Emona netCIRCUITlabs Lab Manual - peritec.vn

Emona netCIRCUITlabs

Lab Manual

Model REL 2.2

Op-Amp Circuits Experiments

SAMPLE MANUAL

Emona netCIRCUITlabs Remote Electronics Lab

Model REL 2.2 – SAMPLE MANUAL

Op-Amp Circuits Experiments Authors: Alfred Breznik and Carlo Manfredini

Issue Number: 1.1

Published by:

Emona Instruments Pty Ltd,

78 Parramatta Road

Camperdown NSW 2050

AUSTRALIA.

web: www.emona-tims.com

telephone: +61-2-9519-3933

fax: +61-2-9550-1378

Copyright © 2016 - 2020 Emona Instruments Pty Ltd and its related entities.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or

distributed in any form or by any means, including any network or Web

distribution or broadcast for distance learning, or stored in any database or in

any network retrieval system, without the prior written consent of Emona

Instruments Pty Ltd.

For licensing information, please contact Emona Instruments Pty Ltd.

The "netCIRCUITlabs" is a trademark of Emona TIMS Pty Ltd

Printed in Australia

REL 2.2 Lab Manual Contents

SAMPLE chapters in BOLD

Introduction ...................................................................................... 1 - 5

1 – Dynamic range and slew rate ......................................................... Expt 7 - 1

2 – Open loop ........................................................................................... Expt 7 - 2

3 – Input offset voltage and current ................................................ Expt 7 - 3

4 – Common mode .................................................................................... Expt 7 – 4

5 – The inverting amplifier ................................................................... Expt 8 - 1

6 – The non-inverting amplifier ........................................................... Expt 8 - 2

7 – The voltage follower ....................................................................... Expt 8 – 3

8 – Summing amplifier ........................................................................... Expt 8 – 4

9 – Differential amplifier ....................................... Expt 8 - 5

10– The integrator ................................................................................. Expt 9 – 1

11– The differentiator .......................................................................... Expt 9 – 2

12– Combined integration differentiation ........................................ Expt 9 – 3

13- Squarewave generator ................................................................... Expt 10- 1

14- Duty cycle .................................................. Expt 10- 2

15- Triangle wave generator ................................................................ Expt 10- 3

16- Sawtooth wave generator ............................................................. Expt 10- 4

netCIRCUITlabs ™ REL2.2 Lab Manual 1

1.0 Introduction to Emona netCIRCUITlabs System

Fig. 1.0: netCIRCUITlabs Experiment Platform

1.1 Emona netCIRCUITlabs System

netCIRCUITlabs is laboratory hardware equipment used by students and professors to carry out online experiments in analog and digital electronic circuits. netCIRUITlabs implements real, hardware electronic circuits. Students are given whatever control is required to investigate the electronic circuit being investigated. The student views real, live electrical signals, in real time. There is no simulation in netCIRCUITlabs. Note that each electronic circuit has potentiometers and switches: these are used by the student to vary parameters such as amplitude, frequency, phase, amplitude and timing – as

required by the experiment. These parameters can be adjusted so that the experimental results relate back to the theory and mathematical calculations. Practically any electronic circuit can be implemented on the Applications Boards. Figure 1.1 shows a typical Applications Board, with a number of electronic circuits implemented.

Fig. 1.1: Typical Experiment Applications Board

netCIRCUITlabs SERVER Ethernet Port for on-line user access

netCIRCUITlabs applications board.

2 netCIRCUITlabs ™ REL2.2 Lab Manual

Figure 1.2 shows a typical student experiment display window, showing the schematic circuit, function generator control and oscilloscope controls and display.

2.2 Accessing a netCIRCUITlabs experiment

Launch your web browser. Enter the IP address give you to by your instructor/supervisor. You will see a netCIRCUITlabs Server web page, similar to the web page shown below.

Click on the “Click To Enter netCIRCUITlabs” link, and the netCIRCUITlabs CLIENT will ask for user name and password, as shown below:

Enter the username and password issued by your teacher/instructor.

Figure 1.2: Typical Student Display


2.3 Running experiments

After logging on, you are now ready to now run any of the experiments implemented on the Experiment Applications Board plugged into the Server. - EXPERIMENT SELECTION To view the available experiments and select one experiment left mouse click on the dropdown menu, as shown

- EXPERIMENT CONTROL SWITCHES Hover the mouse pointer over the switch, and left mouse click to open or close the switch.

