PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST EUROPEAN GEOS YNTHETICS CONFERENCEEUROGEO 1/MAASTRICHT/NETHERLANDS/30 SEPTEMBER - 2 OCTOBER 1996

Geosynthetics: Applications,Design and ConstructionEdited by

M.B.DEGROOTDelft Geotechnics, Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division, Netherlands

G. DEN HOEDTOosterbeek, Netherlands

R.J.TERMAATMinistry of Public Works, Delft, Netherlands

UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEKHANNOVER

TECHNISCHEINFORMATIONSBI5LIOTHEK

A.A.BALKEMA/ROTTERDAM/BROOKFIELD/1996

Geosynthetics: Applications, Design and Construction, DeGroot, DenHoedt& Termaat (eds)© 1996Balkema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 5410 836 3

Table of contents

Preface XVII

Organization XIX

Mercer lecture

Geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls as important permanent structures 3F.Tatsuoka,M.Tateyama, T.Uchimura & J.Koseki

Keynote lectures

Retaining structures with geosynthetics: A mature technique, but with some questions 27pending....J.P.Gourc

The use of geosynthetics in pavement engineering 47S.F. Brown

Landfill liners and covers 55E.Gartung

The state-of-the practice regarding in-situ monitoring of geosynthetics 71R.M.Koerner

Erosion control and bank protection 87K.d' Angremond

1 Case histories of walls and steep slopes

A geotextile reinforced concrete block wall at the Limmo Site on Bow Creek, London 101S.P.Corbet & R.G.Freake

Use of geogrids in stability problems and lateral earth pressure relieve in historical retaining 107structuresK. Parylak & A Pawlowski

Experimental study on geotextile-reinforced soil walls with different facings 113Y.Ochiai&N.Fukuda

Nonwoven geotextiles used for temporary reinforcement of a retaining structure 121under a railroad trackG.Mannsbart & C.Kropik

Reinforced soil embankment for London' s Heathrow Express Rail Link 125G. R. Carter, J. H. Dixon & R. C. Watts

Hard facing for steep reinforced soil slopes: A case history from the UK 131S.S.Dikran & P.Rimoldi

Abutments of a wooden bridge made of textile reinforcing earth 137U.Kohler & G.Setzpfandt

LandShape® - Retaining walls built during the construction of the major road RW 36 141between the RW 835 and VriezenveenTh.Huybregts

2 Stressing of geosynthetics during installation and construction on site

Damage of geosynthetics during installation - Experience from real sites and research works 145G. Brdu

Installation of geosynthetics in road construction - Possibilities, problems and solutions 151W.Wilmers

Limits of stress and strain: Design criteria for protective layers for geomembranes in landfill 153liner systemsS.Seeger &W.Muller

Stressing of geosynthetics during installation and construction on site - Installation 159of geosynthetics in waterwaysH. - U.Abromeit & M. H. Heibaum

Ship induced geotextile tensile stresses during installation under water: Theoretical 165assessment and verificationH.-U.Abromeit

3 The design of reinforced slopes and retaining walls

The consideration of the deformations in the design of reinforced retaining walls 171M. Nimmesgern

4 The interaction between soil and geosynthetics

Deformation behavior of geotextile reinforcement at vicinity of shear surface 177D.T.Bergado, P.V.Long & G.Werner

Experimental study on behavior of multi-layered geosynthetics 183SJmaizumi, Y.Yokoyama, S.Takahashi & M.Tsuboi

Evaluation of soil-PVC geomembrane interface friction for landfill design 189ABouazza

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Use of geosynthetics for reinforcing wet cohesive soils 193G.AAthanasopoulos

New understanding of frictional properties at geosynthetic/geosynthetic 199and geosynthetic/sand interfacesRR.Rankilor & F.Heirernans

Interface friction between geosynthetics and soils and between different geosynthetics 209W.Bliimel & K.Brummermann

