded. Faress ad rasparec areasc prcpes o e respeced. Carggsses s aso e spe ad reveeera w ds poecaed o redcee exera cos or wc e carge

as ee apped. Cross-ssdsao,were revees ro road raspor aresed o sppor oer raspor odes, saccepae.

2

loGisTiCste deveope o raspor ogscs s

road a aer or dsr wc srveso redce coss ad prove ecec.Coerca, ecca, operaoa adsoa proes s e addressedw e coex o dere arkes.however, ACEA eers argea soe seps ca e ake eCosso o prooe eer ogscsad c ecessar essos, cdg

orog pac assesses o epoea or easres.

Frer prooo o e odar cocep wc wod vove creasg peredgoods vece wegs ad desos -wod ave a edae posve eeco raspor ecec, road sae ade evroe. i wod aso oveErope coser oward er-oda road-ra

raspor soos.

transport eiciencY is also: pickinG tHe most appropriate VeHicle or tHe Job sourCe: VOLVO

Load Fuel l/1000tonnekm l/1000tonnekmGCW/GVW* Capacity Distance Consumption at 100% normal consideringtonne tonne km l/100km tonnekm utilisation utilisation normal utilisation

lonG disTanCe

26 17 100 25 1700 14.7 70% 21.040 25 100 32 2500 12.8 70% 18.3

60 40 100 43 4000 10.8 70% 15.4urban disTribuTion

3.5 1.5 100 12 150 80.0 45% 177.87.5 4 100 15 400 37.5 45% 83.3

12 7.2 100 19 720 26.4 45% 58.6

18 11 100 22 1100 20.0 45% 44.4

*Gross Combination Weight (Long Distance) / G ross Vehicle Weight (Urban Distribution)

in tHe spotliGHt

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3

inTelliGenT TransporT

sysTems (iTs)ACEA eers w acve core oe poc ojecves ed e iegetraspor Sses Aco Pa wc wasapproved e Cosso Deceer2008. i as o acceerae ad coordaee depoe o itS road raspor,cdg eraces w oer rasporodes.

iege iorao ad Cocaotecooges or e ass or oege rasrcre ad egeveces, ad ave e poea o akeroad raspor ceaer, sarer ad saer.A egraed approac, a voves asakeoders, s ke sce coecvw re o eworked sses adparersps.

te itS Aco Pa gged a ero pora appcaos cdg eerrave ad rac orao, opsaoo coerca reg ad eer feeaagee, road sae ad secr,cooperave sses ke vece-o-vecead vece-o-rasrcre. ACEAeers w pa a ajor roe rggsc projecs orward ad parcpag

e itS Advsor Grop.

i eac o ese areas, e dsr wprse asc prcpes o copeveess.Progress w deped po poca wad coecve eor ro a sakeoders.

marke peerao o ew sses s owad qesos, ke vese se-pcoss ad ecoogca depoe acrosse vece fee, w ave o e addressed.lega sses, daa proeco ad pcaccepace s aso e cosdered.

te dsr sppors e EropeaSaee o Prcpes (ESOP) or saeegrao as a voar approac

does o see e eed or a regaorraework o a sae o-oard ha-mace-ierace (hmi). marke drve,ecoog-eadg sses, ke ESC adACC, ave aread ee rodced addever copeve advaage wo eeed or regao.

Eors o as-rack ew regao e

ed o itS are parcar wecoe as caegg e, rasg e specre oecessar coss or dsr ad prcecreases or cosers.

4

urban TransporT

Aswers o ra raspor qesos areoca o aoa resposes, deo e dvers o poc respos,adsrave srcres ad acaresposes. te dsr s o ceara poc ocs a Eropea eve addsvae, ad e Cosso s recogsee sse o ssdar.

We crre awag a Cosso

Aco Pa, ACEA eers arge arac easres ca e apped o ocasses wo resor o copcaed adexpesve access resrco easresad cogeso cargg. tese cadaage sesses ad aec qa oe or resdes. Veces are eas ecewe sck a rac ja or we sadecessar a a red g, ad e pror

sod e e opsao o rac fows.

