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8/13/2019 Electrotehnica si masini electrice (power point 3/4)
1/41
Circuite de curent alternativ (c.a.)
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 1/34
Marimi alternative
T = perioada [s]
f = 1/T frecventa [Hz] = 2f pulsatie [rad/s]
Valoare Instantanee : i(t) = Im sin(t + )
Marime alternativa = marime variabila,a carei
valoare medie este egala cu zero
Unda dreptunghiulara Unda tringhiulara
Unda dinti de fierastrau
T T
Unda sinusoidala
amplitudine
varf-la-varf
T
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2/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 2/34
Marimi sinusoidale
Valoarea medie: Imed= (1/T)i(t)dt = 0
Valoarea instantanee: i(t) = 2 Isin(t + )I = valarea efectiva
2I = amplitude= 2f = pulsatie
f = frecventaT = 1/f = perioada
= faza initiala
325 V
230 V
0t
[ms]2010
u(t) = 325sin(314t)
Valoarea efectiva: I = (1/T)i2(t)dt = Im/2 = 0.707 Im
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3/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 3/34
Defazaj
Cei doi curenti sinusoidali sunt defazati cu = /6 (30o)Curentul i2(t) este defazat in urma curentului i1(t) cu unghiul .Curentul i1(t) este defazat inaintea curentului i2(t) cu unghiul .
Curentul i2(t) trece prin zero si are valoarea maxima dupa
curentul i1(t).
=/6
i1(t)
i2(t)
t
i1(t) = I1m sin(t + 1)
i2(t) = I2m sin(t + 2)
Defazaj
= 12
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4/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 4/34
Reprezentare in complex. Diagrama
fazoriala
2Asin(t + ) A = A ej (j = -1)
ej= cos+ j sin
A = A (cos+ j sin)
A = A cos+ j A sin
axa reala
A
AcosAsin
axa imaginara
u(t) = Um sin(t)i(t) = Im sin(t/6)
marime alternativ
sinusoidalamarime
complexa
1i=- /6
U
I
j
U = Uej0 = U I =Ie-j/6 = I3/2
jI1/2
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Electrotehnica si masini electrice (power point 3/4)
5/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 5/34
Operatii cu marimi sinusoidale. Adunarea
u1(t) = 2U1 sin(t + 1)u2(t) = 2U2 sin(t + 2)
u(t) = u1(t) + u2(t)
u(t) = 2U sin(t + )
U = U1+ U2Uej= U1e
j1 + U2ej2
U2= U12+U2
2+2U1U2cos(1-2)
tan = (U1sin1+ U2sin2)/(U1cos1+ U2cos2)
Ucos= U1cos1+ U2cos2Usin= U
1sin
1+ U
2sin
2
U(cos+ jsin)= U1(cos
1+
jsin1) +U2(cos2+ jsin2)
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Electrotehnica si masini electrice (power point 3/4)
6/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 5/34
Operatii cu marimi sinusoidale. Adunarea
U = 43.6 V, = 23.4
Concluzie: la adunarea a doua marimi sinusoidale, fazorul
sumei este egal cu suma fazorilor celor doua marimi.
u1(t) = 220sin(314t + /3)u2(t) = 230 sin(314t)
u(t) = u1(t) + u2(t) =
= 2U sin(314t + )U = ?, = ?
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7/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 5/34
Operatii cu marimi sinusoidale. Derivarea
i(t) = 2Isin(t + ), I = Iej
di/dt = 2Icos(t + )
di/dt = 2Isin(t + + /2)
Iej(+/2)= Iej/2ej=
= Ijej =jI
I
jI
1
j
+/2
Concluzie: fazorul marimii derivate se obtine prin inmultirea
cu ja fazorului marimii sinusoidale
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8/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 5/34
Operatii cu marimi sinusoidale. Integrarea
i(t) = 2Isin(t + ), I = Iej
idt = -(2I/)cos(t + )
di/dt = (2I/)sin(t + - /2)
(I/)ej(-/2)= (I/)e-j/2ej== (1/j)Iej =(1/j)I
I
I/j
1
j
-/2
Concluzie: fazorul marimii integrate se obtine prin impartirea
cu ja fazorului marimii sinusoidale
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9/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 6/34
Caracterizarea dipolului pasiv
Impedanta
Z = U/I []
Defazaj= (u- i) [rad]
i(t) = 2(U/Z)sin(t + u - )
u(t) = 2100sin(314t + /3)i(t) = 22 sin(314t+ /6)Z = ?
= ?
u(t)
i(t)
u(t) = 2Usin(t + u)
i(t) = 2Isin(t + i)
~
Z,
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10/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 7/34
Caracterizarea dipolului pasiv
RezistentaR = Z cos[]
Reactanta
X = Z sin[]= (u- i) [rad]
Z = (R2+ X2)
tan = X/R
u(t) = 2100sin(314t + /3)i(t) = 22 sin(314t+ /6)R = ?
