UbicaciónTeórica

•  Tresparadigmasbásicos– Económico– Expresión/Usuarios– Moral

1.Elparadigmaeconómico

BienesintangiblescomoBienesPúblicos•  NoExclusión•  NoRivalidad

Incentivos“Byestablishingamarketablerighttotheuseofone’sexpression,copyrightsuppliestheeconomicincentivetocreateanddisseminateideas.”Eldredv.Aschcroft,537U.S.186(2003)

Elparadigmaeconómico

Incentivos•  ExAnte

Incentivosparacrear

•  ExPost Prospect Theory / Incentivos luego de crear,paramanejarlaobraenelmercado

ElparadigmaeconómicoEXANTE

Breyer,Dissenting,Eldredv

,537US186(2003)“What copyright-related benefits

act

might justify the

as

statute’san extensionofprotection First, no one could reasonably that

copyright’s traditional individuals

applieshere The

tiny

chanceof extensionwriting willa not

classic

as anfor encouraging authors to create newworks.SeeMazer,347U.S.,at219(The“economicphilosophy”oftheCopyrightClauseisto“advancepublicwelfare”by“encourag[ing] individualeffort”through“personalgain”);seealsoante,at21—22,n.18(“[C]opyrightlawserves public ends by providing individuals with an incentive to pursueprivate ones”). No potential author can reasonably believe that he hasmorethanatinychanceofwritingaclassicthatwillsurvivecommerciallylongenoughforthecopyrightextensiontomatter.”[cont….]

Elparadigmaeconómico

BreyerBreyer ,537US186(2003)

2%of

Cont…

“After all,if75

after

into

55to

years,only

all

,

copyrightsretain ,thepercentagesurvivingafter75yearsormore(a

typicalpre-extensioncopyrightterm)–mustbefarsmaller.CRSReport7(estimatingthat,evenaftercopyrightrenewal,about3.8%ofcopyrightedbooksgooutofprinteachyear).Andanyremainingmonetaryincentiveisdiminisheddramaticallybythefactthattherelevantroyaltieswillnotarriveuntil75yearsormoreintothefuture,when,nottheauthor,butdistantheirs,orshareholdersinasuccessorcorporation,willreceivethem.Usingassumptionsaboutthetimevalueofmoneyprovidedusbyagroupofeconomists(includingfiveNobelprizewinners),BriefforGeorgeA.Akerlofetal.asAmiciCuriae5—7,itseemsfairtosaythat,forexample,a1%likelihoodofearning$100annuallyfor20years,starting75yearsintothefuture,isworthlessthansevencentstoday.”

Elparadigmaeconómico

ExpostBienestarSocialyEficienciaAsignativa

DerechosdeAutor:•  Incentivos Ex post: Control de la obra luego de su

producción•  JustificaciónparaelderechoexclusivodeObrasDerivadas•  Evitarcongestiónydesgaste•  Eitardesperdicioderecursossociales•  Promover uso de recursos sociales en lasatisfaccióndepreferenciasenelmercado

Elparadigmaeconómico

EficienciaCostosdeTransacciónyCR

1.  Compañías de Gestión de Derecho de Public Performance,ComposiciónMusical:BMI,ASCAP.•  HistoriadeÉxitosobreTeoremadeCoase,costosdetransacción

superadosprivadamenteviaPropertyRule•  Cf. Licencia Compulsoria para digital pub. perf de sound

recording(grabaciónsonora)ycovers.2.  FairUsecomoMarketFailure.

•  “Theeffectoftheuseuponthepotentialmarketfor,orvalueof,thecopyrightedwork”

2.Elparadigmadeexpresión

¿Existeunconflicto?•  Golanv.Holder,132S.Ct.873,181L.Ed.2d835(2012)•  EldredvAshcroft,537US186(2003)•  Harper&Rowv.NationEnterprises,471U.S.539(1985)

“TheFirstAmendmentsecurelyprotectsthefreedomtomake–ordeclinetomake–one’sownspeech;itbearslessheavilywhenspeakersasserttherighttomakeotherpeople’sspeeches.TotheextentsuchassertionsraiseFirstAmendmentconcerns,copyright’sbuilt-infreespeechsafeguardsaregenerallyadequatetoaddressthem.WerecognizethattheD.C.Circuitspoketoobroadlywhenitdeclaredcopyrights“categoricallyimmunefromchallengesundertheFirstAmendment.”Butwhen,asinthiscase,Congresshasnotalteredthetraditionalcontoursofcopyrightprotection,furtherFirstAmendmentscrutinyisunnecessary.”

EldredvAshcroft,537US186(2003)

Elparadigmadeexpresión

Impacta

•  PNCU•  DMCA1201,ElusióndeDRMs•  DMCA512(Intermediarios)•  Ceroformalidades•  Término,vida+70,Eldred•  Reinstalación•  Dañosestatutarios:$750à30k;willfulà$150k•  VaguedadenFUSE•  Sampling•  ShrinkWrap•  Otras…

3.ParadigmaMoral

PatrimonialvsMoral

pero...

¿VS?

Objetivosdelsistemadederechosdeautor

Incentivos“Byestablishingamarketablerighttotheuseofone’s

expression,copyrightsuppliestheeconomicincentivetocreateanddisseminateideas.”Eldredv.Aschcroft,537U.S.186(2003)

Expresión“TheCopyrightClauseandtheFirstAmendment,whileintuitivelyin

conflict,weredraftedtoworktogethertopreventcensorship.”SuntrustBankv.HoughtonMifflin,60U.S.P.Q.2d1225(11thCir.2001)

Propiedad“‘Thoushaltnotsteal’”…Theconductofthedefendants…

violatesnotonlytheSeventhCommandment,butalsothecopyrightlawsofthiscountry.”GrandUprightv.Warner,780F.Supp.182(S.D.N.Y.1991)

Elparadigmamoraldepropiedad

FrutodeltrabajoJohnLocke(1632-1704)*RobertMerges

PersonalidadGeorgHegel(1770-1831)*R.Kwall

Elparadigmamoraldepropiedaddentrodeunsistemapatrimonial

Mass.,1783:“WhereastheImprovementofKnowledge,theProgressofCivilization,thepublicWealoftheCommunity,andtheAdvancementofHumanHappiness,greatlydependontheEffortsoflearnedandingeniousPersonsinthevariousArtsandSciences:AstheprincipalEncouragementsuchPersonscanhavetomakegreatandbeneficialExertionsofthisNaturemustexistinthelegalSecurityoftheFruitsoftheirStudyandIndustrytothemselves;andassuchSecurityisoneofthenaturalRightsofallMen,therebeingnoPropertymorepeculiarlyaMan'sownthanthatwhichisproducedbytheLabourofhisMind."

Elparadigmamoraldepropiedaddentrodeunsistemapatrimonial

Tresejemplos:1.  Laestructuradeltérminodeprotección2.  Elretracto3.  DerechosMorales

1.Estructuradeltérminodeprotección Aumentoenduración

StatuteofAnne(1710) 14+14

1790 14+14

1831 28+14

1909 28+28 1978 Vida+50; 75/100(anon,pseud, w4h)

1998 Vida+70; 95/120(anon,pseud, w4h)

1.Estructuradeltérminodeprotección

Cambioen1976,apartirde1rodeenerode1978Sec302:Unsolotérmino(vidadelautormás50años;75/100)/Coatores,últimomuerto(hoy70;95/120)

2.RetractoTransferenciaPost1977

TérminoParaEjercerElDerecho(203(A)(3)

•  Dentrodelos5añossiguientesalos35añosdehaberserealizadolaTransferencia

3.DerechosMorales