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EFFECTS OF LEVEL OF POULTRY MANURE ON YIELD AND POST – HARVET QUALITY OF CELOSIA ORGENTIA
BABATOLA L.A. AND ADEWOYIN O.BDEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
ABSTRACTA field experiment was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan
to asses the effect of four levels of poultry manure on yield and post – harvest quality of
celosia argentina. The levels of poultry manure used were 0, 10, 30 and 50t/ha. The
growth and yield parameters measured were plant height, number of leaves, number of
branches, fresh weight and total yield. The post harvest parameters were measured under
three storage conditions i.e Ambient (25 – 270c) Evaporative coolant structure (20 –
220c) and refrigerator (4 – 120c). the parameters measured were freshness, colour change,
weight loss and leaf detachment.
The result obtained showed that 30t/ha of poultry manure significantly (PC 0.05)
increased all the growth and yield parameters measured. This was followed by 50t/ha and
then 10t/ha. The post harvest quality of celosia was significantly higher for fruits stored
under the refrigerator, which kept well for 12 days. This was followed by ECS, which
stores for 6 days and 2 days under the ambient respectively. The different levels pf
poultry manure has no significant effects on the post harvest quality of celosia.
1
INTRODUCTION
Celosia argentia (Sokoyokoto) belongs to the family Amaranthaceae. It is
commonly found in the traditional mixed inter – cropping systems of the tropics as small
patches of pure over crowded stands when drilled or single plants when transplanted at
regular or irregular spacing. It is widely consumed in Nigeria especially I the South
Western part. It is grown for its large leaves taste, flavour herbaceous stem, palatability
and nutrient composition. (Fawusi and Fagbayide 1989).
Deficiency of minerals and vitamins we often supplemented by an intake of this
vegetable. It supplies viamin A and C, protein, Calcium and Iron. The protein contained
in the leaf has a nutritional better ratio of Amino acids when compared to many cereals
and same legunous crops (FAO 1992).
The importance of celosia is mainly a reflection of the agronomic advantage of te
crop. Celosia is of economic significantly to the lively hoods of poor people. Celosia
cultivation is profitable during the dry season.
THE INTRODUCTION OF THE FADAMA
Project by the state government has widely promoted its cultivation. Many
families were being sustained there children trained. From income obtained through
celosia cultivation.
Eighteen century Malthusian theory that growth of the world population would
out strip its food supplies impose a challenge to Agriculture. According to U.N
projection, world population is estimated to increase by 250, 000 people every day,
roughly 90 million per year (FAO 2.000). With little prospect of increasing the total
agricultural area to meet the unprecedented demand for food.
2
Celosia yield is a product of interrelated factors, which must be harnessed for
optimum and sustainable production. Inorganic fertilizers are very scarce to come by and
when available they are at exorbitant costs. The present price of fertilizer calls for
economic utilization to meet specific crop requirement crop quality is definitely
improved by adequate fertilizer provided they are applied in accordance with the latest
concept and knowledge. Quality in this context include absence of unwanted surplus
nutrient and toxic substances in plant product. The use of organic fertilizer will maximize
production with acceptable nutritional value, greater starability and less residual
implication on the soil and plant (FAO 2.000). Olasantan 1994 observed that the primary
nutrient requirement of leaf vegetables in Nigeria is N, which can be supplied using
poultry manure to enhance yield aid enable the farmer to make profit.
Vegetables require very scientific storage at exact temperature, suitable air
movement, aid correct humidity. The seasonal production, rap[id deterioration of product
after harvest maker preservation and storage essential in order to ensure extended shelf
life. (West by, 2002).
FAO (1984) suggested a number of systems for use in the tropic the most
important of which is a system based on evaporative cooling principles. Heat in the air is
utilized to evaporate water that change from liquid to vapour form as a result there is
drop is temperature and increase in relative humidity of the air. This principle has been
used for cooling drinking water in clay pots.
The control of relative humidity as well as temperature is very important in post
harvest environment. Babalola and Olaniyi 1997 recommends an optimim relative
humidity of 90 – 95% for most vegetables and fruit.
3
Rural farmers stores their vegetables wrapping then in jute bags, keeping them
covered with wet sand or near a cool pot filled with water. This methods limits the shelf
life only for 2 days depending on the prevailing temperature and relative humidity.
Hence this study is aimed at evaluating the effects of levels of poultry manure on yield
and post harvest quality of celosia agentia.
4
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at the Department of Agronomy University of
Ibadan (7020’ N 30 45’ E). The land was previously cropped with Okra and Maize. The
soil of the area belong to the broad group of tropical Alfisols which is categorized as
Ibadan series. A total land area of 210m2 was used. Pre planting soil sample was taken
aid analysed.
