Ecological sanitation- within the year 2015 an option for ... · Ecological sanitation-an option for all Professor Dr. Petter D. Jenssen The Norwegian University of Life Sciences

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Ecological sanitation-an option for allProfessor Dr. Petter D. JenssenThe Norwegian University of Life SciencesCourse: ”Appropriate sanitation for the developing world”, August 14, 2006

1,2 billion people do not have access to

clean water

3,4 million people die anually due to diseses caused by lack of proper water and sanitation

2,5 billion peoplelack proper sanitation

UN summit Johannesburg - goals:• Halve the number of people without access to clean water

within the year 2015• Halve the number of people lacking proper sanitation

within the year 2015

20 - 40% water consumption in sewered cities is due to the water toilet

(Gardner 1997)

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DO less than 1 mg/l

BOD - 250 mg

Kathmandu, Nepal

Dry season:

Photo: M. Pandey

Kuching Sarawak Malaysia

Conventional wastewater handling -end-of-pipe

(Source: Werner et al. 2004)

Sustainable development

The development of human society with nature for the benefit of both.

(W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jørgensen in Ecological engineering, 1989)

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Design of sustainable sanitation systems

• System approach

(Urban Water 2001)

Resources in wastewaterAnnual discharge from one person

• Nitrogen (N) 4.5 kg• Phosphorus (P) 0.6 kg• Potassium (K) 1.0 kg• Organic matter (BOD) 35 kg

Loss of Soil Fertility (slow but dramatic, global scale)Can be counteracted by returning treated biowaste

(Map from WWW.FAO.ORG)

30 million USD

The wastewater resourceThe fertilizer value of the nutrients dichargedto the sewer systems in Norway

per year

2.5 billion USD

The wastewater resourceThe fertilizer value of the blackwater from900 Mio people in rural China

per year

(UNESCO 2001)

Recycle?

It is enough plant nutrients in domestic sewage and organic household waste to grow food for the world population. (Wolgast 1991)

Production of 1kg mineral nitrogen fertilizer requires

38 MJ = 10.5kWh of energy. (Refsgaard 1997)

Phosphorus is a limited resource. Present mineral P-sources

will last 100 - 200 years. (Bøckman et al. 1991)

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Designof sustainable sanitation systems

• System approach• Decentralized systems• Recycling and resource

saving

Ruralarea

Urbanarea

Closing the loop

The toilet!

Contribution fromthe toilet

* 90 % of N* 80 % of P* 80 % of K* 40-75 % of org. matter * Majority of the pathogens

Source separation of wastewater

(Alsen and Jenssen 2005)

(Alsen and Jenssen2005)

Source separation of wastewater

An ordinary toilet uses 6 - 20 litres/flush

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Design of ecological sanitation

• System approach• Decentralized

systems• Recycling and

resource saving• Source separation

(Source: Werner et al. 2004)

Future toilet types(comercially available today)

• Composting /dry sanitation 0 - 0.1 liter/visit• Urine diverting 0.1 - 4.0 liter/visit• Water saving (vacuum&gravity) 0.5 - 1.5 liter/visit



Composting toilet at roadside facility - Sweden

Elected the best roadside facilityIn Sweden 2002

Composting toilet at roadside facility - Sweden

Clean odourlesstoilets

Volume reduction:• 70 - 90%

(Del Porto and Steinfeld 1999)

Composting toilet

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Volume reduction:• 70 - 90%• 550 down to 55 liters

(Del Porto and Steinfeld 1999)

Composting toiletAntartica 2001

Secondary compostingDry sanitation - hygiene

• International research show that dry sanitation may give an equal or higher reduction of pathogens and a high reduction in risk of exposure.

(Stenström 2001)

REACTOR - 2

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Urine divertion and dry composting of fecal matter atTingvall conference center Sweden

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Urine divertion and dry composting of fecal matter atTingvall conference center Sweden

Phot

o: P

.D. J

enss

en

Ecosan toilet center Bangalore India

Faeces

Urine

Wash water

Straight-drop dry urine-diverting toilet in multi-story apartments in Dong Sheng, Northern China (SEI)

(EcoSan Res/A. Rosemarin 2005)

• Urine flushed with 1-2 dl

• Faeces - flushed with 2-4 liters

Dual flush urine -diverting system

(Jønsson et al. 1998)



Low flush toiletsVacuum

0.5 - 1.5 liters/flushGravity

1 liter/flush

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• 1660 vacuum toilets• > 2km of vacuum sewer line

Vacuum technologyMarine installations

Vacuum toilets• Small diameter pipes• Piping independent of

inclination

Vacuum - 50mmGravity - 110mm

La HabanaCuba Hospitals using vacuum:

• Hospital in Vence, France• Park Hospital, Calcutta

Vacuum toilets - energy use

4 KWh/person and year

Kildesep prinsipp

Toilet waste (blackwater) +organic household waste (OHW)

Vacuum or low flush gravity toilets

Source separating system

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Kildesep prinsipp

Toilet waste (blackwater) +organic household waste (OHW)

Liquid composting

Source separating system

Vacuum or low flush gravity toilets

Våtkompostering

PDJ 1997

VåtkomposteringLiquid composting

•Aerobic process•Temperature 50-60ºC•No odours•No nitrogen loss•Runs with a net energy surplus

7 farmer operated systems in Norway

Kildesep prinsippSource separating system

Biogas, CH4

Blackwater+OHW

Greywater


Algae producing H2?Biogas, CH4

Blackwater+OHW

Greywater


Biogas, CH4

Blackwater+OHW

Greywater

Agricultural application

Direct Ground Injection (DGI)

