Effect of Load and Environmental Factors on the Performance of Airports Pavements in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Presented by: Hazim M Abdulwahid,MSC,MBA

Effect of Load and Environmental Factors on the Performance of Airports Pavements in the

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Presented by:Hazim M Abdulwahid,MSC,MBA

Hazim Consulting

Co

nd

itio

n

Pavement Life

http://www.airportsarabia.com/index

Pavement Management

Research Objectives &

Methodology

Conclusion

Data Collection & Analysis

Pavement

Management

Airfields

Pavement

Design

Construction

Management

Major investment in Airports Construction Provide good riding quality, Permitting safe operation of aircraft under all weathering

condition. Maximum Pavement Performance during design life

Have we provided adequate load carrying capacity ? Have we provided good riding quality? Have we permitted safe operation of aircraft under all

weathering condition ? Have we provided pavement with less maintenance ?

Airfield Pavement

Design

Airfield Pavement

Management Where to

maintain ?

When to

maintain ?

How to maintain ?

EXCELLENT

GOOD

FAIR

POOR

VERY POOR

FAILED

Pavement Life

40% DROP IN QUALITY

75% OF LIFE 40%

DROP IN QUALITY

12% OF LIFE

$1.00F FOR RENOVATION HERE

The adequacy with which pavements fulfills its intended function with accumulated use, “is often characterized with a performance index” .

The change of serviceability with time is a measure of pavement performance.

Pavement Performance

EXCELLENT

GOOD

FAIR

POOR

VERY POOR

FAILED

Pavement Life

40% DROP IN QUALITY

75% OF LIFE 40% DROP

IN QUALITY

12% OF LIFE



Traffic loading

Environmental conditions

Factors Affecting Pavement Performance

North -KSA

Middle –KSA

East – KSA

“Proper Pavement Design and Maintenance “

Research Objectives & Methodology

Evaluate the performance of selected airfield flexible

pavements and determine the effect of traffic loads and

environmental factors on pavement performance :

Co

nd

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Pavement Life

Develop necessary modifications to account for local condition.

Enhance the prediction of pavement performance .

Improve M&R decision making.

Improve overall Pavement Management practices.

Data Collection• Inventory• Pavement Physical Properties• Pavement Conditions• Traffic• Environmental

Results( Effect of Loads and Environmental Factors )

Determine Environmental and Load Performance

Indices

Develop Performance Curves

Study Distresses and Pavement Condition Index

(PCI) Records

Selection of Airports / Pavement Sections

Structural Assessment

Conclusions and Recommendation

Data Collection , and Analysis

Availability of Pavement design data. Availability of Construction dates . Availability of Pavement condition

records Sites geographical locations. Traffic records.

Twenty (20) sites were investigated to determine the availability of the relevant data for the study.

Nine (9) sites were selected based on :

Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu

Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu



Twenty sites were investigated to determine the availability of the relevant data for the study.

Nine sites were selected based on :

Arar

Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu



AL-Jouf



Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu



Tabuk



Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu



Wejh



Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu



Yanbu



Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu



Hail



Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu



Gassim



Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu



Al-Baha



Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu



Bisha



The keel section, designated as loaded section which is typically experience the greatest frequency of load.

Outer lanes, designated as unloaded section, and typically experienced no or few load repetitions.

Unloaded (A) 15M

Loaded (B) 15M

Unloaded (C) 15M

Section 1C

Section 1B

Section 1A

Section 2C

Section 2B

Section 2A

Section 3C

Section 3B

Section 3A

• Traffic• Construction History,• PCI and NDT data.

Unloaded (A) 15M

Loaded (B) 15M

Unloaded (C) 15M

Division of runways loaded and unloaded lanes into sections based on :

Section 1C

Section 1B

Section 1A

Section 2C

Section 2B

Section 2A

Section 3C

Section 3B

Section 3A

Selection of two adjacent runway sections one from the central loaded lane and one from the outer unloaded lane :

- Structural Design - Construction history

Unloaded (A) 15M

Loaded (B) 15M

Unloaded (C) 15M

Code Distress Cause

41 Alligator Cracking Load

42 Bleeding Other

43 Block Cracking Climate

44 Corrugation Other

45 Depression Other

46 Jet Blast Other

47 Joint Reflection / Cracking Climate

48 Longitude/Transverse CrackingClimate

49 Oil Spillage Other

50 Patching Other

51 Polished Aggregate Other

52 Weathering / Raveling Climate

53 Rutting Load

54 Shoving Other

55 Slippage Cracking Other

56 Swelling Other

Pavement sections were subjected to several condition surveys at different intervals of its life ( 10 to 20 years ).