Fuel consumption (l/100km); 40 tonne truck

traic conGestion increases uel consumption sourCe: VDA

0

20

40

60

80

100

50 km/h non stop

28

50 km/h 1 stop/km

52

50 km/h 2 stops/km

84

48

ChapTer 3


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th v e hghy v,g 12 j, g gy

y. i qy d wdwdd v r&D h y h . s g wh gh h dw, dy dvg gwh.

CompeTiTiveness

49


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48

markeT and eConomy

Theautomobileindustrysupports

v 2 j dy vh

g d y;10 yd h

wd y h d

, g, v d

.

Manufacturersinvest20billion

y r&D, wg g

, vh g .

Theeconomicdownturnhasseverely

dgd vh dd d

. J e hv

, d hd d

dg d.

Supportingautomotivethrough

h

y,

h dv vvv d y hg.

53

innovaTion,

researCh & developmenT

TheautomotivesectorisEuropes

g v v r&D. eh

y, 20 vd y h

dy, 4% v.

R&Ddeliversthetechnologiesthat

dvg dw d d

vg vh d v

.

IttakesampletimeforR&Dpotential d y; gg

dy hg y

h .

Therecessionhasplacedenormous

r&D dg. s

dd h h y d

v hg w

dyd y h

dy.

58

inTernaTional Trade

Theautomotivesectorgenerates

wh 42.8 d

h e y.

Opportunitiestodeveloptrade

d hd d.

m v

d - .

Intheabsenceofglobaltrade

g, h h

eu d g

g.

Thoroughimpactassessmentsmust

d y d. ag h

g

eu

wd.

50


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markeTand eConomy

a d dw

2008 d 2009 wg 2010?

51CompeTiTiveness


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rope rees o a srogaoove secor. Freraca ad ecooc

pressre o e secor w aec eEropea ecoo as a woe; 2.2 opeope are epoed drec aooveaacrg; a addoa 9.8 o reo or er jos cose reaed secors.

te rea per, ers o epoe

e wder ecoo, s s ger. ACEAeers geerae a rover o 551o, ad oa dsr expors are wor77 o. Arod 378 o axescoe ro veces, reorcg e secorsrepao as e ege roo o Erope.

vehiCle produCTioni 2008, 18.4 o veces were ade Erope, 7% ewer a e 19.7 oprodced 2007. O e ve ajorvece prodcg cores, ia reporede wors dece (-20.3%), oowed

in brieFacea d vg 2008 v hvy

h d

e g d vh

.

pd d dd vh, whh hd

gw 2007, g d h h

2008, , h

q g wdw. by h

gg h hd q, h d h

h y d h e y

d v, d g. th

d h h.

ov 2008, 18.4 vh w

dd, dw 7% 2007. pg

7% (25% h q), wh

vh d 5% (33% h

q).

m e d; dd

dd h y dw 7.8% wh vh g 9%; h w h

h d 1993.

p 2009 d 2010 ,

g v. m h 1,000

g dy hd d h

q 2009 d y

g. ov, 2009 vh d y

d y h q d

vh d y 50%.

Frace (-14.9%), Spa (-12%),e uK (-5.8%) ad Gera (-2.8%).

Car prodco e 7%, ro 17.1 o15.9 o s. Op Asra eos draaca (-37.3%), oowed ia (-27.6%) ad Fad (-25%). neweer saes, wc acco or 18%o Eu prodco ared eer; Poadad hgar repored op creases o

20.9% ad 18.9% respecve.

Va ad rck prodco refeced a dra-ac dece e ecoo e aqarer. Fro Jaar o Je 2008, gcoerca vece prodco ad rse6.5%; qarer or, crased 7% or138,481 s. heav rck prodco asorose qarer wo 15%, o o a20% ro Sepeer o Deceer. bsad coac prodco repored grow op as ear, rsg 7%, owever arkessowed sgs o aerg Deceer.

E

neW commercial VeHicle reGistrations anD GDp GroWtH in tHe eu | 1998 - 2008

sourCe: Eurostat / ACEA / AAA

1,900,000

2,100,000

2,300,000

2,500,000

2,700,000

2,900,000

1,700,000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

New pc registrations (units) GDP Growth (%)

New CV Registrations - EU

EU GDP

52 market anD economY


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markeT demand

i Weser Erope, o ve coresposed ew car grow, Fad (+11.2%),Porga (+5.7%), beg (+2.1%),lxeorg (+2.0%) ad Swzerad(+1.0%). Aog e ve ajor arkes,Spa repored e seepes a dead s sor (-28.1%), we ia (-13.4%)ad e uK (-11.3%) e ore a10%. Across Erope, ew car deade 7.8% o 14.7 o s. i e a

qarer crased 19.3%.

