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Freescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2009.

Energy Efficiency Management for Green Processing in Embedded Applications

July 2009

Nikolay GuenovPortfolio Management

TMFreescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2009. 2

Why the Focus on Energy Efficiency?

►The global Information and Communications Technology (ICT) industry accounts for around 2.5% percent of global green house gas emissions – a figure which is expected to grow as technology becomes more pervasive1

►Global adoption of increasing numbers of telecom / broadband devices will continue to push energy consumption

Embedded processorsare in the heart of the systemsdriving global technologygrowth

It is imperative that significanteffort is extended in achievingbest performance-to-power ratio to ensure optimal energysavings

1ITU (http://www.itu.int/themes/climate/)

Global ICT Footprint by Subsector

Source: The Climate Group, Global Sustainability Initiative


Governmental Regulation Mandates for Energy Efficiency

Examples of Key Regional Energy Mandates

Top Runner Energy Conservation Law Includes:

– Printers, storage, routers and switches

Energy using Product (EuP) Adopted many EnergyStar™ requirements Adding 1W AC initiative

Energy Star Weekly energy use Energy Star adds communication products - STB EPA organizes Energy Star Industrial Focuses

► Increasing number of industries / application segments are becoming focus for energy-efficiency improvements • PCs• Servers• Printers • Broadband equipment

► Equipment across the data center, telecom and networking space must focus on the new requirements for power management


Governmental Regulation Mandates for Energy Efficiency

Examples of Key Regional Energy Mandates

Top Runner Energy Conservation Law Includes:

– Printers, storage, routers and switches

Energy using Product (EuP) Adopted many EnergyStar™ requirements Adding 1W AC initiative

Energy Star Weekly energy use Energy Star adds communication products - STB EPA organizes Energy Star Industrial Focuses

► Increasing number of industries / application segments are becoming focus for energy-efficiency improvements • PCs• Servers• Printers • Broadband equipment

► Equipment across the data center, telecom and networking space must focus on the new requirements for power management


Energy Efficiency Drivers in Embedded Systems Market

► Fixed and mobile networks and end points must resolve unique challenges of peak and off-peak workloads while maintaining the “always-on” capability

► Many network nodes are unable to monitor, measure and log the utilization of resources and traffic load

• Without this information, temporary power reduction modes are difficult to implement

► Network nodes typically have a 7 to 10+ year architecture and deployment lifetime

• The mechanicals, power supplies and cooling systems are often fixed and cannot be upgraded during the lifetime of the node

► Limited air-flow and heat-sink heights result in challenging device “hot spot” thermal limitations

eNodeBLTE

SGW

IP/PBXPSTNRouters /

SwitchesStorage

Printers

Equipment (Medical, Industrial)

VideoSMB/Enterprise

Gateway

Media Hub

Network Storage

Residential Gateway

STB

DSLAM/MSAN BRAS

PON OLT

Cable CMTS

Modem

ONT

Iub3G UTRAN

2G GSM/CDMA

RNCRNC

RNCBSC

Node B

BTS

GSN

MGW


Energy Efficiency Drivers in Embedded Systems Market

► Fixed and mobile networks and end points must resolve unique challenges of peak and off-peak workloads while maintaining the “always-on” capability

► Many network nodes are unable to monitor, measure and log the utilization of resources and traffic load

• Without this information, temporary power reduction modes are difficult to implement

► Network nodes typically have a 7 to 10+ year architecture and deployment lifetime

• The mechanicals, power supplies and cooling systems are often fixed and cannot be upgraded during the lifetime of the node

► Limited air-flow and heat-sink heights result in challenging device “hot spot” thermal limitations

eNodeBLTE

SGW

IP/PBXPSTNRouters /

SwitchesStorage

Printers

Equipment (Medical, Industrial)

VideoSMB/Enterprise

Gateway

Media Hub

Network Storage

Residential Gateway

STB

DSLAM/MSAN BRAS

PON OLT

Cable CMTS

Modem

ONT

Iub3G UTRAN

2G GSM/CDMA

RNCRNC

RNCBSC

Node B

BTS

GSN

MGW


What Does it Mean to be Energy Efficient and Green?

