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PRESENT SIMPLE

Subject + verb + object Ido my chores regularly.

Subject (3rd person sg he, she, it) + verb + s/es + object She does her chores regularly.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Subject + be (am, are, is) + verb + ING + object He is doinghis chores regularly.

PRESENT PERFECT

Subject + have/has + verb (pp form) + object He has done something awful.

PAST SIMPLE

Subject + verb (ed/pp form) + object He didsomething wrong.

PAST CONTINUOUS

Subject + was/were + verb + ING + object

I was doing my homework, when the doorbell rang.

PAST PERFECT

Subject + have/has + verb + ed/pp form + object We have livedhere for 8 years.

FUTURE SIMPLE

Subject + will/shall + verb + object Iwill prepare some salads for the party.

GOING TO FUTURE

Subject + am/are/is + going to + verb + object Itis going to snow tonight.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 0

If/when + present tense + present tense.

If I stay up late, I feel awful the next day.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1

If + present tense + future tense (will)

If I pass FCE, I will have a big party.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 2

If + past tense + would/could/might

If I won the lottery, I would give all the money to orphans.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 3

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If + past perfect + would/could/might have + past participle

If we had won more money, we would have gone to the States last year.

REPORTED SPEECH

When direct speech is reported, it becomes indirect speech. There is usually a change of tense,

called BACKSHIFT.

Present Simple Past Simple

Ilike ice cream. She said she likedice cream.

Present Continuous Past Continuous

Iam livingin London. She said she was livingin London.

Present Perfect Past Perfect

Ihavent seen Julie. He said he hadnt seen Julie.

Past Simple Past Perfect

Iboughta car. She said she had boughta car.

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Iwas walkingalong the street. She said she had been walkingalong the street.

Past Perfect Past Perfect

Ihad taken English lessons before. She said she had taken English lessons before.

Would would

Iwouldhelp. She said she wouldhelp.

Can could

Ican speak perfect English. She said she couldspeak perfect English.

Could could

Icouldswim when I was 4. She said she couldswim when she was 4.

Shall would

Ishallcome later. She said she wouldcome later.

Should should

Ishouldcall my mother. She said sheshouldcall her mother.

Might might

Imightbe late. She said she mightbe late.

Must must

Imuststudy at weekend. She said she muststudy at weekend.

Future (will) Conditional (would)Illsee you later. She said she wouldsee me later.

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Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct

speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like

to change the tense):

Direct speech: The sky is blue

Reported speech: She said that the sky is/was blue

Pronouns, Time and Space expressions

today that day

now then

yesterday the day before

days ago days before

last week the week before

next year the following year

tomorrow the next day / the following day

here there

this that

these those

Different reporting verbs:

Most common ones are SAID AND TOLD.

verb object

infinitive

verb infinitive verb (that) verb gerund verb object

preposition

gerund

verb

preposition

gerund

advise

encourage

invite

remind

warn

agree

decide

offer

promise

refuse

threaten

admit

agree

decide

deny

explain

insist

promise

recommend

suggest

deny

recommend

suggest

accuse

blame

congratulate

apologize

insist

Examples:Jack

encouraged me

to look for a

new job.

They invited alltheir friends to

attend thepresentation.

Examples:She

offered to give

him a lift to

work.

My brotherrefused to take

no for ananswer.

Examples:Tom

admitted (that)

he had tried to

leave early.

She agreed(that) we

needed toreconsider our

plans.

Examples:He

denied having

anything to do

with her.

Ken suggestedstudying early

in themorning.

Examples:They

accused the

boys of cheating

on the exam.

She blamed herhusband for

missing thetrain.

Examples:He

apologized for

being late.She insistedon doing thewashing up.