Ethernet QoS, Timing, and Synchronization Requirements

Ethernet QoS, Timing, and Synchronization Requirements

Geoffrey M. GarnerSAIT / SAMSUNG Electronics

gmgarner@comcast.net

Joint ITU-T/IEEE Workshop on Carrier-class Ethernet31 May – 1 June, 2007Geneva, Switzerland

OutlineOutline

IntroductionEthernet applications and their end-to-end requirements

• Timing of wireless backhaul networks• Circuit emulation• Transport of high-quality video and audio

Ethernet QoS requirementsSimulation results for jitter/wander accumulation for timing transport using the emerging IEEE 802.1AS standard

• Comparison with Audio/Video application jitter/wander requirementsReferences

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IntroductionIntroduction

Ethernet is increasingly being used by service providers to carry real-time traffic

• Wireless backhaul network traffic• Circuit emulation for legacy services• Time sensitive, Audio/Video (A/V) applications in access networks

These applications have respective timing (jitter, wander, time synchronization) and Quality of Service (QoS) requirementsWith the replacement of traditional, circuit switched networks with Ethernet-based packet networks, it must be ensured that the application timing and QoS requirements are met

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Wireless Backhaul Network Applications - 1Wireless Backhaul Network Applications - 1

Traditional 2G and 3G networks• CDMA, GSM, TDMA, CDMA2000, WCDMA

Broadband mobile access• WiMax• High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

Recent interest in wireless networks with smaller cell sizes• Single building (pico-base station)• Portion of a building (femto-base station)

In 2G and 3G networks, backhaul traffic was traditionally carried over PDH facilities (DS1, E1)

• Base stations were timed using these PDH facilities or by GPS• With the replacement of the PDH facilities by Ethernet, there is a need for

synchronization to be transported over Ethernet inexpensively

Backhaul traffic for broadband mobile access and for base stations within buildings will be carried via Ethernet

• Timing for these base stations must also be carried over Ethernet6/1/2007 Joint ITU-T/IEEE Workshop on Carrier Class Ethern

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Wireless Backhaul Network Applications - 2Wireless Backhaul Network Applications - 2

Requirement TDMA [1] CDMA [2] GSM [3] CDMA2000 [4]

WCDMA FDD [5]

WCDMA TDD [6], [7]

Maximum Frequency Offset (ppm)

± 0.5 ± 0.05 ± 0.05 ± 0.05 ± 0.05 ± 0.05

Maximum Phase Offset (μs)

No requirement

± 10 (relative to UTC)

± 48/13 (GSM COMPACT; relative to other base stations)

± 10 (relative to UTC)

No requirement

± 2.5 (relative to other base stations)

Desired Maximum Phase Offset (not strict requirement) (μs)

No objective

± 3 (relative to UTC)

No objective ± 3 (relative to UTC)

No objective

No objective

Maximum Observation Interval for Phase Offset (s)

Not Applicable

28800 (8 hr) Not specified 28800 (8 hr) Not Applicable

Not Applicable

2G and 3G Base Station Timing Requirements

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Wireless Backhaul Network Applications - 3Wireless Backhaul Network Applications - 3

Timing requirements for pico- and femto- base stations and for broadband mobile access are similar to those for 2G and 3G base stations

• ± 0.05 ppm maximum frequency offset• Maximum phase offset on the order of a few microseconds for some of the technologies

Main focus for wireless backhaul network application is timing• But, must also meet QoS requirements for backhaul traffic carried over Ethernet (circuit

emulation, described shortly)

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Circuit Emulation - 1Circuit Emulation - 1

Synchronization requirements (network limits) for circuit emulation services (CES) are given in ITU-T Recommendation G.8261 [8]Focus on current G.8261 is on PDH traffic interfaces

• Limited to 2048 kbit/s and 1544 kbit/s interfaces (other PDH rates are for further study)• PDH synchronization interfaces are for further study• Network limits for other TDM signals (e.g., SDH) are not given

G.8261 uses the wander reference models of G.823 and G.824 for transport of 2048 kbit/s and 1544 kbit/s signals, respectively, over SDH islandsThe G.823/824 reference models provide wander budgetsG.8261 replaces one SDH island in the reference models with a packet network island, and allocates a portion of the wander budget to the packet network

• Several deployment cases are considered, with wander limits given for each case in the form of an MTIE (actually, MRTIE) mask