► Power and Energy are not the same thing

► Power : Peak and RMS power supply requirement

► Energy: Thermal design and consumption cost

► Energy is dependent on nature of application

• IO and Cache result in core and bus stalls• Operation temp influences power consumption• Degree of cyclical nature of workload vary by

application

► Examples of a cyclical application • Instruments: medical, engineering, automation, POS• Routers: Home, SoHo, SMB• Office Automation: storage, printers, telephones

Power : PTOT = ISTATICV + aCV2FP1>P2E1=E2

Energy pacing to workloadCyclic Workload Description

Active workload Active state: e.g. printing, motion, routing

Light Workload System Management and services: e.g. networking management, calibration, web services

Dormant Does not mean dead: e.g. quick wake to key event, respond to network overhead traffic (ping, ARP, etc)


Energy Scenarios

Main Job NetworkRouteractivity

System Mgmt& Services

Main Job

Packet-losslessDeep Sleep

Toda

y te

chno

logy

MPC

8536

Ete

chno

logy

~

~ ~~

~



Cyc

lical

Valu

edW

orkl

oad

~~

~

~JOG JOG

JOG

RUNRUN


ActiveWork

Dormant DormantLightWork

LightWork

ActiveWork

LightWork


Example – Impact on Broadband CPE

L2

L3

L4

Above

Line

rate

per

form

ance

Today Next Generation

Roadmap Time

Forwarding+

QoS

2nd CPU for NAPT

QoS +

Packet Modify

Deep packetinspection

Increasingperformance

Power management

IncreasedFunctionSoC

Increasingworkloads on SoC resulting in requirements for additional frequency power

Maintain bridging/routing throughput as WAN interfaces increase bandwidth

Content Management, QoS, ServicesEnablement, Security

TMFreescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2009.

Today Next/Roadmap

10

Ultra-Low-End Platform

Low-End Platform

Mid-Range Platform

High-End Platform

P4080

MPC8569

P2020

P2010

MPC8536

P1020

P1011

Technology:

•45nm SOI process

•Multicore processor solutions

Architecture:

•Clock gating

•CPU core low power modes

•Dynamic Frequency Scaling (DFS)

•Wake on event

•Virtualization

Standards Initiatives:

• IEEE 802.3 Energy Efficient Ethernet Study Group

MPC8315

MPC8314

MPC8313

MPC8377

MPC8533

MPC8548

MPC8572

MPC8640

MPC8641D

Device discussed in this presentation

Energy Management & Green Embedded Processing in the Freescale Processor Roadmap


45nm SOI Process – Power Savings

►Provides 50% savings in static and dynamic power over 90nm SOI

►SOI provides lower Ceff, allowing improved performance/power trade-off

►Multi-VTH transistor options• Multiple performance/power transistor

options available• Design flow and tools make use of

Multi-VTH transistors to optimize performance/leakage

►Transistor and gate-oxide optimization• Optimization of transistor and gate

dielectric provides reduced static power

11

FSL 90SOIFmax = 1.33GHz

PWR = 11 W


PWR = 6.6 W

90SOIVdd=1.0V

45SOIVdd=1.0V

Freq= +15-20%Pwr = -35-40%

Freq= 0%Pwr = -50%


PWR = 5.5 W

45SOIVdd=1.0V

or

Example of power savings for a “typical” PowerQUICC® product


Architecture Approaches: MPC8315 Power Management

►Six-state power management capability• PCI power management compatible• Full-on state worst-case power 2.6 W• Intermediate states control CPU power saving modes• Lowest-power standby mode power is ~120 mW

Assumptions: Vdd +10%, IO Cap = 10pF

►Wake-up usage models supported in standby mode• Wake on LAN

System wake up from remote device on Ethernet • Wake on timer expiration

User programs record of “favorite broadcast / telecast”• Wake on External Interrupts or GPIO activity

Other external wake-up events, e.g. via remote control / control keys

►Not supported• Standby mode not supported when PCI in Agent mode• PCI Express power management• SATA Controller power management

Can command drives to power down ahead of transition to standby


DDR 1/2 MemoryController

Local Bus

Coherent system bus

e300 core

16KBI-Cache

16KBD-Cache

SecurityProcessing Unit

Packetized I/O2x 10/100/1000

Ethernet

I/O2 SATA,

USB 2.0/PHYPCI/PCIe

DUART, Dual I²C,SPI, GPIO, Timers

SERDES

13

MPC8315E Block Diagram

► High-performance core for greater overall system performance

• e300 core from 266-400MHz with 16K D/I L1 cache

► Integrated I/O controllers to reduce chip count and BOM cost

• 16/32 bit DDR1/2 266MHz• 1 PCI 2.3, 32bit up to 66MHz• 1 USB2.0 (Host/Device with PHY)• 2 SATA I/II (3.0Gb/s) controllers• 2 x1 PCI Express v1.0a• 2 10/100/1000 enhanced Ethernet MACs

