e-Compendium GETS 2015

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MESSAGE

I am delighted to be the part of GETS 2015 team which, is bringing out the second edition of Global Energy Technology Summit coinciding with the 40th raising day of NTPC on 7th Nov 2015.

The year’s theme, “Clean n Green Energy: The New Normal” is aligned with Government’s two-pronged approach to cater to the energy demand of its citizens while ensuring minimum growth in carbon emissions. India is running one of the largest renewable capacity expansion programs in the world with an aim to achieve 175 GW energy capacity in next few years. GETS 2015 Themes are very pertinent to enable the India’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) program for climate change initiatives. We hope this year’s theme will bring forward innovative and sustainable power generation technologies based on solar, wind, biomass, hydro, waste to energy for Energy-Environment symbiosis, with an emphasis on Make in India.

Coal being the cheapest and abundantly available source of energy in India, will remain the main stay fuel for power generation. Technologies such as USC/Adv. USC, right blending of coals and greening of coal, therefore deserve greater importance to meet India’s need for clean and affordable power to all.

As more and more renewables contribute to the energy demand, new challenges of renewable energy integration with grid, energy storage and agile station controls are required to be addressed for their deployment. I hope the Summit will bring out pioneering technological solutions for these challenges.

This year we have introduced a special students’ section to assimilate the energy of the youth and to enhance Industry - Academia interaction. I hope this shall create a synergy for development of innovative technologies and skill for the much-needed low carbon economy.

I hope the takeaways from this year’s Summit will take us a long way in our endeavor to create a more sustainable world. GETS 2014 was a huge success, thanks to overwhelming support from GOI, participants and authors. I wish still greater success to GETS 2015.

MESSAGE

(Anil K. Jha)

Anil K. Jha Chairman & Managing Director NTPC Limited

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It is heartening to see that NTPC is organizing Global Energy Technology Summit (GETS-2015). I am sure this will build on the grand success achieved during the inaugural edition of the summit in 2014. The central theme of GETS 2015-‘‘Clean n Green Energy: The new Normal” is quite relevant in the contemporary climate change focus that will potentially lead to tectonic shifts in power sector as a whole and power plant technologies in particular.

Organizational knowledge enhancement has been the key to NTPC’s splendid growth and performance all these years. The same shall hold true for the future also. In-line, it has been our endeavour, all through, to capture best in class practices in every facet and successfully adapt them in NTPC business processes. GETS 2015 provides one such opportunity in the field of power plant technologies which today stand at a cusp of change.

Climate issues have brought us to a pass when we are prompted to think laterally on technology options. I am sure the summit will provide a platform for divergent technology options for the power plants available today, with an eye on future trends, to meet the country’s energy with minimal environmental impact. Hopefully the compendium will become a good repository of such knowledge which will assist technology work in future.

I would like to congratulate the Engineering Division for taking the initiative for making the event an annual feature. I wish the success that was witnessed last year is repeated this year and in future.

I wish the summit a splendid success.

MESSAGE

U. P. PANI Director (HR & COMML.) NTPC Limited

(U.P. Pani)

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NTPC is celebrating its 40th raising day on 7th November 2015 and it is a matter of pride for all of us that second edition of NTPC Technology Event-GETS 2015 is being organized on this day. Development with responsibility and sensitivity towards Mother Nature is a major challenge that humans realized only recently. Advancement in technologies while sharing ideas that can enable sustainable growth without harming environment can help all of us to make this earth a better place. As it is said that only thing that is constant in the world is ‘‘change’’. With the changing dynamics of power sector on an unimaginable pace, to keep others and ourselves coordinated and relevant, the only way ahead is to share our knowledge and experiences.

I hope the conference will also delve with construction stage challenges. The technologies and procedures that are used must have a sustainability check. I am sure there must be unique levers, which need to be factored in while designing project management plan.

In above context, NTPC GETS-2015 is bringing the relevant topics, technologies and concepts such as clean and efficient use of coal, zero liquid discharge, waste to energy, carbon free and carbon neutral power generation, to the forefront. I hope the dialogue will extend to project construction stage as well.

I am confident that we all will use this opportunity to the maximum.

I wish the event a great success.

MESSAGE

( S.C. PANDEY )

S.C. PANDEY Director (Projects) NTPC Limited

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Having achieved a splendid success during its inaugural edition last year, I am quite pleased to see that NTPC is organizing the second edition of the Global Energy Technology Summit (GETS-2015). Organizing such an event to coincide with its foundation day on 7th November reinforces NTPC’s emphasis on knowledge centered business operation paradigm.

The central theme of GETS 2015- “Clean n Green Energy: The new Normal” is indicative of NTPC’s focus as the largest power generating company in India. It indicates its conviction regarding the need to address contemporary Climate challenge. Such initiatives leverage collective knowledge pool to show a way forward, for sustainable growth.

Affordability of electric power is foundational considering our state of economy. For large number of people in India electricity is still beyond reach. Once it reaches them, it has to effectively displace their existing energy modes, which could be non-commercial fuels. In this context I hope that new technologies, both clean coal and renewable, are discussed from affordability perspective as well.

I am sure the summit will provide a platform to national and international experts to display the developments and discuss experiences in the power plant technologies offering minimal impact on environment. I am sure the discourse will benefit various stakeholders of the power sector participating in the event.

I wish the event a grand success.

MESSAGE

(K. Biswal)

K. BISWAL Director (Finance) NTPC Limited

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The success of Global Energy Technology Summit in 2014 brought in great satisfaction as the Indian power industry was looking for an event, which focuses on technology. It complements the annual event Indian Power Stations (IPS) which focuses on power station O&M.

GETS and IPS are important events organized by NTPC, which bring in such credible feedback and technical dialogue for cross-section of power plant engineers. The participation volume and complexion at these events is an eloquent testimony of how seriously the industry takes these events.

The theme of GETS 2015- “Clean n Green Energy: The new Normal” represents the new dimensions which shall become a normal way. It embodies the Climate call for complete change in energy habits of humans. It rings in an era, which will mark completely new technology. New materials like Nickel and Silicon will over-shadow Iron. Our power plants are therefore set for a change.

We started in 1970s and NTPC tamed technology that was new for the country. We wrote new project management rules. Power station O&M processes needed to be established for plants and now we are again in for similar challenging times. Only the boundary conditions are now different.

The fresh technology challenges notwithstanding, we have now the difference of the confidence of the success story. In such a scenario, an event like GETS 2015 will take us a long way. It will trigger the much needed industry sensitization on new technologies. In Operations we will accelerate on defining the O&M processes which will be quite novel & consistently contribute towards absorption of technologies.

Concepts of shared services in my view will have a fresh relevance for energy installations based on renewable energy options. I hope that these dimensions will also find the time and inclination of the participants. I am sure an event like GETS will enable clean and green energy to truly, the new normal.

I wish all the participants, a great time at the event and my best wishes to Engineering Division for making the event a fulsome success.

MESSAGE

(KAUSHAL KISHORE SHARMA)

Kaushal Kishore Sharma Director (Operations) NTPC Limited

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It is a matter of immense pleasure that second edition of Global Energy Technology Summit (GETS 2015) is being organized on 7th Nov. 2015 to mark the 40th foundation day of NTPC.

As India’s largest power utility today, NTPC has been the technology leader in the field of power generation throughout its journey of four decades since inception on 7th Nov. 1975, as a true learning organization.

NTPC believes in “Leading the Power Sector” in the true spirit of the phrase. It strives to embrace and adopt the best industry practices while being mindful of the surrounding eco system, thereby maintaining highest level of commitment towards technological upgradation and process improvements in all the fields.

I am sure the efforts made in organizing such mega event will be fruitful not only to NTPC but also benefit the society and the environment by bestowing a richer legacy to future generations.

I wish the summit all the very best.

MESSAGE

(M.R.P. Rao)

M.R.P. Rao Chief Vigilance Officer NTPC Limited

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It is a matter of pride that we are organizing the second edition of Global Energy Technology Summit, “GETS 2015”. I am sure the summit will provide a platform to technology experts, industry captains and academia to showcase and discuss the promising technologies which offer solutions to our quest for growth with minimal impact on environment.

The global climate change action has stirred collective human consciousness into taking note of the adverse impacts of the “development” in the past 150 years fuelled mainly by burning of fossil fuels. We have come to realize and appreciate that we cannot just fossil fuel our way into industrial development, unwary of its impact on our environment.The focus has now shifted towards cleaner energy generation and efficient utilization. The successful execution of this endeavour, however, hinges on the enabling power technologies.

Having a fleet of 45000 MW+ performing to the capacity and over 23,000 MW under construction, NTPC is focussed on establishing a model for greening of new capacity whether coal based or renewable.“Clean n Green Energy – The New Normal”, the central theme for GETS 2015, pertinently represents NTPC’s, and also India’s, resolve and efforts towards clean power generation. The five conference tracks viz. Carbon free and carbon neutral generation, efficient use of coal, waste to energy, emission control and abatement and smart controls and power solutions for smart cities will offer various facets for the clean energy power generation.

I am certain the summit will be professionally enriching through invigorating interactions during the summit.

MESSAGE

(A.K. GUPTA)

A. K. Gupta Executive Director (Engg.) & Chairman-Organising Committee-GETS-2015 NTPC Limited

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GETS 2015, with its theme Clean n Green Energy: The New Normal, comes at an opportune moment when the world is preparing for the UN-led climate talks, beginning November 30th in Paris. While the governments are busy strategizing defence and rationale for their INDCs (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions), the task at the hands of we technologists and scientists during GETS 2015 would be to explore and share appropriate and economically implementable technologies to alleviate ecological concerns and to avoid environmental catastrophes in future. Even small steps taken now will compound and land us in a much less precarious world in the years ahead.

The Summit this year will focus around the technologies needed for resolving ever existing carbon-energy conflict,unless the world moves over to entirely carbon free and carbon neutral sources of energy – not an easy thing to happen with the low hanging fruits (the fossil fuels) still available in plenty world over. In addition, technologies for efficient use of coal, greening of coal and abatement of pollutants and emissions will also be delved upon. Renewables, especially solar, now appear to be the quick fix solution to dirty fossil fuels so far as the ill effects of fossil fuel based power generation on environment is concerned. Nevertheless, it throws a set of new challenges in terms of grid integration, large foot-print, intermittency, spinning-reserve requirements etc. The intermittency of the renewables is going to be a major issue leading to load cycling demand on the existing fleet of conventional power plants with large lock-in periods which cannot be immediately done away with in developing economies.

The technical team of GETS 2015 is fortunate to have received 225 technical papers in all, 45 of them from international authors of high repute, covering entire spectrum of aforesaid topics. We gratefully acknowledge contributions from all and look forward to a truly enlightening and knowledge sharing event.

I thankfully appreciate the hard work put in by the entire GETS 2015 team and wish the event enormous success.

P R E F A C E

Arun K. Sinha Chair –Technical Committee GETS 2015

(Arun K. Sinha)

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Contents

GETS 2015

GETS 2015 Themes Clean and Efficient use of Coal 15-30 Waste To Energy 33-42Greening Of Coal 45-53Zero Liquid Discharge 57-79Carbon Free & Carbon Neutral Generation. Solar PV & Solar Thermal Generation 83-97 Wind, Biomass, Geothermal & Fuel Cell Generation 101-106 Hydro and Mini Hydro 109-127Emission Controls and their Abatement 131-151Grid Integration of Renewables 155-164Energy Storage Technologies 167-175Smart Controls for Agile Power Generation 179-198Power Solutions for Smart Cities 201-210Students’ Section 213-238

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NTPC organized its first International technology Summit ‘Global Energy Technology Summit’ in 2014, which was a grand success. It opened up an opportunity for knowledge sharing by the technology leaders in the field of Power Generation around the world to share their state of art technologies to power professionals worldwide.

Thanks to the authors and presenters, the event saw spontaneous participation and high quality contribution from domain experts of power and energy sector across the globe. Industry experts presented emerging technologies under various sessions over two days at the NTPC ‘Power Management Institute’.

“We generate our own environment” (… Richard Bach) is apt for today’s challenges of Power Industry. Focus of GETS 2015, this year will be on Power Generation technologies for a Greener and Cleaner environment with particular emphasis on Energy- Environment symbiosis.

The Summit Theme this year is “Clean n Green Energy: The New Normal’’:

Sessions:

Session: Clean and Efficient use of Coal

Efficient use of coal can be through ultra-super critical technologies, heat cycle improvements, co-generation with non-conventional heat cycles, coal blending technologies for optimization, or any other suitable technological option. Making Coal efficient makes it clean as well. Clean Coal technology is a basket of technologies to mitigate the environmental impact of coal based power generation.

Session: Greening of Coal

Technology platforms like pressurized coal combustion, coal gasification and advanced ultra-supercritical technology apparently signify promise for the coal dependent economies. With theirlow environmental footprint, these technologies provide a reconciliation ground with the global climate action, which is targeting significantly enhanced greenhouse gas mitigation. The session would discuss global status/experience with a view on development/deployment imperatives for Indian coals.

Session: Zero Liquid Discharge

Zero liquid discharge is a buzzword in industry today with growing concern for environment and with rising scarcity of water. ZLD systems employ advanced wastewater treatment technologies to purify and recycle virtually all of the wastewater produced. Also Zero liquid discharge technologies help power plants meet discharge and water reuse requirements.

Session: Waste to Energy

Every year, about 55 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) and 38 billion liters of sewage are generated in the urban areas of India. In addition, large quantities of solid and liquid wastes are generated by industries. Waste generation in India is expected to increase rapidly in the future. Most wastes that are generated, find their way into land and water bodies without proper treatment, causing severe land and water pollution. They also emit greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide, and add to air pollution. Any organic waste from urban and rural areas and industries can be a resource, due to its ability to be degraded, resulting in energy generation. The problems caused by solid and liquid wastes, can be significantly mitigated through the adoption of environment-friendly waste-to-energy technologies that will allow treatment and processing of wastes before their disposal.

GETS 2015 Session Themes

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Session: Emission Control and their abatement (w.r.t to Nox, SOx, Particulate matter, Mercury emissions)

Coal being cheapest source of energy in most of the parts of world is used for power generation but the emissions as a result of combustion in the form of oxides of Sulphur and nitrogen, carbon dioxide, solid particulates, mercury, mercury oxides and other chemical by products are known to be detrimental for human health and ecology. In addition, disposal of ash is another challenge.Technologies related to Particulate removal, Abatement of ground water contamination, Mercury Pollutions, NOx, SOx emissions control technologies and ash utilization technologies are the need of the day for pollution abatement.

Session: Carbon Free & Carbon Neutral Power Generation

Over the past 30 years, significant findings of global warming highlighted the need to curb carbon emissions. Carbon-neutral fuels are the energy fuels or energy systems, which have no net greenhouse gas emissions. One class is synthetic fuel (including methane, gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel or ammonia) produced from sustainable energy. Carbon free technologies are renewable energy sources like wind turbines, solar panels, Geothermal, Tidal power and hydroelectric power plants. Under this theme, the following focus sessions are planned.

Solar PV and Solar Thermal

Wind, Biomass, Geothermal & Fuel Cell Generation

Hydro & Mini-Hydro

Session: Energy Storage Technologies

Developments in renewable energy technologies and their large-scale adoption is making them commercially competitive as compared to conventional sources of energy. Given the challenges of Conventional sources of power, investors are moving towards renewable source of energy. However, the renewable energy sources have its own limitation of size and intermediacy. If renewable energy is to be bought at par with conventional power, it will need to grow along with energy storage technologies. Energy storage technologies offer the potential to break this linkage by enabling generators to produce and store energy for later use. Pumped Storage plants, Compressed air storage systems, molten salt storage systems, Regenerative braking, Flow Batteries storage are some of the technologies being developed for a viable and economic storage solution.

Session: Grid Integration of Renewables

Renewable Energy Integration focuses on incorporating renewable energy mix, distributed generation, energy storage, thermally activated solar technologies, and demand response into the electric distribution and transmission system. A systems approach is required to address technical, economic, regulatory, and institutional/policy issues for using renewable and distributed systems. Apart from fully addressing operational issues, the integration needs to focus on establishing viable business models for incorporating these technologies into capacity planning, grid operations, and demand-side management. Smart grids therefore must strive to integrate renewable energy into the power supply system while optimizing the system’s reliability, energy efficiency and capacity utilization apart from ensuring commercial viability from consumer viewpoint.

Session: Smart Controls for Agile Power Generation

Today Flexible generation is imperative. Agile capacity generation and smart controls for power generation is need of the hour. Smart Plants with flexible generation controls, optimized and intelligent controls have become essential to meet the present day business scenarios.

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Controls for Flexible Generation, Plant Controls for smart generation optimizing fuel and efficiency, smart automation concepts, Remote fault detection and maintenance, remote monitoring of health and condition of equipment, Asset management with automated portfolio management and plant controls for maximizations of profits are the related technologies which shall be discussed in the Summit.

Session: Power Solutions for Smart Cities

Smart City Concept is the new paradigm in urban planning. The modern pre-paid metering cards, choice of generator, and time of the day tariff are defining the new concepts of powering solutions to Smart City. This session shall discuss the technologies for powering reliable, efficient and Green power to these smart cities. Innovative business models for direct power from Generator to Consumers of Smart City needs to be explored.

Session: Students’ Section

In an endeavor to nurture and tap the potential available across technical institutes in the country, a separate session has been dedicated for the students pursing Diploma / B Tech /M Tech / PhD, in this edition of GETS. Technical papers were invited from the students on the theme of the Summit. Authors of selected technical papers shall get an opportunity to present their work to the global technology leaders and industry elites from the energy sector, during this session. The best promising paper may also be sponsored by NTPC, if found fit for implementation.

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CLEAN AND EFFICIENT USE OF COAL

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Abstract:

Intelligent Sootblowing (ISB) is a methodology of closed-loop, automatic operation of boiler cleaning equipment (sootblowers) in a coal-fired plant to achieve the plant’s goals. The methodology which is described in this paper involves automatically operating sootblowers when plant parameters such as gas temperatures and steam temperatures are out of their selected ranges. Further, the ISB system determines which sootblowers make the greatest benefit, and automatically adjusts sequencing to operate those preferentially over less effective sootblowers.