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Circuit Emulation - 2Circuit Emulation - 2Most stringent deployment case requirement for 2048 kbit/s interfaces (Deployment case 1,Table 1/G.8261)

Most stringent deployment case requirement for 1544 kbit/s interfaces (Deployment case 1,Table 2/G.8261; Note that some cases are for further study)

Observation Interval τ (s) MRTIE (μs)0.05 < τ ≤ 0.2 10.75τ0.2 < τ ≤ 32 2.1532 < τ ≤ 64 0.067τ

64 < τ ≤ 1000 4.3

Observation Interval τ (s) MTIE (μs)τ ≤ 0.1 No requirement (See note)

0.1 < τ ≤ 0.47 4.5τ0.47 < τ ≤ 900 2.1900 < τ ≤ 1930 2.33 × 10-3τ

1930 < τ ≤ 86 400 4.5

Note: this regionis covered byjitter requirements

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Circuit Emulation - 3Circuit Emulation - 3

G.8261 Deployment Case 1, Wander Limits

Observation Interval (s)

1e-2 1e-1 1e+0 1e+1 1e+2 1e+3 1e+4 1e+5 1e+6

MTI

E o

r MR

TIE

(μs)

0.1

1

10

MRTIE, 2048 kbit/s interfaceMTIE, 1544 kbit/s interface

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Circuit Emulation - 4Circuit Emulation - 4

QoS requirements for CES• Error performance objectives (ES, SES, BBER) for PDH paths are given in ITU-T

Recommendation G.826 [11] • The same performance must be delivered for PDH paths whose transport includes CES

over one or more Ethernet islands• The allocation rules in G.826 can be used to derive the allocated ES, SES, and BBER

objectives that must be delivered by the Ethernet transport• These objectives can be translated into equivalent Frame Loss Ratio (FLR) objectives for

Ethernet (see discussion of ITU-T Draft Rec. Y.ETHperf later in this presentation)

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High Quality Audio/Video Applications - 1High Quality Audio/Video Applications - 1

High quality Audio/Video (A/V) applications include• Compressed digital video (e.g., MPEG-2, MPEG-4)• Digital audio (e.g., S/P-DIF, AES3)• Uncompressed digital video (e.g., Serial Digital Interface (SDI) signals, ITU-R BT.601)

Related to these applications, there is interest in proximity control for Digital Rights Management (DRM) [29]

• Limit the geographic area in which an application can be distributed• This may be done via end-to-end propagation time measurement between the media

server and rendering device

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High Quality Audio/Video Applications - 2High Quality Audio/Video Applications - 2

Illustration of transport of MPEG-2 video across one or more service provider networks to residence, followed by transport across A/V bridging (AVB) network in residence

Transpt Netwk1 (may beEthernet)

MPEG-2TS Mux

MPEG-2TS

Demux

MPEG-2Encoder

or Source

MPEG-2Decoder

MPEG-2/TransptNetwk 1Mapper

VideoDisplay

System Clock(Video Source

Clock)Ref. Pt. A

MPEG-2PES

Ref. Pt. B

MPEG-2TS

Ref. Pt. C

MPEG-2TS

Ref. Pt. D

MPEG-2PES

Ref. Pt. E

DecodedVideo

Ref. Pt. F

Transpt Netwk2 (may beEthernet)

Transpt NetwkN (may beEthernet)

A/V BridgingNetwork -Ethernet

(residence)

InterworkingFunction (IWF)

betweensuccessive

transport networks

TransptNetwk N/

AVBIWF

MPEG-2/AVB

Demapper

- Demap MPEG-2 packets from Ethernet Frames;- Recover MPEG-2 TS Timing (may have PLL function)

RecoverSystemClock(may havePLL function;see example onearlier slide)

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High Quality Audio/Video Applications - 3High Quality Audio/Video Applications - 3

Requirement Uncompressed SDTV [20], [21], [23]

Uncompressed HDTV [21] –[23]

MPEG-2, with networktransport [12], [13]

MPEG-2, no networktransport [12]

Digital audio, consumerinterface [14] –[15]

Digital audio, professionalinterface [14], [16] – [19]

Wide-bandjitter (UIpp)

0.2 1.0 50 μspeak-to-peakphasevariationrequirement(nomeasurementfilterspecified)

1 μspeak-to-peakphasevariationrequirement(nomeasurementfilterspecified)

