Ecosan planning and implmentation IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 1 Planning and implementation of ecological sanitation projects Christine

eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on

IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 1

Planning and implementation of ecological sanitation projects

Christine Werner, Florian Klingel, Heinz-Peter Mang, Patrick Bracken, Arne Panesar Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH

ecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure

5th International Symposium on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Sustaniability, IWA 8. - 11. November 2005 in Jeju, Korea

eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


content of the presentation

what is ecosan? wastewater = water and more benefits of ecosan range of technologies and basic project types holistic sanitation and reuse planning and implementation HCES and Bellagio principles stakeholder participation 10 step ecosan project planning and implementation process some ecosan pilot projects challenges and conclusion

Introduction

eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


shortcomings of conventional watercarriage sanitation

fertilizer production from finite resources

food

Mixing of flowstreams, misuse of drinking water for

transport

90% untreated

waste disposal in water bodiessewage sludge

overexploitation of groundwater

Introduction to ecosan

eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


Retention of solids

Infiltration of liquids

Polluted groundwaterNitrates

Viruses

Pathogens

shortcomings of conventional „drop and store“ sanitation


eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS

closing the loopbetween sanitation

and agriculture

FOODFOOD

Pathogen destruction

principles of ecosan


eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture

restoring soil fertility

treatment / hygienization /energy

productionwater reuse no waste disposal in

water bodies

rainwater harvesting

food

manure/organic waste

faeces

urine

greywater

agricultural use


eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


advantages of ecological sanitation

Improvement of health by minimizing the introduction of pathogens from human excrements into the water cycle

Promotion of safe, hygienic recovery and use of nutrients, organics, trace elements, water and energy

Preservation of soil fertility, Improvement of agricultural productivity

Conservation of resources

Preference for modular, decentralised partial-flow systems for more appropriate, cost-efficient solutions

Promotion of a holistic, interdisciplinary approach

Material flow cycle instead of disposal


eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


ecosan principles

Ecological sanitation… … is not a specific technology, but a new

philosophy - based on an eco-system-oriented view of material flows - of dealing with what is presently regarded as waste and wastewater for disposal

…considers human excreta and wastewater not as wastes but as natural resources

… applies the basic natural principal of closing the loop by using modern and safe sanitation and reuse technologies

… opens up a wider range of sanitation options than those currently considered.


eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


0

20

Organicskg COD/ (Person·year)

12.3

3.6

14.1

Grauwasser Urin Fäkalien

VolumeLiter / (Person·year)

10.0

00 –

200

.00

0 l

500 l 50 l

sour

ce:

Ott

erpo

hl

0

6

Nutrient contentkg N,P,K / (Person·year)

N

P

K

0.8

5.3

1.0

composition of household wastewater


eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


composting, anaerobic digestion

organic wastemanure

soil improvement,

biogas

treatment

utilisation

substances faeces(brownwater)

anaerobic digestion,

drying, composting

biogas, soil

improvement

constructedwetlands, gardening,

wastewater ponds, biol.treatment, membrane-

technology

greywater (shower,

washing, etc.)

irrigation,

groundwater- recharge ordirect reuse

urine (yellowwater)

liquid or dry fertiliser

hygienisation by storage or

drying

filtration,biological treatment

rainwater

water supply,groundwater-

recharge

separation of substances


eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


excreta are a valuable resource

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

global mineralfertilizer

consumption

global fertilizerequivalent inwastewater

million tons per year

(as N + P2O5 + K2O)135

50

ww

w.f

ertil

izer

.org

more than 1/3 of global mineral fertilizer consumption can be covered by the reuse of human excreta

over 15 billion US$ fertilizer equivalent are annually flushed down the toilet

eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


benefits of ecological sanitation

safe sanitation

souc

e: w

ww

.virt

ualm

useu

m.c

a

sour

ce:

Joha

nnes

Hee

b

ecosan-toilets in Bangalore, India

healthy environment

eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on



restored soil fertility through nutrient reuse

sour

ce:

Vin

nerå

s, 2

003

improved soil quality through reuse of organics

urinefaeces & urine none

compost improved soil untreated soil

after one week without water

sour

ce:

Pet

ter

Jens

sen

eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on



recovery of energy content (covering about 20% of cooking energy needs for a typical family in a developing country)

energy savings in fertilizer production & wastewater treatment

reuse of water

sour

ce:

Pet

ter

Jens

sen

eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


• e.g. separate collection of urine or blackwater

• centralized nutrient processing facility

• centralized greywater sewer system and treatment

• centralized sewer system and treatment

• recovery of nutrients and water e.g. through reuse of wastewater

Partially decentralizedCentralized Fully decentralized

• small-scale closed cycles of water and materials

sour

ce:

Lars

en,

2001

centralised and decentralized systems


eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


overview of ecosan technology-components

ecosan technologies

solid biowaste rainwater greywater urine faeces

co

lle

cti

on

tre

atm

en

t u

tili

sa

tio

n

Vacuum Sewerage

Solid-Liquid Separation

(Prolonged) storage

Urine diversion

Wastewater treatment (centralised or decentr.)

Fertilizing with Urine

or derivates

Soil conditionning with treated Excreta and Solid Biowaste

Composting Toilets

Composting, vermi-composting

Anaerobic treatment

Separate greywater collection

Rainwater Harvesting

Urine processing

Dehydration Toilets

Reuse of (treated) wastewater in agriculture, aquaculture,

epuvalisation, etc.