POTENTIOMETERS Hover the mouse pointer over the potentiometer. Then, hold down the left mouse button and drag in the direction of the potentiometer body. The potentiometer wiper will move as the mouse pointer is moved.

- FUNCTION GENERATOR

Frequency Control HI/LO Frequency Range Amplitude Control HI/LO Amplitude Range Variable DC Voltage and DC Offset Control

Dropdown menu for waveform selection

Function Generator Waveforms:

- Sine wave - Square wave - Triangle wave

- PRBS Digital Data - Half sinewave - Noise signal

- DC Voltage - GND

LOAD


- TEST INSTRUMENT MEASUREMENTS OSCILLOSCOPE CONTROLS

OSCILLOSCOPE DISPLAY

With on-screen FREQUENCY and With on-screen CURSOR measurement giving TRMS VOLTAGE measurement of VOLTAGE and TIME measurement. the displayed waveform

CHA, B, C & D inputs; AC/DC input coupling;

CHA, B, C & D V/div attenuator setting; TIME and FREQ (SPECTRUM) display selection Normal and XY display mode TRIGGER source: CHA, B, C or D;

Timebase setting, and CHA, B, C & D Vrms and frequency measurement (displayed below timebase setting: not shown here)

Scope lead elasticity setting.

refresh toggle switch provides instant update of the oscilloscope display

Oscilloscope TIMEBASE setting; TRIGGER signal edge selection: RISE or FALL.

Position control for CHA (red) and CHB (blue), CHC (yellow) and CHD (purple): click and drag up/down. TRIGGER LEVEL (green) setting of the trigger level: drag up/down.

Experiment selection LOAD button.

Experiment specific documents.

User HELP information.


XY DISPLAY

XY display SPECTRUM DISPLAY

With on-screen FREQUENCY display of With on-screen CURSOR measurement of mouse pointer position. FREQUENCY. MULTIPLE USERS netCIRCUITlabs is a multi-user system, which shares the hardware with many users, serving each user independently. The number of current users currently logged-on is displayed on the netCIRCUITlabs CLIENT. CONCLUSIONS AFTER RUNNING THE FIRST netCIRCUITlabs EXPERIMENT Confirm that the experiment is operating correctly by varying the switches and potentiometers and viewing various signals at points around the experiment.


This page is intentionally blank.

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© Emona Instruments Experiment 8.5 – The differential amplifier 8.5-2

Experiment 8.5 – The differential amplifier

The experiment

For this experiment you’ll verify the operation of the differential amplifier using DC input

voltages, then DC & AC input voltages.

It should take you about 45 minutes to complete the experiment.

Pre-requisites

Experiment 7.1 – Dynamic range

Experiment 7.3 – Input offset voltage and current

Experiment 7.4 – Common Mode

Experiment 8.1 – The inverting amplifier (desirable)

Equipment

A desktop PC, Laptop or Tablet with Google Chrome installed

Experiment 8.5 – The differential amplifier © Emona Instruments 8.2-3

Preliminary discussion

The differential amplifier is shown in Figure 1 below. This configuration is so-called because the

op amp’s output is the amplified difference between its input voltages.

Figure 1

The output voltage of the differential amplifier’s in Figure 1 can be predicted using the

equation:

1

4

21

R

RVinVinVout

Importantly, this equation works only when R2 is the same value as R1, and R3 is the same value

as R4. Where this is not the case, analysis by first principles must be used to predict the output

instead.


Note for new users

Hardware selection:

The experiment hardware is chosen using the drop-down list at the top of the page. The

hardware that you’ll be working with for this experiment is shown in Figure 2 below. It is

one of sixteen discrete circuits implemented on the board shown in the introduction.

Figure 2

Scope controls:

Clicking on the switches and buttons toggles them to the next setting. Clicking on a

circuit’s test point connects the assigned scope channel to that test point. To change

the channel assignment, simply click on the other channel’s input terminal (the test

point’s will all change colour from red to blue or blue to red accordingly).

Function generator controls:

The waveform is chosen using the drop-down list under the DC Voltage control. The

Function Generator’s potentiometer controls (represented by knobs) can be rotated by

positioning the mouse pointer over the knob, pressing and holding the left mouse button,

then moving the mouse. The knobs can also be repositioned instantly by placing the

mouser pointer to the where the knob’s marker needs to be and clicking once.