Coser coces refeced cocersao e ecoo. marke peerao osa cars was e ges ever a 38.8%;SuVs peerao wc ad peaked 2007 a 9.9.% e ack o 9%, w eos draac a Frace ro 7.2 o4.6%. Average ege sze e o 1706cc,ro 1740cc a ear earer, we averagepower op, wc ad rse seadsce 1990, e o 86 ro 87 KW. more

tHe car market in seGments | 2008

a a o a ew cars sod were dese

odes (52.7%).

Coerca vece regsraos weredow 9% across Erope, e sarpesdowr sce 1993. trck regsraos,dow 4% overa, sered os eweer saes (-21.1%). lg coercavece dead (lCVs), p 5.1% eweer saes, was dragged dow perorace Weser Erope (-12%) o

ed 10.4% dow overa. bs ad coacregsraos rose 12.1% over e ear, Deceer e e 7.5%.

b marc 2009, govere fee reewascees ad ee rodced 11cores o oos faggg arkes adep ssa e raso o greeercars. i Gera, ew car saes rose aecoragg 21.5% Ferar. Eecswere aso oae oer arkes, scas Frace, ia ad Sovaka.

New PC Registrations - EU

EU GDP

neW passenGer car reGistrations anD GDp GroWtH in tHe eu | 1990 2008 sourCe: Eurostat / ACEA / AAA

11,500,000

12,000,000

12,500,000

13,000,000

13,500,000

14,000,000

14,500,000

15,000,000

15,500,000

16,000,000

16,500,000

11,000,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1.5

-2.5

New pc registrations (units) GDP Growth (%)

Small

38.8%

based onGlobal Insight Data

Executive

12.3%

Upper-Medium

17%

Lower-Medium

31.7%

Others

0.1%

53CompeTiTiveness


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vehiCles in use

Accordg o e aes AnFAC (Spasaooe assocao) repor, ere were251.5 o veces o e roads eearged Eu a e ed o 2007. O ese,aos 220 o (87%) were cars.ta refeced a 0.5% drop o 2006gres, prar de o a 11.6%decrease e Gera fee ro 46.6o 41.2 o cars.

te Eropea car fee s coceraed ve a arkes (Gera, ia, Frace,uK ad Spa) wc dese peeraos ow arod 30%. Across e eargedEu, ere s a g proporo o oder carso Eropes roads. Accordg o AnFAC,30% o cars are oder a 10 ears. isoe ew eer saes, e average ageo a car s p o 14 ears, epassg eporace - ecooc, evroea adsae o srog easres o ecoragefee reewa.

eConomiC baCkGround

Gdp Gt Fct

2009 2010

erozoe -1.9% 0.4%

Eu27 -1.8% 0.5%

uS -1.8% 2.3%

Japa -1.7% 1.1%

te Erozoe s ow oca recesso

oowg wo sccessve qarers oegave grow. te rade dec s rsgad posve epoe reds are orefeced ao aacrg wcas sared o repor sgca jo osses.te overa sao aca arkesreas cera, despe assvejecos o qd ro goveresad cera aks.

Edorsed noveer, e CossosEropea Ecooc Recover Pa aso preve a dowward spra. however,ecooc orecass or 2009 ave eerevsed dowwards w GDP expeced odrop e Erozoe 1.9% ad eEu27 1.8%. modes grow o 0.4%ad 0.5% s expeced 2010.

Despe eres rae cs, ag o prces

($146 a arre J 2008 o $44.5 Jaar 2009) ower cood prcesad fao wc s ow 1.1% ro ag o 4% J 2008, sess adcoser codece reas ow. Sced-2007, e Cossos sess addsra codece dcaors ave eeag we s Deceer 2008 cosercodece dcaor was e owes adee sce reporg ega 1985.