In many cases, the intelligent sootblowing controls can obtain better thermal efficiency for the boiler than traditional operator selected sootblowing because the control system always monitors the optimal frequency and location for sootblowing.

This paper will provide several examples of boiler thermal efficiency improvements and other operational improvements which have been documented by users of Intelligent Sootblowing technology.

Finally, the presentation will explain how a plant operator can estimate whether a thermal efficiency improvement using this technology may be obtained on your boiler.

Author(s)

Joel H. Booher, PE Manager of Boiler Performance Engineering Diamond Power International Inc. Lancaster, OH USA [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 246

USING INTELLIGENT SOOTBLOWING TO IMPROVE POWER PLANT THERMAL EFFICIENCY


http://www.ntpcgets.com/abstract/finalpapers/246.pdf

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Abstract:

In order to realize environmentally sustainable coal fired power plant, Toshiba has been actively involved in the development and deployment of clean coal technology, namely, Advanced USC (A-USC) and Carbon Capture. A-USC technology serves to decrease CO2 emission per kilowatt-hour by further improvement in power plant thermal cycle efficiency through higher topping steam pressure and temperature. Carbon Capture can be adapted onto a power plant to substantially decrease its CO2 emission directly. Toshiba aims to realize both and optimally integrate these technologies so as to substantially decrease the carbon footprint of a thermal power plant.

Toshiba’s activity in A-USC development is introduced. Starting from conceptual design of the A-USC steam turbine, high temperature material development, key component manufacturing evaluation activities are described. Additionally, content of the actual A-USC condition validation tests, which is presently being conducted for the components, is also shared. Here, part of the heating panels of existing live coal fired boiler, has been modified to generate A-USC temperature steam for the verification.

Activity in relation to development of Toshiba’s post combustion carbon capture technology is described. For development, verification and improvement of the technology under actual conditions of a power plant, pilot plant has been constructed and implemented at Mikawa coal fired power plant, working to capture CO2 from its live flue gas. The various learnings gained at this pilot facility have been reflected to planning and construction of carbon capture plants. Example of such activities is also discussed.

Author(s)

K. Suzuki (Toshiba Corporation, Yokohama, Japan)

GETS 2015 ID # 278

TOSHIBA’S ACTIVITY IN ADVANCED USC AND CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT


http://www.ntpcgets.com/abstract/papers/278.pdf

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Abstract:

In Korea, ever since the first large subcritical utility boiler (560 MWe with 175 bar g /541/5410C steam condition) introduced in 1978, Korean government have required more advanced boiler, larger capacity, higher efficiency and reliability with elevated steam condition to meet more and more strict environmental regulation with various different type of coal in the world. To cope with these requirements, the steam condition has been elevated to SC (supercritical) and USC (Ultra Supercritical). In 1990s supercritical boilers were put in operation (500 MWe with 250barg / 541 / 5410C and 800 MWe with 250 bar g / 569 / 5690C), and in 2000s USC boilers were built and operated (500 MWe and 870 MWe with 250bar g / 569 / 5960C).

Since 2002 Doosan have developed 1,000 MW USC boiler (269 bar /6130C/6240C) with Korean government’s funding and had contract with KEPCO (Korean Electric Power Company) to 2 units of 1000 MW USC boilers being under commissioning in South Korea, The unit is scheduled to start commercial operation in middle of 2016. As next stage, Doosan is planning to develop more advanced HSC (Hyper Supercritical, over 300 bar g / 7000C steam temperature) boiler.The 1,000 MW USC boiler has several advanced technologies. It includes advanced tube & header material, D-NOxTM burner to burn wide range coals with has higher NOx reduction capability, and the anti-slagging technique.

Author(s)

JAEYI KIM

EUNGCHUL LEE (Doosan Heavy Industry & Construction Co)

GETS 2015 ID # 280

DEVELOPMENT OF COAL FIRED BOILER WITH ELEVATED STEAM CONDITION IN KOREA



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Abstract:

For improving plant efficiency and minimizing coal consumption, nickel-based superalloys are being considered as potential alloys for high temperature critical components of ultra-super critical power plant components. The superior strength and creep resistant properties of these nickel-based superalloys are dependent on the mechanisms for inhibiting the motion or slowing the speed of dislocations within the crystal structure. In nickel-based superalloys, the gamma-prime phases [Ni3(Al, Ti)] acts as coherent barriers to dislocation motion and these are precipitate strengtheners in the primary gamma matrix. The shape and size of gamma-prime phase can be precisely controlled by careful precipitation-hardening heat-treatments. It is very important to take into account of the underlying microstructure in order to develop a reliable constitutive model for predicting the high temperature strength and creep deformation behavior of these alloys. The microstructure of industrial high temperature alloys consists of suitable phases in order to prevent accumulation of large inelastic strains over prolonged period of operation. The high temperature deformation behavior is microstructure sensitive and in order to model this phenomenon, it is computationally prohibitive to incorporate the explicit FE model of the gamma gamma-prime micro-structure in a crystal-plasticity based constitutive framework. Hence, a physically-motivated multi-scale approach has been developed in this work for simulation of response of these alloys. In the lower length-scale, a dislocation-density based crystal plasticity formulation has been used to simulate the responses of various types of micro-structures. The lower-scale model is homogenized as a function of various micro-structural parameters and the homogenized model is used in the next level of crystal-plasticity based multi-scale framework. The homogenized crystal-plasticity model has been used to simulate the creep response of a single crystal nickel-based super-alloy and the results have been compared with those of experiment. The results of this analysis will be useful to design alloys with superior properties.

Author(s)

Mahendra Kumar Samal (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre)

GETS 2015 ID # 283

A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR OPTIMIZING MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF AUSC POWER PLANT MATERIALS



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Abstract:

To estimate lifetime of turbine rotor for ultra-supercritical fossil power plant, it is required to evaluate fatigue damage and creep damage during warm-up and shutdown processes in the cyclic operation. For this analysis, understanding of creep fatigue interaction phenomenon is important because it is reported that lifetime is reduced more by creep fatigue interaction than by pure creep and pure fatigue conditions for 9~12 Cr steel. In this paper, we investigate better prediction method for creep fatigue interaction through the specimen based material test such as low cycle fatigue withhold time and simulation process for each cyclic hysteresis loop curve. The objective of this study is to better predict relaxation behavior under creep – fatigue interaction conditions and to find hysteresis loop curve characteristics using viscoplastic deformation analysis for low cycle fatigue withhold time as a basic research of lifetime evaluation for turbine rotor. Hold time low cycle fatigue tests were carried out at 600 ~ 640oC for turbine rotor steel made of COST F material to investigate this creep-fatigue interaction phenomenon. Also, through the cyclic plastic deformation simulation, hysteresis loop behavior with fatigue cycling is simulated. In cyclic plasticity deformation analysis, isotropic hardening, kinematic hardening and their time recovery effects have been considered. In particular, we have focused on the stress relaxation phenomenon during the hold time period. A modified method based on Masatsugu work is proposed using the internal variable y stress to describe a better prediction of the stress relaxation phenomenon and this is demonstrated through comparison with experimental results. Also, the relationship of the stress relaxation phenomenon with the lifetime reduction under creep-fatigue interaction is investigated.

Author(s)

Kuk-cheol Kim (Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction)

GETS 2015 ID # 289

EVALUATION OF CREEP – FATIGUE INTERACTION FOR 9 ~ 12 CR FERRITIC ROTOR STEEL OF USC POWER PLANT



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Abstract:

The largest operating cost of any coal fired power plant is the fuel itself, i.e. coal. Considering today’s complex coal market, power plants need to be ready for coals that they have never seen before and which may not conform to the initial design considerations of the plant. Lower grade coals can lead to higher fuel consumption. Coals with high iron (Fe) or Silicon (Si) content can result in fouling and slagging of the boilers, which in turn can cause unplanned outages further increasing the amount of coal burned to come back online.

In the light of all these possible situations, an effective blending process basis online, real-time analysis of coal using PGNAA technology can lead to increased efficiency using optimum amount of fuel which translates to cost savings from the reduced coal consumption.

On-line coal analyzers have been in use in coal-fired power plants for over twenty years. These analyzers provide minute-by-minute analysis of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, TiO2, K2O, and Na2O in the ash. In addition they can also report the Gross Calorific value of the coals passing through the analysis zone. Using these results as the process control parameters, power plants can improve their operating efficiency, reduce outages and optimize coal consumption by enabling better blending practices.

Author(s)

Kevin Gordon

Ankush Koul (Thermo Fisher Scientific)

GETS 2015 ID # 304

A PRO-ACTIVE APPROACH TO COAL BLENDING


http://www.ntpcgets.com/abstract/finalpapers/304.docx

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Abstract:

Plasma technology for solid fuel ignition and combustion in the furnace of utility boiler is one-step ahead concept which may turn into a green solution of thermal world. Nowadays this technology is being experimentally used at coal fired thermal power plants where plasma-fuel systems (PFSs) were developed. PFS is a pulverized coal burner equipped with arc plasmatron which produces high temperature air stream of 4000–6000°C. Basis of this technology (PFS) highlights plasma thermo-chemical preparation of coal for burning. This technology consists of plasma heating of air–coal mixture up to temperature of coal volatiles release and char carbon partial gasification. At the PFS exit a highly reactive mixture is formed of combustible gases and partially burned char particles, together with products of combustion, while the temperature of the mixture is around 1050°C. As a result, the selected concept can provide higher performance, wider turndown ratios, more efficient propellant utilization, demonstration of potential fuel flexibility, less pollution and satisfaction of major gravimetric and volumetric density requirements. It improves environment effectively.

The technology is based on plasma thermo- chemical preparation of coal for burning and allows substituting of gas or fuel oil by coal. The world’s latest green technology requires no additional fuels, burns any coal rank. Moreover, as per cost analysis, return on investments does not exceed 18-30 months. With Plasma guns, NOx emission is reduced twice and amount of unburned carbon is reduced four times. The PFSs reduce the temperature at the exit of the furnace. This energy is a potential solution to the stringent environmental norms.

Author(s)

Dr.Suparna Mukhopadhyay Sr.Manager,TSTPS

GETS 2015 ID # 312

PLASMA ASSISTED COAL COMBUSTION IN THE FURNACE OF UTILITY BOILER- A TECHNOLOGY FOR A GREEN SOLUTION TO THERMAL WORLD



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Abstract:

The first step towards efficient and reliable boiler operation and steam generation is establishing the correct quality coal for application. In Maitree (2x660mw) Super Thermal Power Plant, 100% high GCV coal of 5700 Kcal/Kg, with moisture content of approximately 10-12%, ash content of 10-15% and IDT of ash of 1300OC is selected to install highly efficient, environment friendly power plant. Higher calorific value reduces plant Net Heat Rate and increases boiler efficiency. However a balance between reactivity and the heat energy is crucial. A coal with correct reactivity will release heat energy in the correct area of boiler for optimal heat transfer. Due to low moisture, heat loss to evaporate moisture decreases and gives higher flame temperature and hence larger radiation heat flux to furnace wall. Also, low moisture coal reduces power consumption of CHP and pulveriser. Firing Coal with such low ash content will decrease difficulty in pulverization, result in poor emissivity and flame temperature, low radiation heat transfer etc. Further, excessive amount of fly ash containing large amounts of unburned carbons, hence reduce boiler efficiency. High fusion temperature of ash reduces slugging and increase boiler efficiency. However, as in this case, Sulphur content is approximately 0.9%, Flue Gas Desulphurization system without any bypass duct for flue gas is envisaged to avoid SOx emission and to protect environment.

2. Main Steam pressure and temperature at turbine inlet is specified as high as up to 270 bar (g) and 600oC. Due to high average temperature of heat addition, heat rate will improve and which result in less greenhouse gas emission.

3. For this project Coal from Indonesia/ Australia shall be transported through Vessel and transportation up to plant will be through Inland Water Ways. To protect environment and to restrict moisture addition, closed type Burge will be used.

4. Provision of blending of different quality coal is kept to maintain design coal quality to achieve optimum efficiency of boiler. For same, one no. silo for each stream with VFD or hydraulic control rotor extractor shall be used

Author(s)

Dipankar Halder NTPC Ltd. (BIFPCL)

Vinod Bhoyar NTPC Ltd. (BIFPCL)

GETS 2015 ID # 321

CLEAN AND EFFICIENT USE OF COAL AT MAITREE SUPER THERMAL POWER PROJECT (2X660 MW), BIFPCL, BANGLADESH



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Abstract:

Many of today’s counter flow cooling towers serving coal fueled thermal power plants are fitted with outdated and inefficient splash bar fills. This paper will describe an on-line retrofit a portion of such a cooling tower which had installed a fill section comprised of a combination of V-Bars and cross-fluted film fill. The new fill system consisted of a modern, high-performance, modular splash fill with a top layer of a cross-fluted film fill acting as a distribution layer. This new heat transfer section resulted in a 50% reduction in overall fill height and was arranged in such a way as to improve overall airflow.

Due to use of an outdated and poorly designed and installed water distribution system, a redesigned water distribution system was properly installed to maximize the performance of the newly installed modern fill system. After the installation was completed the retrofitted cells were tested and the results compared to the existing unmodified cells. The results indicated a substantial decrease in cold water temperature. This reduction of cold water temperature, when applied to the full tower would result in a significant reduction of the unit heat rate thus reducing the consumption of coal.

The design work behind this the performance increase will be described in detail in this paper as well as recommendations for future upgrades of this type. Also described will be the details of the work required to install the modern modular droplet fill with the balance of the tower in operation.

Author(s)

Mr. Shravan Misra,

Mr. Vardan Upadhyaya

Mr. Rich Aull

(Brentwood Industries India Pvt. Ltd.)

GETS 2015 ID # 332

IMPROVING PLANT EFFICIENCY OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS BY A RETROFIT OF OUTDATED FILL - CASE STUDY



24

Abstract:

The thermal power generation market in India continues to expand and drives even cleaner and greener methods of meeting the future energy demand. The latest generation of ultra-supercritical (USC) power plants offer highly optimised steam turbine designs both in terms of cost and performance which are able to fulfil these market needs. Materials development activities, which started almost 20 years ago, have now born fruit in terms of their use in the construction of the latest generation of steam power plant, which operate under advanced steam conditions with temperatures up to 620°C and pressures up to 30 MPa achieving unprecedented levels of thermal efficiency. This paper describes the steam turbine technologies that are available, the developments that are on-going to continuously improve performance and the research being performed to drive future increase in steam cycle efficiency.

Author(s)

Eur Ing Philip Peel Alstom Power, Brown Boveri Str. 7, Baden CH-5401, Switzerland

Dr Michael Sell Alstom Power, Brown Boveri Str. 7, Baden CH-5401, Switzerland

Mahendra Mehra Alstom Bharat Forge Power Private Limited, Plot 6, Sector 127, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India

GETS 2015 ID # 338

HIGH EFFICIENCY STEAM TURBINES FOR COAL POWER PLANT – A FUTURE VISION



25

Abstract:

The poor performance of air preheaters in the modern power plants is one of the main reasons for higher Unit Heat rate and is responsible for deterioration in boiler efficiency. The main problem of Air Pre heater is the leakage of air to the flue gas side and thereby poor thermal performance. The experience of automatic sealing system used in rotary regenerators has proved to be a failure and the designers are reverting back to fixed sector plate design. The higher ash content in coal also adds to the problems associated with rotary regenerators. In the present work the performance of regenerative air pre heater has been evaluated at off design conditions. To assess the performance at different operating conditions and leakage rate, a regenerator leakage model is proposed. The model can also be used while selecting a new type of surface geometry for improving the existing heat transfer surface by replacement. To validate the model the performance prediction computer programs run for various loading conditions for Air Pre Heaters of a typical 500 MW Boiler by varying leakage distribution at cold end and hot end from 30 % to 70 %. It has been observed that the results are closer to design data at 30 % leakage contribution from cold end for all the Air Pre Heaters. The performance evaluation program can be used to predict the performance of air pre heaters with change in element profile or element height. This can also help in selecting a particular element profile for the air pre heater while going for performance optimization. It is observed that modifying element profile yields appreciable temperature rise in airside without much rise in pressure drop. This temperature rise will be much pronounced if economizer by pass is open and high temperature flue gas is allowed to pass through the APH. The effect of change of air inlet temperature on Air Pre Heater performance has also been analyzed.

Author(s)

Rakesh Kumar AGM (FES) NTECL, Chennai

An Engineering professional with over 22 years’ experience in Power industry. Post graduated in Power Generation Technology from IIT Delhi in years 2002 and Mechanical Engineering Graduate from BIT Sindri in years 1991. Presented and published many technical papers in National and International Seminars, Workshop on boiler maintenance, heat exchanger design, welding of high pressure piping system etc.

GETS 2015 ID # 356

PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF ROTARY REGENERATIVE AIR PRE HEATER OF THERMAL POWER PLANT



26

Abstract:

All thermal power plants work on the principle of Rankine cycle. We know that the efficiency of Rankine cycle is only 33%. Most of the heat is lost in condenser. If heat wasted in condenser is utilized, efficiency of power plant can be improved.

There is a scope of utilizing the heat wasted in condenser by applying the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technology in thermal power plant. In OTEC, the temperature difference between surface sea water and the water in a depth of almost 1 km is utilized to evaporate ammonia water mixture and rotates the Turbine and hence Generator.

The boiling point of ammonia is substantially lower than that of water, which makes it practically useful to utilize the low-temperature waste heat in the power generation systems. Ammonia’s molecular weight (17) is almost same as water(18) so traditional design of steam turbines can be used in the ammonia-water power cycles only with minor modifications.

This principle of OTEC can be implemented in thermal power plant where hot and cold sources with a suitable temperature difference are available. In NTPC Rihand cold water source of stage-1 forebay (open cycle CW system) is available and its temperature varies from 20-300C. And hot water source is CW outlet of stage-2&3 and its temperature varies from 40-500C throughout the year. Hence,a temp diff of around 200C is maintained throughout the year which is suitable for operating OTEC system. This innovative technology will be termed as Cooling Water Thermal Energy Conservation (CoWTEC).