Switches

Switches are opened and closed by clicking on them.

Window sizing

Resize the window on your device so that the scroll bars are not needed. This will allow

you to see the whole page without having to scroll across or up and down.


Procedure

The differential amplifier circuit that you’ll be working with for this experiment is shown in

Figure 3 below. The circuit is the same as Figure 1 with the inclusion of switchable input

connections to two fixed DC voltages and the output of the function generator.

Figure 3

Part A – DC input voltages

This part of the experiment lets you observe the operation of the differential amplifier using

DC voltages for both inputs.

1. Launch Google Chrome on your PC, Laptop or Tablet.

2. Navigate to your department's netCIRCUITlabs Server.

Tip: Resize the window on your device so that the scroll bars are not needed. This will

allow you to see the whole page without having to scroll across or up and down.

3. Select the “Differential Amplifier” hardware from the drop-down list at the top of the

webpage.


4. Adjust the switches as follows:

SW1 in the up position so that the source for Vin 1 is one of the fixed DC voltages

(DC1 or DC2)

SW-DC in the up position so that Vin 1 (measured at TP1) is connected to DC1

SW2 in the down position so that the source for Vin 2 is the Function Generator

Note: Once done, your switches should look like the switches in Figure 3.

5. Connect the scope’s Channel A to the circuit’s TP1 (which is the differential amplifier’s

Vin 1).

Note: Clicking on a circuit’s test point connects the assigned scope channel to that test

point. To change the channel assignment, simply click on the other channel’s input terminal

(the test point’s will all change colour from red to blue or blue to red accordingly).

6. Make the appropriate adjustments to the scope to display the voltage at TP1. Ensure

that:

the Input Coupling controls for both channels are set to DC

the Voltage Scale control for both channels are set to 2V/div

Note: Clicking on the switches and buttons toggles them to the next setting.

7. Measure the DC voltage at TP1. Record your measurement in Table 1 on the next page.

8. Connect the scope’s Channel A to the Function Generator’s output (which is connected to

the differential amplifier’s Vin 2) and Channel B to the circuit’s output.

9. Adjust the Function Generator for a DC output voltage.

Note 1: This option is selected using the drop-down list under the DC Voltage control.

The size of the output voltage is adjusted by the combination of DC Voltage and Gain

controls and can range from -5V to +5V with approximately 0V on the output when the DC Voltage control’s knob is in the middle of its travel.


10. Adjust the Function Generator for +5V DC.

Note 1: You’ll have to adjust both the DC Voltage and Gain controls to obtain this

voltage.

Note 2: The DC Voltage and Gain controls can be rotated by positioning the mouse

pointer over the knob, pressing and holding the left mouse button, then moving the mouse.

The knobs can also be repositioned instantly by placing the mouser pointer to the where

the knob’s marker needs to be and clicking once.

Note 3: Use the direction of the trace’s deflection to determine the polarity of the input

voltage. The scope’s readout is an RMS value which ignores polarity.

11. Measure and record the circuit’s output voltage.

Note: Use the direction of the trace’s deflection to determine the polarity of the output

voltage.

12. Calculate and record the circuit’s theoretical output voltage.

Note: You can use the equation in the preliminary discussion to do this. Pay close

attention to the negative sign in front of the division of R4 by R1 – It’s easily missed.

13. Repeat Steps 10 to 12 for the remaining voltages in Table 1.

Note: The last voltage in the table is negative 1V and not positive 1V.

Table 1

Vin 1 (TP1) Vin 2 Measured output

voltage

Theoretical

output voltage

+5V

+4V

+3V

+2V

-1V


14. Adjust the switches as follows:

SW1 in the down position so that the source for Vin 1 is the Function Generator

SW2 in the up position so that the source for Vin 2 is DC1


Vin 2).

16. Measure the DC voltage at TP1. Record your measurement in Table 2 below.

17. Return the scope’s Channel A to the Function Generator’s output (which is connected to

the differential amplifier’s Vin 1) and check that Channel B is still connected to the

circuit’s output.

18. Repeat Steps 10 to 12 for the Vin 1 voltages listed in Table 2.

Table 2

Vin 1 Vin 2 (TP1) Measured output

voltage

Theoretical

output voltage

+5V

+4V

+3V

+2V

-1V

A s k t h e in s t r u c t o r t o c h e c k

y o u r w o r k b e f o r e c o n t in u in g .


