Eternal return?Three historical regions of Europe in the present time

Gyorgy Csepeli

European Social Survey 2008.

www.europeansocialsurvey.org

Investigated values

• Etatism• Autonomy in the workplace• Social trust• Tolerance• Altruism (universalism, atruism)• Individualism (creativity, responsibility,

achievement, hedonism)• Conformity

Etatism

1. „Governments should act in order to decrease inequalities of income.”

2. „Big differences if income can be accepted because they reflect differences in talent and effort.”

3. „In just societies there should be small differences between man in their living conditions.”

4. „It is the state’s responsibility to ensure job opportunities for those who want to work.”

Prevalence of etatism in Europe

Autonomy in the workplace

1. The management of your workplace to what extent lets you decide about the organization of the order of your work?

2. The management of your workplace to what extent lets you influence the decisions made in the the company/institution?

Prevalence of sense of workplace autonomy in Europe

Social trust

1. Would you agree or disagree with the statement that „most people can be trusted” and would you agree or disagree with the statement that „one has to be very cautious in dealing with other people”?

2. Do you think that most people would cheat of you or reversely, most people would be fair?

3. Most people care only themselves or are they generally helpful?

Prevalence of social trust in Europe

Tolerance

1. No interference into the dealings of gay and lesbian human beings.

2. Willingness to admit foreigners of same nationality.

3. Willingness to admit foreigners of different nationality living in Europe.

4. Willingness to admit foreigners from non European poor countries.

5. Economic bnefit of immigration.

6. Cultural benefit/harm of immigration.

7. General benefit/harm of immigration.

Prevalence of tolerance in European countries

Altruism

communalities component

All people should be treated equally. All people should have equal opportunities.

0,39 0,63

Everyone’s voice should be listened. 0,5 0,71

Important to help people. 0,55 0,74

Importan to be fair and helpful to people who are close.

0,55 0,74

Important to preserve the environment.

0,44 0,66

Individualism

communalities component

Important to invent new solutions and to be creative.

0,33 0,57

Important to be involved in diverse activities. 0,52 0,72

Important to feel good and comfortable. 0,49 0,7

Important to decide about him/herself. Important to be independent.

0,3 0,54

Important to be cuscessful. 0,37 0,6

Important to take risks and to live adventurous life.

0,49 0,7

Important to do things that cause joy. 0,52 0,72

Conformity

communalities component

Important to live in security and avoid everything that threats security.

0,5 0,71

People should do that others tell them to do. Rules must be obeyed even no one is present.

0,44 0,66

Important to be modest and restrained. One has not to be noticed.

0,26 0,51

Strong government is the guarantee of personal security against any threat.

0,5 0,71

Important not to behave inappropiately. 0,55 0,74

Traditions must be respected. Religional and family customs should be followed.

0,41 0,64

factors Types

„Active” „Rebel” „Passive”

etatism -0,29 -0,23 0,47

Autonomy in workplace

0,45 -0,12 -0,39

trust 0,56 -0,11 -0,5

tolerance 0,75 -0,31 -0,56

altruism 0,38 -1,1 0,51

individualism 0,32 -0,58 0,02

conformity -0,27 -0,79 0,7

N (%)

12299(38)

8357(26)

11754 (36)

Clusters of people in Europe according to their value-system

Prevalence of the „active”, „rebel” and „passive” types in the European countries

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Hu

nga

ry

Por

tuga

l

Bu

lgar

ia

Cyp

rus

Slo

vak

ia

Est

onia

Sp

ain

Pol

and

Slo

ven

ia

Fra

nce

Un

ited

Kin

gdom

Bel

giu

m

Ger

man

y

Fin

lan

d

Nor

way

Net

her

lan

ds

Sw

itze

rlan

d

Den

mar

k

Sw

eden

Active

Rebel

Passive

Jenő Szücs redivivus: Prevalence of „active” citizens in Europe by country

missing