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7/30/2019 Ecological Sanitation (Ecosan) Rahul
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ECOLOGICAL SANITATION
(ECOSAN)A PRESENTATION BY-
RAHUL KUMARReg. no. :091030110601
Roll no :09103013027
Civil Engineering Dept.
GUIDED BY:
Mr. N. K. YADAVAssistant Professor and
Teacher-in-Charge
Dept. of Civil Engineering
HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
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INTRODUCTION
eco-sanitation is notjust one technology,
butan approach based on aneco-system-oriented view ofmaterial flows to deal with what
is presently regarded as wasteand wastewater fordisposal
applies the basic naturalprincipal of closing the loop byusing modern and safe
sanitation and reusetechnologies
opens up a wider range ofsanitation options than thosecurrently considered.
closing the loopbetween sanitation
and agriculture
FOODFOOD
NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS
Pathogendestruction
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Excreta Are A Valuable
Resource
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
global mineral
fertilizer
consumption
global fertilizer
equivalent in
wastewater
million tonsper year
(as N + P2O5 +K2O)
135
50
Represents nutrients with a
market value of around 15
Billion US dollars.
recovery of energy
content (covering about20% of cooking energy needsfor a typical family in a
developing country)
energy savings infertilizer production &wastewater treatment
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Objectives of Ecological
Sanitation
The main objectives of eco-sanitation are to: provide affordable, hygienically safe, and
desirable sanitary facilities;
reduce the health risks related to sanitation,contaminated water and waste;
prevent the pollution of surface and groundwater;
prevent the degradation of soil fertility; optimise the management of nutrients and water
resources.
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Need For A New Approach
To Sanitation Conventional systems have failed - costs, resource
efficiency, safeguarding public health andsustainability,
we cannot continue to waste our non-renewable
resources the global water, hygiene and soil degradation crisis
requires new approaches
New Innovative and sustainable approaches needed
to provide safe and decent sanitation, reduce poverty,contribute to food security, preserve our environmentand maintain the natural basis of life
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Separation Of Substances
composting,
anaerobicdigestion
organic waste
soil
improvement,biogas
treatment
utilisation
substances faeces(brownwater)
anaerobic
digestion,drying,composting
biogas,
soilimprovement
constructedwetlands, gardening,
wastewater ponds, biol.treatment, membrane-
technology
greywater(shower,
washing, etc.)
irrigation,
groundwater-recharge ordirect reuse
urine(yellowwater)
liquid or dryfertiliser
hygienisation by
storage ordrying
filtration,
biologicaltreatment
rainwater
water supply,
groundwater-recharge
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Advantages
Improvement of health by minimizing
the introduction of pathogens from
human excrements into the water
cycle
Promotion of safe, hygienic recoveryand use of nutrients, organics, trace
elements, water and energy
Preservation of soil fertility,Improvement of agriculturalproductivity
Conservation of resources
Preference for modular, decentralisedpartial-flow systems for more
appropriate, cost-efficient solutions
Promotion of a holistic,
interdisciplinary approach
Material flow cycle instead of
disposal
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Types Of Ecological
Sanitation
Mainly 2 Categories: Dehydrating: Dehydration toilets reduce the pathogen content in excreta
through a series of processes. The moisture content is reduced (therefore thesetypes of facility always use urine diversion) and ash and lime are added aftereach use to increase the pH (above 9.5). The dryness and high pH, combined
with the time left in storage, eventually causes the die off of all pathogens. Thedryness of these facilities also means there is less of an environment for flies tobreed.
Composting: Composting toilets can treat human waste as either separatedor mixed faeces and urine. The waste is mixed with organic waste from thegarden and/or household to encourage the die off of pathogens. They can alsooperate by simply adding a handful of soil and ash after each use. Theprocesses involved in killing off pathogens include moisture reduction (in somecases), temperature increase, storage and predation from competing bacteria(from household waste or soil).
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Composting Toilet
composting toilet,Germany(Berger Biotechnik)
Schweden
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Dehydrating Toilet
Kerala double vault dehydration
toilet
SolaSan-prefabricated system,
South Africa
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Disadvantages
The main risks associated with ecosan result from eithermismanagement of the facilities (by, for example, not allowingenough storage time or allowing water into a dehydratingsystem), or poor construction of facilities. The outcome ofboth of these is that the pathogen content of the waste is not
reduced to safe levels, putting a selection of stakeholders atrisk, namely:
those responsible for emptying the facilities;
workers who spread the excreta across the land;
farm workers who plant crops or walk on land to which by-product is applied; and
consumers of crops that do not require cooking which havebeen fertilised with the excreta.
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Practical Example in India, public toiletcentre(Bangalore)
8 toilet cabins, separate collection of urine, washing water and faeces, co-
composting of faeces with paper and organic waste, urine and washingwater for fertilizing and irrigation of the banana plantation
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Conclusion
The ecological sanitation concept can provide many benefits tocommunities and individual households. The recycling of nutrients not onlyimproves the environment, but can provide safe sanitation in areas withwater shortage and improve food security by providing cheap fertilizers.
However, the systems put a lot of emphasis on the householder to operate
the facility and, more critically, they must operate it effectively else they willplace themselves and the local community at risk. In urban areas there islikely to be a need for good service provision to empty facilities and take thecompost to a suitable place to be used.
In order to realize the benefits of ecological sanitation care must be takento develop a suitable solution for the area in question. Careful planning must
take place to assess peoples willingness to handle the by-product ofecosan, and whether they will be willing to use this for agriculture. There area range of ecosan toilet options, some of which are more suited forcommunities who have not used ecosan previously.
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THANK YOU!