Question 1

Why are the polarities of the output voltages in Table 2 the reverse of the output

voltages in Table 1?

Vin 1 is effectively the subtrahend in the subtraction at the amplifier’s input.

Reversing the input voltages reverses the position of the variables in the

subtraction and hence reverses the polarity of the outcome (but not the magnitude).

Question 2

How do your measured voltages in Table 1 prove that the amplifier’s gain is -1?

The output voltage is the same as the difference between the input voltages

(with Vin 1 as the minuend) in all cases (ie Vout = Vin 1 – Vin 2).

Question 3

What two sets of two changes can be made to increase the amplifier’s gain to -2?

Either, increase R3 and R4 to 20k or reduce R1 and R2 to 5k.




19. Adjust SW1 so that it’s in the up position.

Note: This means that both Vin 1 and Vin 2 are connected to DC1.

20. Measure the circuit’s output voltage. Record your measurement in Table 3 below.

Note: You’ll need to adjust the scope’s Channel B Voltage Scale control to do this as

accurately as possible.

Table 3

Output voltage

Question 4

Why is the output voltage the value you measure?

The differential amplifier amplifies the difference between its inputs. When

the inputs are the same, there is no difference between them so the output

must be zero.

Question 5

What is the name for the small DC voltage that you measured on the output?

Output offset voltage.

Question 6

What are three causes of this small DC voltage on the output?

The resistors not being exactly the same as each other.

Input offset current.

Input offset voltage.


Part B – AC & DC input voltages

This part of the experiment lets you observe the operation of the differential amplifier using a

DC voltage for one input and a sinusoidal AC voltage for the other.

21. Adjust SW2 so that it’s in the down position.

Note: This means that Vin 2 is connected to the Function Generator.

22. Make the following adjustments to the scope:

set the Voltage Scale control for both channels to 2V/div

set the Timebase controls to 500µs/div

23. Adjust the Function Generator for a 5Vpp 1kHz sinewave.

Note: Remember that the scope’s measurement readout displays voltages in RMS. So,

before you adjust the Function Generator’s Amplitude control you’ll have to either: a)

Convert 5Vpp to RMS; or b) use the scope’s cursors to help you set the input voltage to

5Vpp.

24. Draw two cycles of the differential amplifier’s input and output signals on the graph

provided on the next page.

Note 1: Draw these signals to scale and show the DC offset on the output signal.

Note 2: Label the signals to indicate which one is Vin 2 and which one is the output.


Vin 1).

26. Draw and label the differential amplifier’s Vin 1 on the same graph paper.




Question 7

Why does subtracting a DC voltage from the signal on Vin 2 produce an output signal with

a DC offset?

As Vin 1 is effectively the subtrahend in the subtraction, the differential

amplifier subtracts the voltage on Vin 1 from all instantaneous voltages on

Vin 2. This produces an output that is lower than Vin 2 by the size of Vin 1.


27. Return the scope’s Channel A to the Function Generator’s output (which is connected to

the differential amplifier’s Vin 2) and Channel B to the circuit’s output.

28. Adjust SW-DC so that it’s in the down position and observe the effect on the output

signal.

Question 8

Predict the size of the DC2 voltage (connected to Vin 1) based on your observation at

Step 28.

It’s approaching 0V.


y o u r w o r k b e f o r e f in is h in g .




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10

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© Emona Instruments Experiment 10.2 – Duty cycle 10.2-2

Experiment 10.2 – Duty cycle

The experiment

For this experiment you’ll investigate the operation of a squarewave generator modified to allow

a variable duty cycle.

It should take you about 40 minutes to complete the experiment.

Pre-requisites

Experiment 7.1 – Dynamic range

Experiment 10.1 – Squarewave generation

Equipment

A desktop PC, Laptop or Tablet with Google Chrome installed

Preliminary discussion

A pulse train generator with an adjustable duty cycle is shown in Figure 1 below. The circuit is

based on the relaxation oscillator introduced in Experiment 10.1.

Figure 1

Experiment 10.2 – Duty cycle © Emona Instruments 10.2-3

If you compare the circuit of Figure 1 above with the circuit of Figure 2 in Experiment 10.1,

you’ll notice that they’re the same except for the inclusion of the potentiometer (VR1) and two

small signal diodes (D1 and D2).