This CoWTEC power plant can generate additional 12 MW from a 500 MW thermal unit. It also decreases the condenser inlet temperature which will benefit the 500MW power plant in terms of heat rate. Saving from heat rate improvement is an added advantage of CoWTEC power plant.

Author(s)

Harendra Singh Gurjar (NTPC Limited)

Pankaj Kushwaha (NTPC Limited)

Rajesh Goyal (NTPC Limited)

Sandeep Malik (NTPC Limited)

Tabish Adeel (NTPC Limited)

GETS 2015 ID # 371

COOLING WATER THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (COWTEC)


http://www.ntpcgets.com/abstract/papers/371.docx

27

Abstract:

Thermal Power Plants are designed for useful life of 25 Years. Presently, the plant economics viz rate of return on equity & investment and Levelised Cost of Generation (LCOG) is being estimated considering above useful life. Following are major design considerations which decide the life of power plant & its components:

Parts & Components which are operating in creep range: Various Codes and Standards specify design criteria and allowable stress values. Since the allowable stress for temperature above creep range is time dependent, this needs to be suitably modified & considered in design. Many coal based plants in the world, designed for 1,00,000 hrs creep life are in operation beyond 30 years. This was possible through well managed RLA studies and maintenance / repair / replacement apart from conservative design parameters and margins in the design codes.

In modern plant, components are supposed to run in cyclic mode due to load variation & injection of non-dispatch-able renewable energy. For such components, fatigue / creep-fatigue will also be important criteria for longer design life of plant.

Certain components which are not operating at elevated temperature; wear and tear may be governing criteria like air and flue gas ducting’s, parts of Coal handling plant, ash handling plant and mill reject system. Design criteria for these components needs to be suitably modified for longer design life.

Corrosion issue for components and parts, operating in corrosive atmosphere is being usually taken care either by suitable material selection or painting / protective coating / lining etc.

This paper discusses the design criteria used in various codes and standards for design of components considering creep, creep-fatigues, erosion, corrosion etc and necessary changes required in design criteria for extending plant life.

Author(s)

Kalyan Panda Tata Power

GETS 2015 ID # 375

ECONOMICS OF THERMAL PLANTS WITH 40 YEAR DESIGN LIFE


http://www.ntpcgets.com/abstract/finalpapers/375.doc

28

Abstract:

The new developments of large rating advance class Steam Turbines for fossil-fired power plants have been driven as a precondition for improvement in performance of power plant cycle and necessitated by the concerns for environment. Till past few years, the Indian power generation has been ruled by subcritical technology (5370C/ 170 ata). The next generation technology, namely “Supercritical” (around 5650C/ 247 ata) has been driven by the obsession of power industry for higher efficiency and regulatory clean environment norms, which are realizable by using advance steam parameters (temperature & pressure).

The advancements in material sciences and design practices have made it possible to develop steam turbines to operate at higher and higher steam parameters. On the other hand, it has enthused OEMs around the globe in pursuing ambitious and intensive development programs for futuristic steam turbines operating at Ultra Supercritical (USC : around 6000C / 270 ata) and Advanced ultra-supercritical (AUSC : greater than 7000C/ 300 ata) parameters. The advanced class steam turbines operating at elevated steam parameters above critical point do not differ fundamentally from subcritical ones. The difference is due to new and advanced materials & design/constructional features to deal with elevated steam parameters and to achieve enhanced product efficiency. These turbines are equipped with efficiency yielding advance and proven design features.

Author(s)

T.K.Ghosh General Manager (Engineering)

Mr.T.K.Ghosh graduated in Mechanical Engineering and has vast experience of over 36 years in blade design, cycle optimization & module selection and thermodynamic calculations for steam turbines. For over 25 years he is associated/leading Steam turbine blade design. Under his leadership advanced blade designs for 250 MW and 500MW developed and successfully implemented. More recently, he has implemented state-of-the-art advance class blading in supercritical sets of 660/700/800 MW ratings and is steering development of steam turbine for AUSC Mission project. Presently, he is responsible for Design & Engineering for products manufactured at BHEL, Haridwar including large rating Steam Turbine, Turbo-generator, Heat Exchangers and Defence Naval Guns.

Rajeev Gulati (Additional General Manager &HOD (STE, GTE)

Mr. Rajeev Gulati graduated in Mechanical Engineering and has vast experience of over 32 years in design, development, engineering, manufacturing, testing of Large rating Gas turbine systems, assemblies, parts of large rating steam turbines, indigenous development of technology. He has been closely associated with SIEMENS, Germany and pioneeredestablishment of advanced designs of large rating gas turbines and large rating supercritical steam turbines in the nation. Under his leadership designs of V94.2 Gas Turbines and 660MW onwards Supercritical Steam Turbineswere successfully established. Presently. he is heading Steam Turbine Engineering & Gas Turbine Engineering department and steering R&M of steam turbines at BHEL, Haridwar.

Sanjay Bansal (Sr. Deputy General Manager (Sr.DGM)

Mr.Sanjay Bansal graduated in Mechanical Engg. and has over 24 years experience. He is associated in Product Engineering & development of large rating Steam Turbine components and assemblies specialising in Turbine Module development. He has undergone training by SIEMENS at Newcastle, UK&Muelheim, Germany works in the design of steam turbines. He has been executing new module development of Combined cylinder, new rating subcritical, lower rating supercritical and AUSC sets. He has over 15 years hands-on experience of 3D product development practices and has successfully executed assignments using state-of-the-art design tools in the development of new products. He is actively involved in unit-level PLM taskforce and has contributed technical papers in different national forums. Presently, he is responsible for Research & Product Development in STE at BHEL, Haridwar.

GETS 2015 ID # 382

ADVANCE CLASS STEAM TURBINES FOR UTILITIES - TECHNOLOGY TRENDS & INITIATIVES



29

Abstract:

Oxy fuel combustion is suggested as one of the promising technologies for capturing CO2 from power plants. The concept of Oxy Fuel combustion is removal of nitrogen from the oxidizer to carry out the combustion process in oxygen and recycle the flue gas to control the flame temperature. The use of Oxy fuel combustion is an attractive alternative to amine based absorption of CO2 to retrofit coal-fired power plants. In the present study it has been tried to investigate the combustion characteristics of pulverized coal samples under Oxy fuel combustion in Fuel Evaluation Test Facility (FETF) available at CSIR- Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, which is specially designed for Oxy fuel combustion studies with flue gas recirculation. Different O2/CO2environment has been used for investigation. Investigation result shows that CO2reduces the conversion of coal particle, therefore, a higher proportion of oxygen is required in Oxy fuel conditions to match the conversion obtained from normal air firing.

Author(s)

Manish Kumar (CIMFR, Dhanbad)

GETS 2015 ID # 461

INVESTIGATION OF COMBUSTION BEHAVIOR OF PULVERIZED COAL IN OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION ENVIRONMENT IN FETR



30

Abstract:

Coal-based thermal power stations will dominate the supply of electricity in India even coming decades. It becomes imperative to assess the performance and efficiency of coal-based thermal power plants in India. Approximately 307 Billion Tonnes (Bt) of geological resources of coal have so far been estimated in India. Out of the total resources, the Gondwana Coalfields account for 305 Bt (99.5%), while the Tertiary Coalfields of Himalayan region contribute 1.5 Bt (0.5%) of coal resources. Most of the power plants are running below its rated capacity and also the trend of import of coals for power plants is increasing causing huge loss to the exchequer. This is to mention here that whatever loss in power generation and high coal consumption occurs due to poor coal quality, it becomes direct overburden on public through electric charges.

With our past experiences it is suggested: There should be coherence between quality (GCV values) of coal at supplier and receiver’s end, producer to arrange best coal supply and ensure cooperation in sampling, sub-sampling and quality estimation at loading point, grading of coal to be done by national agencies strictly to produce declared grades of coal, both parties to target minimum coal import for our national economy and concerned ministries should work jointly on quality issue.

Author(s)

Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh Senior Principal Scientist and Head/Coordinator of Resource Quality Assessment Division of CSIR-CIFMR

Co- Authors:

Dr.Awadhesh Sharma Sr. Principal Scientist & Officer-in-charge, CSIR-CIMFR, Bilaspur

Dr. Shripal Singh Principal Scientist & Officer-in-charge, CSIR-CIMFR, Nagpur

Dr. M. L. Banra Principal Scientist & Officer-in-charge, CSIR-CIMFR, Ranchi

Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh was born at Jaunpur District, Uttar Pradesh on 3rd April 1965. After schooling at Jaunpur, he completed graduation (Science), Post-graduation (Geology) and PhD (Coal) from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.

Dr. Singh is presently working as Senior Principal Scientist and Head/Coordinator of Resource Quality Assessment Division of CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research and actively involved in basic and industrial research on coal. Currently his team is very actively engaged in coal quality estimation for different industries including power plants. He has more than 25 years of research experience on coal science and energy and successfully lead several national and international (>50) projects on coal and energy and has many (>80) publications in international/national journals and seminars/symposia to his credit. He is recipient of prestigious awards like (1) International Commonwealth Executive Awards, Australia (2008), (2) Subrata Ghosh Coal Petrology Award from MGMI, Kolkata (2014). (3) Optomech Award in Remote Sensing (2005) and (4) National Merit Scholarship, UP Government.

Dr. Singh has visited eight foreign countries in connection with scientific and bilateral cooperation and seminars. He has guided two PhD students and currently guiding four research scholars. He is Reviewer of several prestigious International Journals including, FUEL, International Journal of Coal Geology, Clay Research etc and member of several important scientific society including International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP), Germany.

GETS 2015 ID # 469

COAL QUALITY AND ITS MONITORING NEEDS FOR POWER PLANTS-INDIAN PERSPECTIVE


31

WASTE TO ENERGY

32

33

RECOVERY OF WASTE HEAT & MOISTURE FROM BOILER FLUE GAS BY USING KALINA CYCLE

WASTE TO ENERGY

Abstract:

The rapidly increasing demand for energy which is covered mainly by the use of fossil fuels in thermal power plants has serious environmental impacts and magnifies the global warming phenomenon. The Kalina Cycle is a break through technology providing higher level of performance, impossible to attain with traditional steam plants. The technology is the creation of Dr. Alexander Kalina, a Russian scientist. Kalina developed a new bottoming cycle, which utilizes a binary mixture as the working fluid. The ‘‘Kalina’’ technology has been developed over two decades back; however, the commercial marketing of the technique started only a few years ago. Kalina power cycles work with a binary fluid and are uniquely capable of upgrading low-temperature heat to power at high efficiency. The mixture composition varies throughout the cycle. The most common working mixture is a binary mixture of ammonia and water. For Dadri Stage-II (2 X 490MW) units if all of flue gases (2000 tonnes/hr /unit) available at a minimum temperature of 140oC are cooled to their minimum recommended temperature of 120oC, it is estimated that about 11 MW of heat energy could be recovered.

This paper presents a cost benefit analysis study for use of this technology for low-temperature waste-heat & moisture recovery from boiler flue gas in NTPC Dadri Stage-II units.

Author(s)

Mr. Somnath Bhattacharjee AGM (BMD), NCPS Dadri – NTPC Ltd Contact no. +91 9650995247, Email: [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 285


34

Abstract:

With the increasing energy utilization, environmental problems are growing day by day. In order to provide insights into the environmental impact, the second law of thermodynamic is considered to be effective. Exergy is a measure of the potential of a flow to cause change, as a result of being in disequilibrium with the reference environment. In this paper, it is considered that as a measure of environmental impact, the exergy contents of waste emissions are more important than the corresponding energy contents. The exergy associated with waste emission streams has the potential to cause environmental damage. In this paper, it is presented that exergy is the only rational basis for assigning the environment impact to the energy system and also to the thermodynamic inefficiencies within the system. This is also known as exergoenvironmental analysis. The relation between the exergy and environmental impact is considered. The potential of exergy is concluded to be significant in representing environmental problems. From the future perspective, exergy based indicators are needed to be developed to determine the impact of specific component performance on the environment. In the end, the possible measure of reducing the environmental impact due to exergy destruction is presented.

Author(s)

Mr. Rakesh Dang Assiciate professor – Mech. Engg. Department, PEC University of Technology Contact no. +91 9888405998 Email: [email protected]

Mr. Gaurav Research Scholar M.E. – Mech. Engg. Department PEC University of Technology Contact no : +91 7837022941 Email: [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 326

IMPACT OF EXERGY ON ENVIRONMENT

WASTE TO ENERGY


35

Abstract:

Management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is one of the major environmental concerns of Indian urban cities. Open garbage dumps are leading to the generation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and pollution of ground as well as surface water resources. Nearly half of MSW generated remains unattended because of the poor services of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Studies reveal that about 90% of MSW is disposed of unscientifically in open dumpsites, creating problems to public health & environment. Thus, it becomes imperative to adopt better technologies for waste treatment and disposal. Technologies tried so far could not provide a comprehensive solution to the waste problem. This is because of the heterogeneous and the commingled nature of Indian MSW, as a result of the poor segregation practices. High moisture content and presence of silt & road sweepings in the MSW makes its treatment more difficult. Waste to Energy (WtE) projects can be a prominent option as these projects scientifically dispose considerable amount of garbage and the energy generation becomes an additional advantage. But most of the past WtE projects in India suffered failure, especially on account of technical aspects due to mismatch of the fuel characteristics with the boiler requirement. Therefore, there is a need to build up a strong technical knowhow in this field, keeping in mind the characteristics of Indian waste. Further, these projects are capital intensive, as they are primarily meant for the scientific disposal of MSW, and should not be given significance linked to the power generation. Hence, support from the government is very much imperative to make success models in this field. In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive technological solution in a right and customized approach to deal with the waste problems in Indian cities.

Author(s)

Mr. Gyan Prakash Misra Vice President - Special Projects IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Ltd. Contact no. +91 9650410808, Email: [email protected]

Mr. Puneet Babbar Asst. Manager - Environment IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Ltd.| Contact no. +91 9810275111, Email: [email protected]

Prof. P. D. Grover (Retd.) Principal Technical Advisor IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Ltd. Contact no. +91 9811065077, Email: [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 335

WASTE-TO-ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES – AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

WASTE TO ENERGY


36

Abstract:

Most of the developed and developing countries having large population are making Waste to Energy (WtE) as an integral part of their waste management program and investing more and more money in the development of the WtE industry. For a populous country like India, WtE can surely be proved as a good option for the treatment of humongous waste rather than landfilling. But contrary, all the past WtE projects in India have got a very poor success rate. Low calorific value and inappropriateness of Indian waste to incinerate are documented as the key reasons of failure. However, analyzing the various aspects of the past projects, one could find out that the greatest drawback for WtE industry in India is its “bad track record”. Most of the earlier projects got failed because of: Lack of expertise of the plant operator, selection of the wrong set of technology, mismatch between waste characteristics and plant design, poor project development, lack of government support, pollution concerns and financial viability. It looks like the entire concept of WtE is mishandled in Indian context. Failure of India’s first WtE plant installed in Timarpur, New Delhi in the year 1987 is a point in case for above mentioned reasons. Other examples are the Lucknow, Hyderabad and Vijaywada projects, which witnessed failures. Since then many more projects came up, but none of them could provide an accurate solution to the country’s emerging waste problems. This has made authorities and promoters conscious of taking up WtE projects. The present review paper brings out the various phases of the development of WtE projects from 1987, and list down the reasons for which the WtE industry in India step on to a descending path. Based on that, the paper gives the necessary recommendations for the future path.

Author(s)

Mr. Puneet Babbar Asst. Manager - Environment IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Ltd. Contact no. +91 9810275111, Email: [email protected]


GETS 2015 ID # 336

DEVELOPMENT OF WASTE TO ENERGY PROJECTS IN INDIA

WASTE TO ENERGY


37

Abstract:

Incineration as a method of disposing solid waste gained popularity in the second half of the 19th century due to sanitation problems in the densely populated and highly industrialized regions of the world. The earliest incinerators had no flue gas pollution control measures, resulting in the generation of foul odours and toxic gases. Prior to the 1970s, Waste-to-Energy (incineration) projects were installed without Air Pollution Control (APC) measures and viewed as a highly polluting industry. It was in the 1970s and early ‘80s, when an understanding of the consequences of pollution, especially those related to dioxins and furans, started developing in countries like USA, Europe & Japan. Public opposition to incineration around the world initiated improvements in technology to mitigate pollutant emissions and led to issuance of stricter legislative regulations. Technological advancements, such as development of flue gas scrubbers and later, injection of activated carbon into the flue gases before trapping the particulates in a fabric filter became the principle methods to control emission of acid gases, heavy metals, un-burnt hydrocarbons and dioxins & furans from Waste-to-Energy plants. In addition to this, the grate technology was improved in order to carry out efficient and complete combustion of the fuel. Thus, the entire process of combustion of waste was transformed from a source of emissions into a pollution sink within a span of 30 years. The present incineration methods along with the proper flue gas pollution control measures have evolved as a result of all these developments and now provide the perfect solution to the challenge that human beings have been facing for centuries in waste management. This paper reviews the nature of problems associated with emissions in incineration processes and describes how these emissions are controlled in present Waste-to-Energy facilities.