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Significant reduction in ammonia loss


Yields comparable to mineral fertilizer

Yield, sum of two cuts from ley. NLH 1996

NPK 200kgBand spreading,

3.4%DGI 3.4%Boadcast 3.4%

0 fertilizer

Broadcast 8.1%

DGI 8.1%NPK 120kg

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

0 50 100 150 200 250

Inorganic nitrogen, kg/ha

Dry

mat

ter

yiel

d, k

g/ha

Kildesep prinsippLocal nutrient recycling

Studentboliger KajaStudent dormitories in Norway28% water saving

050

100150200

Uso de agua por persona por dia

WC160 liter Vacuum

115 liter 6 liter

Water use/person and day

Greywater treatment - student dormitories NorwayAverage effluent valuesTotal - P 0,04 mg/lTotal - N 2,2mg/lBOD 3,9 mg/lFecal coli <100/100ml

Foto: P. Jenssen

48 studentsWetland area: 2 m2/student

PBF

Wetland

Winter

Torvetua in Bergen•42 condominiums•vacuumtoilets •wetland greywater treatment

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Contemporary Scandinavian bathroom designusing ecological sanitation

Volvo,s Conference Center - Bokenäs

• Capacity 500 persons

• Blackwater and grinded kitchen waste to biogas production

• Struvite production (discontinued)

Struvite;Mg P NMgOH3PO4

Struvite:Mg (K, NH4) PO4

Additives:MgOH3PO4

La Habana, Cuba

”Zero emission house”16 viviendas

8 solar poweredvacuum toilets1 liter/flush

8 gravitationtoilets1 liter/flush

BiogasGreywater

Wetland

”Zero emission house”16 viviendas

8 inodoro de vacio1 liter/

8 inodoros de gravitation1 liter/

BiogasGreywater

Wetland

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80% of the vegetables consumed in urban areas in Cuba are grown within urban areas Kildesep prinsipp

Local nutrient recycling

Greywater treatment

Total nitrogen concentrations in untreated greywater (mg/l)

Average 8,4 mg/l

Drinking water (WHO) 10,0 mg/l

(Jenssen&Vråle 2004)

Average 1,03 mg/l

Total phosphorus concentrations in untreated greywater (mg/l)

(Jenssen&Vråle 2004)

Compact systemsRotating biological contactors

Klosterenga oversiktGreywater treatment in OSLO

PretreatmentBiofilter (PBF)

Horisontalsubsurfaceflow Constructed Wetland

• 33 apartments • 100 persons• Area 1m2/person

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Greywater treatmentPretreatment biofilter

Horizontal subsurface flow wetland filter

Septic tankPump/siphon

Level control &sampling port

Greywater treatment atKlosterenga Oslo

Effluent values:Fecal coliforms: 0Total-N: 2,5 mg/lTotal-P: 0,02 mg/l

Greywater treatment atKlosterenga Oslo

Effluent values:Fecal coliforms: 0Total-N: 2,5 mg/lTotal-P: 0,02 mg/l

Inhouse use ?

Local discharge

Irrigation

Groundwater recharge

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Kuching Sarawak Malaysia

Norwegian concept - Ecological Sanitation in Kuching, Malaysia

Preliminary Assessment of Investment Cost

1,000 Million MYREcological Sanitation

3,000 Million MYRConventional Centralized Sewage System

Investment costof centralized sewer systems

• Collection system 80%• Treatment 20%

Wastewater treatment plant

Sewer lines

Norwegian concept - Ecological Sanitation in Kuching, Malaysia

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Biogas plant

Pilot project Hui Sing GardenGreywater treatment

11stst chamber of oil chamber of oil and grease trapand grease trap

Pump Pump sumpsump

Final dischargeFinal discharge

(Alsen and Jenssen2005)

Ecosan - 2nd generation systems are emerging

Photo: P. D. Jenssen

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Hookup for vacuum truck

Photos: P. D. Jenssen

Decentralized systems in urban areas - OSLO

Klosterenga

Upscaling decentralized systems

The Agricultural University of Norway

Treatment/collection site

c




c




c

Ecosan technology• Can be used in urban as well as

rural areas• Water saving potential -

> 90%• High potential for health

improvement -Blackwater treated separately

• Increased food security by better fertilizer availability

• Designed for sustainability, thus environmentally friendly

• Bioenergy production by integrated solutions for wastewater and organic waste

(Werner et al. 2004)

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Ecosan - implementation• Local awareness raising

authorities, users, engineers academia

• Local capacity buidlingpractitioners, local businesses, academia

• Legal adaption - laws, regulations, building codes, administrative routines

• Business development, contractors, component production, import, joint venture

(Werner et al. 2004)

Ecosan technology• Improved health by diverting

blackwater from the water cycle• Can be used in urban as well as

rural areas

• Affordable solutions with low investment and maintenance costs

• Increased food security by better fertilizer availability

• Substantial water savings by using water saving toilets and reuse of greywater

Appropriate sanitation leads to• Bioenergy production by

integrated solutions for wastewater and organic waste

• Economic development by generation of local business opportunities

• Stakeholder involvementand system acceptance

ConclusionLeapfrog the conventional centralized sewers

Go straight to modern sanitation based on ecological principles

Ecosan educationThe Norwegian University of Life Sciences

• MSc programs • Short courses

www.ecosan.no

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Thank you!

www.ecosan.no

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Ecological sanitation- within the year 2015 an option for ... · Ecological sanitation-an option for all Professor Dr. Petter D. Jenssen The Norwegian University of Life Sciences