Laboratory study and numerical analysis for pull-out behaviors of geogrids confined 217by weathered mudstone and sandy soilD.T.-T.Chang, T.-S.Sun & F.-Y.Hung

Backanalyses of a steep slope reinforced with nonwovens 225A Bauer & G.Brdu

The creep behavior of geotextiles in soil (short-time tests and long-time tests) 229C.Recker & J.Muller-Rochholz

5 Geosynthetics-reinforced embankments on soft subsoil with and withoutsupporting elements

Long-term measurement on a road embankment reinforced with a high-strength geotextile 237K.-H.Blume

Embankment foundation on geotextile-coated sand columns in soft ground 245H.-G.Kempfert

Geogrid reinforced railway embankment on piles - Monitoring 251E.Gartung, D.Alexiew, F.Bergmair & J.Verspohl

6 Sewing and bonding of geotextiles

Properties of sewn and adhesive bonded joints between geosynthetic sheets 261P.R.Rankilor & F.Heiremans

1 Case histories of (rail)roads and embankments

Coastal embankment on bad soil: The port of Thessaloniki 273V.Profillidis, G.Botzoris & AGrigoriadis

Geosynthetic clay liner application at road construction in water-protection-areas: 277Site report motorway A 96 and general reflectionsR.Schmidt

More than 20 years of experience in using a bituminous geomembrane beneath French 283railway ballastB. Imbert, B. Breul & R. Herment

Case study of a flexible pavement structure with the EPS geofoam sub-base 287M. Duskov

VII

Geotextiles in road structures on permafrost 295AG.Polunovsky

An assessment of geocomposite drain performance after long-term site use 299N Hytiris & H. C. Berkhout

Vittel road platform waterproofing 307Y.Matichard, F.Caquel, D.Adam, B.Steiner & M.Cavailly

Reconstruction of the Overgauwseweg in Pijnacker 313Th.Huybregts

8 Embankment construction over voids and piles

The use of geosynthetics to prevent the structural collapse of fills over areas prone 317to subsidenceG.T.Kempton, C.R.Lawson, C.J.F.P.Jones & M.Demerdash

Design and performance of an embankment supported using low strength geogrids and vibro 325concrete columnsJ.D.Maddison, D.B.Jones, ALBell & C.G.Jenner

Case history of a geogrid-reinforced embankment supported on vibro concrete columns 333M.Topolnicki

9 Constructions below groundwater table

Membrane constructions in civil engineering practice 343G.LTan&G.M.Wolsink

The extensive use of geosynthetics in the Athens Metro project: Design and installation 351proceduresC.Gialides

10 Construction of vegetated retaining walls and steep slopes

Green faced reinforced soil walls and steep slopes: The state-of-the-art in Europe 361P.Rimoldi & F.Jaecklin

Ten years of experience with fully vegetated retaining walls using geotextile reinforced earth 381materialP.Steiner & R.Riiegger

Highway Frejus Torino: A case history of a green reclamation around a highway viaduct 387with geogrid reinforced wallsP. Fantini & R. Roberti

Vegetation for stability and green facing 393J. R. Greenwood

Long-term behaviour of a 13 m high reinforced steep slope 399J.Vaslestad

VIM

11 Technical aspects of geotechnics in walls, steep slopes, (rail)roadsand embankments

Triaxial testing of granular soils reinforced with discrete polypropylene fibres 407G. E. Bauer & A Oancea

Anti-hydrodynamic properties of fiber-reinforced soil and its application 411H.Miki, KMori, N.Katu & Y.Nagasaka

Strip foundation on geogrid-reinforced clay slope 419B.M.Das, M.T.Omar & G.Singh

Seismic design of geosynthetic reinforced slopes 427L. Cavalera & A Brancucci

Investigation by centrifuge modelling of the effects of the vertical geosynthetic reinforcement 433on the stability of steep slopes in clayD.H. Barker, W.H.Craig, K.Gove & A M.Jackson

