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EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011 Wind erosion and dust suspension Mineral dust suspension: Aerodynamic entrainment Lift of dust from the surface due to aerodynamic forces Saltation bombardment (sandblasting) Collisions of saltating soil particles with the surface resulting in dust emission Aggregates disintegration Destruction of large soil aggregates due to collision with the surfce Source: Shao et al., 2011
Citation preview
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Co-operation between EMEP/MSC-E and WGE
Oleg Travnikov, Ilia Ilyin
Meteorological Synthesizing Centre East of EMEP (EMEP/MSC-E)
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Outline
• Wind re-suspension of heavy metals
• Heavy metals in mosses• Future cooperation
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Wind erosion and dust suspension
Mineral dust suspension: Aerodynamic entrainment
Lift of dust from the surface due to aerodynamic forces
Saltation bombardment (sandblasting) Collisions of saltating soil particles with the surface resulting in dust emission
Aggregates disintegrationDestruction of large soil aggregates due to collision with the surfce
Source: Shao et al., 2011
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Soil texture in EuropeModel parameterizations (MSCE-HM):
Suspension of mineral dust from soil (saltation, sandblasting)[Marticorena and Bergametti, 1995; Alfaro and Gomes, 2001; Gomes et al., 2003]
Soil properties data (texture, composition, size distribution) [ISLSCP (Initiative II), http://islscp2.sesda.com]
Production of sea salt aerosol[Monahan et al., 1986; Gong, 2003]
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.1 1 10 100
Dp, mm
dFv/d
(lnD
p)
Mode 1Mode 2Mode 3Total
U* = 1 m/s
Clay Loam
Vertical flux of mineral dust
Simulation of wind-blown dust
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Simulation of wind-blown dust
Mean annual mineral dust suspension from soil
Deserts, bare soils Arable lands (during cultivation
period) Urban and roadside areas
PM2.5 (d<2.5 mm) PM10 (d<10 mm)
Simulated annual dust suspension flux
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Wind-blown dust in EuropeDoes wind suspension of mineral dust occur in Europe?
Back trajectories from measurement sites (for 24
March 2007)
Source: Birmili et al., 2008
PM10 measurements in Germany, Czechia, Slovakia
and Poland
Source: Birmili et al., 2008
23-25 March 2007
SouthernUkraine
Analysis of meteorological conditions and dust composition revealed the origin of the plume as dust suspension in
southern Ukraine Birmili et al., ACP (2008)
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Wind-blown dust in EuropeSimulation of dust suspension event from Ukraine, March
2007Simulated PM10 suspension flux in Europe
20 Mar 2007 23 Mar 2007
24 Mar 2007 25 Mar 2007
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
18/03
/07
19/03
/07
20/03
/07
21/03
/07
22/03
/07
23/03
/07
24/03
/07
25/03
/07
26/03
/07
27/03
/07
28/03
/07PM
10 to
tal s
uspe
nsio
n, k
g/da
y x
10 9
Total PM10 suspension from Ukraine and southern Russia
12-28 Mar 2007
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Wind-blown dust in EuropeSimulation of dust suspension event from Ukraine, March