% cHanGe in VeHicle reGistrations | 2008/2007

-20

-30

-10

0

10

20

30

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Cars Vans Trucks Buses & Coaches

% cHanGe in VeHicle proDuction | 2008/2007 sourCe: ACEA

-40

-50

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

54 market anD economY


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Automotive industry (production operAtions)

Automobile manuacturing

Equipment and accessories

Bodywork, trailers, caravans

other mAnufActuring Activities

Manuacture, retreading and rebuilding o rubber tyres and tubes

Manuacture o bearings, gears, gearing and driving elements

Manuacture o cooling and ventilation equipment

Manuacture o computers and other inormation processing equipment

Manuacture o electric motors, generators and transormers Manuacture o electrical equipment or engines and vehicles (not elsewhere reported)

Automobile use

Sale and distribution o motor vehicles

Maintenance and repair o motor vehicles

Sale o motor vehicle parts and accessories

Sale o motor uels

Renting o automobiles

trAnsport

Road transport (passengers and reight)

2.2 m J

9.8 m J

12.1 m J

* Indirect employment data does not report employment in raw material sector (e.g. steel, aluminum, glass, etc.),textile, driving schools, licensing activities, vehicle testing, vehicle insurance and nancing, etc.

ForeCasTsProdco ad saes gres ro ea qarer o 2008 revea e scae adspeed w wc e dsr as eeaeced e ecooc dowr.markes across Erope sered, orcg asowdow prodco ad jo osses avece aacrg pas ad across

e copoe spp ca.

Forecass s cera e arever dc, ae o coserad sess codece s ow. mosaacrers do o expec e saoo prove 2010. i reds see ea qarer o 2008 ad o e rs ewos o 2009 coe, passeger carprodco cod dece a qarer ad

coerca vece prodco a eas50%, refecg a draac drop ordersro sess csoers.

834

2 1

LT LV

3

EE

3

EL

3

IE

4

BG

6

DK

7

FI

12

SI

22

NL

23

PT

33

SK

34

AT

45

HU

59

BE

60

RO

86

SE

126

CZ

137

PL

159

ES

168

IT

174

UK

258

FRDE

Direct automotiVe emploYment bY countrY ( hd) | 2007 sourCe: Eurostat / ACEA

800

600

400

200

automobile sector: Direct anD inDirect* emploYment | 2007 sourCe: Eurostat

55


55/89

innovaTion,researCh &developmenT

dg g,d d wd-dg

y

56 innoVation, researcH & DeVelopm ent


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raspor ad o are aprereqse or ecoocprosper ad soca acv,

aso pose sgca caeges orssaa. i e decades o coe,aoove researc w ocso areas ke aagg raspor grow,provg road sae ad ocsg oe evroea pac o creasedo eeds.

hsorca, aoove R&D as eedevoed o vece ecoog as sc.toda, R&D a pora areas scas sae, eerg ad e evroecdes e eraco ewee a vece,s drver ad e srrodgs.

O corse, eaced cocao,eraco ad cooperao prese a

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T

57CompeTiTiveness


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sgca c deas ad jr oEropes roads, despe a crease rac voes.

Coerca veces ad passeger carsare ow cose o eg o race eveso ar poas. A oder rck ses p o30% ess e a oe 30 ears ago, we akes weve o prodce e sae oseeve as oe vece 35 ears ago.

Average car e cospo adCO2essos as ee c aos

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i a word o ever-creasg goasaoad eraoa copeo, eaoove dsr w work o keepcoss dow, o rea R&D aces adprodco Erope, ad o saegarde qa o s prodcs. i s coex,copeve sreg s ke.

va akers ave rd veces seresprodco ad e rs rd rcks -sae or oca ad regoa dsro- are ow eerg e arke.

Aerave es oer grea poea aswe, aog we-o-wee aases raseqesos ao ssaae ad secrespp. Over e oger er, vecescorporag e ce ecoog adveces eed droge w coe o

or roads.

te s a ke acor sccess rggecooges o arke. R&D eors cadever o aer a sce perod odeveope, dsra egrao adcopreesve esg. A percepo orgec or ew egsao a does orespec e-scaes w o acceeraeprogress. Grodreakg ecooges,

parcar -vece itS sses

EU 53,7%Japan 21,1%

US 15,6%

Korea 1,0%

China 0,4%

Other 8,2%

patents ileD bY tHe auto sector | 2007

sourCe: EPO (European Patent Oce)

