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8/18/2019 1_Introduction PETE 478
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PET E 478
Thermal Methods in Heavy OilRecovery
Andy LiUniversity of Alberta
Winter 2016
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Light and Heavy Oils
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World Oil Reserves
Oilfield Review, 2006
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Worldwide Heavy Oil Reserves byo!ntry
David Law, SPE Distinguished Lecture, 2011
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David Law, SPE Distinguished Lecture, 2011
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Canada’s Oil Sands
• Holds 1.8 trillion bbl. 169 billion bbl
eono!ially reoverable reserves
• 9"# of Canada’s oil reserves
• $inin% for & "0 !• 'n sit( !et)ods for * "0 !
JPT ug 201!
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David Law, SPE Distinguished Lecture, 2011
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Heavy Oil Recovery Methods
David Law, SPE Distinguished Lecture, 2011
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TH"# $ Toe%to%Heel "ir#n&ection
Greeves et al., 2005
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'iscosity
Dr" #ave$ %arrant&n's Research (r&u), * &f +algar$
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Heat Trans(er $ )cience inthe *itchen
htt)s--www"$&utu.e"c&/-user-/rie)lains-featured
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
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Trans(er )"-.
)team is !sed to heat !,reservoir/
www"a)e"c&")-
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Mass Trans(er $ How toTrans,ort 0it!men11
htt)--www"al.erta&il/againe"c&/-2013-03-.e$&nd4diluent-
Adding diluent (solvent)!
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" Per(ect E+am,le $ MassTrans(er
'a,or E+traction 2'"PE3
htt)--)trc"ca-)r&ects-ive-
research
Das 1998, SPE
ournal
tr"."a#ro$e"ts#$i
ve#resear"%
&ela"e stea' it% solvent (e.g., * gas)!
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ass rans er an aseE5!ilibri!m
nd$ Li's Research (r&u), * &f l.erta
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Three%Phase E5!ilibri!m
nd$ Li's Research (r&u), * &f l.erta
+!#5+O2#eav$ Oil S$ste/s
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Who invented these twomethods1
• +orn in 192" in 'lford, -n%land
• )/ in )e!ial en%ineerin% fro! Londons
'!erial Colle%e in 191
• '!!i%rated to Canada in 191
• He too3 a )e!ial en%ineerin% tea)in% ost
at 4(eens University in 5in%ston, Ontario.
•Wor3ed for '!erial Oil for 2" years sine 19
• 198, /iretor of te)nial ro%ra!s for t)e
Alberta Oil Sands 7e)nolo%y and esear)
A(t)ority
• -ndoed C)air of etrole(! -n%ineerin% at t)e
University of Cal%ary (ntil 199• 'n 1996, +(tler fo(nded GravDrain Inc., a
resear) and ons(ltin% o!any for t)e )eavy
oil ind(stry, and as its resident (ntil )e
assed aay in $ay 200.
Dr. &oger +. utler
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Two Historic Pa,ers
7utler R"8", 8c9a. ("S", L& #"%" :1;51< The&retical studies
&n the gravit$ drainage &f heav$ &il during stea/ heating" Can.
J. Chem. Eng. =;, 3==4360"
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7utler R"8", 8&>r$s, ?"J" :1;5;< S&lvent anal&g /&del &f stea/4
assisted gravit$ drainage" AOSTRA J. Res. = :1
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Why not Heat and MassTrans(er11
nd$ Li's Research (r&u), * &f l.erta
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)cience in the *itchen and0ac6yard
-/rid Stea'Solvent Pro"ess
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David Law, SPE Distinguished Lecture, 2011
%Process
o!rse Ob&ective
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o!rse Ob&ective• :(nda!ental !e)anis!s of t)er!al !et)ods for
)eavy oil and bit(!en
• $at)e!atial desrition of t)ese !et)ods
• Aliation of vario(s !et)ods it)in Canadianonte;t
•$ost i!ortant t)ree ter!s in t)is o(rse<
=isosity
Heat 7ransfer
$ass 7ransfer
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ontents and Timeline
• Course Outline:• C)ater 1 'ntrod(tion to 7)er!al eovery
>Slides?
• C)ater 2 7)er!odyna!is >+oard?
• C)ater Cond(tion and Convetionit)in eservoirs >+oard?
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• C)ater @ Stea! :loodin% >+oard?
• C)ater Cyli Stea! Sti!(lation
>+oard?
• C)ater 6 Stea! Assisted ravity
/raina%e >SA/? >+oard?
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Re(erence 0oo6s
• o%er $. +(tler’s B+la3 +oo3< Thermal Recovery of Oil and
Bitumen. rentieDHall, 'n. 1991.
•reen /.W.E Will)ite ..< Enhanced Oil Recovery. S-’sBed +oo3. 1998.
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#TRO.T#O TO
THERM"L REO'ER9
-7 - @"8 C)ater 1.