All surveys were based on PAVER Distresses system(ASTM-654).

16 Distresses classified based on their cause:

- Load associated - Climate associated - Other Factors

Pavement Distresses & Condition Index

Pavement Condition Index (PCI) records .(ASTM-654)

At Least three evaluation records were considered for each section .

Pavement Distresses and Condition Index

PCI = Distresses Deducted value - 100

The percentage of deducted values attributed to each distress was the basis for determining the primary cause of pavement deterioration. (load, climate,

and other).

The main contribution to pavement deterioration :

- In 75% of the PCI records were the environmental / durability related distresses.

- In 25% of the PCI records were the load related distresses.

Typical distresses: - in Loaded sections : Alligator cracks , depression and longitudinal cracks - in non-loaded sections : Block cracks and raveling &weathering .

Facility No.

Section Type

Evaluation Date (Yrs)

PCIType Cause Load Environment Other

5 82Block CracksL&T Cracks

Ravelling/Weathering

ClimateClimate

Climate / Durability0.00 100.00 0.00

Loaded 10 65Block CracksL&T Cracks


ClimateClimate


B2 13 53

Alligator CracksBlock CracksL&T Cracks


LoadClimateClimate

Climate / Durability

9.96 90.04 0.00

5 89L&T Cracks

Ravelling/WeatheringClimateClimate

0.00 100.00 0.00

Unloaded 10 71L&T Cracks

Ravelling/WeatheringClimate

Climate / Durability 0.00 100.00 0.00

13 68Block CracksL&T Cracks


ClimateClimate


Distressess Percent (%) Deduct Values

Section 2B

Section 2A

Unloaded (A)15M

Loaded (B) 15M

Pavement performance : the rate of change in the pavement condition index (PCI) with time.

Performance Equation: PCI = a+b(age)+c(age)2

Pavement performance curves were plotted : for loaded and non- loaded sections at each Airport .

