EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT MATERIALS - Amazon …€“ 2 – This study guide is a useful key to unlocking the many educational aspects of the Georgia Renaissance Festival. Language, customs,

CURRICULUM ENHANCEMENTEDUCATIONAL SUPPORT MATERIALS

REVISED 9/15

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This study guide is a useful key to unlocking the many educational aspects of the Georgia Renaissance Festival. Language, customs, mannerisms, commedia theatre, artist demonstrations, and music are just some of the learning opportunities that await your students. At the Renaissance Festival we provide students with a chance to do more than just read about history – we give them the chance to experience it!

CONTENTS

Helpful Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3Georgia Renaissance Festival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Directions to Festival, Food and Drink List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Differences between Medieval and Renaissance Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Miscellaneous Facts Regarding Life During the Renaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Customs and Mannerisms of the 16th Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Sports and Pastimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Falconry - The Sport of Kings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Tournament Jousting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Clothing of the Renaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Parliament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Mathematics During the Renaissance Quiz Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Suggested Projects and Classroom Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Reference Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

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PLEASE READ THIS SECTION THOROUGHLY!!

STUDENT DAY HELPFUL HINTS1. Teachers should schedule a combination of entertainment AND educational programs for their students.

The mixture of entertainment and educational programs will help give students a proper perspective of what a festival in the renaissance era was like.

2. Schedule plans should include time for the students to view the many crafts and craft demonstrations throughout the village. They run at a variety of times and locations throughout the day.

3. Admission to the festival includes ALL entertainment, educational programs, and craft demonstrations. Authentic rides and games, crafts, and foods cost extra.

4. To ensure proper supervision and eliminate traffic flow problems, PLEASE BREAK YOUR STUDENTS INTO GROUPS OF TEN, with ONE ADULT CHAPERONE PER GROUP.

5. Information Booth (by the Front Gate) - If you seek lost items (including children) the Information Booth is where they will be sent.

6. RAIN - We are open rain or shine. All sales are final. No refunds can be made.

7. Please DO NOT HAVE YOUR STUDENTS BRING PERSONAL ELECTRONIC DEVICES!

8. To enable the students to hear the shows that are on stage, we ask that you go over some simple show-watching etiquette rules with your students.

– IT IS IMPORTANT THAT STUDENTS FOLLOW THESE RULES, AS MOST OF OUR SHOWS ARE NOT SOUND AMPLIFIED –

a) If you are watching a show, PAY ATTENTION TO THAT SHOW! DO NOT TALK TO YOUR

FRIENDS IN THE AUDIENCE!!

b. Anyone found THROWING things at performers or animals WILL BE ESCORTED OFF THE SITE BY THE POLICE.

c. Please remember: PERFORMERS ARE PEOPLE JUST LIKE YOURSELF – TREAT THEM AS YOU WOULD LIKE TO BE TREATED.

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10. The “Birds of Prey” show is extremely popular and seating is limited. We suggest you arrive at least 15 minutes early to these presentations

11. It is extremely important that all this information is shared with any teachers that are coming with you on this field trip.

PLEASE FEEL FREE TO DUPLICATE ALL OF THESE MATERIALS!

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GEORGIA RENAISSANCE FESTIVALSTUDY GUIDE

The Georgia Renaissance Festival began in 1986, and offers its visitors an opportunity to step back in time to a magical, enchanting fantasyland that has been painstakingly recreated to represent an authentic English village.

The Festival’s educational viability is due to the wide array of unique presentations that are available to students. The Festival features over 200 performers, representing various entertainments of the time, including: jugglers, knights jousting in full armor, magicians, rope walkers, dancers, villagers, historical characters, and a variety of music. Over 130 artisans fill the village, working in mediums such as glassblowing, pottery, weaving, woodworking, leatherwork, and soft sculpture, to name a few. The crafts and entertainment combine with thematic games, rides, and foods to create a glimpse of festival life in the 16th century.

THE VILLAGEThe village of the Georgia Renaissance Festival is a facsimile of a 16th century English village. The premise of the Festival is this:

Good King Henry VIII and the latest Queen are touring England. On this beauteous day, the King and Queen have come to visit the glorious village of Newcastle. Villagers, craftspeople, musicians, performing troupes, and food vendors have gathered together to create a festival. The village is radiant with color, and celebration rules the day. Why, even a Joust Tournament will take place to honor the Royal Couple. Our Festival is a re creation of the celebrations that took place when the King visited his kingdom.

RENAISSANCE: The transitional movement in Europe between medieval and modern times beginning in the I4th century in Italy, lasting into the I7th century, are marked by a humanistic revival of classical influence, expressed in a flowerint. of the arts and literature, and by the beginnings of modern science.

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EXIT 61 (FAIRBURN/PEACHTREE CITY) – THERE ARE NO SIGNS ON THE FREEWAY –

If you are traveling south on I-85 from Atlanta, turn right at exit 61, go two miles and you will see the Festival entrance on the right.

FOOD AND DRINKSome of the foods that will be available at our Festival are:

Steak on a Stake, Turkey Legs, Grilled Chicken Sandwich, Chicken on a Stick, Sausage, Jumbo Pretzels, Ice Cream Sundaes

Food prices range from $2.00 to $8.00

Drink items include:Iced Tea, Bottled water, Coca-Cola, Diet Coca-Cola, and Sprite

Drink prices: $2.00 - $3.00

A T L A N T A

FairburnExit 61

400

A T L A N T ADouglasville

Marietta

DuluthAlpharetta

MaconColumbus

Highway 74

DRIVING DIRECTIONS

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE TIMESThe Renaissance affected different aspects of life in England at different times. The humanistic approach to life started in the 1470’s, whereas the parliamentary renaissance did not happen until the 1530’s. To simplify matters, here are some examples of the differences between Medieval and Renaissance viewpoints.

MEDIEVAL RENAISSANCE• Collectivism mentality, guilds were strong • Exaltation of the individual• Preoccupations with the soul and death • Appreciation of life; art, dance, and music

blossomed• Feudalism • Nationalism• In wars, knights were rarely killed; foot soldiers

made up the bulk of the fatalities• Gunpowder was used in warfare; it killed knights

and foot soldiers alike. It did not kill by class• Church in England; the Pope was involved with its

politics• Church OF England; England became a sovereign

state• Parliament’s primary usage was to grant funds to

the King• Parliament was utilized to enact laws that helped

enforce government policy

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION: Discuss the words in bold and their definitions.

Discuss our world today and how it has changed, and not changed, since the 16th Century.

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MISCELLANEOUS FACTS REGARDING LIFE DURING THE RENAISSANCEBy Pam Greenway

The economy in Renaissance England was agriculturally based. Since there were only around forty-five nobles (and their families), most English people were farmers in some capacity. The chief livestock was sheep. In fact, there were approximately three sheep per person, but folks didn’t seem to be frightened of being outnumbered three to one!

In Elizabethan England, there were really only two very rigidly observed social levels - the nobles and the peasants. There were very few noble families, making the vast majority of the population peasants. Part of what made this time a Renaissance (new beginning) was the budding of the new middle class. They consisted of wealthy merchants, lawyers, clerks and master craftsmen. These people, while not recognized officially as a new class, were becoming wealthy and powerful enough to begin making an impact on the economy and the general view of society. Below this new class were journeymen and apprentices to craftsmen, independent traders and domestics, as well as traditional agricultural occupations.

The belief of the times was that one’s social status was ordained by God, and therefore it was foolish and heretical to complain about it. However, much snobbery existed, and one always felt called on to lord over anyone “lower” than oneself.

