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Energy Storage Technologies for Grid-
Connected and Off-Grid Power System
Applications
ByBy
Faruk Ahmed Bhuiyan
Graduate Student
Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept.,
Western University, London, Ontario
Supervisor:
Professor Amirnaser Yazdani
EPEC Conference, October 12, 2012
London, Ontario.1
• Objectives
• Types of energy storage technologies
• Functions/applications of ES in power systems
• Characteristics of energy storages technologies
Introduction
• Characteristics of energy storages technologies
• Installed energy storages in power system applications
• Few simplified models of BES
• Conclusions
2
• Provide information to engineers, academia, industry people, and non-specialists
• Facilitate to select the appropriate energy storage (ES)
Objectives
• Facilitate to select the appropriate energy storage (ES) technologies
• Can be used to compare the costs of the energy storage technologies
3
• Equipment that stores electrical energy in different forms for later use
• Electricity demand is rarely constant over time
• Renewable generation is intermittent
Energy Storage?
• Renewable generation is intermittent
• Excess generation during low demand period can be stored
• Stored energy can be converted into electricity during high demand
• Makes the electricity grid flexible, reliable and efficient
4
Types of Storage Technologies
5
Types of Energy Storages Based on
Discharge Time
High Power/ Rapid Discharge
(Seconds to hour)
Energy Management
(Hours to days)
Short time Medium time Long time
• Capacitor• Supercapacitor• SMES• FES
•Metal air• Zebra
• PHES• CAES• TES• EVD/V-2-G
6
• FES • EVD/V-2-G
Batteries
• Lead acid
• Nickel Cadmium• Li-Ion
• NaS
• Hydrogen & fuel cellBatteries
• Flow• Lead acid
• NaS
• Li-Ion
Functions of Energy Storages in
Power System
• Frequency regulations
• Spinning reserve
• Voltage support
• Flicker compensation
• LVRT support
• Peak shaving
7
• Peak shaving
• Source leveling
• Line upgrade deferral
• Energy trading
• Renewable power penetration
• Black start
• Increase Reliability
Transmission
Distribution
Generation
End User
Functions of Energy Storages in
Power System
8
Mechanical ES
Types Energy density
(Wh/kg or
Wh/L)
Life cycle
(cycles or
years)
Respo
nse
time
Self
discharge
Cost
/kW
Cost
/kWh
Efficiency
%
PHES 0.3-1.5 >25 yrs min negligible 1000 15-150 70-85
CAES 10-30 >25 yrs min negligible 400-1000 10-100 40-60
Characteristics of Energy Storage
Systems
9
FES 5-70 >20000 ms very high 600 800-2200 90
Electrical (Electromagnetic or Static) ES
Types Power density
(W/kg)
Life cycle
(cycles/yr)
Response
time
Self
discharge
Cost /kWh Efficiency
%
Cap. >1000 >20000 ms very high >10000 75-90
SC >6000 >50000 ms very high >25000 95
SMES >10000 20 yrs ms high >20000 >95
Electrochemical/ BES Technologies
Types Energy
density
(Wh/kg)
Life cycle
(cycles)
Response
time
Self
discharge
Cost
/kW
Cost
/kWh
Efficiency
%
PbA 20-45 200-2000 sec low >200 <300 70-80
LiI 100-200 500-4000 sec low >300 >1000 70-95
Characteristics of Energy Storage
Systems
10
LiI 100-200 500-4000 sec low >300 >1000 70-95
NaS 120-240 3000-9000 sec medium >400 400-800 85
NiCd 40-70 500-2000 sec low >200 400-600 60-75
NiMH 60-80 <3000 sec medium >300 600-1600 50-80
M-Air 200-2000 100-400 sec low 100-250 <400 50
NaNiCl 80-125 <3500 sec negligible 200-400 200-600 90
VRB 25 >16000 sec low >400 >500 80
H2 &
Fuel
500-3000 >1000 >sec low >1200 <100 40
Installed Energy Storages In Power
System Application
Types Specifications Location Comments
Power (MW) Energy (MWh)
PHES
CAES
FES
1212
110
20
20 GWh
2860
5
California, USA
Alabama, USA
New York, USA
Load labelling
Peak shaving
Frequency regulation
11
PbA
NiCd
NaS
Li-Ion
Zebra
VRB
ZnBr
PSB
SMES
10
27
34
12
-
0.25
1
15
-
40
14.6
245
5
40
2
4
120
2.5 MJ
Chino, CA, USA
Alaska, USA
Rokkaso, Japan
Chile
Switzerland
Utah, USA
Japan
USA
Korea
Load labelling
Spinning reserve
Peak shaving
Grid stability
Spinning reserve
Voltage support
Trans. deferral
Peak shaving
Power quality
Installed Energy Storages
12
Li-Ion BES, courtesy: A123 systemNaS BES, courtesy: NGK
PHES, courtesy: Wiki FESS, courtesy: Beacon
BES Models
13
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
BES Models
14
Conclusions
• Various ES technologies, especially BES systems are gaining popularity to use in
grid-connected systems.
• H2 and fuel cell, and flow batteries are considering for energy management in
15
off-grid system
• NaS and Li-Ion batteries are two emerging BES technologies both for grid
connected and off-grid power systems
• Research and development efforts on energy storage are focused on reducing
cost, space, and weight; and increasing life-span.
Thank YouThank You
16