Author(s)

Ms. Malika Johar Jr. Executive - Environment IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Ltd. Contact no. +91 9910001787, Email: [email protected]

Mr. Puneet Babbar Asst. Manager - Environment IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Ltd. Contact no. +91 9810275111, Email: [email protected]


GETS 2015 ID # 337

EMISSION CONTROL IN WASTE-TO-ENERGY PROJECTS

WASTE TO ENERGY


38

Abstract:

Power and Cement industries have been exploring possibilities of using alternate fuels. This would reduce the dependency on coal and to that extent reduce emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Concurrently, accumulation of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in open dumps also results in GHGs emissions and causes contamination of underground and surface water, in addition to several negative environmental and health issues. These two problems can be efficiently tackled by burning the MSW (processed into the form of Refuse Derived Fuel) in thermal power plants. Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) is the mixture of combustible constituents of local MSW and mainly consist of non-recyclable paper, wood, cardboards, plastics (except PVC), rubber scraps, rags, jute articles, straw/hay, dried food wastes, etc. separated through an elaborated mechanically assisted preprocessing. A detailed preprocessing minimizes possible inerts like dust, grit, stones, debris and metal scraps from the fuel. In general, RDF may be referred to as a low density material with moderate moisture content, high quantity of volatile matter (VM) and low fixed carbon. However, its heating values and other characteristics may differ depending upon the economic status of urban population. RDF, being a cleaner fuel, can be conveniently used for generation of heat and power using clean technologies. It can be utilized either as a standalone system with RDF as fuel or as supplementary fuel in combination with coal and biomass for power plants, thus resulting in the conservation of natural resources. Above all the combustion of RDF obtained from MSW is one of the major important components of renewable source of energy. This paper emphasizes on the co-firing of RDF up to 5% weight proportion along with coal in Power & Cement industries. The detailed technical aspects of the same are also included.

Author(s)

Mr. Himanshu Chaturvedi Manager - Projects IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Ltd. Contact no. +91 9891363334, Email: [email protected]



GETS 2015 ID # 345

CO-COMBUSTION OF REFUSED DERIVED FUEL (RDF) IN THERMAL POWER PLANT

WASTE TO ENERGY


39

Abstract:

The successful operation of a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) not only lies with achieving the desired standards but also with value additions & overall plant operation, economical as well as technical ease. There is lot of concern on the present growing dependence on Power supply in Developing countries like India. This has driven the Waste water treatment market to look for alternative sources of energy. Bio sludge, the major waste generated in an STP is a valuable carbonaceous resource, which can be efficiently utilized for generation of energy with well-designed Sludge Treatment units employing Anaerobic digesters, Biogas harness facilities and Biogas based GenSet systems. These systems are capable of generating electricity to fulfill the self-sustenance of the Plants, from where energy is harnessed in the form of biogas. Some of these STPs are successfully operating for nearly ten years with consistent and enhanced power generation from biogas in India. The fine-tuned operations have helped in reducing energy requirement from State Electricity Grid/Diesel Generator Set (DG) and at the same time sustaining its sole purpose, sewage treatment.

Author(s)

Mr. Yagna Prasad Koganti, Chief Technology Officer – VA Tech Wabag Ltd. Contact no. +91 93805 69910 Email: [email protected]

Mr. Kumaran B K DGM – Technical Support – VA Tech Wabag Ltd. Contact no. +91 93456 98066 Email: [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 353

WASTE TO ENERGY - ACHIEVING SELF-SUSTENANCE IN A SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

WASTE TO ENERGY


40

Abstract:

MSW is highly heterogeneous and percentage of its constituents varies widely depending on the source. Further seasonal changes also contribute to the higher level of heterogeneity in MSW. To assess the suitability of any technology for processing MSW, it is very important to broadly analyse the composition and the weight fraction of each of the constituents with reference to different sources of its generation. The change in composition is also a function of the economic vibrancy of the society and the economic progress of the region as well. The MSW includes, garbage-organic material discarded or waste generated as a result of the storage, preparation and consumption of food, rubbish, paper, wood, glass, metal, leaves mainly generated from vegetable markets, hotels, community halls, street sweepings and residential areas. Composition of MSW differs widely from place to place and from season to season.

The adoption of processing and disposal of collected MSW may be Gasification, Pyrolysis, combustion etc., will be an advanced technique instead of direct dumping. The combustion of MSW-RDF releases more available energy compared to pyrolysis and gasification. The moving grate technology eminently suits the combustion of pre-sorted waste in the Indian context, though the moving grate technology also effectively combusts unprocessed waste in Europe and elsewhere. Installation of moving grate systems in India for WTE facilities is advocated as a failsafe measure and for sustained successful operations of future WTE plants than the previous facilities. Combustion of presorted MSW to produce power will be the best option for processing the MSW.

Author(s)

Mr. Iype George GM –O&M, Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited, Contact no. +91 9599196831, Email: [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 357

WASTE TO ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

WASTE TO ENERGY

http://www.ntpcgets.com/abstract/presentations/357.pptx

41

Abstract:

Waste to Energy is still at an early stage of development in India, even though it is expected to grow at a fast rate due to our integrated waste management approach along with significant and sustained growth in future with opportunities of earning. In Europe, Waste to Energy (WTE) is more prevalent and plans to construct future large scale new facilities are being prepared at a fast rate, due to European Union’s waste management directives at minimizing landfills. Similarly, waste to energy technology is used extensively in Japan and other Asian countries which use WTE technology to generate renewable power and reduce the need for landfills.

With a view to increase the possibilities of using different type of technologies for converting waste to energy – live case studies have been studied to find practical solution for implementing WTE as a source of renewable energy. The practical aspects including different practical aspects like segregation of waste and other aspects have also been brought out while studying the implementation of the various projects along with their advantages and disadvantages . The cases have not only been studied from an practical and environmental point of view, but also from a future sustainability point of view also.

Author(s)

Ms. Smita Kundu DGM – NTPC Ltd Contact no. +91 9650992007 Email: [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 453

CASE STUDY ON PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF WASTE TO ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

WASTE TO ENERGY


42

Abstract:

The consumption pattern of modern consumer lifestyles is causing a huge worldwide waste problem. Improper disposal of wastes is having a devastating impact on ecosystems and cultures throughout the world.

Vermicomposting is a method to utilize organic and bio-degradable waste into compost, which will be further used in horticulture and other useful purposes. NTPC has been using this technology since long time. But they are not effective at various stations because the worms (e.g. foetida) are not able to sustain after 30-35 dec C. But a new type of worm “Jai Gopal” has been identified that can survive till 43-45 dec C, making the process more sustainable and useful.

Also, Bio-methanation is another method by which can utilize waste by converting it to cooking gas. This methodology is being widely used in NTPC Kayamkulam. This can save 3-4 number of LPG cylinders every month during full capacity utilization.

These technologies can be deployed in NTPC across all the stations on a large scale, utilizing waste from communities. It will not only recycle waste, but also reduce the pollution. Also it will provide employment to the surrounding communities, thus making them pro – NTPC, that will be beneficial to NTPC.

Author(s)

Ms. Deepti Agarwal Dy. Mgr – NTPC Ltd Contact no. +91 9650998613, Email: [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 454

CONVERTING WASTE IN TO ENERGY & USEFUL PRODUCTS

WASTE TO ENERGY


43

GREENING OF COAL

44

45

Abstract:

Dynamic analysis and simulation tools play a very important role in the power plant industry. These tools can be used for system design and analysis, evaluation of operating procedure, examination of dynamic characteristics during non-steady state periods such as shutdown, start-up, load change, or emergency situations, etc. Presented is the developed in-house dynamic analysis and simulation tool called ASIMPLE (Analysis and Simulation for Plant Engineering). ASIMPLE can be used for plant engineering to identify transient thermal hydraulic behavior based on mathematical models of the process and control systems in the power plant. This paper deals with the simulation of transient behavior for coal-fired supercritical power plant using ASIMPLE. Numerical calculation of dynamic behavior during start-up was performed by ASIMPLE. A comparison between the simulation results and operational data during start-up was documented. The results obtained demonstrate that the simulation is reliable for prediction of the start-up procedure.

Author(s)

Hyojun Kim* Kwanghun Jeong Kyungbong Roh Woowon Jeon Youngoon Kim Kihyun Lee

Corporate R&D Institute Doosan Heavy Industries and Construction Co., Ltd 10, Suji-ro 112beon-gil, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, KOREA

*[email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 281

DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF COAL-FIRED SUPERCRITICAL POWER PLANT WITH ASIMPLE BASED ON MATHEMATICAL MODELS

GREENING OF COAL


46

Abstract:

Increasing environmental demands and upcoming legislation have strong influence on the coal quality requirements in domestic power plants. This means that domestic coal needs to be blended with imported coal. Conventional ash meters like dual energy gauges utilizing Americium and Cesium sources for determination of ash content cannot be used for blending purposes due to their dependency on ash composition.

X-ray fluorescence analysis is well proven and widely used in the laboratory. This technique was transferred to an online device for use directly on the conveyor belt by the company. This analyzer measures the composition of the coal but not only the ash content.

Having an analyzer in place allows to realize a blending strategy. That way fuel with minimized quality variation on ash, moisture, CV and sulphur can be provided. Simple approach will be control of the blending relation between domestic and imported coal while the most sophisticated approach will be control of stacking and reclaiming in order to optimize the coal quality. The analyzer feeds quality information directly to the control software where the control is realized according to the customer´s requirements. Basic control strategies are discussed in the presentations.

Author(s)

Claus Bachmann J&C Bachmann GmbH Germany [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 291

USE OF ONLINE XRF ANALYSIS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF COAL QUALITY BY BLENDING

GREENING OF COAL


47

Abstract:

India, a country where population is growing at an alarming rate, needs increasing amount of power to meet the requirement of the vast majority of society to accomplish better-quality of living. However, this needs to be achieved with the least damage to the environment and at a reasonable cost. Coal being the energy fuel over the past decades will continue to be the promising energy generating fuel for the coming years. At the same time, coal-based power plants are the largest sources of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Indian coal having very high ash content (35-48%) affects the performance of the plant to a greater extent. Hence it is of prime importance to develop an energy efficient, low emission power generation technologies for indigenous coal at ambient conditions and the present work addresses both of these issues.

3-E (Energy, Exergy and Environment) analysis of a 500 MWe Supercritical (SupC) Pressurized Pulverized Combined Cycle (PPCC) power plant and Pulverized Coal fired (PC) power plant using High Ash (HA) Indian coal under Indian ambient condition is performed to assess the suitability of PPCC technology for energy generation in India. An extensive comparative study is performed to prove the effectiveness of PPCC plant over the conventional Pulverized Coal (PC) fired SupC power plant of same capacity. The results reveal that about 5.31% points of energy efficiency, 5.04% points of exergy efficiency can be improved and 47.59% of CO2 emissions can be reduced by adopting PPCC power plant compared with PC power plant of same gross power output. The energy balance study shows that the maximum energy loss is observed in cooling water (24%), whereas exergy balance study shows that the maximum exergy destruction is occurred in the combustor (32%).

Author(s)

Kalimuthu Selvam LARSEN & TOUBRO LTD, India [email protected]

Sujit Karmakar Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, India [email protected]

Ajit Kumar Kolar Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036, India

GETS 2015 ID # 307

COMPARATIVE 3-E (ENERGY, EXERGY AND ENVIRONMENT) ANALYSIS OF PRESSURIZED PULVERIZED COMBINED CYCLE AND PULVERIZED COAL FIRED POWER PLANTS

GREENING OF COAL


48

Abstract:

The relative abundance of coal in India compared to other fossil fuels makes it a natural choice as the primary source of fuel, for power generation. As on today, the total reserves of coal in India is 301 Bt. Out of which about 83% constitute non-coking coal, 14% coking coal and the rest are others. Indian coals, are of Gondwana origin, containing high ash wherein the extraneous material was intimately mixed in the coal matrix during the formation stage, causing high level of impurities in the run-of-mine material. These coals possess difficult to very difficult washability characteristics. Beneficiation of high- ash coals of India has become the prerequisite for improving the overall economics.

The stipulation laid by the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), Government of India to transport coal of ash not exceeding 34% beyond 500 km will be effective from 5th day of June’2016 will be posing problems to different coal suppliers for the dispatch of its coal to the power plants. The only solution to this problem appears to be the setting up of washeries to reduce the ash content. With a 66% share of installed power generation capacity (255 GW, plus about 40GW captive power plants), the coal industry has a major role to play in the nation’s development. The coal washing capacity from the present 131Mtpa, needs to be increased to 250 Mtpa under the 12th Five year plan. The Coal India Limited proposed to install about 20 non coking coal washeries under different schemes. The paper highlights the possible routes of washing high ash Indian non coking coals for use in thermal power stations.

Author(s)

T.Gouri Charan

U.S.Chattopadhyay

G.S.Jha

S.K.Kabiraj

K.M.P.Singh

K.M.K.Sinha

CSIR-CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF MINING AND FUEL RESEARCH, Dhanbad-India

[email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 324

POSSIBLE ROUTES FOR WASHING HIGH ASH INDIAN COALS FOR USE IN POWER STATION

GREENING OF COAL

http://www.ntpcgets.com/abstract/papers/324.doc

49

Abstract:

Coal based Thermal Power Plants in India approximately contributes to 65% of total Electricity generated. At the same time, these plants have adverse effect on the environment due to emission of Carbon (mono & di) oxides. Due to the above stated reason, Environmental bodies are encouraging technologies that reduce the pollution and can at the same time meet the stringent environmental norms. Underground coal gasification (UGC) is a clean coal technology to generate power to enhance both the efficiency and the environmental acceptability of coal extraction and processing. Mining is the typical method of extracting coal, but it has been estimated that only 15% to 20% of the total coal reserve can be utilize in this manner. UGCAllows for the utilization of stranded coal reserves (deep, low quality coals).

UCG is a process which converts in situ coal into a combustible gas. Oxygen or air is injected into the coal seam underground through horizontal and vertical wells - the coal is then combusted through a controlled burn producing gas similar to natural gas. The gas is extracted through wells drilled down to the coal seam and can be used to produce heat, generate power.

This paper highlights UCG technology, the scope of UCG in India, its cost effectiveness comparing with other renewable energy resources and environmental effectiveness.

Author(s)

SAYANI BHOWMIK Email id: [email protected] Assistant Engineer (M), Maintenance planning cell Damodar Valley Corporation

Poonam Yadav Email id: poonam [email protected] Assistant Engineer (C&I), C&M Damodar Valley Corporation

GETS 2015 ID # 333

UNDER GROUND COAL GASIFICATION: THE ROAD MAP FOR INDIA

GREENING OF COAL


50

Abstract:

Coal being a major source of fuel in India for thermal power generation, there is a continued interest in the efficient use of coal and also development of clean coal technologies. Due to highly heterogeneous nature of coal, conventional analyses like proximate, ultimate, ash analysis etc are unable to describe adequately the impact of coal quality on conversion efficiencies and plant performance as they assume coal as a homogeneous material and provide only bulk properties.

Several advanced characterisation techniques have emerged recently which consider pulverised coal as heterogeneous material made up of individual particles and are able to examine these coal particles in much greater detail. The advanced analytical techniques provides information on the coal such as elemental concentrations, mineralogy of coals, occurrence of trace elements in coal, association with respect to mineral–maceral and mineral–mineral occurrences, physical nature such as surface area, pore volume/size, true density, PSD, heat absorbed / liberated due to thermal change, reactivity/kinetics of coal combustion, etc. The combination of the conventional and advanced analyses, together with a knowledge of boiler design and operating conditions, allow better interpretation of ash behaviour in boilers than has previously been possible. In this paper, various advanced analytical equipment and their applications are discussed.

Author(s)

S.Krishnamoorthy, DGM/CRC, BHEL-Trichy [email protected]

K. G. Palappan Sr. Engr/CRC, BHEL-Trichy [email protected]

K. Saranya Senior Engr/CRC, BHEL-Trichy [email protected]

P. Hema Latha, Senior Engr/CRC, BHEL-Trichy [email protected]

S. Santhosh Raaj, Senior Engr/CRC, BHEL-Trichy [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 447

ADVANCED CHARACTERISATION OF COAL

GREENING OF COAL


51

Abstract:

The main driver for the further development of the power plant technology is the increase of the operating efficiency, which on the one hand would help to limit the fuel & water consumption and operating costs and on the other hand imply the reduction of CO2 emissions. The improvement of the efficiency in fossil-fired steam power plants can only be achieved by further increase of steam parameters, namely pressure and temperature as demonstrated by the past evolution over the decades to >600°C at present. The realization of elevated steam parameters can be accomplished by application and/or development of materials with improved capabilities with regard to creep rupture strength and oxidation properties at higher temperatures. The paper brings out state of materials industry with respect to readiness for the global 700°C program along with company’s contributions with focus on latest R&D targets. Boiler water walls materials and road map has been discussed. Gathering the development of new ferritic materials for WWP and industrialization of Ni-based tubes and pipes is also presented. .

Author(s)

Jonathan Moulin Vallourec Power Generation Division Technical Customer Services Manager Steam Tubes & Pipes India Region & Alstom Worldwide [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 450

INNOVATIVE MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS FOR A CLEAN COAL POWER PLANT

GREENING OF COAL


52

Abstract:

This paper describes Boiler Re-Circulation pump solutions for AUSC Boiler. More than 30 year experience in Supercritical (SC) Boiler Re-Circulation pump technology and the development of the first Solar Tower Boiler Re-Circulation pumps led to the technology of USC double re-heated and AUSC double re-heated boiler Re-Circulation pump technology. To meet the high demands in respect to the transient temperature conditions for SC, USC and AUSC boiler, a fatigue monitoring system should be mandatory to observe this critical equipment.

Author(s)

Jochen Kastner Senior Manager, KSB AG, Germany [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 471

BOILER RE-CIRCULATION PUMPS FOR AUSC - BOILER

EXPERIENCE IN SOLAR BOILER APPLICATIONS, USC AND USC DOUBLE RE-HEATED POWER STATIONS; AUSC BOILER SOLUTIONS WITH FATIGUE MONITORING - KSB AG

GREENING OF COAL


53

Abstract:

Doosan’s innovative capabilities in terms of designing the Boiler both new and retrofitted for overall performance optimisation by suitably incorporating latest combustion system technology. This technology includes Low NOx burners, Furnace Air Staging (SOFA & BOFA), Improving PF Fineness and Distribution within mill by using Classifier and VARB etc. Performance Optimisation solution also takes care of SA Duct and Windbox modelling using CFD technology. Presented Performance Optimisation solution is quite relevant from the point of view of proposed implementation of the notification of MoEF & CC on ” Emission Standards for Coal Based Thermal Power Plants”

Author(s)

Mr. Sarajit Sen Managing Director, Doosan Power Services

Sarajit Sen graduated as a Mechanical Engineer in 1980 from NIT, Durgapur and joined ACC Babcock Ltd as a graduate trainee. He had 17 years of boiler engineering and plant commissioning experience in India, China, Zimbabwe and United Kingdom with Babcock in India and UK before he took up positions in business operations within the group. Prior to taking up his present position as Managing Director, Power Service business of Doosan Power Systems India Pvt. Ltd, he was based in the European headquarter of Doosan Babcock’s Service Operation in the UK, responsible for sales and business development of the after-market business in UK and Europe.