0.25 0.25

Wide-bandjitter measfilt (Hz)

10 10 200 8000

High-bandjitter (UIpp)

0.2 0.2 0.2 Norequirement

High-bandjitter measfilt (kHz)

1 100 400 (approx) Norequirement

Frequencyoffset (ppm)

±2.79365(NTSC)±0.225549(PAL)

±10 ±30 ±30 ±50 (Level 1)±1000(Level 2)

±1 (Grade 1)±10 (Grade 2)

Frequencydrift rate(ppm/s)

0.027937(NTSC)0.0225549(PAL)

Norequirement

0.000278 0.000278 Norequirement

Norequirement

A/V Application End-to-End Jitter and Wander Requirements

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High Quality Audio/Video Applications - 4High Quality Audio/Video Applications - 4

Network Interface MTIE Masks for Digital Video and Audio Signals

Observation Interval (s)

1e-9 1e-8 1e-7 1e-6 1e-5 1e-4 1e-3 1e-2 1e-1 1e+0 1e+1 1e+2 1e+3 1e+4 1e+5 1e+6 1e+7

MTI

E (n

s)

1e-2

1e-1

1e+0

1e+1

1e+2

1e+3

1e+4

1e+5

1e+6

1e+7

1e+8

1e+9

1e+10

1e+11

1e+12

Uncompressed SDTV (SDI signal)Uncompressed HDTV (SDI signal)MPEG-2, after netwk transport (Ref. Pts. D and E)MPEG-2, no netwk transport (Ref. Pts. B and C) Digital Audio, Consumer Interfaces (S/P-DIF)Digital Audio, Professional Interfaces (AES3)

End-to-End Application Jitter and Wander Requirements expressed as MTIEmasks (useful for comparing simulation results with requirements)

Reference points in legend refer to slide 12

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High Quality Audio/Video Applications - 5High Quality Audio/Video Applications - 5

A/V application time synchronization requirementsIn general, a multi-media stream may contain multiple audio and/or video streams, possibly transported to different locations, e.g.

• Multiple audio tracks from the same program transported to speakers in different locations

• The same audio track transported to multiple speakers simultaneously• Voice and corresponding video streams from the same program being played

simultaneously (lip-synch)• Video animation with accompanying audio

Reference [24] describes the results of experiments that investigated the maximum skews that could be tolerated for various types of related streams before degradation in QoS would be perceived

• Lip-synch; Video animation with accompanying audio- ±80 ms

• Tightly coupled audio and images- ±5 ms

• Tightly coupled audio (e.g., audio streams delivered to multiple speakers)- ±10 μs

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High Quality Audio/Video Applications - 6High Quality Audio/Video Applications - 6

Proximity control application requirements (see [29] for more detail)In present packet networks, propagation time measurements in proximity control applications typically include switch/bridge queueing delays, and have accuracies on the order of tens of msAssuming a link propagation delay of 5 ns/m, this gives an inaccuracy on the order of 2000 kmFor an accuracy on the order of 200 m, total measurement accuracy for the path must be on the order of 1 μsDepending on the reference model, this translates to an accuracy of tens or hundreds of ns per linkIn addition, requirements in [17] and [19] imply a required timesynchronization accuracy of 1 μs for digital audio applications at the basic sampling rates (44.1 kHz or 48 kHz)

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Ethernet Quality of ServiceEthernet Quality of Service

Ethernet QoS is being specified in ITU-T Draft New Recommendation Y.ETHperf [25]Defines parameters that may be used in specifying the performance for the transfer of Ethernet frames

• Frame transfer delay- Time required to transfer a frame from source to destination- Characterized by mean, minimum, and maximum values of a frame transfer delay distribution

• Frame delay variation (two-point)- One measure is the difference between maximum and minimum values of the frame transfer delay distribution

• Frame loss ratio (FLR)- Characterized by the ratio of the number of service frames delivered at the destination, to the number of service

frames sent to the distribution- FLR is one minus the above ratio

Current Draft Y.ETHperf does not contain performance objectives

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Summary of Network Interface Jitter/Wander ReqmtsSummary of Network Interface Jitter/Wander Reqmts

Network interface requirements, expressed as equivalentMTIE masks, for wireless backhaul network, time sensitiveAudio/Video, and circuit emulation applications

Observation Interval (s)

