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ECE4144 and EECE6101
Course structure
Lecture
Hands-on – design and implementation
Individual assignment
Group assignment (setting group)
Method %
Mini Project (group) 30
Quiz (individual) 10
Mid-term Test 20
Final Examination 40
Overview
1st Year:
Basic Circuits
(R, L C)
1st Year:
Electronics,
Diode, Transistor2nd Year:
Logic Gates
2nd Year:
Microprocessor 3rd Year:
Computer and
Information
3rd Year:
CAD4th Year:
OS
4th Year:
VLSI, Semiconductors,
HDL, Database
Introduction to Embedded
System
What is an Embedded System?
It is an electronic/electro-mechanical system design to
perform a specific function and is a combination of both
hardware and firmware (software)
8-bit 16-bit 32-bit SoC
1st Gen 2nd Gen 3rd Gen 4th Gen
Characteristics of an
Embedded System
Application specific requirement
Combine special purpose hardware and embedded OS
May or may not contain OS
Firmware is pre-programmed and not changeable by the
end user
Power efficient
Deterministic behaviour (e.g. real time applications)
ES vs GPP
What Embedded System for?
Embedded system
Data Collection
Data communication
DSP
Monitoring
Control
Application specific
Embedded System
Applications
Consumer electronics
Household appliances
Home automation
Automotive industry
Telecom
Computer peripherals
Measurement and instrumentation
Banking and retail
Card readers
Networking systems
Elements of an Embedded
System
System
Core
Sensors
(input)
Memory
Communication
interface
Others
Actuators
(output)
System Core CPU
Executes instructions in sequence performing control, logic, arithmetic, I/Os
Microprocessor
Not all microprocessors are CPUs
Microprocessor could have one or more CPU
Microprocessor usually don’t have I/Os, peripherals or memory.
Can easily be expanded
Microcontroller
Integrate CPU (microprocessor), clock, ROM, memory, serial ports etc in one chip
It is a full system in one chip running application oriented instruction sequentially
Usually programmed in C/C++
Power saving
FPGA
Consists of logic blocks, interconnects, I/Os
Can built microprocessor
Can run multiple processes in parallel, hence, suitable for high-speed and real-time
applications
Let's do some thinking..
Describe the capacity of the item in the image below
Constraints in System Core
Selection for Embedded System
1. Real-time update rate
2. Power
3. Cost
4. Single chip solution
5. Ease of programming
6. Portability of code
7. Reusable codes
8. Programming tools
Memory
Two types: 1) on-chip and 2) off-chip
Function:
Store program instructions (non-volatile) –
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Data or working memory of
controller/processor (volatile) – Random
Access Memory (RAM)
SRAM flip-flop MOSFET transistor
SRAM Cell DRAM Cell
Doesn’t require
refreshing
Requires refreshing
Low capacity High capacity
Expensive Less expensive
Fast in operation Slow in operation
Memory
Continue Function:
Holding variables and temporary data (cache RAM)
How to select which memory?
1. Identify system requirement i.e.
what is the application of your
embedded system.
• Is on-chip enough? Do you
need external memory?
• Do you need OS?
2. Address size
Sensor and Actuators
(input and output)
Sensor – device that converts energy from one form to
another
Actuator – a form of transducer device whether
mechanical or electrical which converts signals to
corresponding action (motion)
Input/output (I/Os) – facilitates interaction of the
embedded system with the outside world
Communication Interface
Two level of communication –
Onboard Communication
– Examples : I2C, SPI, UART, parallel bus etc
- direct connection
External Communication
– Examples: IR, Bluetooth, Wi-fi, RF, GPRS etc
- interaction of data
Assignment #1 (15th Feb)
Choose one of the following communication interface
(right now) and in groups detail out what is the
characteristic and properties of the selected interface.
SPI and Wi-Fi (Group 45)
I2C and Bluetooth (Group 3)
BUS and ZigBee (Group 1)
UART and USB (Group 2)
RS232 and HDMI (Group 6)
Others
Under this category are components/circuits which are
necessary for proper function of the embedded system:
Reset
Oscillator – clock
Watchdog timer – “Crtl+Alt+Del” for embedded system
RESET
RESET
In general, it’s best to avoid more than one
set/reset/preset/clear condition
Synchronous and asynchronous
One of the commandments of digital design states, "Thou shalt
have a master reset for all flip-flops so that the test engineer will
love you, and your simulations will not remain undefined for time
eternal."
- BUT NOT ALWAYS TRUE -
Introduction to Embedded
System
What is an Embedded System?
It is an electronic/electro-mechanical system design to
perform a specific function and is a combination of both
hardware and firmware (software)