The experiment was 1 aid out in a randomized complete block design comprising
four treatments (0, 10, 30, 50 t/ha). The seed were planted at a spacing of 15 x 50cm and
a depth of 1.5cm.
Cured poultry manure was thoroughly mixed with soil a week before planting.
Data on plant height, number of leaves number of branches fresh weight and total yield
were collected. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and means
separated by Duncan’s multiple Range Test at 5% level of probability.
Post harvest assessment was done using 3 storage conditions, Ambiert (25 – 270c).
Evaporative coolant (20 0 220c) and refrigerator (4 – 120c) for 15 days in storage.
Harvested whole some green matured plants were randomly sampled, rused in
clean water air dried and burched equally and then wrapped in transparent perforated
polyethylene bag of 30 x 25cm and 0.02mm thickness and tagged according to each
treatments replicated 3 times. The initial weight was determine using a electric chemical
balance subsequent weight were taken at 3 days interval on the following parameters.
% weight less: this was determined using this formula
loss in weight x 100
Original weight
5
Colour change:- Visual observation was made for colour using a scale of 1 – 4, 1
= greenish yellow, 2 = Pale green, 3 green, 4 = dark green.
Freshness = it show absence of wilting and firmness of character in the plant. It is
measured by usual observation using a scale of 1- 5. 1 desiccated 2 = not fresh, 3
= slightly fresh, 4 fresh 5 = very fresh.
Detachment: It determine the level of leaf drops from the plant. It can be
determined using this percentage.
0 – 25 very low detachment
25 – 50 low detachment
50 – 75 high detachment
75 – 100 very high detachment.
6
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The pre plant soil physicals and chemical analysis showed that the soil was a
sandy loam poor in nutrient element and slightly acidic.
Table (1) The treatment effect on plant weight and number of leave is showed in
table 2. It revealed a significant differences between the treatments. The highest plant
height and number of leaves (38.5cm and 29.3cm respectively) were recorded in plants
treated with 30t/ha of poultry manure after 8 weeks of growth.
This was followed by 50t/ha and 10t/ha. The control recorded the least in all
growth and yield parameters measured. Te good performance observed for 30t/ha was
due to effective utilization of nutrients supplied by the poultry manure for growth and
development. The observation is in line with the finding of Kogbe (1976) that well cured
poultry manure 20 – 40t/ha was optimum for celosia.
Table (3) showed the trend in number of branches in celosia which follows the
same trend, 30t/ha of poultry manure has the best performance this was followed by
50t/ha and 10t/ha respectively. The least performance of plants that received no
treatment might be due to poor nutrient status of the soil. This collaborates with
Olasantan (1994) which reports benefits derived from adequate application for fertilizer
to vegetable crops.
Significant differences were also obtained between the treatments in terms of total
yield and fresh weight of celosia after eight weeks of growth. Plants treated with 30t/ha
poultry manure gave the best response while control plots had the least.
(Table 2) This result agreed with he findings of Grubben and Vurrman (1977) that
adequate N application increase the fresh and dry weight of leafy vegetables.
7
Data obtained on celosia argentrea in storage under the different storage methods
are presented in table 4. freshness score decreased with storage time for all the storage
method. Deterioration was most severe in open shelf. This implies that deterioration
occurred more at higher temperature because of the favourable environment for
microbial activities. After 3 days storage of celosias argents losses its freshness
drastically. Fruits stored under the refrigerator kept well for 12 days in terms of colour
change which remains green reduction weight loss and very low detachment rate. This
was followed by fruit stored under the ECS which stores for 6 days and the least
response was observed in the open shelf which kept on ly for 2 days.
8
EFFECT OF LEVELS NPK 15:15:15 ON GROWTH AND STORABILITY OF CUCUMBER (CUCUMIS SATIVUS)
Babatola L.A. and O.B. AdewoyinDepartment of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan
ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted at the University of Ibadan, Agronomy
Department between August and October 2004. The aim of the experiment was to
determine the effect of different levels of NPK fertilizer 15:15:15 on the growth and
storage life of cucumber, Cucumis sativus .
The experimental design was randomized complete block design replicated three
times. The fertilizer levels were (0, 60, 90, 120) kg NPK/ha. The parameters measured
were plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of flower per plant, number of
fruit per plant and fruit length. The storage methods employed were open shelf,
evaporative coolant structure and refrigerator. The harvested fruits were stored using the
above storage methods. The postharvest parameters measured were weight loss, disease
incidence, firmness and colour change.