COMMERCEShopping was possible in four venues:

• The Market – This was usually sponsored by the local lord or squire and dealt mostly with foodstuffs. They were usually held on a weekly basis.

• The Fair – Fairs were more rare than markets and offered a wider variety of goods. Fairs were commonly held in conjunction with a Festival (religious holiday).

• In-town Shops – On a daily basis, people could obtain goods from these shops and occasionally a traveling peddler would drop by.

• Bartering – This was by far the most common form of commerce of the period. Simple bartering among neighbors.

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CUSTOMS AND MANNERISMS OF THE 16TH CENTURY

By Libby Siegling

Customs and mannerisms in King Henry’s time were dictated by fashion, flirtation, survival and superstition. Listed below are some examples of customs and mannerisms of the time.

MEN GREETING MENAs they mucked about on the street, people would often run into acquaintances. If they were upper-class men, they might grasp each other’s right wrist with their right hand. This not only was a form of greeting, but it also served two other purposes: to occupy the other’s hand, thus rendering his unable to draw or attack and to check to see if he had any weapons up his sleeve. The custom of patting each other on the back further protected the men from any undisclosed weapons. If they were peasants passing on the street, they might simply nod at each other and call out “God ye good den” or “God go with you.” The important thing to remember was that no matter what the class, people would expect to be treated according to their stature or station in life. Therefore, one had to be very careful not to offend ones betters. However, calling a peasant a lord might ensure that he would try his utmost to help you along. The rule of the day was speak well, speak long, but don’t say anything important!

WOMEN GREETING WOMENWomen greeted other women with the latest craze from the Continent - the “French Kiss”. Women would face each other and lightly grasp each other by the shoulders. Then they would kiss the air on either side of the other woman’s cheeks three times. One would never actually touch the other’s cheeks, for reasons of courtesy as well as fear of contracting an illness. As always, compliments and flattery were a part of any good greeting.

MEN GREETING WOMEN, AND VICE VERSAWhen a gentleman would greet a lady, it was very important to make a good impression. Therefore, he would bow to her in Renaissance style. He would present his right leg forward and put his left leg behind. Then he would bend his back (left) leg, and bend at the hips, keeping his right leg straight. He would sweep his arms open as he bowed, making sure to keep his head raised, maintaining eye contact with the lady. The proper response to this bow would be for the lady to curtsy. First she would place her left leg slightly behind her. Then she would lightly grab her skirts and bend at the knees, keeping her body straight. She would raise her skirts only high enough to keep them off the ground. It was not considered proper for a lady to show her ankles or legs. She, too, would keep eye contact with the gentleman. An especially dashing or romantically inclined man might then proceed attempt to kiss the lady’s hand. He would offer his hand, palm facing down. If the lady welcomed the kiss, she would place her fingers lightly on top of his hand. Then the gentleman would ever so lightly kiss the lady’s middle finger, between the first and second knuckle, making sure to maintain eye contact.

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MAKING A LEGThe calf of a man’s leg was a very important focal point in Renaissance fashion. Men took every opportunity to show off this physical attribute. Men wore stockings and short pants and would often stand and “present” their leg forward, turning the foot outward so as to show off their calf. This practice is called “making a leg”. If a man was especially proud of his calves, he might stand with a foot on a chair, table, or rock, so his calf would be that much more prominent.

ESCORTINGIt was considered a great scandal to show affection in public. However, gentlemen frequently escorted ladies whenever they were out walking about. As with everything, there was a proper way for this to be done. Men and women would never walk around holding hands, palm to palm, as they do today – that was considered quite scandalous. First of all, they believed the germs that could be spread by rubbing palms with someone could prove fatal. Secondly, if they were willing to risk such a health hazard, they must surely be quite intimate. That person, and such a bold and public display of affection was not considered respectful of each other’s reputation. Therefore, the proper way to be escort would be for the man to offer his right hand, palm facing downward, then the lady would lightly place her left hand on top of his. Then, side by side, with the lady on the right, they would proceed wherever they were going. It was very important for the lady to be on the right side. A gentleman always carried his sword on his left side, because he was right-handed (see “Men Greeting Men”). If the lady was on the left side and the gentleman was forced to draw his sword to protect the lady, he would slice her in two. Also, it would show disrespect to lady for her to be on the left because that might mean that the gentleman did not think enough of her to defend her honor. A simple saying to help remember this rule is “A lady on the left is no lady at all.”

FOOD & DRINKPeople of this day knew nothing about sanitation (they’d never heard of germs – nobody had ever seen one!) The water was dangerously polluted, so most people drank a very low alcohol brew called “small beer”. Much milk was consumed, especially skim and buttermilk - cream was needed for other things. Ale was consumed on special occasions and only royalty and the very wealthy drank wine.

In this time, people thought that the proper foods for humans were meat, bread, dairy, eggs and a few varieties of fruit. Meats were preserved with salt, sugar, or spices, but meat, which we would consider spoiled, would be gratefully eaten. Usually, meat came from elderly animals and was tough, so no one expected thebest cuts. In spite of these drawbacks, Elizabethans are still famous for their skillful use of herbs, spices and their slow stewing methods. But only the very rich could afford meat regularly in their diets and they considered vegetables, which grow from the Earth, to be beneath them.

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Many were even suspected of producing ill humors. Peasants couldn’t afford to be picky. Their diets consisted MAINLY of vegetables, plus lots of eggs and cheese, which they referred to as “white meat”.

In spite of economic differences, peasants were the better nourished of the two classes.

THE FORKAnother, new trend from France was the use of the fork as an eating utensil. The fork was fairly common among the nobility but was not very widespread among the peasant class. Peasants continued to eat with their fingers, as they feared the fork’s tines were some sign from the devil (perhaps they were afraid to put the devil’s pitchfork in their mouths).

EDUCATIONCommon people of this time were usually illiterate, so there was a need for someone who could read and assist in matters of business. The church was about the only non-noble group who routinely educated their people so most villages were provided with a clerk (or Clark) to fulfill this function.

RENAISSANCE MEN & WOMENBoth men and women provided functions in the society of the day. While the culture was essentially male-dominated, a woman carried the clout of a “dowry”, or the goods, lands and money she brought to the marriage. These she controlled herself, to benefit the household. The dowry was also an insurance policy against ill treatment, for if she were mistreated, she could leave and take the property with her and leave her husband much poorer! Besides managing the household, one of the woman’s duties was to provide as many free farm laborers, in the form of children, as possible. Between a high infant mortality rate and unreliable birth control, she usually managed to oblige. Boys were always easier because girls had to be provided with dowries and that could get expensive!

EVIL SPIRITS/GOOD LUCK CHARMSBoth peasants and nobles alike firmly believed in evil spirits and the power of good luck charms to ward them off. People often sewed tiny bells or coin-like metal disks (known as bezants) to their clothing in the belief that the noise would scare away evil spirits. People also wore crosses or carried Bibles to ward off evil.

WITCHES/POSSESSIONSPeople readily believed in witches and in possession by evil spirits. There were various signs that one could use to ward off the evil that emanated from such evil persons. One sign was to make the sign of the cross when passing by an evil person. Another was to cross your fingers (making a small cross) and point them at the person as they passed. This is most likely where the custom of crossing one’s fingers for good luck comes from.

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LANGUAGEThe people of the Renaissance LOVED language. A quick wit was highly prized. Everyone, from the lowliest peasant to the loftiest nobleman, played with words. No self-respecting person would say two words what could be said in six or seven. Below are some common words and phrases to help you understand the language and speak to the various people at the Festival.