GETS 2015 ID # 472

COMBUSTION SYSTEM WITH GHG POLICY IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE OPTIMISATION

GREENING OF COAL

54

55

ZERO LIQUID DISCHARGE

56

57

Abstract:

Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) systems have been in operation at gas and coal-fired power plants since the 1970’s. As water scarcity is increasing and wastewater discharge regulations become more stringent, power plants and other industrial facilities around the world are increasingly looking for more ways to minimize raw water requirements and to recycle and reuse as much wastewater as possible. ZLD or “closed-loop” wastewater treatment systems typically use membranes, evaporators (brine concentrators), crystallizers and other advanced process equipment to meet ZLD environmental regulations. This paper will provide case studies of four different gas based and coal-fired power plants in North America, Europe, and Australia with detailed examples of the wastewater streams treated along with design considerations and the ZLD system operations. A strategy for implementing ZLD for existing and proposed gas and coal fired power plants in India will also be discussed.

Author(s)

David Ciszewski Global Sales Director

Dave is the sales leader responsible for all thermal (Evaporators & Crystallizers) and integrated Waste Water recycle and Zero Liquid Discharge solutions

Michael Rees

Regional Commercial Leader for Global Projects & Partnerships, GE Water & Process Technologies Michael is a Commercial Leader responsible for assisting GE’s local commercial teams with the development of major projects and key partnerships with Clients, EPC and Consortium partners.

Venkatesh Krishnaswamy

Commercial Engineer Leader responsible for global integrated projects

V.D.Babu

Region Manager - South Asia, Systems & Projects

Babu is Region Manager for South Asia Industrial Systems & Projects and having more than 25 years’ experience in Water, Waste Water Treatment, Recycle & ZLD solutions

GETS 2015 ID # 250

ZERO LIQUID DISCHARGE CASE STUDIES IN POWER PLANTS AROUND THE WORLD



58

Abstract:

Global water scarcity is adversely affecting industrial production, livelihood, human health and eco-system. The current demand supply gap has increased to such levels where expansion of supplies will only address a fraction of growing demand and further widening gap. This necessitates efficient water management.

Since water is a finite resource, recycle and reuse are most sustainable options. Additionally the growing environmental concerns and stringent legislations necessitate water recycle / Zero Liquid discharge.

Despite the need and necessity, ZLD systems across industries are in limited installations whereas many water recycle plants are in successful operation. Besides the key challenges of choice of suitable technology, CAPEX and OPEX, wide range of other factors like sludge disposal, chemical handling, area availability for plant installation, deployment of trained manpower etc. govern the feasibility of water recycle & ZLD systems.

Waste water in power plants generated from Cooling Tower Blow down, industrial effluents, wastewater from Demineralisation plant regeneration / regeneration of ion-exchange units, RO reject can all be treated efficiently for recycle & reuse in CT make-up and boiler feed with an average system recovery exceeding 75%. The recycle treatment entailing innovative combination of conventional and advanced technologies is economical and proven across industries.

However reject treatment for ZLD is still a high cost and choice of the same can be made project specific.

Author(s)

BK Agrawal CEO

Pradeep Grover General Manager

(Triveni Engineering & Industries Ltd. - Water Business Group)

GETS 2015 ID # 261

WATER RECYCLE AND ZERO-LIQUID DISCHARGE IN POWER PLANTS



59

Abstract:

Liquid waste treatment is an integral part of clean power generation and to meet stringent environmental regulations. Nowadays it is becoming absolutely essential to have reliable liquid waste treatment system in power plants. The transfer of liquid waste to clarifier from waste collecting sump is vital part in the entire process of treatment of waste water At NTPC Farakka LWTP (Liquid Waste Treatment plant) was originally provided with vertical turbine pumps for transfer of waste water to clarifier. These pumps were getting damaged very frequently due to the waste water containing sludge, coal dust and ash content. Failure of these pumps led to the shutdown of LWTP and hampered continuous operation. In order to improve the reliability of LWTP a horizontal pump with priming chamber was installed. Various options of horizontal pump installation like with a foot valve, flooded suction and with priming chamber were explored and finally installation was done with priming chamber without any foot valve in suction pipe keeping in mind the kind of waste to be handled.

This paper highlights in details the successful case study of utilizing the flooded suction horizontal pump in negative suction condition with priming chamber for transfer of waste water to clariflocculator inlet.

Author(s)

Jai Inder Sharma

NTPC Ltd.

GETS 2015 ID # 263

RELIABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF LWTP - A CASE STUDY OF NTPC FARAKKA



60

Abstract:

Drivers for Recycle/Zero Liquid Discharge:

Depletion of water due to its misuse and the rising cost of available water are persuading industry to opt for recycle.

There are also two additional factors that go in favour of effluent recycle:

- The cost of treating the available raw water based on its source and

- Quality and the cost of disposal of effluent.

Industries are well aware of the huge penalties if they fail to adhere to the effluent disposal norms set by pollution control boards.

Today, industries can make use of customised systems to suit the wide variety of effluents. These systems are based on physico-chemical, biological treatments and membrane separation.

Methodologies adopted:

Following methodologies could be adopted:

- Reuse of industrial wastewater: Wastewater from industries could be treated further and reused so as to achieve Zero liquid Discharge. Effective treatment with advanced unit processes may be necessary based on the end use of water. Few waste water may be difficult to treat due to their composition.

- Recycle of treated sewage: The concentrations of constituents in sewage are lower than most of the industrial wastewaters. Here, the treatment and recycle become easier. This could be a convenient and cost effective alternative when there is scarcity of water.

Thermax is a pioneer in providing Effluent Recycle & Zero liquid Discharge solutions and has the expertise and experience to design and commission various plants for industries like Power, chemicals, drugs, pharmaceutical, refineries, steel, textile, automobile, food & beverages, paper, dairy, distilleries, oil & gas, petrochemicals, coal gasification etc. which helps to reduce their total water consumption and thereby costs.

Author(s)

Mr. Rajesh Bhutani Designation: Head – Effluent Treatment & Recycle Solutions Thermax Limited (Water & Waste solutions

GETS 2015 ID # 264

INDUSTRIES AND RECYCLING


61


Abstract:

In many parts of the world including India, water has become a limiting factor for Industrial development. In India source substitution appears to be the most suitable alternative to meet the growing water demand, especially for industrial use.

This paper attempts to present various case studies on how industries that have installed our seawater desalination plants, industrial and municipal effluent recycle and zero liquid discharge (ZLD) systems have gained an excellent payback on their investment through assured availability of water for process and utility requirements whilst reducing their dependence on fresh water and complying with pollution control regulations and clean environment.

The paper also highlights particular rights for providing approach to using alternate water sources and thus supports the objective of water security policy for sustainable development of the economy by effective means of creating a new and reliable water supply. This can be best achieved by partnerships involving public participation, better coordination amongst the various agencies involved, a need for policy, and the implementation and application of latest technologies.

Author(s)

Mr. Ajay Popat

Mr. Ajay Popat pursued his engineering degree in Plastics Technology from the Plastic & Rubber Institute, UK and Masters in Business Administration specializing in Marketing & Strategy with honors from NMIMS Institute. He has also been conferred with a Fellowship by Indian Plastics Institute in 2007.

Mr. Popat has more than 30 years of experience in Strategy, Business & Organisation Development with leading organizations like Ion Exchange, Pidilite and RPL.

Mr. Popat is active in promoting the cause of water industry through active participation with the Water and Environment Council in CII, FICCI, Bombay Chambers of Commerce, Indian Environmental Association, Water Quality Association - India Task Force and other trade bodies. He has chaired and delivered more than 100 papers on the subject of Sustainable Environment Management practices. He continues to play an active role to facilitate industry & its associated initiatives to achieve efficiency and excellence in water management practices benefiting all stake holders.

GETS 2015 ID # 266

REUTILISATION OF WASTE WATER IN THE POWER INDUSTRY – MOVING TOWARDS ZERO DISCHARGE


62


Abstract:

Recently according to water resource scarcity, conservation issues, and stronger regulation on effluent discharge, advanced water reuse technologies and ZLD (Zero Liquid Discharge) technology have increased public concern and the installation of ZLD system using evaporators and crystallizer is emerging as trends especially in coal-fired power plants. The ZLD system can replace a conventional biological treatment process which is the last stage of whole FGD (Flue Gas Desulfurization) wastewater treatment process, courtesy of more stable operation and better quality of treated water for reuse. In this study, a thermal type ZLD system has been developed to achieve the recovery ratio (>95% when TDS of wastewater is lower than 5%) with a decrease of produced sludge volume in FGD wastewater treatment processes. The developed ZLD system consists of a vertical tube falling film type brine concentrator equipped with a MVR (Mechanical Vapor Recompressor) or TVR (Thermo Vapor Recompressor), and a forced circulation type crystallizer.

Author(s)

Sang Moon Kim

Wee Kwan Kang

Gun Myung Lee

Hyung Keun Roh

GETS 2015 ID # 275

DEVELOPMENT OF A THERMAL TYPE ZLD (ZERO LIQUID DISCHARGE) SYSTEM FOR FGD WASTEWATER REUSE


63

Abstract:

Hyflux Ltd has identified key drivers to introduce its membrane-based technology for wastewater treatment and reuse in the Indian market, ranging from treating sewage into industrial grade water, to the concept of integrated membrane solutions for Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD). This paper presents treatment schemes, case studies along with potential applications, and advanced membrane technologies for cooling tower blowdown (CTBD) and ZLD in power plants.

Author(s)

Hector Alvarez PhD PChem, Director, Conventional and Waste water Department, Hyflux Ltd, Singapore

Gireesh Babu Bhat Director, Business Development, Hyflux Ltd, Singapore

Ashutosh Gopal Head of Projects and Membrane Sales, Hyflux Engineering (India) Pvt. Ltd, India

GETS 2015 ID # 286


MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY, THE DISTINCTIVE SOLUTION FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT & REUSE


64


Abstract:

Fresh water scarcity & concerns over environmental impact resulting from industrial aqueous effluent discharge has increased the importance on recycling, reuse of water by waste water treatment systems. This has paved way to the concept of Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) in which the waste water is purified & recycled leaving no water discharge at the end of the treatment cycle thereby increasing the water recovery throughput.

ZLD can be implemented in various industries which involve the use of water in one/more of its processes like Oil & gas refineries, Power plants, Sewage treatment, Mining, etc. The recycled water can be utilized for various applications such as utility water, horticulture, toilet flush, etc.

This paper plans to highlight the importance & merits of ZLD concept with two of the case studies wherein, it was successfully implemented as below:

i. 4000 cu.m/hr Raw Water Treatment Plant at Dahej using Ultra filtration technology coupled with clarifier & centrifuge systems.

ii. 2x1 MLD Sewage treatment plant at Ranipet using MBR technology coupled with filter press system.

Author(s)

Ramalingeswara Rao IM, BHEL

GETS 2015 ID # 302

ZERO LIQUID DISCHARGE THROUGH WASTE TREATMENT IN WATER TREATMENT PLANT & SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

65


Abstract:

Water is prominent on the list of global crisis that are predicted to present major challenges to human populations at scales ranging from local to global. As an essential resource for life, sustainable growth and healthy ecosystems, water has been high on the industrial requirement. This paper provides an insight into new developments and innovations related to water conservation techniques which has gained acceptance over the period of time in view of its performance, cost competitiveness, Technology compactness, Sustainable approach, environmental friendliness and wider applicability of Zero Liquid Discharge at NTPC plants, an initiative that will contribute in sustainable water management at the station. Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) represents the ultimate cutting-edge treatment system for the total elimination of wastewater effluent into neighboring waterways. This concept has drawn attention of majority of sectors of industries, as this will help industries in many fronts like;

• Better water management, Reducing overall water consumption matrix

• Reduction in water pollution\ ZLD systems provide numerous economic and environmental advantages for plant managers like

• Waste water is effectively recycled and reused,

• Saving on the cost and treatment of raw water.

• Since all water is reclaimed, no effluent is discharged from the plant, avoiding the cost of environmental impact.

• Striving towards sustainable growth of the company

Author(s)

Prag Sood

Post graduated in Organic Chemistry from Kurukshetra University. He has over 13 years experience in Water treatment, Power plant chemistry & Environment. Management

Priya SL

Post graduated in Organic Chemistry from Kerala University. She has over 13 years experience in Water treatment & Power plant chemistry.

GETS 2015 ID # 305

“ZERO LIQUID DISCHARGE – AN APPROACH TOWARDS WATER CONSERVATION AND REDUCTION IN WATER POLLUTION.”


66

Abstract:

Availability of fresh water for industries is becoming less. Further Waste waters coming out from industries are polluting fresh water sources like lakes, rivers & ground water. It has become imperative that no water is discharged out of highly polluting industries. Various technologies are employed to remove the impurities and recover the water. Membrane technologies like ultrafiltration. Reverse Osmosis & Nano filtration help to recover water as much as possible before the waste is discharged or sent to evaporators.

Cooling tower blow down, boiler blow down & DM plant regeneration waste water are examples of waste waters of high volume & salinity generated in power plants. Process industries also have other waste waters in addition to this. These waters are treated using membrane technology and recovered water can be used for cooling tower make up and for DM plant feed.

There are live cases where membrane technology is been used for recycle of such waste waters

Author(s)

Madhusudan Joshi is working as Manager Technology for Hydranautics –A Nitto Denko Company. He is chemical engineer and he has more than 20 year of experience in field of water treatment. Hydranautics-Nitto Denko is respected company in field of membrane manufacturing since more than 3 decades. Hydranautics membranes are been used in major installations for brackish water treatment, waste water recycle & sea water desalination in India & worldwide.

GETS 2015 ID # 323

USE OF MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY IN ZERO LIQUID DISCHARGE


http://www.ntpcgets.com/abstract/presentations/323.pdf

67

Abstract:

The polymer film evaporation technology is the state of art technology owned by Arvind Envisol Pvt Ltd .The technology makes use of polymer film as a heat exchanger unlike metal heat exchangers and gives many advantages like low fouling .low scaling, non-corrosive, operate at wide range of pH which makes the system very attractive not only in waste water application but also in sea water desalination.

Author(s)

Chandan kumar

\GETS 2015 ID # 325

LOW COST POLYMER FILM EVAPORATION TECHNOLOGY



68

Abstract:

NTPC has long experience of doing pre operational chemical cleaning with ammoniated EDTA. Before Nabinagar site, NTPC has never done pre or post operation cleaning with citric acid. Even BHEL commissioning groups in Eastern region did not have any experience with citric acid except in one station. Adoption of citric acid in place of EDTA generated lot of issues at BRBCL,Nabinagar. Many issues were raised and were finally brought to successful conclusion. Being Greenfield project was one constraint, as not much infrastructure had been developed for analysis works. From quantity of chemicals to process parameters, most of unexplained issues were brought on surface and solved.

Author(s)

K K SHARMA

GETS 2015 ID # 334

FIRST PRE-OPERATIONAL CHEMICAL CLEANING WITH CITRIC ACID ANALYSIS OF ISSUES



69

Abstract:

Leachate is the liquid which drains or leaches out from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfill sites and pollutes the ground as well as surface water sources. It contain a large range of toxins with a characteristics of high BOD, COD, TOC, TSS, Ammonia Nitrogen etc. Leachate is one of the difficult effluents to be treated biologically as the degree of variation in the characteristics of leachate is high due to variation in composition and nature of MSW and thus is a key concern for the Power Plants based on the solid waste. Evaporation technique is generally adopted for treatment of leachate and other effluents with higher range of organic load coupled with high degree of variation of contaminants. The other way of treating leachate could be chemical followed by two stage biological process. Proposed scheme of double stage biological process with PVA gel technology not only ensures the outlet parameters of treated leachate remain in the acceptable range of discharge, but also gives an opportunity to reuse the treated leachate. PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol) gel is a porous hydrogel that is ideally suited for immobilization of micro-organisms essential for degradation of associated pollutants in polluted water. Initial investment is low in the proposed scheme as compared to the evaporation technique. Also it requires less land and low energy consumption. The treated leachate can be reused after series of Physicochemical, biological & tertiary treatment and the sludge obtained from this process can be burnt in the boiler as it comprises of combustible constituents. In this paper, the proposed PVA gel process is discussed along with technical and operating details.

Author(s)

Himanshu Chaturvedi IL&FS Environmental & Service Ltd., Ghazipur Waste-to-Energy Project Site Ghazipur Dairy Farms, Delhi - 110096 (India)

Dr. Priyanka Kaushal Assistant Professor Dept. of Energy & Environment, TERI University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi-110070 (India) Corresponding Author: Tel: +91 9891363334.

GETS 2015 ID # 346

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF MSW LEACHATE TO ACHIEVE ZERO DISCHARGE



70

Abstract:

Power generation growth in China has increased national dependence on coal for meeting a large portion of power needs and has in turn driven regulations surrounding environmental controls and water treatment. Regulation of power plant wastewater discharge, to the level of zero liquid discharge (ZLD) for streams such as the wastewater from coal power plant flue gas desulfurization (FGD) and blowdown from recirculating cooling systems (CTBD), has become the norm.

Amid these new stringent discharge and water reuse requirements, China’s largest power producer constructed a state-of-the-art ultra-supercritical coal fired power plant southwest of Shanghai. They chose forward osmosis (FO) technology for brine concentration at the wastewater treatment plant for a combined waste stream of FGD blowdown wastewater stream and CTBD. In order to meet water intake and discharge limits the new water plant would be designed for ZLD and complete liquid recovery for reuse as boiler makeup water. This paper describes the design basis and operating basis of this first ever incorporation of FO brine concentration in a ZLD wastewater treatment process flow.