Design and construction of tank facilities over near-to-shore quick sands 441A Collios & G. Stoumaras

The importance of the performance modulus Ep in the design of civil engineering structures 447F.Donckers & P.R.Rankilor

Study of confinement effect in geocells 455R.Gourves, P.Reiffsteck & J.F.Vignon

Use of geosynthetic materials for increase bearing capacity of clayish beddings 459ABartolomey, APonomaryov, V.Kleveko & V.Ofrikhter

Laboratory and analytical investigation of sleeve reinforced stone columns 463G. E Bauer & N.Al-Joulani

Improvement of bearing capacity for traffic areas on soft subsoil - Large scale laboratory 467testingAWatn, H. S0gnen & A Emdal

3D finite elements analysis of a pavement structure with an open joint in the EPS sub-base 473M. Duskov & A Scarpas

Use of geotextiles to prevent fine material from polluting railway subgrades 479Y.H.Faure&B.Imbert

Problems overcome in the successful laying of a 630,000 m2 sewn sheet of geosynthetic 487reinforcement textile on the floor of a slurry lagoonS.Kam& P.R.Rankilor

Drainage structures with the use of geosynthetics on the roads of Russia 493B.P.Brantman & Yu.VPudov

Steep reinforced retaining wall using woven textiles: Neydens' landfill site, France 497B. Pilot &R.Voortman

A steep slope reinforced with geosynthetic reinforcement and with natural ground cover 501R.deNiet

IX

Finite difference analysis of geotextile reinforced earth walls 503Ph.Gotteland, C.Jommi, J.P.Gourc & R.Nova

Settlement upholstery made of drainmats 511A Her old

Design-technological decisions using geosynthetics in reconstruction of the Moscow Ring 515RoadYu.Lvovitch, Yu.Aliver & A Kim

Reinforcement of foundations of wet road cuts with geotextile materials 519B.P.Brantman & Yu.V.Pudov

12 Case histories on landfill liners and covers

Capping system of the Neu Wulmstorf landfill, Hamburg 525J.Timm & K.-H.Albers

Designing geosynthetics for landfill sites 531AJ.Baskin & B.J.Gregory

Case study on geogrids to prevent sliding of waste in a landfill 537GFock&APlankel

Reinforcing geotextiles for the slope of a waste disposal site 541G. Mannsbart

Cover of a landfill for drilling mud 545U.Sehrbrock&J.Klatt

First results of monitoring of a radioactive waste landfill cap constructed with a bituminous 549geomembraneG. Ossena, B. Breul & R. Herment

13 Modern landfills in southern Europe - Case histories and environmentalpolicy

French regulations and geomembranes: French disposal concept for hazardous waste 559and municipal wastePh. Begassat

Geosynthetics in French landfills: Particular geotechnical aspects 563Th.Gisbert, O.Oberti, C.Bloquet, J. P.Gourc &J.F.Ouvry

Assessment of different lining systems at the experimental landfill of Montreuil-sur-Barse, 569FranceF.Weber, G.Moreau, G.Berroir & P. Pier son

Environmental policy for landfills and role of geosynthetics, in Italy 575ACancelli & ANobile

An early important application of geosynthetics in Italy: The Seveso case-history 579D. Cazzuffi & A Piepoli

Application of geosynthetics in a subsoil pollution containment and a hazardous waste 583landfillM. Manassero & E. Pasqualini

Environmental policy for landfills and role of geosynthetics in Greece 587A Collios

Case histories of landfills and role of geosynthetics, in Greece 591C.Gialides

MSW issues in Portugal - The Seixal sanitary landfill 595M. Graca, DA Lopes, M. C. P. Barroso, L. Santos, L. Q.da Silva &AJ.L Cabecas

Sanitary landfill technology - application for rehabilitation of uncontrolled waste dumping 601site - A case studyM Russo, J. M. P. Vieira & M. L. Lopes