TITLESSocial standing and proper etiquette were very important during the Renaissance era. You could tell a lot about people’s social standing by how they addressed one another. The following are appropriate titles for addressing our villagers.

• M’lord or M’lady (respectful) • Sir or Madam, Gentleman or Gentlewoman, Cousin or Cuz (Equal birth or social standing) • Your Majesty or Your Highness (King and Queen) • Your Grace (Members of the Royal Court) • Master or Mistress Artisan (Craftsperson) • Wench (Common or lower-class woman); • Knave (Common or lower-class man)

GREETINGSRenaissance language was very specific. People did not use the all-purpose greeting of “hello” or “hi”. There were different greetings depending on the time of day. Also, etiquette might call for one to ask permission before leaving. One could also express one’s feelings or regards for another by leaving them with a blessing or good wishes.

• Good Morrow (Good Morning) • Good day (Afternoon greeting or parting) • Good eve or eventide (Good evening) • God ye good den (God grant you a good day) • I bid you adieu (Good-bye) • By your leave (With your permission) • Fare thee well (Good-bye - wishing them well) • God save thee (A blessing)

COMPLIMENTS • Thou are most beauteous this day (You look pretty today) • Thy voice is sweeter than that of an angel (Your voice is beautiful) • By my troth, mine eyes are blessed by your very visage (In truth, the sight of your face is a blessing) • Thy beauty eclipses the sun (You are dazzlingly beautiful)

INSULTS • Thou are lily-livered (Calling someone a coward) • Thou slop-jar of ineptitude! ( A slop-jar is similar to a chamber pot. People also spit or threw

garbage in it.)

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OTHER HELPFUL WORDS Privies (Bathrooms) Zounds (Exclamation of astonishment) Fantastical (Amazing) Knotty-pated (Thick headed, stupid) Buffoon (Fool) By my troth (Exclamation of truth) HUZZAH! (Hurrah!)

Classroom Discussion:The language expressions in William Shakespeare’s plays and sonnets. Write a short outline of a Shakespearean play, including characters.

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SPORTS AND PASTIMESBEAR-BAITINGThe practice of bear baiting was quite cruel, but extremely popular. A bear was tied by one hind leg to a tree or post, and hunting dogs were turned loose to taunt and attack it. The “game” went on until the bear was killed, and spectators placed bets on the longevity of certain dogs and the bear.

ARCHERYArchery was compulsory. Every Englishman between the ages of 16 and 60 was compelled by law to own a longbow, and target practice areas were set up (also by law) in every village. Another law required that every father give his son a bow upon his seventh birthday. Like jousting, the sport of archery was intended to prepare men for battle.

HUNTINGNobility enjoyed hunting as a sport. Game included hare (rabbits), hind (deer), wolf, wild bear and fox. Shooting was done with bows and arrows, or the prey might be pursued by greyhounds (a favorite practice of the ladies who often accompanied their lords on a hunt). Another popular form of hunting among the upper classes was falconry. These birds of prey were considered so valuable that they were protected by a Royal edict. Anyone found guilty of killing a falcon could be put to death.

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EMBROIDERY/TAPESTRIESWomen of all classes practiced needlework as a pastime as well as a necessity.

THEATREThere were no movies or television shows. Therefore, theatre was VERY popular. Traveling troupes of male actors (women were not allowed on stage) would visit villages and perform on makeshift stages. The actors depended on the generosity of the villagers for their incomes. A very popular form of theatre was the Commedia d’el Arte, which was a very broad, slapstick style of performing (similar to the Three Stooges).

OTHER GAMESMany games that are popular today were also popular during the Renaissance. Adult games included dice, chess, backgammon (called “tables”), bowling, bocce ball, and cards. Children’s games included skipping, leapfrog, marbles, and blind man’s bluff.

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FALCONRY – THE SPORT OF KINGSFalconry, as defined by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services is “the field sport of hunting with a trained raptor.” Those who practice this time-honored sport are some of the most dedicated of sportsmen, devoting hours a day to the care and training of their birds.

Exactly where and when falconry originated is still unknown. There are depictions in drawings of people hunting with hawks that date back some 4,000 years. It became popular in Asia around 400 B.C. and made its way into Europe by the mid 800’s. It was then practiced by kings and noblemen where it became know as “The Sport of Kings”.

The greatest impulse that was ever given to the sport in Western Europe was derived from the returning crusaders, many of whom, in the course of their travels to the east, had become acquainted with the Asian falconers and the Asiatic methods of training and flying hawks. Amongst such Crusaders was the Emperor Frederick II, who brought back with him some Asiatic hawks and their trainers. He even declared that falconry was the noblest of all arts.

From that time (early in the thirteenth century) and for more than four hundred years, falconry flourished in Europe as a fashionable sport amongst all classes.

Falconry reached its peak during the Renaissance period in Europe, and was practiced by every class and society. However, your social standing greatly influenced the bird you were allowed to possess, with eagles and the peregrine falcon reserved only for the King.

Meanwhile, the yeoman enjoyed the less aristocratic goshawk and sparrow-hawk as suppliers of wholesome delicacies for the table. Even the serf was not forgotten, and was allowed to train and fly the small but graceful kestrel.

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Some became so enthusiastic in their love for the sport that they would hire a large staff of men to train and care for their birds. Edward III was accompanied on his war-like hunting expeditions with a whole train of falconers.

Some rulers had their favorite birds brought with them into battle, taking breaks from the war to go hunting. You may have read the story of Henry VIII who was thrown into a ditch and nearly drowned when his leaping-pole broke while trying to follow his hawk. Catherine II of Russia was as great at falconry as at most other things, and she especially delighted in the flight with Merlins.

Hawks were considered to be so valuable that they were often used in bartering for goods or paying off debts. Eagles and falcons were thought to be the greatest gift a king could bestow upon the ruler of other lands. Lower class people could even pay their taxes in pigeons to help feed the King’s stock of hunting hawks.

Falconry was struck with a devastating blow with the introduction of the shotgun. It was found that you could bring much more game to the table in far less time and with less upkeep. Falcons were still kept around by a few dedicated enthusiasts for a peaceful afternoon on the grouse moor.

Falconry returned to Europe years later with far less popularity, only practiced by those with a love of birds and the sport of the chase. These people with a love of falconry have found that witnessing a stooping (diving earthwards) falcon from 2,000 feet is still one of the most impressive sights in nature.

BE SURE NOT TO MISS THE BIRDS OF PREY SHOW AT THE GEORGIA RENAISSANCE FESTIVAL!

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TOURNAMENT JOUSTINGWords like “pomp, pageantry, and chivalry” serve to evoke the romantic aspects of jousting. When you get close to see the dull glow of chain mail next to bright armor, you begin to grasp how tightly woven the joust is with its history. An understanding of today’s combat is impossible without the tracing of its ancient roots.

The origins of jousting are believed to be in classical Rome, but the “sport” rose to its greatest popularity in Europe by the 1400’s. It all evolved from mock battles in which knights on horseback, assisted by foot soldiers, formed into teams and charged at each other in some wide meadow. The result was a “melee” (the word hasn’t changed in a millennium) of shattered lances, clanging swords, flailing arms and legs - astride and afoot - that went on all day and into the night. The earliest recorded melee was in 1066 A.D., though mock combat had probably been around for at least a century by then.