RGMII, RTBI, RMII, MII, SGMII muxed with PCIe• Multi-channel DMA controller

► Enables secure applications through an integrated security engine

• AES, PKEU, DES, 3DES, MDEU• Optimized for IPSEC & DTCP-IP

► Power Management• Low power standby mode

► Protocol Support• TDM – to connect to CODEC

MPC8315E


MPC8315 Power Management - Functional StatesStates Remarks

D0 Active Identical to PCI D0 Active state

D0 Un-initialized Identical to PCI D0 Un-initialized state.

D1, D2 Optional power state of PCI PM supported by 8315 in both AGENT and HOST mode. [AGENT Mode idiosyncrasies see later]; e300 Core in Doze state.

D3 Hot Minimum power state with VDD ON. PME supported in both AGENT and HOST mode.

D3 Warm Additional state in HOST mode. All device powered down except for logic needed for wake-up. PCI bus switched off. No access to any PCI configuration space. No PME support

D3 Cold Identical to PCI PM D3Cold state

Dec

reas

ing

Pow

er D

issi

patio

n

Wake From State Wake up EventsD1, D2, D3 Hot Any activity on CSB: Any packet on eTSEC, Any activity on GPIO, Any external

interrupt, USB event, Any timer expiration …

D3 Warm MAGIC packet on eTSEC-1 (Wake-On-LAN); 2 External Interrupts; 2 GPIO signals; Expiration of timer (GTM)

D3 Cold Power on Reset


MPC8536E Power Management:Deep Sleep

► Two power domains and power gating of the switchable supply through external switch

• Isolation cells within MPC8536E between power domains

► Implementation based optimization• VT optimization, clock gating

► Selectable wake-up• USB:

Device plug/unplug PHY power reset Activity on the bus

• Ethernet: Wake on magic packet reception Wake on packet filer

• Dedicated GPIO interrupt• Internal timer (PIC) interrupt

ON Blocks

USB

Ethernet

GPIO

VDD_PLAT GND

OFF Blocks

e500CPU

DDRMEMC

VDD_CORE GND

PMCWakeup events

Isolation Cells

Isolation Cells

VDD_P GND

Control

Constant Supply VDD_PSwitched Supply VDD_C

PIC/Timer

Cache

MPC8536E

POWER_EN

VDD_CORE

VoltageRegulator

POWER_OK(optional)

VDD_PLAT

VIN (5/12V)

VoltageMonitor


MPC8536E Block Diagram►e500v2 Power Architecture® core

600MHz to 1.5 GHz • 512KB L2 Cache w/ECC• 36 bit physical addressing• DP-FPU, SPE

►System Unit• 64-/32-bit DDR2/3 up to 667 MHz data

rate w/ECC• Integrated Security Engine• Triple USB 2.0 high speed host/device • SD/MMC Flash interfaces • SPI and enhanced local bus• Dual 10/100/1000 Ethernet controllers • High speed interconnect

Triple PCI Express®

PCI • Dual SATA controller

►Advanced power management controller

• Nap, Doze, Sleep, Deep Sleep (@0.95W @ 35C)

• Power off to core and cache• Wake on LAN,/USB/GPIO/timer/external

signal• Isolated Power Planes

►Low Power Dynamic Operation (typical power estimate)

• CPU/Platform (Typ with IO)• 800/400 – @ 6.0W• 1000/500 – @ 7.0W• 1500/500 – @ 8.5W

CoherencyModule

512KBL2 Cache

Perf MonTimers

Async

Queue

64bDDR2/3 SDRAMController + ECC

EnhancedLocalBus SEC OpenPIC

MPC8536EPower

Management

SPIDUART2x I2C

SD /MMC

8 Lane SERDES

PCI-e2 Lane SERDES

GigabitEthernet

SGMII SGMII

GigabitEthernet

ULPI

USBHost/

Device

ULPI

USBHost/

Device

USB Host/

Device

ULPI

SATASATA

e500 core32KB

D-Cache32KB

I-Cache


MSC8536 Clock Control and Low Power StatesFull On

Doze

Interrupts or Resets

State Processor Power ProcessorClocks

Snoops Responded

Interrupts Responded

Estimated Power Consumption

Full On or Jog On On Yes Yes Medium

Doze On On Yes Yes Medium-Low

Nap On Off(TimeBase clks On)

No Yes Low

Sleep On Off(except to PIC)

No Yes Very Low

Deep Sleep Off Off No Yes Ultra Low Deep Sleep 35C <1W typ.