Author(s)

John Tracy

Director of Marketing, Oasys Water

GETS 2015 ID # 376

CASE STUDY: FO BASED ZLD PROCESS FOR POWER PLANT WASTE WATERS



71

Abstract:

Power plant CT produces dense plumes that arise due to evaporative cooling of the CW (circulating water). The CW required by any 500MW unit of a power plant is approximately in the range of 54,000 – 60,000 m3/h. The water losses in the CW system are in the forms of vapor, drift and blow down. The drift loss flow rate alone is approximately 7.5 kg/s for a single 500 MW unit. Consequently, this large amount of fresh water is required to be replenished back to the system from the local rivers; worsening the scarcity of fresh water.

Primarily, the study was initiated using traditional methods. A pilot set-up was designed by installing single-layer woven wire nets, set at the outlet plane of the CT cell. The choice of woven net was inspired from natural bio-inspired designs. The entire experiment was carried out on-site in a cooling tower cell at Unit 6 (500 MW unit) of NTPC Farakka. It is observed that nets with very low relative openness generally cause a higher pressure drop across the net. This indirectly leads to an increase in the CT-fan loading. So, it was also interesting to find that the nets with an openness of 80% - 66% showed an appreciable ability of drift droplet capture. While, the corresponding penalty in terms of CT fan loading increased merely by 1.4% (i.e. a pressure drop of ~2.48 Pa).

This collected water can now be directly put back into the system to supplement the CT make-up. From the results, it is estimated that drift droplet capture at a rate of 13.0 L/m2/h is achievable, implying almost 60% reduction in the drift loss. Our study to reduce the make-up water consumption can be taken as a pioneering in-house initiative to make power generation more sustainable and environment-friendly.

Author(s)

Ritwick Ghosh

Ranjan Ganguly

Tapan K. RAY

GETS 2015 ID # 378

AN APPROACH TO REDUCE DRIFT-LOSS OF WET-TYPE COOLING TOWERS



72

Abstract:

The development of an energy efficient aerobic MBR (Membrane BioReactor) system is crucial to become more competitive in the market for industrial wastewater reuse. Membrane air scouring is the most common method in prevention of membrane fouling and utilizes a vast amount of energy. However, the shear forces generated by air scouring on the membrane surface are relatively weak and not effective to achieve and maintain high flux due to hydrodynamic limitations. The goal of this research is to develop an alternative MBR (submersible UF/MF) system reducing energy consumption and revolutionize a new design that will directly compete with air scouring technologies. Design of a new MBR system, called LENA (low energy no aeration) MBR prevents membrane fouling without the use of a scouring blower. The mechanism featured is a mechanical reciprocation of membrane that uses inertia as an advantage to prevent solids built up at the membrane surface.

The LENA MBR was operated with 9 min filtration followed by 1 min idling without back washing. MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids) concentration in the membrane tank was maintained at 8,000~12,000 mg/L. The specific energy consumption for membrane air scouring and reciprocation was 0.22 and 0.08 kWh/m3 permeate produced, respectively. This shows that the LENA MBR can save more than 50 % energy compared to air scouring MBR. Even more energy saving was achieved at higher flux operation. The specific energy consumption further lowered at 30 and 40 LMH flux operation as much as 75 to 85% compared to air scouring MBR

Author(s)

Hyung Keun Roh

Gun Myung Lee

GETS 2015 ID # 379

ENERGY EFFECTIVE LENA (LOW ENERGY NO AERATION) MBR TECHNOLOGY FOR WASTEWATER REUSE



73

Abstract:

Recently UF membranes are also widely implemented in the commercial desalination plant since the UF membrane shows reliable product water quality and it is getting cheaper. Doosan Heavy Industries and Construction Co. Ltd. (Doosan) developed its own proprietary Doosan Fiber Filter (DFF) which can be used not only as a pretreatment system itself for SWRO plant but also as a reuse system which treat the dirty backwash effluent water discharged from the pretreatment system. By applying the DFF in SWRO process, waste water is not discharged to the outside of the plant boundary, ultimately accomplishing zero liquid discharge concept. From seawater filtration experiment, DFF showed similar performance result as conventional dual media filters. Silt density index (SDI) of the filtrate from DFF was reached to less than 3.6 with 4 ~ 10 mg/L of ferric chloride dosing rate.

Doosan also developed the DAF system which can be operated at high loading rate. It is efficient to remove algae and suspended solids dispersed in the raw seawater as well as any residual oils which might be included in the cooling water discharged from the power plant.

This manuscript introduces major characteristics and filtration performances of the DFF which can be used both in the waste water treatment process of electrical power plant and conventional SWRO desalination plant. We also introduce major advantages and treatment performances of the high loading rate DAF qualified from pilot test facility.

Author(s)

Sungwoo Woo

Sungwon Park, Woonyoung Lee, Yonghae Park,

Byungsung Park, Gabjin Jun

GETS 2015 ID # 413

DEVELOPMENT OF DOOSAN FIBER FILTER AND DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION SYSTEM FOR WASTE WATER REUSE



74

Abstract:

Thermal Power Plants major requisite is large quantity of raw water for generating power. It also generates and deals with huge amount of wastewater. Declining availability of fresh raw water for land blocked power plant and subsequently, pollution control board’s strict discharge norms, require the reutilisation of wastewater in plant and preclude/minimise the discharge of wastewater outside the plant boundary.

To attain the above objectives/norms requires the plant to be designed with Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) concept through various water management technologies.

L&T Power being a leading Engineering Company in the Indian Power Industry has implemented ZLD concept in 2 x 700 MW Rajpura (Punjab) coal based Super-critical Thermal Power plant for achieving environment friendly power for the nation.

This paper replicates a case study to assess the fresh water requirements and wastewater generation in Rajpura thermal power plant. It also reflects the treatment & reuse of the excess wastewater within the plant emphasizing the complete journey of L&T Power from conceptualization, design, execution and operation of the plant.

Author(s)

Arunava Dey (B.E, Chemical Engineering),

L&T-Sargent & Lundy Limited, Faridabad, India

GETS 2015 ID # 427

ZERO LIQUID DISCHARGE WITH CASE STUDY OF NABHA POWER LIMITED 2 X 700 MW RAJPURA THERMAL POWER PLANT



75

Abstract:

“The ever-expanding water demand, driven by the rapid population growth and economy, combined with the impacts of thoughtless pollution of water resources is making water scarcity a stark reality in many parts of the globe. Owing to this, the conservation and reuse of water has become necessary for the survival of our eco system.

In thermal power plants, bulk of the water is used as cooling media and only part of the water is used for the process and service requirements. Major water effluents in power plants are cooling tower blow down, ash slurry water, RO reject, DM / CPU regeneration wastes, service water waste and sewage waste. These effluents have varying characteristics. As larger volumes of these effluents are to be treated and recycled, hence a sustainable technology with effective and efficient economical approach is a big challenge for the power plants. This paper discusses the approach towards possible ways of treatment and recycle with associated challenges for achieving Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) in power plant.”

Author(s)

Sudhir Bhartiya

Sr. Manager/BHEL-PEM

GETS 2015 ID # 428

ACHIEVING ZERO LIQUID DISCHARGE-WAYS AND CHALLENGES IN THERMAL POWER PLANT


76

Abstract:

Wastewater discharge regulations and norms are more stringent now and compelling power producers to minimize the water consumption - reduce makeup water requirements and reuse of maximum possible wastewater. Wastewater streams from coal based power plants receive greater attention due to the volume of water usage and complex composition of waste waters. Plant wastewater steams are rich in dissolved solids, suspended particles, chemicals and other organic compounds. Wastewater streams are from cooling tower blowdown operation, pretreatment reject water and reject water from other plant processes. Recycling and reusing the wastewater generated from various plant facilities can help in addressing the higher level problem of national water scarcity in a long term sustainable way.

ZLD includes evaporation of the plant effluent until the dissolved solids form crystals in solution. The crystals are removed, dewatered and the condensate is cooled and restored to the process. ZLD may include pretreatment, membrane filtration, evaporation, followed by crystallization. With rising environment concerns, disposal of waste liquids from power plants and cost associated are now a matter of greater significance. Adoption of ZLD concept may open newer avenues in plant site selection, as with recycling of wastewater, concerns related to adequacy of water supplies and water quality get subsided.

ZLD implementation process requires thorough study of the existing plant water management approach and then preparing the methodology for the modification work to improve water efficiency or address concerns of new regulations. Older power stations with the existing facilities for water resource and water discharge management, built without the considerations of ZLD systems, can expect minimization in additional treatments and more sustainable utilization of the water resources. Paper provides a framework for implementation of zero liquid discharge in power plants in respect of associated technical challenges that need to be recognized and overcome.

Author(s)

Garima Tanu

Deputy Manager, NTPC Ltd

GETS 2015 ID # 431

APPROACH TO ZERO LIQUID DISCHARGE (ZLD) IMPLEMENTATION IN POWER PLANTS



77

Abstract:

Coal fired power plants are one of the biggest consumers of water in the country. Presently, coal fired power constitute about 60.8% of India’s generation mix which is about 168GW. And by 2017, the country may add another 26GW of coal fired capacity as per 12th five year plan. To support such massive capacity addition in the context of the recent environmental regulation, a careful analysis of technologies is needed for ensuring deployment of cost effective solutions.

Recycling, reuse and zero liquid discharge systems are perceived as possible technological options for meeting stringent specific water consumption criteria in coal fired thermal plants. However, the technological options are varied and an optimum choice of technology is always plant specific, especially for the retrofitting cases. The additional water consumption and waste water generation which may come out of air pollution control equipment or systems will add to the complexity of task. An optimum selection among the possible technologies will result in significant savings in capital, operating and maintenance costs. This paper outlines the existing practices and the different technological options which may be adopted to meet the upcoming norms related to water use in thermal power plants with minimal impact on the operational flexibility.

Author(s)

Subhramanyan Edamana, is working with Tata Consulting Engineers Ltd (TCE), Bangalore as Senior Manager (Mech) in the field of power. He has presented and published about 7 international conference/journal papers during his tenure in the industry. He is a member of ASME, Indian Desalination Association, Institution of Engineers (India) and also associated with ASME GT India 2015 in reviewer role. (Contact @ +91 80 6622 6401; Mail : [email protected] or [email protected])

Jithin Gopinathan, is working with Tata Consulting Engineers Ltd (TCE), Bangalore as Assistant Manager (Mech) in the field of power. His domain of expertise include Water management, water and waste water treatment and cooling systems of coal / gas based thermal power plants (Contact @ +91 80 6622 6042; Mail : [email protected] or [email protected])

GETS 2015 ID # 439

FLEXIBLE DESIGNS FOR WATER SYSTEMS IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS TO MEET STRINGENT ENVIRONMENTAL NORMS



78

Abstract:

Recycle reuse and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) technologies are increasingly being employed in the power, oil & gas and other industries. In many instances the use of these technologies is driven by environmental mandates, in others it may be economic benefit from water reuse and/or social responsibility.

The removal of sulfur from flue gas using Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) generates a high TDS purge (blowdown) stream that contains various environmental pollutants such as heavy metals, arsenic, selenium, boron and is highly saline. Historically FGD purge streams have centered on conventional physical, chemical and biological methods.

However, even after treatment there will remain a residual concentration of the pollutants and a highly saline stream that must be discharged. ZLD solutions eliminate the liquid discharge and produce a high quality distillate that is reused.

In 2006 Aquatech was awarded a contract for the supply, installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance of five (5) ZLD systems for five (5) power plants operated by ENEL in Italy. This paper presents a report on the operational feedback of these ZLD systems.

Author(s)

J. Michael Marlett PE, P.Eng, Aquachem ICD, Aquatech International Corp.

GETS 2015 ID # 443

CASE STUDY ON ZERO LIQUID DISCHARGE ON FGD SCRUBBER WASTEWATER FROM A COAL FIRED POWER PLANT



79

Abstract:

The Magaldi Dry Bottom Ash technology (the MAC®- Magaldi Ash Cooler) overcomes the limitations and drawbacks of wet bottom ash handling systems. The ash falling from the boiler is cooled by ambient air and the heat is given back to the boiler, thus increasing the efficiency of the boiler. Bottom ash from the storage silo can be unloaded onto trucks and transported outside the power plant. Alternatively, the Bottom Ash can be entirely ground, mixed to the Fly Ash and sent to the landfill area using High Concentration Slurry Disposal system (HCSD). This is a pressurized system, where a much reduced quantity of water, substantially less than lean slurry disposal system, is used to transport the ash. Bottom Ash pond is no longer needed, therefore reducing the land occupation of the power plant. When using low ash content coals, with 10% to 15% ash, the Magaldi Ash Recycling system (MAR®) can be used. This system recirculates the dry Bottom Ash into the boiler combustion chamber and converts all Bottom Ash into Fly Ash. All the ash generated as a combustion residue will be in the form of Fly Ash.The Magaldi dry bottom ash handling system have the following benefits: reduced cost for investment & operation, increase of power plant efficiency, elimination of bottom ash ponds and water treatment / recirculation system(zero liquid discharge), reduction of the land area required for power plant, reduction of air, water and soil pollution.

Author(s)

Mr. Fulvio Bassetti, email:[email protected]

Master Degree in Mechanical Engineering. Working for 21 years in Magaldi Group (Italy); since 2009, Technical Director, Process Dept. Author of technical articles on high temperature Bulk Materials Handling published in relevant international journals and conference proceedings (Power Gen, IEA, VGB). Member of European Power Plant Suppliers Association (EPPSA) and ASME PTC 4 – Fired Steam Generators committee.

Mr. Mario Magaldi e-mail:[email protected]

Mario Magaldi serves as the chairman of Magaldi Group (Italy),world leader in hot bulk material handling in cement, steel, foundry and power sector; counting more than 1000 installations. He is the inventor of the dry ash handling system MAC for coal fired power stations and he is holding more than 50 international patents. Since 2012 he developed an innovative CSP technology named STEM (Solar Thermo Electric Magaldi).

GETS 2015 ID # 446

MAGALDI SYSTEM FOR THE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY HANDLING OF BOTTOM ASH



80

81

CARBON FREE & CARBON NEUTRAL POWER GENERATION: SOLAR PV & SOLAR THERMAL

GENERATION

82

83

CARBON FREE & CARBON NEUTRAL POWER GENERATION: SOLAR PV & SOLAR THERMAL GENERATION

Abstract:

Currently, more than 60% of India’s installed power capacity is in the form of coal-fired power plants, which lead to substantive CO2 emissions. Solar power is a prospective source of eco-friendly electricity due to the tropical location of India. However, most solar power plants in India are based on PV technology instead of Concentrated solar power (CSP) technology, which may be used to operate power plants of larger sizes. In the interest of a larger degree of integration of renewable power in India, it is imperative to think in terms of adding more amounts of solar thermal power. Parabolic trough technology is the most matured technology in the portfolio of CSP technologies. Previous India-centric research in this area deals with policy based evaluation of costs of this technology in the country. However, sensitivity in plant parameters may lead to large variations in cost of electricity. This paper aims to understand the exact effect of such sensitivities on electricity costs. In this paper, we aim to simulate a CSP plant based on parabolic trough technology for eight Indian locations using the System Advisor Model developed by the NREL, USA. Initially, the financial parameters are modeled such that the cost of electricity is equal to previous results. Hereafter, the effects of sensitivities in plant conditions are analysed (including variations in collectors, receivers, use of coal power to aid the solar thermal plant and so on), which is the main aim of this paper.

Author(s)

Soumya Satyakanta Sethi

Udayan Singh

GETS 2015 ID # 249

EFFECT OF SENSITIVITIES ON TECHNO-ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF PARABOLIC TROUGH TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA

84


Abstract:

Water as a working medium for the medium grade heat based Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) results in lower cycle efficiency. Supercritical CO2 (SCO2) is a potential alternate working fluid for converting the medium grade heat to electricity with higher cycle efficiency and lower capital cost. The most critical part in SCO2 cycle is the design and development of turbomachinery due to the nature of extremely smaller specific volume of SCO2 expanded in the turbine. This paper explores the issues and current state of art of development of tubomachinary components as well as heat transfer components for SCO2 cycle and the feasibility of adopting such SCO2 power cycle for a typical Indian environmental conditions. A thermodynamic performance comparison between typical concentrated solar powered Rankine cycle and an alternative SCO2 cycle is also made in this work.

Author(s)

Senthil Murugan

R Dhanuskodi

M Muthukrishnan

R Kaliappan

GETS 2015 ID # 253

SUPERCRITICAL CO2 POWER CYCLE FOR CSP BASED SOLAR POWER GENERATION – OPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES

85

Abstract:

PV modules in a string may experience the onsite mismatch loss due to Manufacturing Tolerance, Light-induced Degradation, soiling, discoloration, delaminating, cracking and Shading or non-uniform illumination. This mismatch loss may lead to the internal heating of the module which further accelerates the module degradation. The issues like shading, soiling, and mismatch can reduce the power output of central inverter based system from 5 to 25 percent. The problems of mismatch can entirely be eliminated and impact of shading and soiling can significantly be reduced using AC modules. AC module is a conventional DC module with individual micro-inverter generating AC power. In AC module PV system, each AC PV module is a stand-alone unit and additional units can be added in parallel, making the system scalable based on the customer’s power needs and financial capability. With each module operating independently from others making up the array and the failure of any modules will not affect the operation of the overall system. Besides increasing the generation, the performance monitoring, computing functionality and self-diagnosis at the module level is better in case of AC modules.

AC modules are the simple plug and play systems which makes it suitable for the domestic grid connected rooftop application. Viability of the AC module for the MW scale plant need to be explored.

In order to estimate gain in energy yield and the long term benefit of using AC module this study aims the inter-comparability of AC module system with the DC module system for both large MW scale and small kW scale plant. Study also focus on the feasibility of AC modules type systems in the Indian Climatic condition. This study would also include the investigation of the performance and dynamics of such PV systems,consists of several micro-inverters, along with its potential in the Indian environmental condition.