1e-3 1e-2 1e-1 1e+0 1e+1 1e+2 1e+3 1e+4 1e+5 1e+6

MTI

E (n

s)

1e-1

1e+0

1e+1

1e+2

1e+3

1e+4

1e+5

1e+6

1e+7

1e+8

1e+9

1e+10

TDMA (IS-136)CDMA (IS-95) and CDMA-2000CDMA/CDMA-2000, objectiveGSM, WCDMA FDD modeGSM COMPACTWCDMA TDD modeUncompressed SDTV (SDI signal)Uncompressed HDTV (SDI signal)Digital audio, consumer interface (S/P-DIF)Digital audio, professional interface (AES3)MPEG-2, after network transportMPEG-2, no network transportG.8261, MRTIE for 2048 kbit/s interfaceG.8261, MTIE for 1544 kbit/s interface

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Illustration of Timing Performance using IEEE 802.1ASIllustration of Timing Performance using IEEE 802.1AS

IEEE 802.1AS [26] includes a profile of IEEE 1588 Version 2 to transport synchronization over wired Ethernet (full-duplex, 802.3 links)

• Timing is transported over Ethernet using time stamped messages • Specifies which 1588 V2 features and architectural options will be used

- E.g., clocks, messages, optional features, etc.• Specify ranges and default values for relevant parameters

Specify additional requirements to ensure acceptable end-to-end performance for applications

• E.g., node clock requirements, endpoint PLL filter requirementsContains additional specifications for transport of synchronization over 802.11 wireless networks (see [26] for details)IEEE 802.1AS is being developed in IEEE 802.1 as part of the Audio/Video Bridging (AVB) standards, for the transport of time-sensitive traffic over EthernetThe following slides illustrate the achievable jitter and wander performance using IEEE 802.1AS for timing transport

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Example Simul Results for Jitter/Wander Performance - 1Example Simul Results for Jitter/Wander Performance - 1

Parameters and assumptions common to all simulation cases (see [28] for details)

• Free-run clock accuracy = ± 100 ppm- Initialize frequency offset of each clock randomly within this range

• Phase measurement granularity = 40 ns (25 MHz free-running clocks)• Frequency measurement granularity = 2.3283 x 10-10 (32 bit accuracy)• Consider up to 7 hops (802.1AS reference model)• All nodes implement IEEE 802.1AS• Sync interval = 10 ms• Frequency update and prop del measurement intervals = 100 ms• Pdelay turnaround time = 1 ms• Asymmetry in PHY latency and cable delay not modeled• Free running clock has phase noise modeled as in [5]• Endpoint filter is 2nd order, with 0.1 dB gain peaking• Three cases are simulated with 3dB bandwidth of: 1 Hz, 0.1Hz,.0.01Hz

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Example Simul Results for Jitter/Wander Performance - 2Example Simul Results for Jitter/Wander Performance - 2

Nodes 1 and 7Endpoint Filter BW = 1.0 Hz, 0.1 Hz, 0.01 HzEndpoint Filter Gain Peaking = 0.1 dB

Observation Interval (s)

1e-6 1e-5 1e-4 1e-3 1e-2 1e-1 1e+0 1e+1 1e+2

0.95

Qua

ntile

MTI

E (n

s)

1e-7

1e-6

1e-5

1e-4

1e-3

1e-2

1e-1

1e+0

1e+1

1e+2

1e+3

1e+4

1e+5

1e+6

1e+7Node 1, 1.0 Hz - lowerNode 1, 1.0 Hz - point estimateNode 1, 1.0 Hz - upperNode 7, 1.0 Hz - lowerNode 7, 1.0 Hz - point estimateNode 7, 1.0 Hz - upperNode 1, 0.1 Hz - lowerNode 1, 0.1 Hz - point estimateNode 1, 0.1 Hz - upperNode 7, 0.1 Hz - lowerNode 7, 0.1 Hz - point estimateNode 7, 0.1 Hz - upperNode 1, 0.01 Hz - lowerNode 1, 0.01 Hz - point estimateNode 1, 0.01 Hz - upperNode 7, 0.01 Hz - lowerNode 7, 0.01 Hz - point estimateNode 7, 0.01 Hz - upperUncompressed SDTV MaskUncompressed HDTV MaskDigital Audio, Consumer Interface MaskDigital Audio, Professional Interface MaskMPEG-2, After Network Transport, MaskMPEG-2, Before Network Transport, Mask

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References - 1References - 1

1. TIA/EIA-136-000-D, TDMA Third Generation Wireless, TIA, 2002 (formerly IS-136).

2. TIA/EIA-95-B, Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Spread Spectrum Cellular System, TIA, 1999 (formerly IS-95).