Recall that the squarewave generator in Expt 10.1 produced an op amp output that alternates

between being positively and negatively saturated and the same is true for the op amp in this

circuit. When the op amp’s output is positively saturated, D2 is forward biased (while D1 is

reverse biased) and so the resistance path responsible for charging C1 is provided by the series

combination of R2 and the resistance between the end of the potentiometer connected to D2

and its wiper. During this time, C1 charges towards )6.0( VVDZ

.

When the potential difference across C1 exceeds the positive threshold voltage on the non-

inverting pin, the op amp’s output reverses and becomes negatively saturated. When this

happens, D1 is forward biased (and D2 is reverse biased) and the resistance path responsible

for charging C1 (in the opposite direction) is provided by the series combination of R2 and the

resistance between D1 and its wiper. Current flows in the opposite direction during this time and

C1 charges towards )6.0( VVDZ

.

When the potential difference across C1 exceeds the negative threshold voltage voltage on the

non-inverting pin, the op amp’s output reverses again and the process repeats.

Now suppose that the wiper of the potentiometer is set to exactly the middle of its travel. The

resistance path for charging the capacitor is exactly the same for a positively and negatively

saturated op amp output (and is equal to R2 plus half of the value of VR1) and so the time time it

takes the capacitor’s potential difference to reach to the positive and negative threshold

voltages is exactly the same. This produces a pulse train on the output with a duty cycle of 50%

(in other words, a squarewave) with a frequency that can be found using:

3

31

1

1

2

2ln

22

1

R

RRC

VRR

fo

When the wiper of the potentiometer is adjusted so that it’s off-centre, the resistance in one

charge path increases and the resistance in the other charge path decreases by exactly the

same amout. This in turn changes the time it takes the capacitor’s potential difference to reach

the threshold voltages with one increasing and the other decreasing by exactly the same amount

of time. This changes the duration that the op amp sits on the saturated output voltages which,

by extension, changes the duty cycle of the output waveform. Importantly, this occurs without

changing the output frequency.


Knowing the operation of the circuit and applying a little algebra to the equation for calculating

duty cycle, the minimum and maximum duty cycles can be found using:

100

22

(min)

1

2

2

VR

R

RcycleDuty

Which can be simplified to:

1002

(min)

12

2

VRR

RcycleDuty

And:

100

22

(max)

1

2

12

VRR

VRRcycleDuty

Which can be simplified to:

1002

(min)

12

12

VRR

VRRcycleDuty


Note for new users

Hardware selection:

The experiment hardware is chosen using the drop-down list at the top of the page. The

hardware that you’ll be working with for this experiment is shown in Figure 2 below. It is

one of sixteen discrete circuits implemented on the board shown in the introduction.

Figure 2

Scope controls:

Clicking on the switches and buttons toggles them to the next setting. Clicking on a

circuit’s test point connects the assigned scope channel to that test point. To change

the channel assignment, simply click on the other channel’s input terminal (the test

point’s will all change colour from red to blue or blue to red accordingly).

Function generator controls:

The waveform is chosen using the drop-down list under the DC Voltage control. The

Function Generator’s potentiometer controls (represented by knobs) can be rotated by

positioning the mouse pointer over the knob, pressing and holding the left mouse button,

then moving the mouse. The knobs can also be repositioned instantly by placing the

mouser pointer to the where the knob’s marker needs to be and clicking once.

Switches

Switches are opened and closed by clicking on them.

Window sizing

Resize the window on your device so that the scroll bars are not needed. This will allow

you to see the whole page without having to scroll across or up and down.


Procedure

1. Launch Google Chrome on your PC, Laptop or Tablet.

2. Navigate to your department's netCIRCUITlabs Server.

Tip: Resize the window on your device so that the scroll bars are not needed. This will

allow you to see the whole page without having to scroll across or up and down.

3. Select the “Duty Cycle” hardware from the drop-down list at the top of the webpage.

4. Ensure that the scope’s Channel A is connected to the circuit’s TP1 and its Channel B to

TP2.

Note: Clicking on a circuit’s test point connects the assigned scope channel to that test

point. To change the channel assignment, simply click on the other channel’s input terminal

(the test point’s will all change colour from red to blue or blue to red accordingly).