Author(s)

Mayank Thapliyal

GETS 2015 ID # 255

AC MODULE IN THE INDIAN CLIMATIC CONDITION


86

Abstract:

Energy is the prime factor for the development of a nation. An enormous amount of energy is extracted, distributed, converted and consumed in the global society daily. 85% of energy production is dependent on fossil fuels which is limited and their use results in global warming due to emission of greenhouse gases. To provide a sustainable power production and safe world to the future generation, there is a growing demand for energy from renewable sources like solar, wind, geothermal and ocean tidal wave. Solar tracking systems are devices that track the motion of the sun relative to the earth to maximize the production of solar energy. Solar trackers move to keep solar modules oriented to the sun in either one or two axes. As a result the modules are subjected to a higher amount of solar radiation which increases the total output yield of the plant with respect to conventional fixed mount structures. Using Tracker significantly increases the yield with marginal increase in cost and better return on investment. So use of tracker will definitely be beneficial in the long run despite its initial cost.

Author(s)

Ramakrishnan.V

Paintamilselvan M.S

GETS 2015 ID # 267

SINGLE AXIS SOLAR TRACKER



87

Abstract:

Solar thermal plant has shown great promise to augment the thermal efficiency of thecoal fired power plants and reducing CO2 emissions. In this paper, impact of utilizing solar heat for feed water heating in HP and LP heaters has been analysed using simulation studies. Two sets of configurations have been simulated. In the first scenario, the feed water is tapped from regener ative cycle loop and sent to solar field for steam generation and steam from the solar field is fed as extraction steam to one of the HP /LP heaters. In another scenario feed water is bypassed from the respective HP/LP heater and heated in the solar field to match the out lettemperature of the respective heaters. In both scenarios, the impact on netpower output has been evaluated and pros and cons of the each case have been evaluated. Further the impact of variations in Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) throughout a day for a representative meteorological year on direct heating offeed water to first HP heater is evaluated and potential for CO2 emissionreduction is evaluated.

Author(s)

Rasesh Kotdawala

Bharath Adapa

GETS 2015 ID # 276

STUDY ON FEED WATER HEATING USING SOLAR ENERGY IN LARGE SCALE POWER PLANTS



88

Abstract:

The major fabrication step sequence for a crystalline Si solar cell consists of 1) Saw damage removal & texturization, 2) Diffusion, 3) Phosphosilicate glass (PSG) removal, 4) Anti-reflection & passvation, 5) Metallization & rapid thermal processing (RTP). Process steps during cell fabrication affect the carrier lifetime an important parameter to determine the power conversion efficiency. The key techniques for the measurement of carrier lifetime are contactless photoconductivity and photoluminescence (PL). In view of large area 125 mm x 125 mm solar cell manufacturing, the spatial variation in carrier lifetime over the entire wafer and process step integrity check is an essential characterization step for production of high efficiency cells.

In the present study we have monitored the carrier lifetime at different stages of processing using the contactless photoconductance technique. Furthermore the spatial variation of lifetime was monitored using PL imaging technique. We have observed the carrier lifetime varies considerably after each processing step with a drastic reduction during the PSG removal process step. Also the Interior and peripheral regions of wafer showed inhomogeneous pattern in lifetime values. The spatial variation of lifetime captured from PL images closely mirrors the quantitative quasi steady state photo-conductance measurements. Inclusion of an additional process step known as thermal oxidation after PSG removal process step improves the carrier lifetime in both Interior and peripheral regions of wafer. In addition, the final RTP process step further improves lifetime values with homogeneous distribution over the entire wafer. As a result, open circuit voltage as well as efficiency of the cell increases.

In conclusion, we observed that PL imaging is an important characterization tool to monitor the important material quality parameter like carrier lifetime during manufacturing of large area solar cells.

Author(s)

A. K. Sharma

B. M. Arora

K. L. Narasimhan

GETS 2015 ID # 294

PHOTOLUMINESCENCE IMAGING OF INDUSTRIAL C-SI SOLAR CELL FABRICATION PROCESS


89

Abstract:

Reliability of Solar Photovoltaic based systems is greatly enhanced in hybrid configurations that are supplemented with one or more sources of energy. This work aims at designing a Photovoltaic-Fuel-Cell Hybrid system for a known load. This paper focuses on design and forecasting of the hybrid system using TRNSYS simulation software.The simulation output of model also helps in identifying optimum system configuration for various climates and loads and is thus replicable for other similar systems. The topology of the hybrid system, assumptions, and optimization procedures are presented. The controller logic flow is also presented that is envisaged to be embedded in future hardware version of the system. From the TRNSYS simulation total hydrogen production, hydrogen consumption, Energy generated by fuel cell and Photovoltaic, Energy consumption by Electrolyzer and Energy taken by grid is estimated and results are shown.

Author(s)

Mayank Thapliyal

GETS 2015 ID # 315

TRNSYS BASED DESIGN AND FORECAST FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC- FUEL CELL HYBRID SYSTEM


90

Abstract:

Govt. of India’s ambitious target of 100GW of solar power by 2022 has created huge excitement not only among the Indian industries but also among the international investors.

Considering high average solar insolation of nearly 5Kw-hr/m2/day , solar power has huge opportunities in India. In this regard reference can be drawn from Germany wherein the CAGR from 2005-2012 has been 43% in solar PV although the yield from solar PV in Germany has been found to be nearly 10 % lower than that in India . RE sector has already received investment commitments of $300 billion over 5-7 years for a capacity of 266GW. Various Indian & international companies have expressed interest for setting up huge solar power capacities in India. Investment of Rs. 30,000 crore is expected in manufacturing facility for solar cells and modules.

Subsequent to the rate of Rs. 5.05/unit for 300 MW, obtained through solar tariff bidding in MP, solar tariff is expected to attain competitive grid parity of Rs. 4 to 4.5/ unit by FY18.

GOI has already started taking many initiatives for availability of cheap funds ; attracting FDI ; encouraging investment in roof top solar ; green transmission corridor ; incentives for UMSPPs of 3,000 MW and above etc .

In order to ensure sustainable development in this area , there are many challenges like competitive grid parity ; availability of cheap funds ; cost of land acquisition; sustainable policy for Roof top solar; power evacuation /distribution; RPO/ RGO; grid stability etc.

In the background of such a huge ongoing development across the whole world , this paper tries to highlight the areas of opportunity in India as well as the initiatives being taken by GOI. It also highlights the major challenges for achieving the same & the policy reforms require to be taken up for ensuring sustainable development of this Green initiative.

Author(s)

Gautam Deb

GETS 2015 ID # 329

100 GW SOLAR POWER BY 2022: OPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES



91

Abstract:

Solar Photovoltaic has proven to be one of the most promising sources of renewable energy because of various benefits. However one notable feature of Photovoltaic (PV) modules is the performance degradation due to exposure to various outdoor elements like UV light, fluctuating temperatures, humidity etc.. The rate of degradation varies depending on the climatic conditions, applications, and system configurations. To improve the reliability of Solar PV systems and lifetime of PV modules, it is very important to analyze the effects of environment on the performance of modules and understand the causes of module degradation & failure mechanisms. This paper presents an overview of the module degradation phenomenon covering some important studies, causes of degradation & failure, tests for analyzing module deterioration and initiatives of NTPC Energy Technology Research Alliance (NETRA) in this area.

Author(s)

Soumen Sardar

J.S. Chandok

Vishal Singh

Jaspal Singh

GETS 2015 ID # 330

PERFORMANCE DEGRADATION OF PV MODULES: AN OVERVIEW



92

Abstract:

The present research work is a thermal simulation of parabolic trough receiver mounted with multi-junction solar cells with water flowing on both sides of the receiver to reduce the operating temperature of the cells. The operating temperature of PV cells is an important parameter in photovoltaic conversion process. The performance of the cell decreases with increase in temperature so proper cooling is required. In this system, multi-junction solar cells are mounted on the absorber tube of the Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) and water is allowed to flow both inside the absorber tube as well as in the annulus for enhanced performance of the cells. In the thermal model, the annulus of the receiver is divided into several segments in the radial direction. The equations obtained by performing energy balance over each control surface are solved in MATLAB to obtain the temperature distribution in the radial direction. The results obtained depicts that the absorber temperature can be maintained around 364K which is less when compared to that usually obtained by considering vacuum in the annulus i.e. single side cooling. With water in the annulus, different fluids are considered in the absorber tube to determine the relative thermal performance in terms of fluid final temperature which depends on their heat transfer coefficient.

Author(s)

M.S. Soni

Nisha Tamar

GETS 2015 ID # 381

THERMAL ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF COMBINED HEAT AND POWER FROM CPV CELLS MOUNTED ON PTC RECEIVER



93

Abstract:

Rooftop solar photovoltaic installations have gained popularity as a result of falling solar photovoltaic module prices and incentives offered by central and state governments. Rooftop installations are also being installed by government bodies, public and private companies in a big way. It has been observed that the power output is as low as 60% compared to it’s rated capacity even in bright sunshine. It is essential to know upto what level the solar installation is performing and accordingly the vendor should be penalized for any shortfall in performance. This paper presents a method of performance evaluation of a small rooftop solar plant, which can be used to find performance shortfall of a plant. The same can be extended to large grid connected plants to find the financial loss incurred by the owner in the lifetime of the plant.

Author(s)

Shreenidhi Sharma

Shailendra Kumar Tiwari

GETS 2015 ID # 385

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ROOFTOP SOLAR PLANT



94

Abstract:

India has upgraded its solar power capacity target under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) from 20,000 MW by five times,reaching 1,00,000 MW by 2022. Out of the present installed capacity of 4229.36 MW as on 31st Aug 2015, 77% of the capacity is concentrated in three or four states of India. Such regional concentrated installation would inevitably concern grid based stability as well as distribution issues with large targets. This calls for an equitable installation of solar generation systems all over the country. But land acquisition has been challenging particularly in Eastern India and Kerala Region. In addition, it also means sacrificing vast agriculturally productive lands. On the other hand, innumerable water bodies, large and small,are available in plenty in Eastern India and Kerala Region, where land neutral solar photovoltaic power plant can be installed. This paper presents the study of:

a) 10 KWp Grid Tied Floating Solar Plant at New Town Kolkata, which is a first of its kind in India.

and,

b) 500 KWp Canal - Top Solar Power Plant at New Town Kolkata.

The above plants were engineered by Development Consultants Private Limited under the leadership of Dr S.P.Gonchaudhuri.This paper analyses the various design challenges faced, environmental impact and running condition of 10 KWp Grid Tied Floating Solar Plant at New Town Kolkata past its commissioning. It sums up our analysis and concludes with our vision of the way forward.

Author(s)

Santipada Gonchaudhury

Pradeep Kumar Banarjee

Pradip Paul

Bhaskar Sengupta

Soham Dey

GETS 2015 ID # 425

LAND NEUTRAL SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT- A CASE STUDY



95

Abstract:

“Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) is a new technology that allows for many innovative ways to capture the sun’s energy for electricity generation while also performing the important functions of standard building materials. ” PV systems and architecture can now be combined into one harmonious mixture of design, ecology and economy. The wide variety of elegant forms, colours and optical structures of cells, glass and profiles enables creativity and a modern approach to architectural design,thereby transforming the way buildings are designed and built. Integration with the buildings structural, functional and aesthetic properties allow for the BIPV costs to be partially offset by the existing costs of the building construction.

BIPV enables generation of electricity directly at the source of use and at peak times of need which reduce transmission losses enabling the electrical grid to be more efficient. It reduces GHG emissions in the overall lifecycle building performance and reduces the land requirement for off-site PV installations. The building sector needs BIPV to meet its goals of sustainability. However, compared to the design & installation of a roof top mounted Solar PV System, truly integrated BIPV in a building is far more complex and challenging to put into practice.

This paper aims to review the benefits of BIPV, types of BIPV, technical solutions available and explore the opportunities & challenges for the use of BIPV in buildings, considering the structural, design and economic aspects. It further aims to evolve an approach for the use of BIPV as the core requirement for creating a Building as a Power Station.

Author(s)

Anil Kapoor

GETS 2015 ID # 430

BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC (BIPV) - OPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES


http://www.ntpcgets.com/abstract/presentations/430.ppt

96

Abstract:

CSP development in China works slow in the past 5 years but stimulate the total CSP industrial Chain in design and engineering, product and manufacturing. Also CSP roadmap in China started from product design, testing loop, solar field testing beach and demo plant from 1MW to 10MW. After 5 years CSP development, China is ready not only in EPC, but also in product development. Comparision with CSP in India, 3 CSP commercial plants are under operation, but most of products were imported from Europe, these three plants did not help Indian industry to be grown up.

Author(s)

Wei ZHU

GETS 2015 ID # 433

CHINA CSP DEVELOPMENT REFERENCE CSP ROADMAP IN INDIA


97

Abstract:

Multiple effect evaporation uses steam as a source of heating medium to evaporate fluids which cannot be concentrated by direct heat. Steam used in Multiple Effect Evaporator (MEE) is of process heat quality with temperatures 120 – 200 °C, 10 bar pressure. Present study attempts to bring the feasibility of coupling MEE with solar parabolic concentrator as means of minimizing the carbon foot print. The main idea is to highlight the practicability of getting the required steam output by varying the solar insolation according to Indian topography. The results will highlight the thermal performance of MEEs coupled with parabolic concentrator. A parametric study describing the required optimization between all the evolved design constraints could be utilized to efficiently decide the feasibility of installing solar assisted MEE in a particular region.

Author(s)

Dibakar Rakshit

Soundaram Ramanathan

GETS 2015 ID # 457

MULTI-CRITERIA OPTIMIZATION OF SOLAR ASSISTED MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATORS


98

99

CARBON FREE & CARBON NEUTRAL POWER GENERATION: WIND, BIOMASS, GEOTHERMAL &

FUEL CELL GENERATION

100

101

Abstract:

In India, nearly 44% of rural households do not have access to electricity. In 2005, Govt. of India initiated a large national rural electrification programme to provide electricity to all village and households, using option of centralized grid extension and promotion of decentralized distributed generation based on renewable energy technologies as biomass gasifiers.

Biomass energy contributes to 14% of the world’s energy and almost 40% of India’s primary energy requirement. It can convert woody biomass and agricultural residue to electrical and thermal energy.

The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) has been supporting collaboration between the Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and Denmark Technical University (DTU), to localize two-stage biomass gasifier as decentralized energy solution by addressing the techno-eco and environmental challenges.

This biomassgasifier has pyrolysis and gasification in separate reactors with an intermediate high-temperature tar-cracking zone, which results in extremely low tar concentrations in the producer gas. This also replaces water hence does not generate any waste water. The robustness of system design also implies simple operation and maintenance and use of different biomass types, which makes it suitable for decentralized applications.

As part of the project, a two-stage gasifier of 20 kWe capacity, has been developed, tested and localized to Indian condition. The experience so far has shown high quality gas, low specific fuel consumption and no wastewater generation in cleaning and cooling.

The project is now focusing on developing business models by combining electricity-driven economic activities and meeting household energy requirements in villages, regions of India, where there are sustainable biomass supply-chain available.

Author(s)

Sunil Dhingra

N K Ram

PaltuAcharjee

GETS 2015 ID # 265

DECENTRALISED DISTRIBUTED GENERATION FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION IN INDIA: A CASE OF TWO-STAGE BIOMASS GASIFIER

CARBON FREE & CARBON NEUTRAL POWER GENERATION: WIND, BIOMASS, GEOTHERMAL & FUEL CELL GENERATION


102


Abstract:

Geothermal energy is mostly found around volcanic regions. About 40 countries have geothermal energy potential out of which 24 countries apply it commercially. The global installed Geothermal Power Plant capacity is more than 12.5 GW with USA alone having an installed capacity of 3.5 GW.

Toshiba is a pioneer of geothermal steam turbines and geothermal power plant technology. Toshiba has the distinction of supplying the first large sized ( 20 MW) geothermal plant of Japan in 1966. The cumulative capacity of geothermal steam turbines supplied by Toshiba exceeds 3.4 GW worldwide and the geothermal steam turbine product ranges from 2 MW to 200 MW which suits a wide range of geothermal heat sources. The largest installations of Toshiba are in the USA totalling 1390 MW including large sized units such as 6 x 55 MW, 3x110 MW and 4x124 MW geothermal units supplied in Geysers during 1971 to 1985. Toshiba product line includes steam turbine, generator, spray type condensers and controls.

The recent design and developments by Toshiba are aimed at improving the efficiency, reliability and flexibility to apply different turbine models/designs to suit the geothermal energy source. The paper describes about compact design axial exhaust turbines with spray condenser, super rotor technology, IP/LP separate turbine for double flash cycle, well head small sized portable steam turbine plant and technology for retrofit / rehabilitation of older units.

Author(s)

Kalyan Sahu, graduated in mechanical engineering from NIT Rourkela in 1987, and completed his MTech from IIT Delhi in 1993. Presently he is working with Toshiba JSW Power Systems (TJPS) Pvt Ltd as Asstt Vice President in charge of Engineering and Proposal Division. He has served Toshiba and it’s subsidiaries for 19 years in various roles and capacities mainly in the engineering and design aspects of combined cycle and conventional coal fired thermal power plants execution in India, Middle East and South East Asia. Soon after his graduation in 1987 he joined NTPC Ltd in the Design and Engineering section at the Corporate Head Quarters and worked in the boiler and auxiliaries group for 9 years until 1996 when he joined Toshiba Group.

GETS 2015 ID # 293

PIONEERING GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT TECHNOLOGY


103

Abstract:

In this presented work, impact of apparent reactance injected by the traditional structure bridge-type non-superconducting fault current limiter (NSFCL) on apparent distance of the distance protection relay with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbine is observed. The bridge-type NSFCL with DC reactor and discharging resistor is analyzed to improve the fault ride-through (FRT) capability without any delay. It observed that the fault current depends on DC reactor inductance value. Therefore, it can effect the impedance calculation through distance relay in transient condition and zero-time detection. A distance protection relay has been presented in order to reduce the stator side fault current during a grid fault. The DFIG-based wind turbine is connected to the grid and it is considered as an infinite bus. At the point of the interconnection between the wind energy conversion system (WECS) and the grid, a symmetrical fault has been considered, and distance relay is placed at the point of common coupling. The analytical and simulation studies are presented to show the impact of the bridge-type NSFCL on the performance of the distance relay and its characteristics. The results of traditional bridge-type NSFCL are compared with and without an auxiliary controller. It is found that traditional bridge-typeFCL auxiliary device works better than without auxiliary. The whole system simulation is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software.