At first, the battles served more to hone fighting skills than to provide popular diversion. But in peaceful times, a knight needed a way to retain his skills. The Jousts were great moneymakers for the victors – instead of claiming mere points, the winning team held the losers for ransom, often accepting their horses and armor as payment.

The many deaths which resulted from such “sport” led Popes and English kings to ban jousting tournaments, though English subjects often persisted and were repeatedly excommunicated. The tournaments had become a featured attraction at any kind of market faire or other significant gathering. At the height of their popularity, jousts rivaled a state fair, Superbowl, rock concert, and Octoberfest all rolled into one.

By the middle 1200’s, the joust emerged as the favored way to prove which of two (or more) knights was better. Most contests were a “Joust a Plaisir” (for pleasure) in which a winner was declared on the basis of points scored, though some were still conducted “a l’Outrance” (to the death). In the sporting version, the knights’ swords were dulled and their lances tipped with “coronals” (little crowns) to prevent their penetrating a joint in the armor. Some authorities believe that the lances were deliberately weakened, a precaution still in effect today.

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The training of a knight included spearing small ring, some on stanchions and some tossed in the air, and quintain jousting. (Ring jousting is today the state sport in Maryland) In quintain jousting, the knight tilted with a mock opponent which sat on a revolving pedestal. If he was inaccurate or too slow, the jouster might get whacked by the sand bag on the other end of the contraption. These quintain devices are thought to be the precursors of Victorian carousels. Many turn-of-the-century carrousels had a variety of things to grab including a brass ring which entitled the bearer to a free ride.

The joust became very civilized and formalized, though severe injuries were common. According to the chronicler of an English tournament in 1256, many of the noble contestants “never afterward recovered their health.”

Modern re-creations of Renaissance era jousting tournaments are depictions of historical events, coming from a time of high ideals, noble causes, and grand chivalry.

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CLOTHING OF THE RENAISSANCEThe Renaissance period was not only a great time of enlightenment of the sciences and arts but fashion was affected by these changing times as well. Clothing became extravagant, especially if you were if were wealthy or a nobleman. New shapes and bright colors were used, and “particolor” was the newest and hottest fashion trend. It certainly was easy to spot someone wearing particolor; with one leg green and the other red, or one arm blue and the other orange, and the body of their costume being a completely different color. The people who wore particolor could never be lost!

The male costume of the Renaissance consisted of a doublet (a close-fitting garment resembling a waistcoat) and hose. The sleeves were detachable, and a white linen ruffle circled the neckline. At this time, the greatest sign of a man’s wealth was the clothing he wore: the finest fabrics, jewels, belt buckles, medallions, and rings. Only the nobles could buy silk, wear jewelry, or buy sable and ermine fur. It was the law! Even if you were a wealthy merchant, you couldn’t buy the clothes only a nobleman was allowed to wear.

Women’s clothing was extravagant too, with low-cut tops which held the rest of the body pinched in. Women’s skirts swelled out like tents. The wider the band of fur trimming the bottom of her dress, the higher her rank in society. The high headdress (hennin) had a veil flowing from the peak and trailing to the ground. Noblewomen tried to wear outrageously high hats and long veils in order to outshine other women. Some women’s hats were so high they couldn’t fit through their own castle doorways!

Armor worn by knights changed during the Renaissance as well. Bars of iron and steel were hammered into flat plates shaped to cover the body. The plates were curved to fit the body exactly, and were then polished and decorated. There were at least nineteen main parts to a suit of plate armor. This gave more freedom of movement, not to mention maximum defense. Some suits of armor weighed so much that it actually took a crane to hoist the knight onto his horse!

Peasant clothing of the Renaissance was much different from the clothing of the wealthy and noblemen. These lower-class citizens were often dressed in dull colored clothing made from natural fibers like cotton, wool or flax.

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PARLIAMENTDuring Henry VIII’s reign, Parliament and the Crown developed a level of cooperation that set the tone for future parliaments. Cooperation between these two parties really developed in the 1530’s when Thomas Cromwell entered the scene. When Cardinal Wolsey was in power, there was a lot of friction with Parliament. On two occasions (1522 and 1528), Parliament refused to grant taxes to fund wars to which Wolsey had committed England. Although Henry VIII and Wolsey created foreign policy, it was Parliament that held the purse strings.

Parliament was (and is) made up of two sections called Houses:

The House of Lords -consisting of Church officials, lords and other noblesThe House of Commons - consisting of knights of shires and burghers (prosperous, solid citizens) or boroughs

PARLIAMENTARY POWERS:

• Only Parliament could pass new taxes (often referred to as grants)

• If the King wanted the force of law to support one of his proclamations, he had to get the law passed by both Houses (Lords and Commons) and embodied into a law.

• The House of Commons was represented by a Speaker. The Speaker, while representing the House of Commons, could speak openly to the King and either praise or criticize royal policies with impunity.

• Parliament, like most governments, would give advice on a wide range of subjects.

• Parliament enforced the King’s policies, but it was the responsibility of the King to actually form the policies.

EXAMPLES OF PARLIAMENTARY USAGE DURING THE REIGN OF HENRY VIII

It is important to realize that, in Henry VIII’s time, there was no annual meeting of Parliament. The King would call for a meeting of Parliament only when he wanted one. Consequently, Parliament could go for years without meeting.

1510 FIRST PARLIAMENT MEETING CALLED UNDER HENRY VIIIThis meeting was noteworthy in that it claimed the first of two persons to die under the charge of treason during Henry VIII’s reign. John Dudley and Richard Empson (the ministers responsible for collecting government revenue during the reign of Henry VII) were charged not only with treason but also with subverting the laws and impoverishing the King’s subjects. Historians view these executions as a popularity move by Henry to solidify his public standing. (A present-day example of such a move would be if a new President declared the abolishment of the IRS). At any rate, Parliament readily endorsed the executions. .

1512 REQUEST FOR FUNDING FOR A WAR AGAINST FRANCE Parliament agreed to new taxes/grants to support England’s war.

– 22 –

1523 WOLSEY REQUESTS FUNDING FOR A WAR AGAINST FRANCEParliament sat in meetings for over four months (a very long time for 16th Century Parliaments) and spent almost all of that time refusing Wolsey’s requests for taxes/grants to support England’s war with France.

1530’S CROMWELL’S EFFECT ON PARLIAMENTWith the rise to power of Thomas Cromwell, Parliament changed forever. Cromwell’s presence marked the end of the medieval political system and the beginning of the modern workings of Parliament. Primarily, the changes concerned the way in which Parliament was utilized. The main differences were as follows:

• Parliament was used to spread information throughout the realm

• Parliament was manipulated to illustrate the show of support by the Commonwealth for the King’s policies via laws and statues. By using a series of laws, Parliament was able to make radical changes like the Church Reformation, relatively peaceful. By creating statutes that legally enforced the Church Reformation, Parliament demonstrated its power not only over the government but over the Church itself. This demonstration of the power of Parliamentary statutes is the cornerstone of modern English government..

• Parliament unified the government through representation.

1536 PARLIAMENT REACTS TO JUDICIAL SYSTEM CHANGESParliament supported Cromwell’s policy, which stated that only the King could appoint judges and justices. Also, only the King could grant pardons for those charged with a felony or treason. For the first time in England’s history, the judicial system was centralized, and this centralization gave the nation a sense of unity. Most importantly, it brought Wales and Northern England under the rule of the King. Another important thing established by Cromwell and Henry VIII to ensure the unity of England was the representation of all England and its territories in Parliament. Even Calais (which was located in France) had members in Parliament. This nationwide representation ended the situation of “kingdoms within a kingdom” and allowed the creation of a true national government.