2007Simulated PM10 suspension flux in Europe
23 Mar 2007
24 Mar 2007 25 Mar 2007
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
18/03
/07
19/03
/07
20/03
/07
21/03
/07
22/03
/07
23/03
/07
24/03
/07
25/03
/07
26/03
/07
27/03
/07
28/03
/07PM
10 to
tal s
uspe
nsio
n, k
g/da
y x
10 9
Total PM10 suspension from Ukraine and southern Russia
12-28 Mar 2007
CHEMERE simulations of PM10 (24 Mar 2007)
Source: Bessagnet et al., 2008
20 Mar 2007MSCE-HM simulations of PM10 (24 Mar 2007)
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Czech Republic
Re-suspension of heavy metals
High Cd concentration event in the end of March 2007
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
02.01
_03.0
1
17.01
_18.0
1
02.02
_03.0
2
17.02
_18.0
2
04.03
_05.0
3
19.03
_20.0
3
03.04
_04.0
4
20.04
_21.0
4
05.05
_06.0
5
20.05
_21.0
5
05.06
_06.0
6
20.06
_21.0
6
07.07
_08.0
7
28.07
_29.0
7
13.08
_14.0
8
28.08
_29.0
8
12.09
_13.0
9
29.09
_30.0
9
14.10
_15.1
0
29.10
_30.1
0
13.11
_14.1
1
28.11
_29.1
1
13.12
_14.1
2
28.12
_29.1
2
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
air,
ng/
m3
ObservedRudolice v Horach
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
02.01
_03.0
1
17.01
_18.0
1
28.01
_29.0
1
07.02
_08.0
2
27.02
_28.0
2
19.03
_20.0
3
08.04
_09.0
4
28.04
_29.0
4
18.05
_19.0
5
07.06
_08.0
6
27.06
_28.0
6
19.07
_20.0
7
08.08
_09.0
8
28.08
_29.0
8
19.09
_20.0
9
09.10
_10.1
0
29.10
_30.1
0
18.11
_19.1
1
08.12
_09.1
2
28.12
_29.1
2
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
air,
ng/
m3
ObservedKosetice
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
02.01
_03.0
1
22.01
_23.0
1
11.02
_12.0
2
03.03
_04.0
3
23.03
_24.0
3
12.04
_13.0
4
02.05
_03.0
5
22.05
_23.0
5
11.06
_12.0
6
01.07
_02.0
7
15.07
_16.0
7
26.07
_27.0
7
15.08
_16.0
8
04.09
_05.0
9
24.09
_25.0
9
16.10
_17.1
0
05.11
_06.1
1
24.12
_25.1
2
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
air,
ng/
m3
ObservedSvratouch
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
02.01
_03.0
1
17.01
_18.0
1
28.01
_29.0
1
07.02
_08.0
2
27.02
_28.0
2
19.03
_20.0
3
08.04
_09.0
4
28.04
_29.0
4
18.05
_19.0
5
07.06
_08.0
6
27.06
_28.0
6
19.07
_20.0
7
08.08
_09.0
8
28.08
_29.0
8
19.09
_20.0
9
09.10
_10.1
0
29.10
_30.1
0
18.11
_19.1
1
08.12
_09.1
2
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
air,
ng/
m3
ObservedCervena
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
02.01
_03.0
1
17.01
_18.0
1
02.02
_03.0
2
17.02
_18.0
2
04.03
_05.0
3
19.03
_20.0
3
03.04
_04.0
4
20.04
_21.0
4
05.05
_06.0
5
20.05
_21.0
5
05.06
_06.0
6
20.06
_21.0
6
07.07
_08.0
7
28.07
_29.0
7
13.08
_14.0
8
28.08
_29.0
8
12.09
_13.0
9
29.09
_30.0
9
14.10
_15.1
0
29.10
_30.1
0
13.11
_14.1
1
28.11
_29.1
1
13.12
_14.1
2
28.12
_29.1
2
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
air,
ng/
m3
ObservedRudolice v Horach
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
02.01
_03.0
1
17.01
_18.0
1
28.01
_29.0
1
07.02
_08.0
2
27.02
_28.0
2
19.03
_20.0
3
08.04
_09.0
4
28.04
_29.0
4
18.05
_19.0
5
07.06
_08.0
6
27.06
_28.0
6
19.07
_20.0
7
08.08
_09.0
8
28.08
_29.0
8
19.09
_20.0
9
09.10
_10.1
0
29.10
_30.1
0
18.11
_19.1
1
08.12
_09.1
2
28.12
_29.1
2
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
air,
ng/
m3
ObservedKosetice
