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Early latin america Ch. 19. AP World History Ms. Tully. The Iberian Conquest . Reconquista Christian reconquest of Iberian peninsula Conquest of Americas Urban, patriarchal society Extension of slavery Professional bureaucracy Close link between church/state - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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AP World HistoryMs. Tully
EARLY LATIN AMERICA
CH. 19
Reconquista Christian reconquest of Iberian peninsula Conquest of Americas
Urban, patriarchal societyExtension of slaveryProfessional bureaucracyClose link between church/statePlantations agriculture New nobilityFocus on Mexico & PeruDestruction of indigenous societiesThree Periods of Conquest
THE IBERIAN CONQUEST
Caribbean = Model/testing ground of conquestEncomienda = grant of indigenous people to
individual Spaniards (serfdom) Introduction of Spanish towns & institutions Increased immigration by 16 th C era of settlement Depopulation of natives led to importation of African
slavesGrowth of plantation agricultureEspecially in Brazil
THE CARIBBEAN CRUCIBLE
Hernan Cortes & the Aztecs – 1519Francisco Pizarro & the Incas – 1532Francisco Vazquez de Coronado & the American SW –
1540-42Pedro de Valdivia & the Araucanians – 1541
SPANISH CONQUISTADORS
Expeditions often based on contractsConquest seen as an opportunity for social
advancement Encomienda system encouraged new nobilityReasons for Spanish success
Technology/horses Disease Vulnerability of civs
Worst abuses of native population decreased by 1570
THE AGE OF CONQUEST
Severe population decline – slaving, mistreatment, disease
Demographic collapse also affected traditional social & economic structures
Encomiendas destructive – phased out by mid-16 th CMita system introduced Growth of wage laborResiliency of native culture – selective adaptation of
European culture
THE EFFECTS OF CONQUEST – INDIGENOUS SOCIETIES
Mining the base of colonial economy – Potosi, Zacatecas
Mining stimulated other aspects of the economy Agrarian economy supported by growth of haciendasSpanish American colonies mostly self-sufficient
only needed luxury goods from EuropeSpain & consulados had tight control over trade Spanish used fleet of galleons to protect goodsSpain’s wealth used to pay for European wars, long-
term debts, and manufactured goodsSilver influx caused inflation, price revolution in 16 th C
COLONIAL ECONOMIES
Treaty of Tordesillas – divided territory between PR & SP
Extensive bureaucratic system in Spanish AmericaLetrados – university-trained lawyers from SpainCouncil of the Indies Viceroyalties – Mexico & PeruViceroys – high-ranking nobles who were direct
representatives of the kingRoyal magistrates worked at local level frequent
corruptionChurch instituted parishes & bishoprics Schools run by church/clergy Extension of Inquisition
COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
Pedro Alvarez Cabral claimed Brazil for PRCapitaincies – strips of land awarded to minor PR
noblesGrowth of plantation agricultureLeading sugar producer – required lots of capital &
laborSocial hierarchy reflected plantation culture Intellectual subordination & economic dependency
BRAZIL – THE PLANTATION COLONY
Competition from BR, DU, FR in Caribbean disrupted sugar economy
Paulistas discover gold in Minas Gerais, 1695Gold Rush – 5000 immigrants/year Opened interior to settlement New towns, new marketsPromoted detrimental economic policies
BRAZIL’S AGE OF GOLD
New world society a mixture of Indians, Europeans, and Africans
Mixed marriages/coupling led to large mestizo & mulatto population
Sociedad de castas social hierarchy based on racial origins
Castas people of mixed originPeninsulares people born on Iberian peninsulaCreoles whites born in New World Racial hierarchy combined with traditional Iberian
distinctions based on gender, age, and class
SOCIETY OF CASTAS
18 th C defined by increase in intellectual activity, new realities
Amigos del Pais small clubs that discussed potential reform
Spain weak by 18thC wars, debt, depopulation, revolts
New competition from BR, FR; seized Caribbean islands
Failure of Spanish mercantile & political systemWar of Spanish Succession (1702-1713)
SPAIN IN THE 18TH C
Charles III “enlightened despotism” series of reforms to strengthen Spanish empire
Reforms promoted economic & commercial development of colonies
Jose de Galvez investigations reveal abuse/corruption
French bureaucratic model introduced intendantsCreoles removed from positions of powerSeven Years War loss of some Spanish possessionsMilitary/defensive reformsEconomic reforms damaged local economiesShort term restructuring revived Spanish EmpireLong term promoted dissatisfaction among elite
BOURBON REFORMS
Marquis of Pombal arranged PR reforms for BrazilRevitalize the colonies to strengthen mother countryFiscal reforms eliminate contraband, gold
smuggling, tax evasionMonopolies formed to stimulate agriculture new
markets in new regionsEliminated slavery in PR to focus supply on BrazilEncouraged intermarriage between natives & whitesReforms not fully effective demand for Brazilian
products low, but later economic boom
POMBAL AND BRAZIL
Colonies experienced rapid population growthOld patterns of power & influence disrupted Colonial revolts from whites, mixed races, and natives
in Spanish coloniesGov’t activism colonial dissatisfactionEconomic prosperity encouraged self-confidenceSet the stage for independence movements of 19 th C
REFORMS, REACTIONS, & REVOLTS