Present and future of Spanish landfills 605C. ML Orgado

14 Liner leak monitoring and location technologies and repairing liner leaks

Defect identification, leak location, and leak monitoring in geomembrane liners 611LD.Peggs

Underliner electrode rapid reading damage detection system - SENSOR DDS™ 619V.Nosko

Developments in the use of an Electronic Leak Detection Geotextile (ELDEG®) for civil 621engineering and waste disposal purposesP.Merlevede

GEOLOGGER - A new type of monitoring system for the total area monitoring of seals 625on landfill sitesARodel

15 Durability

The effect of stress on geosynthetic durability 629AR.Horrocks

Durability standards for geosynthetics: The tests for weathering and biological resistance 637J.H.Greenwood, P.Trubiroha, H.F.Schroder, P.Franke & R.Hufenus

Durability of geomembranes, test methods 643Y.Rogbeck & H.Rathmayer

Serviceable life of geotextiles in various environments 651LNiespodzihska & EDembicki

Chemical compatibility of geomembranes in presence of synthetic landfill leachate 6595. Castaldo, G. Viviani, D. Cazzuffi & L Fede

XI

Oxidative induction time: A quality assurance measurement to predict environmental 667stress-crackingL. Courard & J. M. Rigo

Evaluation of possible degradation of synthetic reinforcement casted into concrete panels 673AWatn

Tensile strength of polyester geogrids embedded in concrete 677A Damisch

16 Synthetic geomembranes

Flexible landfill covers and barrier liners 685L E. M.van de Walle

A reassessment of HDPE geomembrane seam specifications 693I.DPeggs

Geomembranes in the United States: A brief discussion 697A Lengen & J. Siebken

VFPE geomembrane installation for landfill capping applications engineering 705H. Schreiber &LE.M. van de Walle

Lining system using polypropylene geomembrane in waste landfill 709Y.Matichard, G.Potie, C.Bloquet & T.Gisbert

Welding and testing of PE geomembranes 715J. Breen, J. Schut & J.Ater Laak

17 How to select geotextiles I geosynthetics

Educational workshop on 'how to select geotextiles/geosynthetics' 725R. Shishoo

18 Case histories on monitoring and quality control

About the quality assurance of geosynthetics of the landfill cover Sandhausen 731T.Sasse & F.Saathoff

Diffusion of organic pollutants through HDPE geomembrane and composite liners 737and its influence on groundwater qualityR. K. Rowe, L Hrapovic & M. D.Armstrong

SENSOR Damage Detection System (DDS) - The unique geomembrane testing method 743V.Nosko, T.Andrezal, T.Gregor & P.Ganier

Geomembrane liner testing using the GLLS®: A high-voltage electrical leak location system 749P.Colucci, F.Crozier & D.LLaine

Experiences with a combined sealing, example landfill Pohlsche Heide 751B. Becker

XII

19 Drainage systems in landfills

About the dimensioning of geosynthetic drainage systems in landfill covers 757F.Saathoff

20 CE-marking of geosynthetics, based on a European system of attestationof conformity and on European standards

CE-marking of geosynthetics based on a system of European certification and of European 767standardsF.Foubert, W.Dierickx & Ph.Delmas

21 Geosynthetic clay liners

Design and construction of sealing systems with geosynthetic clay liners (GCL) 771D.Heyer ScRAscherl

Geosynthetic clay liners for landfills in comparison with other mineral seals in relation 779to the Dutch legislationE.van der Linden

Shear strength tests on geosynthetic liner systems 787N.Feki, P.Garcin & G.Berroir

Requirements and design of landfill caps with approved geosynthetic clay liners 795K.von Maubeuge & H.Ehrenberg

Bentonite as sealing material in geosynthetic clay liners 799T.Eglojfstein

22 Technical aspects of geosynthetics in landfill liners, landfill covers,monitoring and quality control

The use of geoprotectors in landfill: Design implications 809R.Jones

Examples for the use of geosynthetics in landfill covers 815F.Saathoff & D.Keller