LOADEDSection

UNLOADEDSection

PCI= 99.999 + 1.12965 AGE – 0.11781 AGE^2 R^2= 0.89205

PCI= 100.003 + 0.44617 AGE – 0.06613 AGE^2 R^2= 0.92866

LOADEDSection

UNLOADEDSection

PCI= 100.00 + 2.10896 AGE – 0.49358 AGE^2 R^2= 0.938281

PCI= 100.00 + 0.41452 AGE – 0.13247 AGE^2 R^2= 0.938281

Notice : Effects of maintenance was eliminated

Baha Airport

Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu

Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu

LOADEDSection

PCI= 100.035 - 1.60367 AGE – 0.205973 AGE^2 R^2= 0.991603

UNLOADEDSection

PCI= 99.9912 - 0.298316 AGE – 0.15856 AGE^2 R^2= 0.997835

Gassim Airport

Pavement Performance curves

Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu

LOADEDSection

UNLOADEDSection

PCI= 100.011 - 2.37761 AGE – 0.030490 AGE^2 R^2= 0.9950

PCI= 99.996 - 3.45479 AGE – 0.01059 AGE^2 R^2= 0.99300

Bisha Airport

Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu

LOADEDSection

UNLOADEDSection

PCI= 100.00 – 0.69806 AGE – 0.30844 AGE^2 R^2= 0.97700

PCI= 100.00 – 0.58767 AGE – 0.12012 AGE^2 R^2= 0.99300

Arar Airport


Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu

LOADEDSection

UNLOADEDSection

PCI= 99.999 + 1.12965 AGE – 0.11781 AGE^2 R^2= 0.89205

PCI= 100.003 + 0.44617 AGE – 0.06613 AGE^2 R^2= 0.92866

Tabuk Airport

Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu

LOADEDSection

UNLOADEDSection

PCI= 100.00 + 3.82791 AGE – 0.58766 AGE^2 R^2= 0.9999

PCI= 100.00 + 1.5909 AGE – 0.22727 AGE^2 R^2= 0.9999

Hail Airport


Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu

LOADEDSection

UNLOADEDSection

PCI= 99.9987 + 0.209323 AGE – 0.0387145 AGE^2 R^2= 0.966874

PCI= 99.9975 + 0.48299 AGE – 0.0440318 AGE^2 R^2= 0.971844

Wejh Airport

Riyadh

ArarAL-Jouf

Tabok

Wejh

Hail

Gassim

AL-Baha

Bisha

Yanbu

LOADEDSection

UNLOADEDSection

PCI= 99.9987 + 0.209323 AGE – 0.0387145 AGE^2 R^2= 0.966874

PCI= 99.9975 + 0.48299 AGE – 0.0440318 AGE^2 R^2= 0.971844

Yanbu Airport

Average Rate of Deterioration ADR = (PCI t=o - PCI t=I) / age DR - loaded section >DR

non- loaded section “in the same Airport “.

DR has increased in the second interval of pavement life.

DR for loaded sections: 0.16 to 5.8 (point/year) DR for unloaded section : 0.1 to 3 (point /year)

LOADEDSection

UNLOADEDSection

Rate of Pavement Deterioration

Age

Pav

emen

t C

ondi

tion

Ind

ex (

PC

I)

100

50

0

Consumed Performance

Area due to Load Effect

Performance Curve- Unloaded section

Performance Curve Loaded section

Consumed performance area due to non load (Environmental) Effect.

Consumed Performance Index

Section 2B

Section 2A

Unloaded (A)15M

Loaded (B) 15M

In 4 Airports : CPI (non- load) > CPI (load )

“non- load factors have the main contribution to pavement deterioration “

In 4 Airports : CPI(non- load)< CPI (load)

“Loads have the main contribution to pavement deterioration “

In 1 Airport : CPI(non- load) = CPI (load)

“ loads and non load factors have equally contributed to pavement deterioration “

LoadNon Load

(Environmental)

Baha 76.653 223.09

Tabuk 28.91 150.16

Arar 239.6 239.35

Bisha 333 153.5

Gassim 80.6 67.8

Jouf 103.2 235

Hail 65 137

Wedjh 40.53 20.88

Yanbu 45.1 23.1

Consumed Performance Area (CPI)

Facility

Consumed Performance Index

Actual verses allowable traffic / Existing verses required pavement thickness

Facility No.Design Subgrade

CBR *Required Thickness

Based on Actual TrafficExisting Thickness

Allowable Annual Departure **

Actual Annual Departure **

B1 50.5 9.0 23.25 70,000 979

B2 65.0 6.5 27.00 74,000 203

A1 79.0 9.0 22.50 69,000 998

J1 59.0 9.0 23.25 70,000 1008

Y1 59.0 5.5 20.50 66,000 1394

W1 11.5 15.0 23.00 64,000 495

H1 88.5 9.0 20.50 66,000 824

G1 48.0 7.5 28.00 74,000 1004

T1 75.0 8.0 28.00 74,500 1587

“All of the nine Airports pavements were carrying less traffic than the design allowable traffic.”

Structural assessment were carried out following the FAA design procedures (FAA AC 150 / 5320-6C).

“pavement thicknesses required for

the actual traffic levels were less than the existing pavement thicknesses.”

Conclusion

1. The predominant pavement distresses in the nine Airfields:

Alligator cracking ( central loaded runway section)

Longitudinal and transverse cracking ( Loaded and unloaded sections )

Block cracking ( unloaded sections )

Weathering and raveling ( loaded and unloaded sections )

2. The main cause of pavement deterioration in the majority of the PCI records for the runway sections were environmental related distresses .

3. The main contributor to the reduction in pavement performance in the majority of the nine Airfields was the environmental related factors .

4. Based on the PCI records most of the Airfield Pavements were found in good condition even after 10 years of construction.

6. As environmental distresses were predominant in most of the facilities, application of slurry seal and similar maintenance applications is a feasible maintenance alternative .

5. The pavements at the nine Airfields were structurally over designed for the level of operating traffic .

7. As environmental distresses were predominant in most of the facilities, application of slurry seal and similar maintenance applications could be considered a feasible maintenance alternative .

Thank you

Co

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itio

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Pavement Life

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Documents

Effect of Load and Environmental Factors on the Performance of Airports Pavements in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Presented by: Hazim M Abdulwahid,MSC,MBA