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Recovery Methods
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EOR -!ideline
Aille/ Schulte, 200;
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Thermal Methods
• Aliation of )eat to reover oil – Heat !ay be alied by inFetin%
• Hot ater
• Stea!
– Heat !ay be %enerated inDsit( by• Co!b(stion
• -letrial resistane
• 7)er!al reovery !ay also bealiable to li%)t oils, b(t visosity
red(tion is less for li%)t oils.
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Thermal Methods
• Ao(nt for @1",6" +O/, 6# of t)etotal for all -O !et)ods >Oil and as
Go(rnal 2000?
• rod(tion rate )as been essentially flat
for !ore t)an 1 years
• Co!le; reovery roesses
Estimated ost o( a 0arrel o(
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Estimated ost o( a 0arrel o(#n&ectant
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) EOR Pro&ect om,arison
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EOR :;
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Oil Ty,es
• Oil tyes are %enerally defined by – /ensity >A' %ravity?
– )ase at standard onditions
–=isosity
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Light and Heavy Oils
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Pro,erties o( Heavy Oils
• =isosity
• /ensity – A' & 20 >no (niversal definitionsE e.g.,
A' & 0 aordin% to edersen?
• Sol(tion %as ontent – Us(ally lo
131"= 1!1"= API SG= −
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'age ourtes o3 ono"oP%ilis
Th l R
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Thermal RecoveryMechanisms
• =isosity red(tion >inl(din% t)er!alra3in% at te!erat(res above 00:?
• 7)er!al e;ansion
• Wettability )an%e• /istillationI=aoriJation
• 'nterfaial tension >':7? red(tion
• Sol(tion %as drive
• -!(lsion drive t)at i!rove see
effiieny
Th l R
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Thermal RecoveryMechanisms
Sch/idt 1;55
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Ty,es o( Thermal Pro&ects
• Hot ater drive• Stea! drive
• CSS >a.3.a. stea! soa3 and )(ff’n (ff?
• SA/• 'nDsit( o!b(stion
• Solvent SA/
• 'nDsit( eletrial )eatin% and
eletro!a%neti )eatin%
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Thermal Oil Prod!ction
• Canada – 2 lar%e yli stea! sti!(lation >CSS?
roFets >D200$+I/?
–6 lar%e stea!Dassisted %ravity draina%e>SA/? roFets >D120$+I/?
• =eneJ(ela – CSS >D0$+I/?
• 'ndonesia – /(ri stea! drive >D190$+I/?
Oil and (as J&urnal EOR Surve$ 2003 and 2005
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Hot Water .rive
• Si!lest t)er!al !et)od• Oil reovery en)aned by t)er!al
e;ansion and loered !obility ratio
• -ner%y ontent is !() loer t)anstea!
• $aFor o!!erial aliation in t)e
S)oonebee3 field, Holland, for oil of180 >+ober% 1969 Oil and Gas
Journal ?
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)team .rive
• Widely (sed, and is resent to so!ee;tent in all t)er!al roesses
• -ner%y ontent !() %reater t)an )ot
ater • Oil reovery !() )i%)er t)an )ot ater
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)team .rive
• Oil is ontated in seK(ene first byold ater, t)en by )ot ater, and finally
by stea!.
•Oil is !oved by old ater, F(st as in aater flood.
7&.erg 1;55
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))
• Sin%le ell roess – 'nFet stea!, s)(t in >Bsoa3?, t)en rod(e
– 7yial reovery 20D@0#
–Used as a re(rsor to stea! floodin%
– All ells an be rod(in% nearly all t)e
ti!e
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))
• H(ntin%ton +ea) :ield• :ive yles
• Little dro in ea3 rod(tion
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Motivations (or )"-.
• Canadian bit(!en is too viso(s to(s) (sin% inFeted fl(ids
• See effiieny of stea! floods anbe lo in e;traD)eavy oil and bit(!en – ravity override
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)"-.
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)"-.
• 7o )oriJontal ells >inFetor aboverod(er?
• Stea! ondenses at interfae
• Oil and ondensate drain to rod(er • ravity draina%e it)in )eated Jone
• Heated )a!ber %ros (ards and
sideays
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Preliminary )creening
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Preliminary )creening
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Thermal Methods
• Li!ited to det)s less t)an 2000 ! d(eto )ase be)avior of ater >or stea!?.
• onDt)er!al otions o(ld be
referred, if t)ey are viable.• redo!inant e;endit(res are in ne
ells and failities.
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EOR ost 0rea6down
Schulte, 200;
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)team%Oil Ratio 2)OR
• One of i!ortant eono!i ara!etersin t)er!al !et)ods
• +arrels of stea! in old atereK(ivalent reK(ired to rod(e a bbl of
oil. –
:or e;a!le, a SO of indiates t)at bbls of ater as (sed to %enerate t)e
a!o(nt of stea! reK(ired to rod(e a bbl
of oil.