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
02.01
_03.0
1
22.01
_23.0
1
11.02
_12.0
2
03.03
_04.0
3
23.03
_24.0
3
12.04
_13.0
4
02.05
_03.0
5
22.05
_23.0
5
11.06
_12.0
6
01.07
_02.0
7
15.07
_16.0
7
26.07
_27.0
7
15.08
_16.0
8
04.09
_05.0
9
24.09
_25.0
9
16.10
_17.1
0
05.11
_06.1
1
24.12
_25.1
2
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
air,
ng/
m3
ObservedSvratouch
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
02.01
_03.0
1
17.01
_18.0
1
28.01
_29.0
1
07.02
_08.0
2
27.02
_28.0
2
19.03
_20.0
3
08.04
_09.0
4
28.04
_29.0
4
18.05
_19.0
5
07.06
_08.0
6
27.06
_28.0
6
19.07
_20.0
7
08.08
_09.0
8
28.08
_29.0
8
19.09
_20.0
9
09.10
_10.1
0
29.10
_30.1
0
18.11
_19.1
1
08.12
_09.1
2
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
air,
ng/
m3
ObservedCervena
Re-suspension of heavy metals
High Cd concentration event in the end of March 2007
23 Mar 2007 24 Mar 2007 25 Mar 2007
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
02.01
_03.0
1
17.01
_18.0
1
28.01
_29.0
1
07.02
_08.0
2
27.02
_28.0
2
19.03
_20.0
3
08.04
_09.0
4
28.04
_29.0
4
18.05
_19.0
5
07.06
_08.0
6
27.06
_28.0
6
19.07
_20.0
7
08.08
_09.0
8
28.08
_29.0
8
19.09
_20.0
9
09.10
_10.1
0
29.10
_30.1
0
18.11
_19.1
1
08.12
_09.1
2
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
air,
ng/
m3
Observed
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
02.01
_03.0
1
17.01
_18.0
1
28.01
_29.0
1
07.02
_08.0
2
27.02
_28.0
2
19.03
_20.0
3
08.04
_09.0
4
28.04
_29.0
4
18.05
_19.0
5
07.06
_08.0
6
27.06
_28.0
6
19.07
_20.0
7
08.08
_09.0
8
28.08
_29.0
8
19.09
_20.0
9
09.10
_10.1
0
29.10
_30.1
0
18.11
_19.1
1
08.12
_09.1
2
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
air,
ng/
m3
Observed Model
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
02.01
_03.0
1
17.01
_18.0
1
28.01
_29.0
1
07.02
_08.0
2
27.02
_28.0
2
19.03
_20.0
3
08.04
_09.0
4
28.04
_29.0
4
18.05
_19.0
5
07.06
_08.0
6
27.06
_28.0
6
19.07
_20.0
7
08.08
_09.0
8
28.08
_29.0
8
19.09
_20.0
9
09.10
_10.1
0
29.10
_30.1
0
18.11
_19.1
1
08.12
_09.1
2
28.12
_29.1
2
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
air,
ng/
m3
Observed
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
02.01
_03.0
1
17.01
_18.0
1
28.01
_29.0
1
07.02
_08.0
2
27.02
_28.0
2
19.03
_20.0
3
08.04
_09.0
4
28.04
_29.0
4
18.05
_19.0
5
07.06
_08.0
6
27.06
_28.0
6
19.07
_20.0
7
08.08
_09.0
8
28.08
_29.0
8
19.09
_20.0
9
09.10
_10.1
0
29.10
_30.1
0
18.11
_19.1
1
08.12
_09.1
2
28.12
_29.1
2
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
air,
ng/
m3
Observed Model
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
02.01
_03.0
1
22.01
_23.0
1
11.02
_12.0
2
03.03
_04.0
3
23.03
_24.0
3
12.04
_13.0
4
02.05
_03.0
5
22.05
_23.0
5
11.06
_12.0
6
01.07
_02.0
7
15.07
_16.0
7
26.07
_27.0
7
15.08
_16.0
8
04.09
_05.0
9
24.09
_25.0
9
16.10
_17.1
0
05.11
_06.1
1
24.12
_25.1
2
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
air,
ng/
m3
Observed
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
02.01
_03.0
1
22.01
_23.0
1
11.02
_12.0
2
03.03
_04.0
3
23.03
_24.0
3
12.04
_13.0
4
02.05
_03.0
5
22.05
_23.0
5
11.06
_12.0
6
01.07
_02.0
7
15.07
_16.0
7
26.07
_27.0
7
15.08
_16.0
8
04.09
_05.0
9
24.09
_25.0
9
16.10
_17.1
0
05.11
_06.1
1
24.12
_25.1
2
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