Nap

Interrupts or Resets Interrupts

or Resets

DeepSleep

NapDoze

~READY,~ASLEEP ~READY,~ASLEEP ~READY, ASLEEP

NEW

DeepSleep

Interrupts or Resets

Sleep

Sleep

~READY, ASLEEP

MPC8536E Power ModesJOGREADY,~ASLEEP NEW


MPC8536E: Deep-Sleep-Powered Blocks

► Multiple power planes• Core/L2 1.0V all Freq

(except 1.1V for 1.5G)

• Platform 1.0V all Freq• IO Various

Clocked blocksStatic blockPower off block

CoherencyModule

512KBL2 Cache

Perf MonTimers

Async

Queue



Power Management

SPIDUART2x I2C

SD /MMC

8 Lane SERDES

PCI-e2 Lane SERDES

GigabitEthernet

SGMII SGMII

GigabitEthernet

ULPI

USBHost/

Device

ULPI

USBHost/

Device

USB Host/

Device

ULPI

SATASATA

e500 core32KB

D-Cache32KB

I-Cache

GPIO


MPC8536E: Deep-Sleep-Powered Blocks

► Multiple power planes• Core/L2 1.0V all Freq

(except 1.1V for 1.5G)

• Platform 1.0V all Freq• IO Various

Clocked blocksStatic blockPower off block

CoherencyModule

512KBL2 Cache

Perf MonTimers

Async

Queue



Power Management

SPIDUART2x I2C

SD /MMC

8 Lane SERDES

PCI-e2 Lane SERDES

GigabitEthernet

SGMII SGMII

GigabitEthernet

ULPI

USBHost/

Device

ULPI

USBHost/

Device

USB Host/

Device

ULPI

SATASATA

e500 core32KB

D-Cache32KB

I-Cache

GPIO


ValidPacket

Deep Sleep Deep SleepPow

er

~ ~

~ ~ ~Deep Sleep

Ignore packets thatneed no response

Ignore other packets,stay in Deep Sleep

Packet-lossless Deep Sleep

► Embedded networking• Most of time in low-power mode• But office networks have traffic 24 hours a day (even if office is unoccupied)• Cannot wake on every packet (never have time to sleep) • Wake up on external event (ARP packet with matching Ethernet address)

Need to wake fast enough to service event

► MPC8536E optimally handles wake-on-Packet• Deep-sleep mode• Network-aware, no packets are lost• Ultra-low power the vast majority of time• No penalty of reduced functionality (dropped packets) because the system can respond as

needed

Deep Sleep

ValidPacket


Dynamic Frequency Scaling: RUN and JOG Balance:

High performance (high core clock frequencies) during periods of activity Low power consumption (low core clock frequencies) when less workload

MPC8536E supports this balance RUN Mode for high performance JOG Mode for low power consumption

Implemented with dynamic frequency scaling Dynamically alter e500 core frequency (any PLL ratio is possible) Platform and rest of system continues operation.

Main JobSystem Mgmt& Services

Main Job


MPC

8536

Ete

chno

logy

~ ~~

~



Cyc

lical

Valu

edW

orkl

oad ~~

~~

JOG JOG

JOG

RUNRUN


ActiveWork

Dormant DormantLightWork

LightWork

ActiveWork

LightWork

NetworkRouteractivity


Summary

►Energy efficiency is a clear direction across technology segments and especially important in embedded and always-on systems

►Reduced OPEX cost, reduced environmental impact, and efficient use of resources require increasing focus on innovation for power management

►Freescale is committed to providing Green solutions to our customers and is investing in the technology and micro-architecture required to deliver these solutions

►Future areas under investigation and development include:• Automatic (hardware-based) options for throttling power based on thermal

overload conditions• Capabilities to monitor fine-grained CPU loading and network I/O utilization,

enabling the efficient and accurate means to reduce power based on this data


Q&A

►Thank you for attending this presentation. We’ll now take a few moments for the audience’s questions, and then we’ll begin the question and answer session.

TM

Documents

Energy Efficiency Management for Green Processing in ... · PDF fileGateway STB. DSLAM/MSAN . BRAS. PON OLT. Cable CMTS . Modem. ONT. Iub. 3G UTRAN . ... Gateway. Media Hub. Network