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on%Thermal EOR Methods
• oly!er floodin% – 'nrease t)e vol(!e of reservoir ontated
by t)e dislain% fl(id
–
/oes not reovery resid(al oil traed byaillary fores
• C)e!ial and %as floodin% – $obiliJe traed oil in set re%ions
– See is an iss(e eseially for )eavy oils
%P
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Process• Syneri!e advantaes of steam and solvent
• Enhance oil rates and lo"er steam oil ratio
• Reduce CO# emission
David Law SPE Distin uished Lecture 2011
0est )olvent Pro,osed 0y
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est )o e t o,osed yLiterat!re
$iterature Best solvent to %e
added in S&GD
Reason
S)( and
Hart!an, 1988
'edium solvents 7)e res(lts are based on
stea! flood n(!erial res(lts.
(re !edi(!Dvolatility solvent
is s(%%ested.
asr et al.,200E Li and
$a!ora, 2010.
n(C) or n(C* Solvent it) a o!arablevaoriJation te!erat(re as
ater.
(ta and
ittins, 2012
n(C+ and n(C :o(nd to better solvents
o!ared to C and nDC6
based on t)eir analytial
sol(tions.
nd$ Li's Research (r&u), * &f l.erta
Ardali et al.,2010E 2012
n(C) -;eri!ental res(lts s)o t)at nDC6
%ives a )i%)er oil reovery t)an n
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2010E 2012 %ives a )i%)er oil reovery t)an nD
C6.
G)a et al.,
201
n(C- A li%)ter solvent it) a loer
visosity, a )i%)er volatility and a
)i%)er !olar onentration in
stea! is !ore referable.
5es)avarJ et
al., 201@
n(C-, n(C+ and n(
C)
7)e best solvents are nDC@, nDC
and nDC6 based on t)e synt)eti
si!(lation and fieldDsalesi!(lation st(dies.
alvao et al.,
201@
n(C /eter!ined based on t)e
o!arative analysis beteen nDC
and nDC9
7)is st(dy n(C+ Co!arative eval(ation of t)ree
solvents >nDC@, nDC and nDC6? in
ter!s of = of t)e solventD
assisted SA/ roFet.
nd$ Li's Research (r&u), * &f l.erta
)olvent sed in =ield
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Literat(re :ield test Solvent (sed eneral observation
S(nor
-ner%y 'n.,200
S(nor’s en)aned
t)er!al solvent roFetat :ireba% >2001?
ro/ane, %utane
and diesel
ositive
(ta and
ittins, 2006
-nCana’s solvent
aided roess >SA?
roFet< Senla SA/
>2002?
0+ "t1 of %utane ositive
Lea(te and
Corey, 200E
200"
'!erial Oil’s liK(id
addition to stea! for
en)aned reovery
>LAS-? it) CSS at
Cold La3e >2002?
) vol1 of C+2
condensate
3averae car%on
num%er: ).+4
ositive
(ta and
ittins, 2006
-nCana’s e;andin%D
solvent SA/ roFet
at C)ristina La3e
>200@?
Butane ositive
nd$ Li's Research (r&u), * &f l.erta
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Orr, 2009E
Orr et al.,
2010
e;en’s -S
SA/ roFet
>2006?
05 vol1 of C*(C0#
initially, and reduced to
+ vol1 later
diso(ra%in%
Lea(te and
Carey,
200.
'!erial Oil<
LAS-? it)
CSS at Cold
La3e >2002?
) vol1 of C+2
condensate
-no(ra%in%
+oone,2011E
-lliott,
2012
'!erial Oil<SA SA/ at
Cold La3e
>2010?
+(#5 vol1 of diluent"ith hydrocar%ons
mainly "ith car%on
num%er %et"een C+
and C)
-no(ra%in%
Orr, 2009 S(nor’s -SSA/ roFet
at :ireba%
6a/htha "ith averaecar%on num%er of 7
diso(ra%in%
4 tend to give /etter results in 3ield ilots!nd$ Li's Research (r&u), * &f l.erta
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David Law, SPE Distinguished Lecture, 2011
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David Law, SPE Distinguished Lecture, 2011
How to hoose the 0est
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How to hoose the 0est)olvent
Balancin the three factors:
C)a!ber ed%e te!erat(re red(tion
effet
=isosity red(tion effet >li%)ter M better?
As)altene reiitation, otential
for!ation da!a%e >)eavier M better?
2
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2ect
%a et al., 2016
2
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2ect
7es%avar et al., 2014
2: 'iscosity red!ction e>ect
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2 y
as: -and/oo; o3
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2? "s,haltene ,reci,itatione>ect
uenrostroGonale et al., 2004
What is the 0est )olvent1
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What is the 0est )olvent1
+ar.&n 9u/.er
Stea'"%a'/er
edge
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The Trend -reener HeavyOil Prod!ction 2Waterless
•
SolarDt)er!al Stea! eneration-letro!a%neti Heatin%
Ai>i)edia A&rldBs first c&//ercial s&lar EOR )r&ect, l&cated in Cern +&untr$,
+, *S"
El t ti H ti
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Electromagnetic Heating