The result of the experiment indicated that 90kgNPK/ha fertilizer gave the best
response in growth and yield of Cucumis sativus. This is followed by 120kgNPK/ha
NPK, followed by 60 kgha NPK while 0 kg gave the least response. Application of
different levels of fertilizer had not significant effect of firmness, weight loss and colour
change of Cucumis sativus. Refrigerator was observed to store Cucumis sativus best
for 3 weeks followed by evaporative coolant structure and then open shelf. The
evaporative coolant structure stores effectively for 2 weeks, it is reliable and accessible
to local farmers which could serve as alternative technique to farmers in local area.
9
INTRODUCTION
Cucumis sativus belongs to the family cucubitacea. It originated in India between
the bay of Bengal and Himalayas (Organ, 1963). It is commonly cultivated for its edible
fruit which can be consumed raw or cooked. Oil is obtained from the seed which can be
used in salad dressing and fresh cooking (Facciola, 1990). The oil contains 22.3%
linoleic acid, 58.5% oleic and 6.8% palmitic acid and 3.7% stearic acid (Duke and
Ayensu, 1985). The fresh fruit is used externally as a poultice for burns and fresh fruit is
used internally in the treatment of blemish skin and heat rash (Grieve, 1984). The fruit is
diuretic emollient and purgative (Lust, 1983). The leaves are used as vegetables in
Malaya and they have medicinal use in India for throat infection ass a diuretic (Burkill,
1985).
Cucumis sativus have very thin skin resulting in high susceptibility to water loss
and softening of harvested fruit. Immediately after harvesting containers should be
covered to avoid exposure to direct sunlight. Cucumis sativus are considered highly
susceptible to chilly injury at very low temperature (below 50 0F). They are sensitive to
ethylene and should not be stored with produce that generate ethylene.
The objectives of this experiment include the following:
1 To determine the effect of different levels of NPK fertilizer 15:15:15 on
growth and yield of Cucumis sativus.
2 To evaluate the effect of various storage methods on post-harvest quality of
Cucumis sativus
3 To determine the effect of storage on chemical compositions of Cucumis
sativus.
10
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at the experimental site of Department of
Agronomy, University of Ibadan behind the Department between August and October
2004. The pre-planting soil analysis was done to determine the nutrient status. The soil of
the area belong broadly to the group of ferruginous top soil (Bromfield, 1969). The soil
physical and chemical analyses before planting is presented in Table 10 the soil is sandy,
slightly acidic, low in nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon and moderately adequate in
C.E.C.
The experimental design used was randomized complete block design replicated
three times. Three seeds were sown per hole, which was later thinned to two stands per
hole.
The treatments consist of four levels of NPK fertilizer 15:15:15 (0, 60, 90, 120)
kgNPK/ha. It was applied in ring form 5 away from plant at four weeks after planting.
Data collection was done for growth and yield parameters such as number of leaves,
number of flowers, number of fruits ands length between 5WAP – 11WAP.
Harvested fruits were subjected to three storage conditions i.e open shelf,
refrigeration, and evaporative coolant structure. The fruits were randomly picked from
each treatment and placed inside tagged performed polythene bags and subjected to the
three storage conditions mentioned above. Visual observation was made for colour
change, disease incidence, and firmness at 3 days intervals while the fruits were weighed
at 3 days intervals to evaluate the weight loss which can be determined using this
formula.
% weight loss = Initial weight-final weight x 100Initial weight
11
FIRMNESS: The firmness character was evaluated by hand feel and rated on a firmness
scale of 1-04, 1 = Not firm, 2, = Slightly firm 3 = firm, 4 very firm. Observation was
made at 3 days interval to monitor the firmness of the fruit.
DISEASE INFECTION: The rate of disease infection was evaluated using a scale of 1
– 5, 1 = wholesome, 2 = very slight infection, 3 = slight infection, 4 = severe infection, 5
= very severe infection.
COLOUR CHANGE: The colour change was also determined on a scale 1-4, 4 =
Deep green, 3 = Light Yellow, 2 = Golden Yellow, 1 = White and Yellow colour.
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
Chemical Analytical Procedures
1 The Mineral content of the fruit was determined by wet oxidation method.
2 The Vitamins content of the fruit was determined through the use of Bausch
and Lomb spectronic electrophotometer.
3 Linoleic Acid and Cholestrol is determined by steam distillation
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
GROWTH RESPONSE
The results of the experiment are shown in table 1. The vegetative
character such as plant height and number of leaves increased with the age of the plant
table 1 and 2 shows that there was no significant difference in plant height and number of
leaves among treatments A and B (okg, 60kg). While treatment C, D (90kg, 120kg)
showed significant increase in vegetative growth compared to the control. This is in
accordance with Payero et al, 1990 with observed that total leave increase as the rate of
fertilizer increase up to 240kg/ha.