air,
ng/
m3
Observed Model
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
02.01
_03.0
1
17.01
_18.0
1
02.02
_03.0
2
17.02
_18.0
2
04.03
_05.0
3
19.03
_20.0
3
03.04
_04.0
4
20.04
_21.0
4
05.05
_06.0
5
20.05
_21.0
5
05.06
_06.0
6
20.06
_21.0
6
07.07
_08.0
7
28.07
_29.0
7
13.08
_14.0
8
28.08
_29.0
8
12.09
_13.0
9
29.09
_30.0
9
14.10
_15.1
0
29.10
_30.1
0
13.11
_14.1
1
28.11
_29.1
1
13.12
_14.1
2
28.12
_29.1
2
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
air,
ng/
m3
Observed
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
02.01
_03.0
1
17.01
_18.0
1
02.02
_03.0
2
17.02
_18.0
2
04.03
_05.0
3
19.03
_20.0
3
03.04
_04.0
4
20.04
_21.0
4
05.05
_06.0
5
20.05
_21.0
5
05.06
_06.0
6
20.06
_21.0
6
07.07
_08.0
7
28.07
_29.0
7
13.08
_14.0
8
28.08
_29.0
8
12.09
_13.0
9
29.09
_30.0
9
14.10
_15.1
0
29.10
_30.1
0
13.11
_14.1
1
28.11
_29.1
1
13.12
_14.1
2
28.12
_29.1
2
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
air,
ng/
m3
Observed ModelRudolice v Horach
Kosetice
Svratouch
Cervena
Re-suspension of heavy metals
High Cd concentration event in the end of March 2007
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
19-M
ar-200
7
21-M
ar-200
7
23-M
ar-200
7
25-M
ar-200
7
27-M
ar-200
7
29-M
ar-200
7
31-M
ar-200
7
02-A
pr-20
07
04-A
pr-20
07
06-A
pr-20
07
08-A
pr-20
07
Cd
conc
entra
tions
, ng/
m3 Model (anthrop)Model (re-susp)Observed
Rudolice v Horach
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
19-M
ar-200
7
21-M
ar-200
7
23-M
ar-200
7
25-M
ar-200
7
27-M
ar-200
7
29-M
ar-200
7
31-M
ar-200
7
02-A
pr-20
07
04-A
pr-20
07
06-A
pr-20
07
08-A
pr-20
07
Cd
conc
entra
tions
, ng/
m3 Model (anthrop)Model (re-susp)Observed
Kosetice
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
19-M
ar-200
7
21-M
ar-200
7
23-M
ar-200
7
25-M
ar-200
7
27-M
ar-200
7
29-M
ar-200
7
31-M
ar-200
7
02-A
pr-20
07
04-A
pr-20
07
06-A
pr-20
07
08-A
pr-20
07
Cd
conc
entra
tions
, ng/
m3 Model (anthrop)Model (re-susp)Observed
Cervena
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
19-M
ar-200
7
21-M
ar-200
7
23-M
ar-200
7
25-M
ar-200
7
27-M
ar-200
7
29-M
ar-200
7
31-M
ar-200
7
02-A
pr-20
07
04-A
pr-20
07
06-A
pr-20
07
08-A
pr-20
07
Cd
conc
entra
tions
, ng/
m3 Model (anthrop)Model (re-susp)Observed
Svratouch
Re-suspension of heavy metals
High Cd concentration event in the end of March 2007
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Re-suspension Anthropogenic emissions
Re-suspension of heavy metals
Annual re-suspension flux of Cd in Europe
Total emission and re-suspension of Cd in Europe
(1990-2005)
0
200
400
600
800
1990
1995
2000
2005
Tota
l em
issi
on, t
/y
AnthropogenicRe-suspension
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Re-suspension Anthropogenic emissions
Re-suspension of heavy metals
Annual re-suspension flux of Pb in Europe
Total emission and re-suspension of Pb in Europe
(1990-2005)
0
10
20
30
40
50
1990 1995 2000 2005
Tota
l em
issi
on, k
t/y
AnthropogenicRe-suspension
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Pb concentration in European soils
FOREGS (www.gtk.fi/publ/foregsatlas/)
Pb concentration in soil (Croatia)
HM concentration in soil
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Dust suspension parameterisations (suspension from urban areas, roadsides etc.)