3. TS 45.010, Digital Cellular Telecommunications System (Phase 2+); Radio Subsystem Synchronization, Version 6.5.0, Release 6, 3GPP, April, 2005 (also published as ETSI TS 145 010, V6.5.0, April, 2005).

4. 3GPP2 C.S0010-C, Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for CDMA2000 Spread Spectrum Base Stations, Release C, 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2, January 14, 2005.

5. TS 125.104, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Base Station (BS) Radio Transmission and Reception (FDD), Version 6.8.0, Release 6, 3GPP, December, 2004 (also published as ETSI TS 125 104, V6.8.0, December, 2004).

6. TS 125.105, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Base Station (BS) Radio Transmission and Reception (TDD), Version 6.2.0, Release 6, 3GPP, December, 2004 (also published as ETSI TS 125 104, V6.2.0, December, 2004).

7. TS 125.402, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Synchronization in UTRAN Stage 2, Version 6.2.0, Release 6, 3GPP, March, 2005 (also published as ETSI TS 125 104, V6.2.0, March, 2005).

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References - 2References - 2

8. ITU-T Recommendation G.8261/Y.1361 (ex. G.pactiming), Timing and synchronization aspects in packet networks, ITU-T, Geneva, May, 2006.

9. ITU-T Recommendation G.823, The control of jitter and wander within digital networks which are based on the 2048 kbit/s hierarchy, ITU-T, Geneva, March, 2000.

10. ITU-T Recommendation G.824, The control of jitter and wander within digital networks which are based on the 1544 kbit/s hierarchy, ITU-T, Geneva, March, 2000.

11. ITU-T Recommendation G.828, End-to-end error performance parameters and objectives for international, constant bit-rate digital paths and connections, ITU-T, Geneva, December, 2002.

12. ISO/IEC 13818-1, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems, ISO/IEC, Geneva, 2000 (same as ITU-T Rec. H.222.0, ITU-T, Geneva, 2000).

13. ISO/IEC 13818-9, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Extension for real-time interface for systems decoders, ISO/IEC, Geneva, 1996.

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References - 3References - 3

14. IEC 60958-1, Digital Audio Interface – Part1: General, International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, 2004.

15. IEC 60958-3, Digital Audio Interface – Part3: Consumer Applications, International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, 2003.

16. IEC 60958-4, Digital Audio Interface – Part4: Professional Applications (TA4), International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, 2003.

17. AES3-2003, AES Recommended practice for digital audio engineering --Serial transmission format for two-channel linearly represented digital audio data (Revision of AES3-1992, including subsequent amendments), Audio Engineering Society, 2003.

18. AES5-2003: AES recommended practice for professional digital audio --Preferred sampling frequencies for applications employing pulse-code modulation (Revision of AES5-1997), Audio Engineering Society, 2003.

19. AES11-2003: AES recommended practice for digital audio engineering -Synchronization of digital audio equipment in studio operations (Revision of AES11-1997), Audio Engineering Society, 2003.

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References - 4References - 4

20. SMPTE 259M-1997, 10-Bit 4:2:2 Component and 4fSC Composite Digital Signals – Serial Digital Interface, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 1997.

21. ITU-R Rec. BT.601-5, Studio Encoding Parameters of Digital Television for Standard 4:3 and Wide-Screen 16:9 Aspect Ratios, ITU-R, Geneva, 1995.

22. SMPTE 292M-1998, Bit-Serial Digital Interface for High-Definition Television Systems, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 1998.

23. SMPTE 318M-1999 (Revision of SMPTE RP 154-1994), Synchronization of 59.94- or 50-Hz Related Video and Audio Systems in Analog and Digital Areas – Reference Signals, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 1999.

24. Ralf Steinmetz, Human Perception of Jitter and Media Synchronization, IEEE JSAC, Vol. 14, No. 1, January, 1996.

25. ITU-T Draft Recommendation Y.ETHperf, Ethernet performance, ITU-T SG 12, TD 108 (WP 3/12), Geneva, 16 – 25 January, 2007.

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References - 5References - 5

26. IEEE P802.1AS/D0.6, Draft Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks—Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications in Bridged Local Area Networks, January 22, 2007.