X = ?
u(t)
i(t)
u(t) = 2Usin(t + u)i(t) = 2Isin(t + i)
Z,
~ R, X
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11/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 8/34
Caracterizarea dipolului pasiv
Z = (Ueju)/(Ieji)
Z = (U/I)ej(u-i)
Z = Zej
Z = Z(cos+ j sin)Z = R + j X
Impedanta complexa
Z = U/I1
j
R
X
Z
u(t)
i(t)
u(t) = 2Usin(t + u)
i(t) = 2Isin(t + i)
Z,
R, X~
Z
u(t) = 2100sin(314t + /3)i(t) = 22 sin(314t+ /6)Z = ?
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12/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 9/34
Puteri in circuitele de c.a.
u(t)
i(t)
u(t) = 2Usin(t + u)
i(t) = 2Isin(t + i)
~
Puterea instantaneep(t) = u(t)i(t)
p(t) = 2UIsin(t + u)
sin(t + i)
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13/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 10/34
Putere activa
P = (1/T)p(t)dt
P = UIcos[W]= u - i
Puteri in circuitele de c.a.
U = Z IP = Z I2cos
P = R I2
Putere aparenta
S = U I [VA]
U = Z I
S = Z I2
Factor de putere
kp= P/S = cos
Putere reactiva
Q = UI sin
[VAr]
U = Z I
Q = Z I2sin
Q = X I2
S = (P2+ Q2)
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14/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 11/34
Puteri in circuitele de c.a. Aplicatie
u(t) = 2100sin(314t + /3)i(t) = 22 sin(314t+ /6)P = ?, Q = ?, S = ?, S = ?
u(t)
i(t)
u(t) = 2Usin(t + u)
i(t) = 2Isin(t + i)
~
Puterea aparenta complexa
S = U I*
S = UejuIe-ji= (UI)ej(u-i)=
= Sej= UIcos+jUIsinS = P + jQ
1
j
P=UIsin
Q=UIsin
S
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15/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 12/34
Rezistorul ideal in circuite de c.a.
u(t)
i(t)
u(t) = 2Usin(t) (u= 0)
i(t) = u(t)/R
i(t) = 2 (U/R)sin(t)
Z = R, =0R = Z cos = RX= Z sin = 0Z = R + jX = R
U = Uej0= U
I = Iej0= U/R
Z = U/I = R R = RZ = R + jX X = 0i = u =u - i= 0
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16/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 13/34
Rezistorul ideal in circuite de c.a.
P = RI2> 0
Q = XI2= 0
S = ZI2 =RI2 = P (kP= 1)
IR UR
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17/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 14/34
Bobina ideala in circuite de c.a.
u(t) = 2Usin(t + u)
i(t) = 2Isin(t) ( i= 0)
u + e = Ri = 0 u = - e
u(t) = d/dt = Ldi/dt
u(t) = 2LIcos(t)
u(t) = 2LIsin(t + /2)
Z = L, =/2R = Z cos = 0X= Z sin = L > 0
Z = R + jX = jL
u(t)
i(t)
uL(t)
L = ct.R = 0
U = Ueju =LIej/2= jLII = Iej0= I Z = U/I = jL
Z = R + jXR = 0, X = LZ = U/I = LI/I = Lu = /2 =u - i= /2
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Electrotehnica si masini electrice (power point 3/4)
18/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 15/34
Bobina ideala in circuite de c.a.
UL
IL
P = RI2
= 0, kp= 0Q = XI2= LI2> 0
S = ZI2 =LI2IL=U/(2fL)
ZL=2fL
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19/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 15/34
Bobina reala in circuite de c.a.
u(t)
i(t)
uL(t)
L
R
uR(t)
u(t) = uR(t) + uL(t)
U = UR+ ULU = RI + jLI
U = (R + jL)I
Z = U/I = R + jL
Z = [R2
+ (L)2
]
= arctg(L/R) < /2
UR
ULU
I1
j
c
Unghiul de pierderi= /2
R = UR/I = Usin/I,L = U
L
/I L = Ucos/(I)P = UIcos= Uisin= arcsin(P/UI)
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Electrotehnica si masini electrice (power point 3/4)
20/41
Circuite de c.a.
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Mecanica 16/34
Condensatorul ideal in circuite de c.a.
u(t)
i(t)
u(t)
u(t) = 2Usin(t) (u = 0)
i(t) = 2Isin(t+i)
i(t) = dq/dt = C du/dt
u(t) = (1/C)i(t)dt
u(t) = -(2I/C)cos(t + i)
u(t) = (2I/C)sin(t + i- /2)
U = Ueju =I/(C),i= /2, I = Ieji = Iej/2 = jIZ = U/I = 1/jC = -j/(C)=u - i= -/2, (kP= 0)
Z = U/I = 1/C, =-/2,R = Z cos = 0
X= Z sin = -1/(C) < 0
Z = 1/jC = -j/(C)
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