Soil properties data (spatial distribution of soil types, size distribution of soil grains)
Local meteorological conditions (wind stress, soil wetness, etc.)
Heavy metal concentration in soils and urban/road dust (vertical profiles, enrichment of the upper soil layer)
Temporal dynamics and processes of heavy metal cycling in soil
Uncertainties
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Dust suspension parameterisations (suspension from urban areas, roadsides etc.)
Soil properties data (spatial distribution of soil types, size distribution of soil grains)
Local meteorological conditions (wind stress, soil wetness, etc.)
Heavy metal concentration in soils and urban/road dust (vertical profiles, enrichment of the upper soil layer)
Temporal dynamics and processes of heavy metal cycling in soil
Uncertainties
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Benefits of moss data:
Wide spatial coverage Large number of sites Characterization of
total deposition
- in air - in precip. - co-located
HM monitoring in EMEP (67 sites)HM in mosses (~5600 sites)
Heavy metal concentration in mosses
Finland
0
3
6
9
12
1990 1995 2000 2005
Con
c. in
mos
s, m
g/kg
0
400
800
1200
1600
Dep
ositi
ons,
g/k
m2 /y
Conc. in mossModelled deposition
Pb
Germany
0
5
10
15
20
1990 1995 2000 2005
Con
c. in
mos
s, m
g/kg
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Dep
ositi
ons,
g/k
m2 /y
Conc. in moss
Modelled deposition
Pb
Supplementary measurements data
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Concentrations of Cd in mosses (survey of 2005)
Modelled total deposition flux of Cd in 2007 (5x5 km)
Results were discussed at the WGE/ICP-vegetation meeting (February 2011)
Evaluation of spatial distribution using moss measurement data
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Country-specific character of the analysis
HM deposition vs. moss concentration
Pb, 2005
Czech RepublicRc = 0.79
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 5 10 15 20Conc. in mosses, mg/kg
Dep
ositi
on, g
/km
2 /y
NorwayRc = 0.74
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 3 6 9Conc. in mosses, mg/kg
Dep
ositi
on, g
/km
2 /y
FranceRc = 0.51
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 4 8 12 16Conc. in mosses, mg/kg
Dep
ositi
on, g
/km
2 /y
GermanyRc = 0.47
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 4 8 12 16Conc. in mosses, mg/kg
Dep
ositi
on, g
/km
2 /y
BulgariaRc = 0.45
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 20 40 60Conc. in mosses, mg/kg
Dep
ositi
on, g
/km
2 /y
SwedenRc = 0.73
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 2 4 6 8 10Conc. in mosses, mg/kg
Dep
ositi
on, g
/km
2 /y
FinlandRc = 0.88
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 2 4 6 8Conc. in mosses, mg/kg
Dep
ositi
on, g
/km
2 /y
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2011
Joint research and discussion of air-surface exchange of particle-bound heavy metals (deposition/re-suspension)
Dynamic modelling of heavy metal cycling and accumulation in soil
Further work on application of measurements in mosses and other ICP data for the model evaluation and pollution assessment of HMs (and POPs)
Information exchange and joint analysis of critical loads exceedances for heavy metals
Future co-operation