o h 68,147 e d 2007,

5,881 d h e, 8.6%

innoVation, researcH & DeVelopm ent58


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r&d in saFeTy sysTems

toDaYArags, ar cras, ad arag depoae ro oesiproved ro-ed desg o proec verae road sersESPAcve sea es ad pre-cras proeco sseslae deparre wargsng vso sses

tomorroWi-vece iCt/itS sses, or vece-o-vece ad

vece o rasrcre cocaoAdvaced drver asssace sseSe-aooos vece cos

r&d in enerGy and environmenT

toDaYDese parcae rapsDrec jeco ad exas gas

recrcaoEce geargEecroc oor ad rassso

aageeboe copa veceshrd cars ad rcks

tomorroWF-eecrc drverashdroge ad e ce propso

Advaced drver orao sses

Cooperative systems based on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-inrastructure communication

sourCe: FP6 Project PReVENT

Application areas o conventional and uture propulsion systems sourCe: Daimler

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te Eropea aooe dsrs parcpag a wde rage o

coaorave Eropea researc addeveope projecs. te Eropea

Coc or Aoove R&D (EuCAR)pas a pora roe s coex ad

provdes e aoove aacrersw a paor or deg coo

pre-copeve Eropea R&D.

usg s paor, e dsr asdeed e areas o researc ad

deveope cosders o e o pror, order o dever copeve prodcs

ad servces or poea arke ac 2020, ad eod: traspor ad

mo, Eerg ad Evroe,Sae ad Secr, Aorda ad

Copeveess.

ColleCTive aCTion

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.

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inTernaTionalTradem g

61CompeTiTiveness


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copeve ad operaeso a goa scae. hg-qa prodcs,sgca vese ad a g-sked workorce dever expors w a42.8 o e rade coro o eecoo.

te goa raework wc veceaacrers do sess s creasgpora. Expor grow eergg

arkes ke Ca ad Rssa, vese resorces aroad ad e ecoocdowr a oe reorce e goa orade wo arrers.

Goa rade agreees a deverree arkes are os eeca. teaoove secor sppors egrada dsag o Eu por des, s cocesso s e accopaed

eqvae oppores aroad orEropea aacrers.

mulTilaTeral aGreemenTste aes rod o DDA egoaos

coapsed J 2008. Overadsappoe was accopaed aoakers cocers ao e coe o apedg coprose o o-agrcraarke access (nAmA). ts s erevewed we aks recoece.

uder e ex, soe cores wod eaowed o excde woe secors, cdgaoove, ro owerg peak por

ars. te eec wod e o ope-p eEu arke or o-Eropea prodcers,we oerg doesc ao akers oeeca access o eergg arkesaroad.

ts coradcs orga DDA goas,derg dsr copeveess,reaeg vese ad epoe e Eu.

T

eu automotiVe traDe | 2007 ( b) sourCe: ACEA / CCFA

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

JAPAN TURKEY S. KOREA USA MEXICO THAILAND BRAZIL CHINA S.AFRICA INDIA SWITZERLAND

Imports rom | Exports to

62 international traDe


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examples o import Duties (d ) | 2008

sourCe: Market Access Databaselight

pAssenger commerciAl

pArts cArs vehicles trucks

Korea 8% 8% 10% 10%

Thailand 30% 80% 40% 40%(CKD*=30%) (CKD*= 30%)

Malaysia 25% 30% 30% 30%(CKD*=10%) (CKD*= 10%) (CKD*= 10%)

Indonesia 15% 65,7 or 45% 40% 80%(CKD*= 25%) (CKD*= 20%) (CKD*= 40%)

India 13.5% 101% 13.5% 13.5%

Ukraine 0 10% 10% 10%

Russia 0 25% 10% 15%

m 18% 35% 35% 35%

eu bounD taris

Cars and Light Commercial Vehicles 10%

Trucks 22%

Buses 16%

bilaTeral Trade aGreemenTsi e asece o goa rade agreees,

s pora a e Eu prses aeraad regoa agreees. i 2005, ea repor o CARS 21 recoedede Eropea uo o copee saera rade poc w a aeraapproac, epg dever c eededprovees expor oppores oraacrers.

te repor arged e rgec o e case,gve e de o aera agreeesewee oer regos ad growarkes, parcar ose Asa. teseave e poea o excde Eropeaaacrers.