One good illustration of Parliament’s role in Henry VIII’s reign is found in a speech Henry made to Parliament in 1543:

“We at no time stand so highly in our estimate royals as in the time of Parliament, wherein we, as head, and you, as members, are conjoined and knit together as one body politic. “

– 23 –

MATHEMATICS DURING

THE RENAISSANCE

The following pages provide quiz sheets that can be used by your students during their field trip or after. Some of the answers rely on information gathered at the Festival Site.

• Elementary Quiz• Middle School Quiz

• Geometry Quiz• Algebra Quiz

Following each Quiz page is a corresponding Teacher’s key.

– 24 –

Student Name: ______________________________________________________________________________

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL QUIZDirections: Answer each of the following questions. Find the correct answer in the boxes at the bottom of the page, and place the corresponding letter in the blank above the problem number. The letters should spell out the answer to the following riddle:

What kind of horse was the jouster riding during his bad dream?

1. In 2010 what anniversary did the Festival celebrate?

2. What is the cost to ride the Carrasello?

3. If one drink costs $2.75, what is the cost of four drinks?

4. If the Gone Fishin’ pond contains 14 red fish, 8 green fish, 7 blue fish, and 1 yellow fish, how many fish total are in the pond?

5. If a turkey leg costs $8, how much would you pay for three turkey legs?

6. If Chicken on a Stick costs $4, how much change would you receive if you bought two with $10?

7. If the Petting Zoo has 1 yak, 2 roosters, 2 bunnies, 2 geese, 3 pigs, 4 ducks, and 8 goats, how many animals total are there?

8. If the Maze is 1.2 miles long and you and nine friends travel through it, how many total miles did you all walk combined?

9. A child’s ticket costs $8.50. You spend $42.50 on tickets. How many tickets did you buy?

10. You enter the realm at 10:00 a.m. You leave to board the bus at 2:00 p.m. How many hours did you spend in the kingdom?

11. If a child’s ticket costs $8.50 and you pay using only quarters, how many quarters do you need?

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12π 8.75 403.2 900π 15 1/64 422.4 228 21.6 960 9.09 480

480 10 20.25π 32π 14 22.91 140 8.23 120π 5 456 2.25π

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L I P E S U E H E S V S5 60 2662 140 9.6 480 42 17.32 120 19.2 12 200

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POSSIBLE ANSWERS ARE LOCATED BENEATH THE LETTERS





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– 25 –

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHER’S KEY

Directions: Answer each of the following questions. Find the correct answer in the boxes at the bottom of the page, and place the corresponding letter in the blank above the problem number. The letters should spell out the answer to the following riddle:

What kind of horse was the jouster riding during his bad dream?

1. In 2010 what anniversary did the Festival celebrate? 25

2. What is the cost to ride the Carrasello? 3

3. If one drink costs $2.75, what is the cost of four drinks? 11

4. If the Gone Fishin’ pond contains 14 red fish, 8 green fish, 7 blue fish, and 1 yellow fish, how many fish total are in the pond? 30

5. If a turkey leg costs $8, how much would you pay for three turkey legs? 24

6. If Chicken on a Stick costs $4, how much change would you receive if you bought two with $10? 2

7. If the Petting Zoo has 1 yak, 2 roosters, 2 bunnies, 2 geese, 3 pigs, 4 ducks, and 8 goats, how many animals total are there? 22

8. If the Maze is 1.2 miles long and you and nine friends travel through it, how many total miles did you all walk combined? 12

9. A child’s ticket costs $8.50. You spend $42.50 on tickets. How many tickets did you buy? 5

10. You enter the realm at 10:00 a.m. You leave to board the bus at 2:00 p.m. How many hours did you spend in the kingdom? 4

11. If a child’s ticket costs $8.50 and you pay using only quarters, how many quarters do you need? 34


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480 10 20.25π 32π 14 22.91 140 8.23 120π 5 456 2.25π

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Student Name: ______________________________________________________________________________

MIDDLE SCHOOL QUIZDirections: Answer each of the following questions. Find the correct answer in the boxes at the bottom of the page, and place the corresponding letter in the blank above the problem number. The letters should spell out the answer to the following riddle:

Where did the Arabian park his Dromedary?

1. How many stages are found throughout the kingdom?

2. What is the cost, in dollars, to ride the Carrasello?

3. You and 199 classmates take a field trip to the festival. 70% of you go to see the Joust. How many students did not see the Joust?

4. The Gone Fishin’ pond contains red, blue, green, and yellow fish. If there are a total of 30 fish in the pond, and there is 1 yellow fish, 7 blue fish, and 8 green fish, how many red fish are in the pond?

5. There are 800 people at the festival. Half of them leave at 1:00. A fourth of those remaining leave at 2:00. A third of those still remaining leave at 3:00. How many of the original 800 remain?

6. Turkey legs cost $8. Drinks cost $3. How much would you spend on 4 drinks and 3 turkey legs?

7. If the Maze is 1.2 miles long and you and six friends travel through it, how many total miles did you all walk combined?

8. On a particular day, the festival sells 17,240 ounces of soda. If each soda sold is a 20 ounce bottle, how many sodas were sold?

9. You start your day at the festival with $50. You buy a turkey leg for $8, two drinks for $3 each, and a souvenir for $7.50. How much money do you have left?

10. Your friend scales the Rock Climbing Wall in 3 minutes. You scale it 25% faster. How many seconds does it take you to scale the wall?

11. The Royal Parade starts at 2:15 and ends at 2:45. What percent of an hour did the parade last?

12. At Queen’s Darts, you throw 12 darts. Nine hit the target. What percentage hit the target?


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– 27 –

MIDDLE SCHOOL TEACHER’S KEYDirections: Answer each of the following questions. Find the correct answer in the boxes at the bottom of the page, and place the corresponding letter in the blank above the problem number. The letters should spell out the answer to the following riddle:

Where did the Arabian park his Dromedary?

1. How many stages are found throughout the kingdom? 10

2. What is the cost, in dollars, to ride the Carrasello? 3

3. You and 199 classmates take a field trip to the festival. 70% of you go to see the Joust. How many students did not see the Joust? 60

4. The Gone Fishin’ pond contains red, blue, green, and yellow fish. If there are a total of 30 fish in the pond, and there is 1 yellow fish, 7 blue fish, and 8 green fish, how many red fish are in the pond? 14

5. There are 800 people at the festival. Half of them leave at 1:00. A fourth of those remaining leave at 2:00. A third of those still remaining leave at 3:00. How many of the original 800 remain? 200

6. Turkey legs cost $8. Drinks cost $3. How much would you spend on 4 drinks and 3 turkey legs? 36

7. If the Maze is 1.2 miles long and you and six friends travel through it, how many total miles did you all walk combined? 7.2

8. On a particular day, the festival sells 17,240 ounces of soda. If each soda sold is a 20 ounce bottle, how many sodas were sold? 862

9. You start your day at the festival with $50. You buy a turkey leg for $8, two drinks for $3 each, and a souvenir for $7.50. How much money do you have left? 22.50

10. Your friend scales the Rock Climbing Wall in 3 minutes. You scale it 25% faster. How many seconds does it take you to scale the wall? 135

11. The Royal Parade starts at 2:15 and ends at 2:45. What percent of an hour did the parade last? 50

12. At Queen’s Darts, you throw 12 darts. Nine hit the target. What percentage hit the target? 75


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Student Name:_____________________________________________________________________________

GEOMETRY QUIZDirections: Answer each of the following questions. Find the correct answer in the boxes at the bottom of the page, and place the corresponding letter in the blank above the problem number. The letters should spell out the answer to the following riddle:

What do you get when you cross a tire, a sweet potato,a dairy beverage, and a weapon?1. In 2015, what anniversary did the Festival celebrate?

