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FING: Arctic Region Oil & Gas Seminar in Training and Education 1

Activity Potential requirement on ground

Desk study and get licens: Find areas with favorable geological conditions

None

Geological survey: Provide detailed information on geology

Access to onshore sites and marine resource areas Possible onshore extension of marine seismic lines

Exploratory drilling: Verify the presence of a hydrocarbon reservoir and quantify the reserves

Access for drilling unit and supply units Storage facilities Waste disposal facilities Testing capabilities

Appraisal: determine if the reservoir is economically feasible to develop

Additional drill sites Additional access for drilling units, supply units, waste disposal and storage facilities

Drilling and production: produce oil and gas from the reservoir through formation pressure, artificial lift, and possibly advanced recovery techniques, until economically feasible reserves are depleted

Improved access, storage and waste disposal facilities Equipment for production: Wellheads, Flowlines Equipment for storage, process and export: Accommodation, infrastructure

Decommissioning and rehabilitation: may occur for each of above phases.

Equipment to plug wells, remove installation 2

The oil and gas cycle

Life cycle of oil and gas

(time)

1) 2) 3) 4)

5) 6)

7) Decommissioning:

• After the field is depleted and the wells are safe shutted down and plugged

• There is need to safely remowe all infrastructure on the site.

• The goal is to recycle most of the material on and around the installation.

• Each decommissioning project is unique and each platform has its own unique challenges.

“Don’t forget decommissioning. At some stage it will be required. There should be planning for this right at the beginning.” [John Campbell , Technical Director of International Association of Oil and Gas Producers]

Decommissioning

• The decommissioning has to be organized safely and the different parts and material needs to be recycled or deposit safely.

• Not like this

Decommissioning

Four facilities have permits to decommission offshore installations in Norway: 1. AF Miljøbase Vats (Rogaland) / Vats decommissioning plant 2. Aker Stord (Hordaland) 3. Scanmet AS (Hordaland) 4. Lyngdal Recycling (Vest Agder).

Vats decommissioning plant

Aker Stord

Example: The Frigg Field

Frigg field showing decommissioning in progress

Example: Ekofisk tank

Material flow at decommissioning facilities

Regulations

Regimes for connection with the decommissioning of offshore installations: • OSPAR Convention (the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) • IMO (International Maritime Organization)

• adopted the International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (May 2009). • The EU’s Marine Strategy Directive • Storting White Paper No. 47 (1999–2000) “Decommissioning of redundant pipelines and cables”:

• apply to pipelines and cables. General rules for pipelines and cables: • Remove • Leave in place when they do not obstruct or present a safety risk for bottom fishing, with costs of burial, covering or removal taken into consideration.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPYwgRVY6n4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgK9iS4YNpk

Operation includes: Heavy lifts

FING: Arctic Region Oil & Gas Seminar in Training and Education 11

Condeep plattform leggs, not removed

Operation includes: Heavy lifts

Heavy lifting operation: modules being delivered to the Vats decommissioning yard by a crane vessel

Operation includes: Transport of part of the installation

Example from the frigg field:

Operation includes: Use of big machines

Operation includes: Some manual handling of equipment

Operation includes: Sorting and transport of recycled material Example, steel.

Operation includes: Handling of hazardous waste

Hazardous waste must be delivered to approved facilities for treatment before energy recovery or final disposal at approved landfills. The costs of treating hazardous waste are high, and it is important to clarify the responsibilities of waste treatment plants and offshore operators. Since the quantity and type of hazardous waste to be dealt with will be uncertain, contracts must be drawn up in a way that ensures that the operators cover the costs.

Operation includes: Handling of hazardous waste

Examples of hazardous waste fractions from decommissioning are:

• Asbestos

• Zinc anodes

• Batteries

• Flame retardants, for example brominated flame retardants

• Diesel

• Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)

• Phthalates (plasticisers in flooring and cables)

• Hydraulic oil, grease and lubricants

• Isocyanates from polyurethane paints

• CFC and HCFC gases released from cooling agents

• Chemicals

• Chloroparaffins

• Mercury

• Low specific activity (LSA) material

• PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)

• PFOS (perfluorooctyl sulphonate)

• PVC (polyvinyl chloride)

• Organotin compounds from anti-fouling systems

• Heavy metals

Operation includes: Re-use the construction

• Re-use of Brent spar

• Used as fundament to Mekjavik industrial harbour

FING: Arctic Region Oil & Gas Seminar in Training and Education 19

How many on Norwegian shelf?

UK shelf?

In Development: A new industry

Nyttig animasjon!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ov6AtfZoRXY