12
YIELD
Yield analysis involved the cumulative total of all the harvest during the growth
period of the crop. Number of fruit per plot was similar, for 60kg/ha and 0kg/ha while
120kg/ha were significantly greater than the control. The highest number of fruit yield
was obtained for 120kg/ha but it was not significantly different from that of 90kg/ha. The
fruit length follows the same trend as the fruit number in respect to different rate of
fertilizer.
STORAGE
1 Firmness
From the firmness scale, it was observed that the various fertilizer
levels has no significant effect on the firmness of the fruit. Fruit stored under ambient
condition reduces as shown from the firmness scale. While those fruits stored in
refrigerator and evaporative coolant structure stored fruits for around 3 weeks as shown
from the firmness scale score with value 4 (very firm).
2 Disease Incidence
From the disease incidence scale it was noted that fertilizer rate had significant
effect on the fruit of cucumber. The fruit with 0kg/ha of NPK were wholesome while
treatment B (120kg/ha) were highly infected. Treatment C (90kg/ha) had fruits in both
ECS and refrigerator slightly wholesome while 60kg/ha, the fruits were slightly
wholesome under the three storage system.
3 Colour Change
It was noticed that the fertilizer had no significant effect on the colour change of
the fruit. Treatment A (control) had yellow fruits under open shelf while fruits stored
13
under refrigerator and ECS had dark green colour. Treatment A, B, C and D respectively
followed the same trend under the three storage systems.
4 Weight Loss (%)
Table 8 Indicates that fertilizer level applied had no significant effect on the
weight loss during storage. But fruits stored under open shelf method had the highest
percentage weight loss.
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
The result of the experiment indicates that there was significant difference
between the three storage systems. Fruits stored under ambient condition lost their
nutrition mineral and vitamins compared to fruits under refrigerator and
evaporative coolant structure.
14
Table 1 PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
Weeks after planting
Fertilizer Rate 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0 46.50a 51.30a 54.20a 56.50a 57.35a 58.19a 59.20a
60 46.95a 53.35a 55.67a 56.98a 58.73a 59.05a 71.20a
90 60.50b 66.53b 69.56b 73.40b 75.36b 78.30b 82.55b
120 65.70b 70.56b 76.40b 79.36b 82.20b 85.73b 90.25b
DMRT = 0.05, means with the same letter name are not significantly different.
Table 2 MEAN NUMBVER OF LEAVES
Weeks after planting
Fertilizer Levels 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0 7a 10a 11a 15a 19a 21a 25a
60 8a 11a 12a 17a 20a 22a 26a
90 10b 15b 19b 22b 25b 28b 32b
120 11b 16b 20b 24b 27b 30b 34b
DMRT = 0.05, means with the same letter name are not significantly different
Table 3 Means Number of Fruit
Week After Planting
Fertilizer Levels 7 8 9 10 11
0 2a 3a 6a 9a 10a
60 2a 3a 6a 9a 11a
90 3b 4b 8b 12b 14b
120 4b 6b 10b 13b 15b
DMRT = 0.05, means with the same letter name are not significantly different.
15
Table 4 Mean fruit length (cm)
Weeks after planting
Fertilizer Levels 7 8 9 10 11
0 4a 4a 5a 7a 8a
60 4a 4a 5a 7a 8a
90 5b 6b 7b 8b 9b
120 5b 7b 8b 9b 10b
DMRT = 0.05, means with the same letter name are not significantly different
Table 5 Effect of fertilizer on firmness of fruit
Days in storage
Fertilizer levels
Storage method
3 6 9 12 15 18 21
0 ABC
4a4b4b
4a4b4b
3a4b4b
3a3b4b
2a3b3b
1a2b3b
1a1b2b
60 ABC
3a3b3b
3a3b3b
2a3b3b
2a2b3b
1a2b2b
1a1b2b
1a1b1b
90 ABC
3a3b3b
2a3b3b
2a3b3b
2a2b3b
1a2b2b
1a1b2b
1a1b1b
120 ABC
3a3b3b
2a3b2b
2a2b2b
1a2b2b
1a1b2b
1a1b1b
1a1b1b
DMT at 0.05; Mean with the same letter are not significantly different.