2. The Corkscrew Tower is in the shape of a right octagonal prism. What is the volume of the tower if each side of the base is 2 feet, the apothem is 2.4 feet, and the height is 24 feet?

3. A person standing on tilts is 12 feet high. The shadow cast by the performer is 21 feet long. If you are five feet tall, how long will your shadow be at the same time of day?

4. At 11:00, 220 are present at the festival. By 3:00, there are 560 people in attendance. Assuming the rate was constant, how many people arrived each hour?

5. At the Carasello, you travel 20π feet in one revolution. The person pushing the arms in the center travels 8π feet in one revolution. What is the area formed between the circle formed by your swing and the circle formed by his path?

6. The frame for the Sea Dragon is in the shape of an isosceles trapezoid. If the parallel sides have lengths of 15 feet and 23 feet, and the distance between them is 12 feet, what is the area of the trapezoid?

7. The wheel of a rickshaw has a diameter of 30 inches. What is its area?

8. The Kid’s Kingdom is a semi-circular play area that needs to be covered with mulch. If the diameter is 16 feet long, how much area needs to be covered?

9. On a particular day, 800 tickets are sold. Each adult ticket costs $16.95 and each child’s ticket costs $8.50. If a total of $10,856 was made in ticket sales, how many children’s tickets were sold?

10. The wheel of a rickshaw is divided into 16 equal sectors. If the distance traveled by the wheel in one revolution is 36π inches, find the area of one of the sectors.

11. At a certain time of day, a person on stilts casts a shadow 14 feet long, and the angle of elevation to the sun is 33º. How tall is the person (including the stilts)?

12. The Maze is 1.2 miles long. You and eight of your friends go through it two times each. How many total miles did you all walk combined?

13. You and a friend have a race at a Rock Climbing Wall. The total of your time and your friend’s time to climb is 270 seconds. You climbed 20% faster. How many seconds did it take your friend to climb the wall?

– 29 –

GEOMETRY QUIZ –CONTINUED

14. At the Queen’s Darts, the dartboard is 16 inches in diameter. If the bull’s-eye is 2 inches in diameter, what is the probability of hitting the bull’s-eye?

15. While riding the Carasello, you travel in a full circle six times. If the distance from the center to your seat is 10 feet, how far did you travel during the ride?

16. If a performer’s high wire is graphed, it’s endpoints are at (-2, 5) and (4, -3). How long is the wire?

17. Using the information in problem number two, and assuming that the tower has a flat top, how much paint would be needed to paint the tower?

18. You are standing at the top of the Corkscrew Tower slide, 25 feet in the air. Your friend is standing at the end of the slide, 10 feet from the tower. How many feet will you slide?


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4 1/8 320 600π 30 225π 256π 84π 120 19.2 85

12π 8.75 403.2 900π 15 1/64 422.4 228 21.6 960 9.09 480

480 10 20.25π 32π 14 22.91 140 8.23 120π 5 456 2.25π

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320 150 37 21.6 10 85 49/150 30 2800 14.75 150 7/20

L I P E S U E H E S V S5 60 2662 140 9.6 480 42 17.32 120 19.2 12 200

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– 30 –

GEOMETRY QUIZ TEACHER’S KEY


What do you get when you cross a tire, a sweet potato,a dairy beverage, and a weapon?1. In 2015, what anniversary did the Festival celebrate? 30

2. The Corkscrew Tower is in the shape of a right octagonal prism. What is the volume of the tower if each side of the base is 2 feet, the apothem is 2.4 feet, and the height is 24 feet? 480

3. A person standing on tilts is 12 feet high. The shadow cast by the performer is 21 feet long. If you are five feet tall, how long will your shadow be at the same time of day? 8.75

4. At 11:00, 220 are present at the festival. By 3:00, there are 560 people in attendance. Assuming the rate was constant, how many people arrived each hour? 85

5. At the Carasello, you travel 20π feet in one revolution. The person pushing the arms in the center travels 8π feet in one revolution. What is the area formed between the circle formed by your swing and the circle formed by his path? 84π

6. The frame for the Sea Dragon is in the shape of an isosceles trapezoid. If the parallel sides have lengths of 15 feet and 23 feet, and the distance between them is 12 feet, what is the area of the trapezoid? 228

7. The wheel of a rickshaw has a diameter of 30 inches. What is its area? 225π

8. The Kid’s Kingdom is a semi-circular play area that needs to be covered with mulch. If the diameter is 16 feet long, how much area needs to be covered? 32π

9. On a particular day, 800 tickets are sold. Each adult ticket costs $16.95 and each child’s ticket costs $8.50. If a total of $10,856 was made in ticket sales, how many children’s tickets were sold? 320

10. The wheel of a rickshaw is divided into 16 equal sectors. If the distance traveled by the wheel in one revolution is 36π inches, find the area of one of the sectors. 20.25π

11. At a certain time of day, a person on stilts casts a shadow 14 feet long, and the angle of elevation to the sun is 33º. How tall is the person (including the stilts)? 9.09

12. The Maze is 1.2 miles long. You and eight of your friends go through it two times each. How many total miles did you all walk combined? 21.6

13. You and a friend have a race at a Rock Climbing Wall. The total of your time and your friend’s time to climb is 270 seconds. You climbed 20% faster. How many seconds did it take your friend to climb the wall? 150

– 31 –

GEOMETRY QUIZ TEACHER’S KEY –CONTINUED

14. At the Queen’s Darts, the dartboard is 16 inches in diameter. If the bull’s-eye is 2 inches in diameter, what is the probability of hitting the bull’s-eye? 1/64

15. While riding the Carasello, you travel in a full circle six times. If the distance from the center to your seat is 10 feet, how far did you travel during the ride? 120π

16. If a performer’s high wire is graphed, it’s endpoints are at (-2, 5) and (4, -3). How long is the wire? 10 17. Using the information in problem number two, and assuming that the tower has a flat top, how much paint would be needed to paint the tower? 403.2

18. You are standing at the top of the Corkscrew Tower slide, 25 feet in the air. Your friend is standing at the end of the slide, 10 feet from the tower. How many feet will you slide? 22.91


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Student Name: ______________________________________________________________________________

ALGEBRA 1 QUIZDirections: Answer each of the following questions. Find the correct answer in the boxes at the bottom of the page, and place the corresponding letter in the blank above the problem number. The letters should spell out the answer to the following riddle:

Where does the King keep his armies?1. In 2015, what anniversary did the Festival celebrate?

2. When the gates open, 150 people enter the gates. 60 people enter each hour after that. Assuming no one leaves, how many people are present six hours later?

3. On a particular day, 800 tickets are sold. Each adult ticket costs $16.95 and each child’s ticket costs $8.50. If a total of $10,856 was made in ticket sales, how many adult tickets were sold?

4. The Gone Fishin’ pond contains 14 red, 8 green, 7 blue, and 1 yellow fish. What is the probability of catching a blue fish and a red fish without replacing the blue fish?

5. There are 800 people at the festival. Half of them leave at 1:00. A fourth of those remaining leave at 2:00. A third of those still remaining leave at 3:00. How many of the original 800 remain?