Optimisation and testing of liner protection geotextiles used in landfills 823DAShercliff

The use of GCLs for landfills in Slovakia - Geotechnical and legislative requirements 829R.Baslik

Field permeability measurement of geosynthetic clay liners 837G. Didier & D. Cazaux

Application of geosynthetics to sub-surface water storage system 845Y.SN.Murty & P.Viswanath

The effect of carbon black on the physical properties of polypropylene geotextile tapes 851A R. Horrocks, M. Miraftab & J. Mwila

XIII

Study on production and transfer of leachate in a waste landfill 859ABaudoin, P. Pier son & F.Weber

Assessment of the resistance of (geotextiles + geomembrane) lining and cover systems 867against localised mechanical damageO.Artieres & C. Duquennoi

23 Geomembranes for dams

Geomembranes for earth and rock dams: State of the art report 877P.Sembenelli & E. A Rodriguez

Geomembranes for masonry and concrete dams: State of the art report 889A M. Scuero & G. L. Vaschetti

24 Geosystems in hydraulic and coastal engineering

Geosystems in hydraulic and coastal engineering - An overview 899K.WPilarczyk

Building elements made of geosynthetics and sand resist the North Sea surf 907H. Nickels & G.Heerten

New developments in the use and construction of injected grout and concrete cellular 911mattressesF.de Meerleer

Dumping of rock on geotextiles 919E.Berendsen

Design and application of geotubes and geocontainers 925H.denAdel, C.S.H.Hendrikse & K.WPilarczyk

Experimental study on geotextile tube dehydration method of dredged soil 933H.Miki, T.Yamada, I.Takahashi,H.Kokubo & T.Sasaki

25 Case histories on hydraulic engineering

Waterproofing and rehabilitation of dams by geomembranes in France 945H.Girard, M.Lefranc & C.Tisserand

Case study of the protection against erosion of a flood barrier in Austria 953R. Schaufler & H. E. Steinmetz

Innovative, protective three dimensional geocomposite for bank protection - A case study 957P. Reiffsteck & J. F.Vignon

A critical review of the current filter criteria on the basis of long-term performance tests 961Th.Kossendey & G.Karam

Contribution according to the behaviour of geosynthetic filters in case of colmation 969and the borderline of occurrenceChr.Batereau & J.Baumbusch

XIV

26 New applications in dikes and banks

New applications in dikes and banks 975G.J. Schiereck

Three dimensional synthetic mats in dike and bank protection 977J.Avan Herpen

Penetration through geotextiles by riparian plants 985E.A M. Ivens

The use of biodegradable geotextiles in hydraulic engineering 991GJ.Verkade & H. K.T.Kuijper

Geotextile nonwovens made of flax 995F. Saathoff & A Broers

Geosynthetics and river dike improvements 1001M.Geense & W.AdeHaan

27 Filter and revetment design of water imposed embankments induced by waveand draw-down loadings

Filter and revetment design of water imposed embankments induced by wave and draw-down 1007loadingsA Bezuijen & H. -J. Kohler

28 CEN testing methods

Creep prediction 1027J.Muller-Rochholz & C.Koslowski

Compressive creep testing of geocomposites for the development of the European standard 1031S. P.Corbet

Friction measurement by direct shearing or tilting process - Development of a European 1039standardJ.P.Gourc, SLalarakotoson, J.Muller-Rochholz & ZBronstein

Characteristic opening size of geotextiles: European intercomparison tests for standardisation 1047Y.H.Faure

Oedopermeameter, an apparatus for determining geotextile permeability and modelling 1055the filtration capability of soil-geotextile systemS. Andrei, S. Manea & A Popescu

Abrasion testing of geosynthetics 1061J. Miiller-Rochholz

Author index 1065

XV