i Apr 2007, e Coc gave a adaeo e Cosso o egoae FtAs(Free trade Agreees) w severa

cores ad regos. te prores or

e Eropea aoove dsr areida ad ASEAn cores, asomERCOSuR or wc egoaossared eg ears ago. low eve o ressad ack o perspecve o cocdeeecve FtAs a oreseeae re are

dsappog.

te dsr w coe o epassee porace o recproca radeadvaages or Eropea aacrers regoa ad aera FtAs. Cosderaos e gve o e sze o e arke,arke access ad eves o ar ado-ar arrers, as we as a orog

assesse o e pac o e Eusecor. tese crera were cded eEropea Cosso e 2006 pocpaper Goa Erope: Copeg Agase Word.

i e crre ecooc cae, sode perave or e Eu o egoaeagreees a do o weake ecopeveess o e Eropea ao

dsr.

The priorities or the European automotive industry are

trade negotiations with ASEAN Countries and MERCOSUR

63CompeTiTiveness


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souTh korea a Case sTudy

i 2007, So Korea expored arod700,000 veces o e Eu, ear 20%o a veces pored o Erope.ye, Eu expors were ed o arod28,000 veces a So Korea arkeo 1 o.

ma ee ad ar arke access aveo e e edrock o a aera radeagreee. i s ereore a cocer a

FtA egoaos w So Korea aveo oowed ese prcpes. Ao akersave rged a orog pac assesse.

barrers, ke Korea ecca sadards,cages o res o org ad ddrawack case cocessos, as weas e approprae sor ead-e orar dsag, s e addressed.te dsr s aso cocered a e

ers proposed cod se a desraeprecede re egoaos w oerAsa cores.

EFTA, CIS & Others* 24%

Asia 21%

Others 17%(Arica + Oceania)

NAFTA 36%

South America 2%

eu25 automobile traDe ( m)

Year 2006 Year 2007

trade trade imports exports balance imports exports balance

Passenger Cars 30 021 65 376 35 355 31 612 69 152 37 540

Light Commercial Vehicles 3 615 2 454 -1 161 3 955 3 092 -863

Heavy Commercial Vehicles +Buses & Coaches 1 306 9 500 8 194 1 687 11 953 10 266

ToTal 34 942 77 330 42 388 37 255 84 197 46 942

sourCe: Eurostat / CCFA / OICA*Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Bosnia Herzegovina

64

ChapTer 4


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th v dy h gd h eu.

ov-g d vfg g

. th jv g h , wh h

h h cars 21 , d h v.

reGulaToryFramework 64sTreamlininG reGulaTion

TheautomotiveindustryisoneofthemostregulatedsectorsintheEU,

yg wh h 80 eu Dv d v 115 gd wh

h w unece.

Differentpolicygoalsinareaslikesafetyandenvironmenthavecreatedrules

h y, dy d .

Betterregulationprinciples,suchasthoroughimpactassessmentsandearly

wh dy, d y gy .

Policymakersmustbemindfuloflongindustrylead-times,theimportance

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Cars 21

CARS21wassetupin2005tostrengthensectorcompetitivenessand

y wh hg g wd y d v g.

Themulti-stakeholdergrouppresentedrecommendationsforpolicy

dg h g d d

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Onsafetyandtheenvironment,CARS21recommendedanintegrated

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CARS21recommendationsaremorerelevantthaneverduring

h dw.

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69

ConsisTenT TaxaTion

Clearandconsistenttaxsignalssenda

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Registrationtaxeshindereetrenewal

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72

harmonisaTionoF rules and sTandards

Commonstandardsandregulations

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.

76

inTelleCTual properTy

Robustintellectualpropertylaws,

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Theindustrywillcontinuetowork

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sTreamlininGreGulaTion

c-v,

d h h y g

67reGulaTory Framework


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pproacg 2015,aacrers ace aarrage o ew res o

essos ad sae. tese cdeger esso s, ew car CO

2res

ad copeear easres, kere pressre oorg ad gearsdcaors. O sae, pase 2 o egsaoo pedesra proeco w coe oorce ad eecroc sa coro,

advaced rake asss ad daerg aps w ecoe sadard k.

ts eas eav veses oraacrers. b a coes a a prce.Cear, veces eed o rea aordaead poc akers cao gore e cosso cosers ad e eec s a aveo acevg poc goas.

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A

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68 streamlininG reGulation


68/89

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Documents

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