6. If turkey legs cost $5, chicken on a stick costs $4, and drinks cost $3, how much would you spend on 5 drinks, 2 turkey legs, and 3 chickens on sticks?

7.The Maze is 1.2 miles long. You and eight of your friends go through it two times each. How many total miles did you all walk combined?

8. You are standing at the top of the Corkscrew Tower slide, 20 feet in the air. Your friend is standing at the end of the slide, 10 feet from the tower. How many feet will you slide?

9. You start your day at the festival with $30. You buy a turkey leg for $5, two drinks for $2.75 each, and a souvenir for $7.50. How much money do you have left?

10. At 11:00, 220 are present at the festival. By 3:00, there are 560 people in attendance. Assuming the rate was constant, how many people arrived each hour?

11. On the first weekend, a total of 2000 people attend the festival. Each weekend the number of people attending increases by ten percent. How many people attended the fourth weekend?

12. At Queen’s Darts, you throw a total of 15 darts. Nine hit the target. What percentage hit the target?

13. You and a friend have a race at a Rock Climbing Wall. The total of your time and your friend’s time to climb is 270 seconds. You climbed 20% faster. How many seconds did it take you to climb the wall?

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320 150 37 21.6 10 85 49/150 30 2800 14.75 150 7/20

L I P E S U E H E S V S5 60 2662 140 9.6 480 42 17.32 120 19.2 12 200

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ALGEBRA 1 QUIZ -CONTINUED

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ALGEBRA 1 QUIZ TEACHER’S KEY


Where does the King keep his armies?1. In 2015, what anniversary did the Festival celebrate? 30

2. When the gates open, 150 people enter the gates. 60 people enter each hour after that. Assuming no one leaves, how many people are present six hours later? 510

3. On a particular day, 800 tickets are sold. Each adult ticket costs $16.95 and each child’s ticket costs $8.50. If a total of $10,856 was made in ticket sales, how many adult tickets were sold? 480

4. The Gone Fishin’ pond contains 14 red, 8 green, 7 blue, and 1 yellow fish. What is the probability of catching a blue fish and a red fish without replacing the blue fish? 49/450

5. There are 800 people at the festival. Half of them leave at 1:00. A fourth of those remaining leave at 2:00. A third of those still remaining leave at 3:00. How many of the original 800 remain? 200

6. If turkey legs cost $5, chicken on a stick costs $4, and drinks cost $3, how much would you spend on 5 drinks, 2 turkey legs, and 3 chickens on sticks? 37

7. The Maze is 1.2 miles long. You and eight of your friends go through it two times each. How many total miles did you all walk combined? 21.6

8. You are standing at the top of the Corkscrew Tower slide, 20 feet in the air. Your friend is standing at the end of the slide, 10 feet from the tower. How many feet will you slide? 17.32

9. You start your day at the festival with $30. You buy a turkey leg for $5, 2 drinks for $2.75 each, and a souvenir for $7.50. How much money do you have left? 12

10. At 11:00, 220 are present at the festival. By 3:00, there are 560 people in attendance. Assuming the rate was constant, how many people arrived each hour? 85

11. On the first weekend, a total of 2000 people attend the festival. Each weekend the number of people attending increases by ten percent. How many people attended the fourth weekend? 2662 12. At Queen’s Darts, you throw a total of 15 darts. Nine hit the target. What percentage hit the target? 60

13. You and a friend have a race at a Rock Climbing Wall. The total of your time and your friend’s time to climb is 270 seconds. You climbed 20% faster. How many seconds did it take you to climb the wall? 120

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ALGEBRA 1 QUIZ TEACHER’S KEY -CONTINUED


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SUGGESTED PROJECTS AND CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES1. Hold a complimenting contest in your classroom. Students should create their own compliments, then be

paired with an opponent. The more elaborate the compliment, the better, and the last person to run out of compliments wins. (The best formula for creating a renaissance-style compliment is to compare your subject to beautiful things. For example: “Your eyes are more radiant than a thousand stars on a crisp, clear night.” One of the richest sources for inspiration is Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.)

2. Design and build a model of a castle. During Henry VIII’s time, he built the castles of Deal, St. Mawes, Walmer, Sandown, and Pendennis, and re-built Dartmouth. However, due to the utilization in Henry’s time of gunpowder and cannons, the design of his castles was radically different from medieval castles. Henry’s castles were circular or semi-circular structures made up of several circular sections. Medieval castles, for the most part, were square or rectangular. Rounded walls gave Henry’s castles a more deflective surface against cannon fire, and a better field of firing range for his own guns inside the castle. His castles also had a low profile (less target for cannons) and thick walls. Utilizing Henry VIII’s criteria for design, build a castle.

3. Research and create a menu for a King’s banquet. Remember that England is an island. There were plenty of sheep, and don’t forget the delicious eels that Henry VIII was so fond of. Also, spices were quite a luxury because of their expense.

4. Create your own raiment (clothing). Have your class either design or actually build their own 16th-century peasant clothing. Utilize the costume supplement to give guidelines to your students. Also, the paintings of Bruegel are a great visual source. (We do not suggest more noble clothing due to the expense of the materials and difficulty of construction.)

5. Coats of Arms were symbols that families, towns, and even governments rallied around. Many coats of arms contained lions, eagles, and mythical beasts. Create a coat of arms for your class or your school. Or, research to see if your family has its own coat of arms. If not, create one. (An excellent resource is A COMPLETE GUIDE TO HERALDRY by A. C. Fox-Davies.)

6. Have your class practice greeting one another in the style of the 16th century. (see section titled “Customs and Mannerisms of the 16th Century”)

7. Present a debate between Henry VIII and the Pope, in regard to the divorce from Catherine of Aragon.

8. Present an explanation of Parliamentary procedure.

9. Write a letter or a journal entry from the point of view of an historical figure. (For example: a letter from Wolsey to Henry VIII regarding Parliament’s refusal to grant him funding for a war; a journal entry from Anne Boleyn concerning her long awaited marriage to Henry VIII; a journal entry from Catherine of Aragon regarding Henry’s wish for a divorce; a letter between two English citizens referring to the King’s marriage to Anne of Cleaves). Be creative! Pick any one of these examples or make one up, but make sure the letter or journal entry deals with a specific event.

10. Act out a meeting between Henry VIII and his advisors, regarding one of his marriages.

11. Prepare a panel discussion or a debate regarding “the King’s Great Matter.”

– 37 –

12. Stage a pretend dinner party including Henry VIII and all six of his wives.

13. Demonstrate the various stylish mannerisms of the day, such as “making a leg,” “French kissing,” escorting, or hand kissing. (see section entitled “Customs and Mannerisms of the 16th Century.”)

14. Although there were no newspapers in Henry VIII’s time, create one for your class, and include stories regarding Henry’s activities (both political and personal), activities in Parliament, military actions, and social events. You could also have your students present those stories as a half-hour news show.

15. Write an obituary notice for Henry VIII and for each of his six wives. Or choose another historical character (Wolsey, Thomas More, etc.) to write an obituary notice for.

16. Have students develop characters that would have existed in a 16th century village. Character development can include costuming, language, research into duties that person would have performed, social status, etc. (Have them fill out the Character Development Sheet on the next page) Then, when your students come to the Festival, they can come in costume as well as in character. Listed below are some suggested character ideas:

PEASANT SHEPHERD TAILOR CARPENTER STONE MASON BUTCHER SHERIFF NOBLEMAN NOBLEWOMAN GRAVE DIGGER WOODSMAN MINSTREL SMITHY FARMER IRON WORKER GROOM POET ARCHITECT BAKER JUGGLER HUNTSMAN TAX COLLECTOR KNIGHT ALCHEMIST NEWSMONGER LEATHER WORKER

– 38 –

CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT SHEET

Names were often descriptive of one’s occupation or character traits.

