EFFECT OF POWER LEVEL ON THE YIELD OF TOTAL AEROSOL MASS AND FORMATION OF ALDEHYDES IN E-CIGARETTE AEROSOLS

Gene Gillman, PhD

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Experimental Design

• Aerosol was collected using automatic “button pusher” using a 55 mL constant flow puff over 4 seconds every 30 seconds.

• 50:50 PG/VG liquid with 2% nicotine was used with all samples.

• Samples were collected from three separate coils, for each devices.

• Duplicate samples were collected at 3.8, 4.2, 4.6 and 5.0 volts. Sub-ohm samples were collected at 10, 15, 20 and 25 watts.

• Aerosol was analyzed for aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein) production.

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Test Items

• Device 1: Single top coil, 2.8 ohm, CE4 “top-coil” tank-style

• Device 2: Single bottom coil, 2.7 ohm, Protank 1 by KangerTech

• Device 3: Dual bottom coil, 2.8 ohm, Gladius by Innokin

• Device 4: Single bottom coil, 2.2 ohm, Nautilus by Aspire

• Device 5: Single bottom coil, 0.72 ohm, SubTank by KangerTech

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Yield Versus Power

5

0

2

4

6

8

10

5.3 6.5 7.8 9.2

mg/

puff

Watts

Device 1: Single top coil

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.4

5.3 6.5 7.8 9.2(m

g/pu

ff)/w

att

Watts

Device 1: Single top coil

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Yield Versus Power

6

0

2

4

6

8

10

5.2 6.4 7.7 9

mg/

puff

Watts

Device 2: Single bottom coil

00.20.40.60.8

11.2

5.2 6.4 7.7 9(m

g/pu

ff)/w

att

Watts

Device 2: Single bottom coil

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Yield Versus Power

7

0

2

4

6

8

5.6 6.9 8.2 9.7

mg/

puff

Watts

Device 3: Dual bottom coil

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

5.6 6.9 8.2 9.7(m

g/pu

ff)/w

att

Watts

Device 3: Dual bottom coil

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Yield Versus Power

8

02468

1012

7.3 8.9 10.6 12.6

mg/

puff

Watts

Device 4: Single bottom coil

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

7.3 8.9 10.6 12.6(m

g/pu

ff)/w

att

Watts

Device 4: Single bottom coil

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Yield Versus Power

9

0

10

20

30

40

10 15 20 25

mg/

puff

Watts

Device 5: Single bottom coil

0

0.5

1

1.5

10 15 20 25(m

g/pu

ff)/w

att

watts

Device 5: Single bottom coil

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Formation of Decomposition Products

10

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OOH2O

H2O

C O

H

HC O

CH3

H+

Glycerol 1-Propen-1,3-diol 3-Hydroxyl-propionaldehyde Acrolein

Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde

taut.

retro-aldol

Heating of propylene glycol and glycerol may produce thermal decomposition products

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Aldehydes in Aerosol

• Aerosol samples were collected in DNPH trapping solution and

analyzed for DHPH-aldehyde adducts.

• Acidic DNPH reacts with both free and hydrated forms of

aldehydes.

• Results of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein are

presented corrected for the total amount of aerosol produced

(mg/gram).

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Aldehydes in Aerosol

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0

2

4

6

8

Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acrolein

mg/

gram

Device 1: Single top coil

5.3 watt

6.5 watt

7.8 watt

9.2 watt

The highest power level tested may have exceeded the wicking rate, leading to coil overheating

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Aldehydes in Aerosol

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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acrolein

mg/

gram

Device 2: Single bottom coil

5.2 watt

6.4 watt

7.7 watt

9 watt

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Aldehydes in Aerosol

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0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acrolein

mg/

gram

Device 3: Dual bottom coil

5.6 watt

6.9 watt

8.2 watt

9.7 watt

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Aldehydes in Aerosol

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00.010.020.030.040.050.060.07

Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acrolein

mg/

gram

Device 4: Single bottom coil

7.3 watt

8.9 watt

11 watt

13 watt

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Aldehydes in Aerosol

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0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acrolein

mg/

gram

Device 5: Single bottom coil

10 watt

15 watt

20 watt

25 watt

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Estimated Daily Exposure to Aldehydes

• Results from the aldehyde measurements were used to estimate daily exposure to the user.

• Results on a per gram basis were converted to a per day basis assuming the use of ~3 ml of liquid per day.

• Aldehyde results varied by coil tested and the data presented represent the average of three unique coils tested.

Farsalinos, K., Romagna, G., Tsiapras, D., Kyrzopoulos, S., Voudris, V., 2014. Characteristics, Perceived Side Effects and Benefits of Electronic Cigarette Use: A Worldwide Survey of More than 19,000 Consumers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11, 4356-4373.

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Estimated Daily Exposure to Aldehydes

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Device 1: Single top coilPower Form Acet Acrol Total Watts mg per day mg per day mg per day mg per day

Average 5.3 6.2 5.0 0.2 11SD 1.0 6.7 5.6 0.2 9

Average 6.5 10 8.0 0.2 18SD 1.3 8.1 7.1 0.3 11

Average 7.8 13 10 0.4 23SD 1.5 6.0 5.1 0.2 8

Average 9.2 22 17 2.3 41SD 1.8 14 11 3.8 18

The highest power level tested may have exceeded the wicking rate, leading to coil overheating

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Estimated Daily Exposure to Aldehydes

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Device 5: Single bottom coilPower Form Acet Acrol Total Watts mg per day mg per day mg per day mg per day

Average 10 0.05 0.03 <0.009 0.09SD NA 0.03 0.03 NA 0.04

Average 15 0.04 0.03 <0.003 0.08SD NA 0.01 0.01 NA 0.02

Average 20 0.04 0.02 <0.003 0.07SD NA 0.01 0.01 NA 0.01

Average 25 0.04 0.02 <0.003 0.06SD NA 0.009 0.01 NA 0.01

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Yield Profiles

20

050

100150200250300

5 7 9 11 13

mg

Watt

Device 1

0

200

400

600

800

1000

5 15 25 35

mg

Watt

Device 5

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Summary of Results

• The devices tested produced from 38 mg to over 692 mg of aerosol in 25 puffs or 1.5 to 28 mg/puff.

• The mass of aerosol produced per puff/watt ranged from 0.27 to 1.1 (mg /puff)/(watt).

• The mass of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein produced per gram of total aerosol produced ranged from 0.01 to 7.3 mg/g, 0.006 to 5.8 mg/g, and <0.002 to 0.78 mg/g, respectively.

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Conclusion

• Reporting power applied to the coil in watts instead of volts corrects for differences in coil resistance.

• Reporting aerosol mass results in (mg/puff)/(watt) allows for direct comparison of aerosol formation efficiency.

• Evaluation of yield versus profiles may be useful to understand coil wicking and maximum aerosol production rates.

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