27. IEEE P1588TM/D1-H, Draft Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems, April 8, 2007.

28.Geoffrey M. Garner, Further Simulation Results for AVB Synchronization Transported using IEEE 1588 Peer-to-Peer Transparent Clock,” Samsung Presentation to IEEE 802.1, San Diego, CA, USA, July, 2006.

29.Eric H.S. Ryu, Proximity Control Based on IEEE 802.1AS, Samsung Presentation to IEEE 802.1, York, UK, September, 2006.

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Appendix – More Detailed Simulation Results - 1Appendix – More Detailed Simulation Results - 1

Case 1Endpoint Filter BW = 1.0 HzEndpoint Filter Gain Peaking = 0.1 dB

Observation Interval (s)

1e-6 1e-5 1e-4 1e-3 1e-2 1e-1 1e+0 1e+1 1e+2

0.95

Qua

ntile

MTI

E (n

s)

1e-5

1e-4

1e-3

1e-2

1e-1

1e+0

1e+1

1e+2

1e+3

1e+4

1e+5

1e+6

1e+7Node 1 - lowerNode 1 - point estimateNode 1 - upperNode 2 - lowerNode 2 - point estimateNode 2 - upperNode 3 - lowerNode 3 - point estimateNode 3 - upperNode 5 - lowerNode 5 - point estimateNode 5 - upperNode 7 - lowerNode 7 - point estimateNode 7 - upperNode 10 - lowerNode 10 - point estimateNode 10 - upperUncompressed SDTV MaskUncompressed HDTV MaskDigital Audio, Consumer Interface MaskDigital Audio, Professional Interface MaskMPEG-2, After Network Transport, MaskMPEG-2, Before Network Transport, MaskWCDMA TDD Mode, Mask

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Appendix – More Detailed Simulation Results - 2Appendix – More Detailed Simulation Results - 2

Case 2Endpoint Filter BW = 0.1 HzEndpoint Filter Gain Peaking = 0.1 dB

Observation Interval (s)

1e-6 1e-5 1e-4 1e-3 1e-2 1e-1 1e+0 1e+1 1e+2

0.95

Qua

ntile

MTI

E (n

s)

1e-6

1e-5

1e-4

1e-3

1e-2

1e-1

1e+0

1e+1

1e+2

1e+3

1e+4

1e+5

1e+6

1e+7Node 1 - lowerNode 1 - point estimateNode 1 - upperNode 2 - lowerNode 2 - point estimateNode 2 - upperNode 3 - lowerNode 3 - point estimateNode 3 - upperNode 5 - lowerNode 5 - point estimateNode 5 - upperNode 7 - lowerNode 7 - point estimateNode 7 - upperNode 10 - lowerNode 10 - point estimateNode 10 - upperUncompressed SDTV MaskUncompressed HDTV MaskDigital Audio, Consumer Interface MaskDigital Audio, Professional Interface MaskMPEG-2, After Network Transport, MaskMPEG-2, Before Network Transport, MaskWCDMA TDD Mode, Mask

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Appendix – More Detailed Simulation Results - 3Appendix – More Detailed Simulation Results - 3

Case 3Endpoint Filter BW = 0.01 HzEndpoint Filter Gain Peaking = 0.1 dB

Observation Interval (s)

1e-6 1e-5 1e-4 1e-3 1e-2 1e-1 1e+0 1e+1 1e+2

0.95

Qua

ntile

MTI

E (n

s)

1e-7

1e-6

1e-5

1e-4

1e-3

1e-2

1e-1

1e+0

1e+1

1e+2

1e+3

1e+4

1e+5

1e+6

1e+7Node 1 - lowerNode 1 - point estimateNode 1 - upperNode 2 - lowerNode 2 - point estimateNode 2 - upperNode 3 - lowerNode 3 - point estimateNode 3 - upperNode 5 - lowerNode 5 - point estimateNode 5 - upperNode 7 - lowerNode 7 - point estimateNode 7 - upperNode 10 - lowerNode 10 - point estimateNode 10 - upperUncompressed SDTV MaskUncompressed HDTV MaskDigital Audio, Consumer Interface MaskDigital Audio, Professional Interface MaskMPEG-2, After Network Transport, MaskMPEG-2, Before Network Transport, MaskWCDMA TDD Mode, Mask

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