My name is: ______________________________________________________________________________________

Most people did not live past their 40’s. My age is: _____________________

My class position in the social structure of the time:__________________________________________________________________________________________________

My trade is: _______________________________________________________________________________________

I came by this talent by: ___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

My favorite things are: _____________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Things I do not like, or fear, are: _____________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Some day I hope to: _______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

I am attending the festival because: _________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

– 39 –

THE FOLLOWING ARE SUGGESTED QUESTIONS AND PROJECTS FOR STUDENT ASSIGNMENTS DURING THEIR VISIT TO THE RENAISSANCE FESTIVAL

• There are many differences between 16th century lifestyles and those to which we are accustomed. Your students could be assigned various projects which study these differences in cultures. For example, students could be asked to look for differences in language, gender roles, careers, clothing styles, foods, and mannerisms.

• The language of 16th-century England resembles very closely the language found in the King James Bible and the works of William Shakespeare. Although it will sound odd to the 20th-century ear, students will quickly grasp the speech of the citizens of the Festival. List four examples of language differences: what expressions do people use to express amazement? Anger? Approval? Hello? Good-bye?

• Look for ways in which men’s attitudes toward women differ from those of today.

• List three examples of women’s roles in the village.

• List three examples of men’s roles in the village.

• What differences can you spot between the clothing and fashions of the 16th century and your own? Note colors, materials, accessories, and footwear.

• What utensils are used for eating? What table manners do you see which differ from your own?

• List four examples of careers found in the village.

• What attitudes can you see regarding love and affection? (For example: how do men and women “hold hands?” Why does a woman walk on the man’s right side?)

• What is the basic education level of most villagers? Of royalty?

• What sort of superstitions existed in those times? What is an evil eye, and how do you protect against it?

• Have the students go on a positive character traits scavenger hunt. How do craftspeople and the different entertainers exhibit these traits? How about the King – what positive traits does he exhibit?

• Describe the joust. What is the purpose of this event? What rules apply to fighting in the arena?

• What sorts of entertainment are offered at the Festival? What did people do for fun? List one from each category: Games, Theatre, and Sports.

• List the different types of birds in the Birds of Prey show. What purpose did these birds serve for royalty?

• How are the King and Queen treated in the village? Ask some of the villagers how they feel toward the King and Queen.

• Find three items of clothing that are no longer used in the 20th century. What purpose do they serve?

– 40 –

• What is a lute? Name a popular song from the 16th century.

• Write a description of a demonstration you witnessed. (Below is a partial listing of various craft and skill demonstrations offered throughout the day at the Festival)

LEATHERWORK POTTERY GLASSBLOWING WEAVING BLACKSMITHING YARN MAKING HAIR BRAIDING

• Interview any three characters in the village. Suggested interview questions: What is your name? What is your occupation? Who are the authorities in the village? How do you feel about them? What do you do for fun in your leisure time? What do you find odd or amusing about us 20th-century visitors? What is your life’s ambition?

• Ask the King or Queen about their plans for children. Why would that be important?

• What were the three general types of music performed during the Renaissance?

– 41 –

REFERENCE MATERIALTOPICS TO STUDY PRIOR TO YOUR VISIT:

Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Katheryn Howard Knighthood & Chiva1ry Arthurian legend Music of the 16th century Clothing of the Renaissance Shakespeare’s Macbeth

BOOKS:

Biro, Lajos: THE PRIVATE LIFE OF HENRY VIII; Methven; London, 1934.

Bowel, John: HENRY VIII, A Biography; Allen & Unwin; London, 1964.

Dopagne, Jacques: BRUEGEL; Fernand Hazan; Paris, 1976.

Dwyer, Frank: HENRY VIII; Chelsea House; New York, 1988.

Erickson, Carolyn: GREAT HARRY; Summit Books; New York, 1980.

Feverlicht, Roberta Strauss: THE LIFE AND WORLD OF HENRY VIII; Crowell-Collier Press; New York, 1970.

Fletcher, David: HENRY VIII; St. Martin’s Press; New York, 1977.

Fox-Davies, A.C.: A COMPLETE GUIDE TO HERALDRY; Bonanza Boo London, 1985.

George, Margaret: THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF HENRY VIII, A NOVEL; Martin’s Press; New York, 1986.

Gressieker, Hermann: ROYAL GAMBIT; French; New York, 1959.

Hackett, Francis: HENRY VIII; Liveright; New York, 1970.

Harvey, Nancy Lenz: THE ROSE AND THE THORN: THE LIVES OF MARY AND MARGARET TUDOR;

MacMillan; New York, 1975.

Ives, E.W.: ANNE BOLEYN; Blackwell; New York, 1986.

Lacey, Robert: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF HENRY VIII; Praegar, New York, 1974.

McKee, Alexander: KING HENRY VIII’s MARY ROSE; Stein & Day; New York, 1974.

Plaidy, Jean: KATHERINE OF ARAGON; Hale; London, 1968.

Plaidy, Jean: UNEASY LIES THE HEAD; Putnam; New York, 1984.

Ridley, Jasper Godwin: HENRY VIII; Viking Press; New York, 1985.

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Rival, Paul: THE SIX WIVES OF HENRY VIII; Berkely Publishing Corp., 1971.

Scarisbrick, J.J.: HENRY VIII; University ofCalifornia Press; Berkely, CA, 1968.

Shakespeare, William: THE LIFE OF KING HENRY VIII; Yale University Press; New Haven, CT, 1925.

Smith, Lacy Baldwin: HENRY VIII: THE MASK OF ROYALTY; Houghton, Mifflin Co.; Boston, 1971.

Southworth, John Van Duyn: MONARCH AND CONSPIRATORS: THE WIVES AND WOES OF HENRY VIII;

Crown Publishers; New York, 1973.

Tames, Richard: HENRY VIII AND HIS SIX WIVES; Jackdaw Publications, Ltd.; London, 1975.

Turner, Dorothy: HENRY VIII; Bookwright Press; New York, 1988.

Vercors: ANNE BOLEYN: Overlook Press; New York, 1989.

FILMS:

A MAN FOR ALL SEASONS; 1985 (120 minutes) (rated G)

A MATTER OF CONSCIENCE: HENRY VIII AND THOMAS MORE; 1972 (30 minutes) (rated G)

HENRY VIII; BBC and Time/Life, 1979 (165 minutes) (rated G)

BIOGRAPHY – ELIZABETH I; A&E Production, 1999 (50 minutes) (rated G)

YOUNG BESS; Warner Studios,1953 (rated G)

MARY OF SCOTLAND; Turner Home Entertainment, 1936 (rated G)

THE VIRGIN QUEEN; Twentieth Century Fox, 1955 (rated G)

ELIZABETH AND ESSEX; 1939 (106 minutes) (rated G)

LADY JANE (rated PG-13 for brief nudity)

ELIZABETH; 1998 (rated R for nudity and extreme violence)

SHAKESPEARE IN LOVE; 1998 (122 minutes) (rated R for nudity)

A KNIGHT’S TALE; 2001 (132 minutes) (rated PG-13)

Documents

EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT MATERIALS - Amazon …€“ 2 – This study guide is a useful key to unlocking the many educational aspects of the Georgia Renaissance Festival. Language, customs,