5. Make the appropriate adjustments to the scope to display the differentiator’s input and

output voltages. Ensure that:

the Input Coupling controls for both channels are set to DC

the Voltage Scale control for both channels is set to 1V/div

the Timebase control is set to 500µs/div

Note: Clicking on the switches and buttons toggles them to the next setting.

6. Adjust VR1 so that the pulse train on TP2 resembles a squarewave (ie it has a duty cycle

of approximately 50%).

Note: This control (VR1) can be adjusted by positioning the mouse pointer over the pot’s

wiper, pressing and holding the left mouse button, then moving the mouse up and down.


7. Calculate the pulse train generator’s theoretical output frequency given the component

values shown. Record your prediction in Table 1 below.

8. Record the pulse train generator’s measured output frequency.

Table 1

Theoretical

output frequency

Measured

output frequency

Question 1

List all of the components that set the pulse train generator’s frequency of oscillation.

C1, R1, R2, R4 & VR1

9. Calculate the pulse train generator’s theoretical minimum and maximum duty cycles.

Record your predictions in Table 2 below.

10. Use VR1 to set the duty cycle of the pulse train on TP2 to minimum.

11. Measure and record the pulse train’s duty cycle.

Note: A pulse train’s duty cycle can be determined by measurement and using the

equation:

100% Period

timeMarkcycleDuty




12. Record the measured frequency of the pulse train output.

13. Use VR1 to set the duty cycle of the pulse train on TP2 to maximum then repeat Steps 11

and 12.

Table 2

Theoretical

duty cycle

Measured

duty cycle

Measured output

frequency

Minimum

Maximum

Question 2

Why doesn’t the pulse train’s frequency change as you vary the duty cycle?

Adjusting VR1 changes the mark and space times in equal but opposite

directions so the period of the waveform is always the same.

Question 3

What two circuit modifications could be made to reduce the pulse train generator’s range

of possible duty cycles (ie increase the minimum duty cycle figure and reduce the

maximum duty cycle figure)?

1) Increase the value of R2

2) Reduce the value of VR1


Question 4

What other attribute of the pulse train generator’s performance may also be changed by

making the modifications that you gave in your answer to the question above.

The frequency of oscillation.

14. Adjust VR1 so that the pulse train on TP2 has a duty cycle of 50%.

15. Connect the scope’s Channel B to the circuit’s TP5 while leaving Channel A connected to

TP1.

16. Compare the two signals.

Question 5

Explain why the signals on TP1 and TP5 are the same amplitude.

The voltage on TP1 can never exceed the voltage on TP5 because it’s the

comparator’s reference/threshold voltage. The moment the voltage on TP1

exceeds this voltage in either polarity, the op amp’s output voltage reverses

polarity which in turn causes the direction of the signal on TP1 to reverse also.







TP1.

Note: The pulse train’s duty cycle should still be set to 50%.

18. Draw two cycles of the signals at TP1 and TP3 time coincident with each other on the

graph provided on the next page.

Note: Draw these signals to scale.


TP1.

20. Draw two cycles of the signal at TP4 time coincident with the signal on TP1.

Note: Again, draw this signal to scale.

21. Indicate on the graphs of the signals for both TP3 and TP4 when the diodes D1 & D2 are

forward biased (on) and reverse biased (off).





Question 6

Why does the shape of the signals on TP3 and TP4 include a portion where the voltage is

fixed?

During this portion of the waveform, the diode is forward biased and so the

voltage at the test point connected to that diode (TP3 for D1 and TP4 for D2)

must be 0.6V closer to 0V than the voltage onTP2.

Question 7

Why does the shape of the signals on TP3 and TP4 include a portion where the voltage is

changing?

During this portion of the waveform, the diode is reverse biased and so the

voltage at the test point connected to that diode (TP3 for D1 and TP4 for D2)

must be the same at the voltage on the potentiometer’s wiper which is tracking

the voltage across C1.


y o u r w o r k b e f o r e f in is h in g .

EMONA netCIRCUITlabs Remote Electronics Lab -

Multi User Electronics Circuits Remote Labs via LAN & Internet.

Emona Instruments Pty Ltd

78 Parramatta Road web: www.emona-tims.com

Camperdown NSW 2050 www.netCIRUITlabs.com

telephone: +61-2-9519-3933

AUSTRALIA

fax: +61-2-9550-1378

Documents

Emona netCIRCUITlabs Lab Manual - peritec.vn