NB: A = Open shelfB = ECS (Evaporative coolant Structure)C = Refrigerator
16
Table 6 Effect of Fertilizer Levels On Disease Incidence
Days in storage
Fertilizer Levels
Storage method
3 6 9 12 15 18 21
0 ABC
1a1b1b
1a1b1b
2a1b1b
3a2b2b
3a2b2b
4a3b3b
4a3b3b
60 ABC
1a1b1b
2a2b2b
3a2b2b
3a3b2b
4a3b2b
4a4b3b
5a4b3b
90 ABC
1a1b1b
2a2b2b
3a2b2b
3a3b3b
4a3b3b
4a4b3b
5a4b4b
120 ABC
1a1b1b
2a2b2b
2a3b3b
3a3b2b
4a4b4b
5a4b4b
5a5b4b
DMT at 0.05; Means with the same letter name are not significantly different.
NB: A = Open shelf
B = ECS (Evaporative coolant Structure)
C = Refrigerator
17
Table 7 Effect of Fertilizer Levels On Disease Incidence
Days in storage
Fertilizer Levels
Storage method
3 6 9 12 15 18 21
0 ABC
4a4b4b
4a4b4b
3a4b4b
3a3b3b
2a3b3b
2a2b2b
1a1b2b
60 ABC
4a4b4b
3a4b4b
3a3b4b
2a3b3b
2a2b3b
1a2b2b
1a1b2b
90 ABC
4a4b4b
3a3b4b
2a3b3b
2a2b3b
2a2b2b
1a1b2b
1a1b1b
120 ABC
4a4b4b
3a3b3b
3a3b3b
2a3b3b
2a2b2b
1a2b2b
1a1b2b
DMT at 0.05; Means with the same letter name are not significantly different.
NB: A = Open shelf
B = ECS (Evaporative coolant Structure)
C = Refrigerator
Table 8 Effect of fertilizer level on % Weightloss
18
FertilizerLevel
StorageMethod
3 6 9 12 15 18 21
0 ABC
0.78a0.60a0.58a
0.80a0.68b0.60b
0.81a0.68b0.60b
0.82a0.69b0.62b
0.83a0.70b0.63b
0.85a0.71b0.64b
0.86a0.72b0.65b
60 ABC
0.79a0.62b0.59b
0.80a0.65b0.60b
0.82a0.69b0.61b
0.83a0.70b0.63b
0.85a0.71b0.64b
0.88a0.72b0.65b
0.89a0.73b0.66b
90 ABC
0.80a0.61b0.60b
0.81a0.66b0.61b
0.83a0.70b0.62b
0.84a0.71b0.63b
0.86a0.72b0.65b
0.87a0.73b0.68b
0.89a0.74b0.69b
120 ABC
0.81a0.62b0.61b
0.82a0.67b0.62b
0.83a0.71b0.64b
0.84a0.72b0.65b
0.85a0.73b0.68b
0.86a0.75b0.69b
0.87a0.76b0.70b
DMT at 0.05; Means with the same letter name are not significantly different.
NB: A = Open shelf
B = ECS (Evaporative coolant Structure)
C = Refrigerator
Table 9 Effect of fertilizer level on Chemical
19
Component of cucumber
CHEMICALPARAMETER
UNIT OPENSHELF
REFRIGERATOR EVAPORATIVECOOLANTSTRUCTURE
A NUTRIENTCONTENT
1
2
3
4
Protein
Carbohydrate
Fibre
Total Lipid
G
G
G
G
0.54a
2.90a
0.65b
0.14a
0.56b
2.98b
0.75b
0.16b
0.58b
2.70b
0.72b
0.17b
B MINIERALS1
2
3
4
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Mg
Mg
Mg
Mg
12a
20a
143a
2a
13b
20b
144b
2b
14b
21b
148b
2b
C1
2
3
4
VITAMINSRiboflavin
Thiamine
Niacin
Vitamin C
Mg
Mg
Mg
Mg
0.20a
0.24a
0.22a
4.0a
0.21b
0.25b
0.23b
4.6b
0.21b
0.24b
0.23b
4.6b
DMRT = 0.05, Means with the same letter name are not significantly different.
References
20
Burkill, H.M, (1985): The useful plants of west tropical Africa. Vol. 1, Royal
Botanic Gardens.
Buke, J.A. and E.S. Ayensu (1985): Medical Plants of China Reference
Publications.
Facciola, S. (1990): A sourcebook of edible plants. Kampong Publishers.
Grieve, A. (1984): A modern herbal. Penguin Books
Jackson, M.L. (1964): Soil chemical analysis practice. Hall Inc. Englewood Cliff,
N.J. pp. 263-268.
Lust, J. (1963): The herb book. Burnham Books.
Organ, J. (1963): Gourds. ‘Faber Publishing Company.
Payero, J.O. M.S. Bhangoo, J.J Steiner (1990): Nitrogen Fertilizer Management
Practices to enhance seed production.
21