Gravity Sewerage (conv. or small-bore, centr. or decentr.)

Constructed wetlands,

ponds, bio-treatment, etc.

(Re)-Use as service water or in agriculture,

aquaculture, ground water recharge etc.

Greywater gardens,

mulch trench systems

Biogas use for lightning, cooking,

electric power

Sludge dehydration, soilification

Rainwater Treatment

eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


ecosan pilot projects

basic types of ecosan projects

eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


new aspects to be considered in the planning and implementation of ecosan projects

the integration of other relevant sectors in the assessment of the current situation and in all the planning activities and conceptual work: agriculture sector (reuse), water supply, urban planning, solid waste management

the consideration of a much wider variety of sanitation solutions (technical, institutional, financial)

the necessity to focus on the assessment of the needs of the users of the sanitary facilities,service providers and the end users of the recyclates.

supply of relevant information to enable the stakeholder to make an “informed choice”

the consideration of smaller planning units and a greater number of decentralised options

ecosan project planning

eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


Climate protection

Flood protection

Resource conservation Business and labour

promotion

Food security

HealthSustainable agriculture

+Conservation of soil fertility

Integrated Water Resources Management

ecosan is a cross-sectoral approach


eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


ecosan project

( II ) User of

recyclates

( IV ) NGOs

( IX ) Research Institutions

( I ) Users of Sanitation

facilities

( VIII ) Financial

Institutions

( V ) Local authorities,

governments

( VII )

Developers & Investors

( VI ) Service

providers

( III ) CBOs and self-

help groups

household in anurban flat

(peri )urban household

Tourists, students, employees, etc.

Rural household

Providers forcollection

treatment and transport

Educationalinstitutions

Consultantcompanies

Supplier of watergas and electricity

Construction companiesmaintenance companies

Producers/provider of equipment

Distributors and marketers of recyclates

Stakeholders in an ecosan project

eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


The HCES approach (WSSCC)

Participation of stakeholders

Level of problem solving

Regarding excreta and wastewater as ressources

HCES = Household (neighborhood) centered environmental sanitation

WSSCC = Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council


eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on



10 ecosan project steps

GTZ proposes a 10 step approach to assure interdisciplinary and participatory planning in ecosan projects, based on the HCES-implementation guideline of the WSSCC

Within an enlarged start-up phase, the 10 steps complement classical planning instruments (feasibility study, technical design, etc.)

Feasibility-Study

Start-up phase

Aw

areness raising

Detailed technical & operational plans

Tendering, con-struction, ope-

ration, maintenance

10 ecosan project steps

Step 0 – Raising awareness

Step 1 - Request for assistance

Step 2 - Launch of planning & consultation process

Step 3 - Assessment of current status and stakeholders

Step 4 - Assessment of priorities, user and reuser needs

Step 5 - Identification of sanitation and reuse options

Step 6 - Evaluate feasible service and reuse options

Step 7 - Consolidate ecosan plans for the study area

Step 8 - Finalise consolidated ecosan plans for study area

Step 9 – Implementation

eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


10 ecosan project steps (0-5)


eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


10 ecosan project steps (6-9)


eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


Low cost Arborloo in Mondoro Village, Zimbabwe

Arborloo: a simple pit latrine for ecological sanitation practices

Arborloo in Mondoro

Arborloo principle

Arborloo construction work


eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


ecosan dry toilet promotion in Guangxi-Province, China (supported by SIDA and Unicef)

Large ecosan project in the phase of up-scaling 1997, pilot project funded by

SIDA/Unicef, 70 ecosan (urine diverting dehydration toilets) built in pilot village, Dalu Village

1998, 10.000 urine-diverting toilets were built in 200 ecosan villages in Guangxi

2002, 100.000 ecosan toilets in Guangxi

2003, 685.000 ecosan toilets in 17 provinces (Ministry of Public Health)

Factors of success: cultural acceptance, political commitment, technical flexibility, low cost, income generation, pressure from water pollution and water scarcity, promotion and marketing


Photos: Sandec, Text: Mi Hua

eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


ecosan concept since 2003:

Greywater recycling Rainwater harvesting Vacuum blackwater

collection, eventually to be followed by anaerobic treatment

KfW building, Germany


eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


Urine diversion toilets and waterless urinals

GTZ main office building renovations, Germany

GTZ headquarterEschborn, Germany


Urine separation and collection Research on: acceptance and technical function

of urine separation different treatment options and

agricultural use of urine biomembrane treatment and

hygienisation of brownwater

eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


main challenges

increasing awareness

integration of reuse into planning

revision of legal frameworks & technical standards

establishment of compara-tive full cost, benefit and risk assessments

finding innovative investors and adapting financing instruments

implementation of large scale urban projects

sour

ce:

Pet

ter

Jens

sen

Greywater treatment in Norway

eco

san

pla

nn

ing

an

d i

mp

lmen

tati

on


conclusion

“business as usual“ will not allow us to meet the sanitation MGDs, as conventional systems have failed

we cannot continue to waste our non-renewable resources

ecological sanitation - comprising the reuse of water, nutrients, organics and energy - must be recognized and introduced as the new promising holistic and sustainable approach to provide safe and decent sanitation, reduce poverty, contribute to food security, preserve our environment and maintain our natural basis of life on earth

Documents

Ecosan planning and implmentation IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 1 Planning and implementation of ecological sanitation projects Christine