Author(s)

Umesh Chaudhary

Sisir Kumar Nayak

GETS 2015 ID # 340

IMPACT OF BRIDGE-TYPE NON-SUPERCONDUCTING FCL WITH DFIG SYSTEM ON DISTANCE PROTECTION SCHEME



104

Abstract:

Many countries anticipating the threats caused by climate change realize the values of geothermal power as a baseload and sometimes flexible source of renewable energy. The availability of geothermal power is most environment-friendly power, round the year 24x7 basis, not affected by the severity of climate during 6 to 7 winter months like hydro, is of great strategic significance in the remote North western corner of the country where solar power is also incapable to cater post-sunset needs and diesel generation is more than 20 Rs per unit. Geothermal Energy is an abundant resource that has great potential to provide low-cost energy and mitigate climate change, but despite being a mature technology it is still largely untapped due to the high up-front cost of resource exploration and growing at only a modest pace of 3 to 4 percent per year, much slower than some other forms of renewable energy. Although the exploration activity is expensive, once the production starts, the geothermal power becomes cost effective in the long run as the cost of fuel is negligible when compared to the cost of fossil fuels. Abandoned and flooded mine workings have good potential as low-enthalpy geothermal resources, which could be used for heating and cooling purposes. It would be useful to estimate the scale of the geothermal potential represented by abandoned and flooded underground mines in India as it represent a favorable prerequisite for the cost-effective exploitation of geothermal energy. Especially at average depths of approx. 100 m to 1500 m, there is an intense heat exchange between the rocks of the caved rock mass and the mine water.

Apart from the power production, geothermal can be used for geothermal heat in domestic, commercial and industrial sectors like for space and district heating, domestic hot water supply, greenhouses, cold storage, horticulture, agriculture drying, bathing, aquaculture, heating/cooling application by retrofitting the existing HVAC systems or by deploying Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP’s) (upto 200 TR) which can be effective in all kind of climate zones or can be deployed anywhere in India. As per WWF Climate Solver Report 2012, “buildings in India account for 89 million metric tonnes of CO2 emissions. If the implementation of energy efficient systems in both green-field project and in retrofitting buildings could be accelerated, there is a potential to reduce GHG emissions by about 20 million tonnes by 2022”.

Author(s)

Girish Kumar, graduated in civil engineering from IIT Delhi in 1985, and master’s degree from IIT Bombay in civil (structures) in 1987 and presently working with Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), as Scientist ‘E’. Girish has wide experience of 28 years in Construction Management industry and Energy Management. He has experience in policy formulation research, design and deployment of renewable energy program, inter-ministerial coordination, Handling of activities in planning, formulating of marine works, township, industrial facilities, hospitals, workshops, auditorium and roads and dealing issues by coordinating with management for emerging business venture. Closely involved in preparation of Clients’/Citizens’ Charter (CCC) of MNRE which was awarded the Trophy “AWARD for EXCELLENCE” for Outstanding Work on Citizens’ / Clients’ Charter. Efficiently oversaw renewable energy deployment in India including cooperation with various international bodies and countries at policy level.

Prior to Joining MNRE in 2009, he has worked with Indian Army (MES) Ministry of Defence, DRDO, College Of Military Engineering, Indian Navy Military Engineering.

Yogendra Singh, graduated in mechanical engineering from Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha Univrersity (GGSIPU, Delhi) in 2011 and masters of technology in engineering physics from GGSIPU in 2013. Presently working with Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), as Technical Analyst. Yogendra has experience in Power Sector (Geothermal, Solar, Hydro, Thermal, Tidal, and Biomass). He has experience in planning, design, monitoring & execution of Renewable Energy Projects. Closely involved in the policy framing and provides the technical inputs wherever required also Interacts with various key stake holders and government bodies to develop the methodology for Harnessing Renewable Energy in India. He is very young and dynamic and started his career by joining the MNRE.

GETS 2015 ID # 410

A“COMPARATIVE STUDY ON GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN INDIA – POWER POTENTIAL AND DIRECT UTILIZATION”



105

Abstract:

Doosan Fuel Cell America is the world’s leading manufacturer of stationary combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cells. Our products are based on phosphoric acid technology and are backed by over 12 million hours of field operating experience. The scalable Doosan PureCell® Model 400 operates on natural gas, generating 440 kW of clean electricity and 1.7 million BTU/hour of useable heat.

This presentation will cover the technical details of the PureCell® Model 400 product and also introduce the audience to typical applications where the product has been used successfully. We will also discuss some new features we are incorporating into the Model 400 for future product release

Author(s)

James Kenney

Sridhar Kanuri

GETS 2015 ID # 449

COMBINED HEAT AND POWER FUEL CELLS FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS


http://www.ntpcgets.com/abstract/presentations/449.pptx

106

Abstract:

With the installed capacity of more than 4000 MW, grid connected solar power generation is a commercial dimension of power sector of India. In addition to National Solar Mission (NSM) of Government of India (GoI) there are more than 18 states in the country with their specific Solar Power Policies which are under various phases of implementation. For coming next 10 years GoI has decided a cumulative target of 100 GW of solar power generation in the country out of 170 GW target of renewable energy based power generation. Out of the renewable energy target around 60 GW is targeted through wind energy based power generation in next 10 years.

Most of the solar power policies of the country give the time duration for implementation of solar PV power project is around 13 month from the signing of power purchase agreement. Since the year 2010 the minimum project size under various policies has increased from 5 MW to 50 MW. The increasing size of the project is accelerating the growth of the Solar Energy Portfolio of the country but additionally making the project implementation schedule more challenging.

Land acquisition, development of infrastructure (i.e. roads, power evacuation facilities etc.), approvals and clearances, right of way etc. issues is adversely impacting the techno-economic performance of the solar power projects. Especially for private project developers the land acquisition and right of way clearances are time taking process which delay the commercial operation date (CoD) of the project. In several states the private project developer are acquiring the agriculture land for solar power projects as well.

In order to enhance institutional mechanism of solar power project implementation GoI India is working on the concept of Solar Park development from 500 MW to 2500 MW capacity. Presently the GoI is working on 25 Solar Parks across the country which will facilitate the project developers from the point of view of the land, and essential infrastructure. Techno-commercially the Solar park may impact per MW cost of 45-60 lacs. In addition the project developers are also exploring the possibility to develop wind-solar based hybrid power projects from the point of view of land and infrastructure optimization. Using the approach of wind-solar hybrid projects the effective cost reduction is possible.

This study is based on the fundamental approach of Solar Park and Wind-solar Hybrid power projects in the country. The technicalities of the approaches along with the preliminary techno-economic aspects have been discussed along with the policy initiatives of GoI.

Author(s)

Ishan Purohit

GETS 2015 ID # 458

INFRASTRUCTURE OPTIMIZATION OF LARGE SCALE SOLAR PV POWER PROJECTS – SOLAR PARKS AND LARGE WIND-SOLAR



107

CARBON FREE & CARBON NEUTRAL POWER GENERATION: HYDRO & MINI HYDRO

108

109

Abstract:

Human life and biodiversity are utmost important for the universe. All development is around them and no science and technology can ever step forward at the risk of these vital creations. We are here to provide better facilities, life style and safe surroundings for our societies.

Safety of public engaged in various waterways activities around hydropower sites and local inhabitants in the areas potentially affected by the operation of dams is of increasing concern in India. Recent causality at Larji Dam in Himachal Pradesh June 2014 which caused 24 fatalities is a sad story and an alarming failure of safety around Hydro Power Project.

The paper is an attempt to figure out what are the internationally accepted Public Safety measures around Hydro Power Projects based on number of case studies and where does India stand. This paper is focussing on those hazards and the mitigating methods associated with protecting the public and address the issues linked to safety of public around Hydro Power Projects. From study of literature, available statistics, interviews, and newspaper reports we discuss the accidents and incidents over the last decade (2005-2015), how these may be defined as “public safety around dams”, the void of work to prevent such accidents and how the surrounding societal contexts pay in, such as lack of availability to fast and efficient emergency rescue services to be able to save lives.

Finally, a public safety wheel is designed considering Indian context for the hydro power Owners to adopt a managed system approach to address the potential hazards to the public that are associated with hydro power projects and their operations.

Author(s)

Rashmi Varma, an electrical engineering graduate from NIT Patna and M.Tech from Indian Institute of Technology; Delhi holds the position of Additional General Manager with NTPC Limited. Through her work and passion, she has been focusing on exploring sustainable power generation, through renewable sources of energy. Rashmi is a keen learner who is extremely enthusiastic & passionate about academics; especially in the field of conservation of energy.

After completing her MBA, she is currently a student of Ph.D. in energy stream at IIT Delhi. Her research is in the field of ‘Renewable and Sustainable Energy Development’. She has been presenting papers in a number of conferences and aspires to join academics; and putting to perspective, the depth and breadth of knowledge gained over the years.

GETS 2015 ID # 362

ENSURING PUBLIC SAFETY AROUND HYDRO POWER PROJECTS IN INDIA



110

Professor. R.P. Dahiya, Currently is Vice Chancellor of Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology Murthal. He has been Vice Chancellor of Uttar pradesh rajarshi tandon open university, Allahabad University. Vice-Chairman/acting Chairman of Plasma Science Society of India and is a leading Plasma and Environment researcher at CES, IIT Delhi for over 25 years. He was on lien to MNIT, Jaipur as Director since 2005 to 2010. He was honoured with Distinguished Alumini Award of Kurukshetra University and many International and National fellowships such as INSA-JSPS Japan fellowship, DAAD German fellowship, Netherlands fellowships, CSIR fellowship, Haryana Government Merit Scholarship, National Scholarship and others in his academic career.

Over the past several years he has taught M.Tech and pre-Ph.D. courses on Energy, Ecology, Environment, Direct Energy Conversion, Fusion Energy, Integrated Energy Systems and Plasma Technology to IIT Delhi students and has been key-note speaker and resource person at several International and National conferences and programs. He has published above 140 papers in Journals and Conferences of repute and edited one book to his credit.

Sushil is Professor of Strategic, Flexible Systems and Technology Management at the Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. He served as visiting Professor at the Center for Development of Technological Leadership, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,USA in the year 2008-09. He has twelve books to his credit in the area of Flexibility, Systems Thinking and Technology Management. He has over 200 papers in various referred journals and conferences. He is the Founder President of the Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management (www.giftsociety.org)

GETS 2015 ID # 362

ENSURING PUBLIC SAFETY AROUND HYDRO POWER PROJECTS IN INDIA



111

Abstract:

Hydropower, large and small, remains by far the most important of the “renewable” source for electrical power production worldwide, providing about 16% of the planet’s electricity. Small-scale hydro (less than 25 MW) is in most cases “run-of-river”, with no dam or water storage, and is one of the most cost-effective and environmentally benign energy technologies to be considered both for rural electrification and national grid. India has about 4102 MW of existing small hydro capacity operating at nearly 1000 sites, and at least 16000 MW of unexploited potential. Government of India has a target to increase small hydro capacity by another 6000 MW by the year 2025. After 20 years of slow progress since impetus was given on development of Small Hydropower both under Government and Private sector, the small hydro needs to have a strong resurgence in India in the next 10 years owing to positive environmental policies now being backed by likely favorable tariffs for ‘green’ electricity.

This paper discusses the design and implementation aspects and the constraints, together with likely solutions, for further development of small hydropower. Apart from land, local issues and tariff, there are other important factors which require equally greater attention for making small hydro a financially viable option for attracting investment, especially from private sector. Some of the noted factors are improper assessment of hydrology, inadequate geological investigations during formulation of the project; oversight and lack of management, and construction of the project in a hurry without following standard norms to meet unrealistic commissioning targets leading to disaster during operation of the project. Attention is drawn to consider the stimulation in local economic growth during as well as after commissioning of a small hydropower plant genuinely. Case studies bringing out the factors together with cautions are discussed in this paper. Further, local public participation in the projects through equity under the partial fulfillment of Local Area Development Fund (LADF) and free power funds together with cost of land can be a sustainable model for development of small hydro especially in remote locations.

Author(s)

Rakesh Mahajan, is a Director at ICCS (Indo Canadian Consultancy Services), located in Noida, India. An engineering graduate from Bombay University and post graduate from IIT Delhi, he has extensive experience in hydropower plants, from studies to construction. He has more than 33 years of experience in planning, analysis and design and techno-economic appraisal of civil components of hydropower stations in India and overseas. He is specialized in the design of power intake, forebay, penstock, head/tailrace tunnel, surge shaft, surface and underground powerhouse, air surge chamber, power canal, access tunnel

Sunil Kumar Garg, post graduated in Hydraulic Engineering from IIT Roorkee (Formerly known as University of Roorkee) in 1992, and graduated in Civil Engineering (B.E. Civil) from Delhi College of Engineering, University of Delhi, in 1986, presently working with Indo Canadian Consultancy Services Limited, Noida, India, jointly setup by Bhilwara Energy Limited (BEL), the flagship company of LNJ Bhilwara group in power development, and RSW Inc. (RSWI) based at Montreal in Canada (wholly owned subsidiary of AECOM, USA) as a 51:49 joint venture, as Chief Principal Engineer (Hydropower Engineering). He has over 29 years of hands on experience of developing number of hydropower projects located in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Indonesia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Africa. His experience spreads right from identification of hydropower project site till commissioning including preparation of documents for survey and investigations, prefeasibility study, feasibility study, tender documents, bid evaluation, detailed design & Engineering and preparation of construction drawings, As built drawings and providing overall guidance to team members of all the disciplines.

GETS 2015 ID # 373

DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL HYDROPOWER: MEASURES TO OVERCOME VARIOUS CHALLENGES



112

Abstract:

Allain Duhangan Hydro Electric Project (ADHPL) is a run-off river project which utilizes the water from the Allain & Duhangan rivers through two separate intakes and underground headrace tunnels into a common intermediate reservoir before being discharged through a steel/concrete lined pressure shaft into the underground powerhouse at Prini village which is located near Manali town in India. Power is transmitted to the national grid connection point located at Nalagarh via a high voltage 175 KM long, double circuit, 220 KV transmission line built by the company. The Project work started in 2005 and was commissioned in 2010.

ADHPL has an installed capacity of 192 MW, comprising of 2x96MW high head Vertical Pelton Turbine Generating Units. Due to very high head & speed (880m & 500rpm, one of the highest head & rpm machine in India), high altitude, silt laden water and underground powerhouse various innovative design features were introduced first time in India while design the project mechanical components.

The present paper emphasis and discuss on various technical & design aspects of ADHEP such as; Selection of Machine Parameters (No. of Jets & RPM), Runner Selection, Main Inlet Valve design, Distributor design, Cooling Water System & heat exchanger design, Bearing Oil –Water Cooler design, Oil Selection for MIV seals etc.,

Author(s)

Naveen Pant, graduated in mechanical engineering from Pune University in 1997, and presently working with NTPC Ltd., as Dy. General Manager (Hydro Engg.-E/M). Naveen has wide experience of 18 years in Power Sector, Oil & Gas and Semi-Submersible Drilling Rig. He has experience in Power Potential Studies, Selection, Sizing and Engineering of Mech. Equipment (Turbine, Generator, Large CW Pumps, Large Valves, Cranes, Pressure Vessels & other Mech. Packages / Systems), Layout of Powerhouse for Hydro Projects and Pumphouse for Thermal Projects, Hydraulic Model Studies of Hydro Turbine, Pumps & Cooling Water Sumps, Transient Analysis of Hydro Power Plants and CW & MUW Piping System for Thermal Projects.

Prior to Joining NTPC in 2007, he has worked with LNJ Bhilwara Group (Responsible for Engineering of EM Packages 2x43MW Malana HEP, 2x96MW Allain Duhangan HEP, 4x2.5MW Gangrel HEP), Punj Lloyd (Pre-Bid Engineering of Onshore & Offshore Process Plant including FPSO Project),, CSGMB, Korea and was posted in China as Process & Mech. Engineer for SCHAHIN Semi-Submersible Drilling Rig Project.

Presently, he is responsible for engineering of CW Equipment & Makeup Water Piping Packages for Kudgi STPP (3x800MW) & Gadarwara STPP (2x800MW), and EM Packages for Singrauli SHPP (2x4MW) and Rammam HEP (3x40MW).

U.C Dubey, graduated in electrical engineering from Madan Mohan Malviya Engineering College Gorakhpur (U.P) in 1971, and presently working with LNJ Bhilwara Group, as President (Power). Sh Dubey has vast experience of 45 years in Power Sector (Hydro, Thermal, Solar & Wind). He has experience in planning, design, monitoring & execution of Hydro Projects. He is an expert in electrical system, transmission lines, erection and commissioning of Hydro Machines.

He was heading Indo Consultancy Services Ltd., and was instrumental in design, engineering, erection and commissioning of 2x43MW Malana HEP & 2x96MW Allain Duhangan HEP. He was also responsible for implementing of Group other projects in Thermal, Wind, Solar & Captive Plants.

Prior to LNJ Bhilwara Group he has worked with BHEL as DGM for 20 years, NHPC as SDO for 2 years and CEA as Asst. Director for 5 years for Hydro Projects.

GETS 2015 ID # 388

ALLAIN DUHANGAN HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECT (2 X 96MW) INNOVATIVE DESIGN FEATURES - A CASE STUDY



113

Abstract:

All development indices of society are directly or indirectly linked to per-capita Energy requirement and usage. Therefore, it is utmost essential for all planners to have an energy development model which is sustainable and does not create an environmental imbalance. There is no doubt that carbon emissions and ensuing global warming is one of the major threats of this century. Thus the need for low-carbon and affordable electricity has brought hydropower back onto the development agenda of many developing economies. With all knowledge and experience gained, the renewed attention on hydropower also provides an opportunity: the opportunity to develop affordable, low-carbon and flexible renewable energy without causing irreversible damages to the environment. Renovation & Modernization, Uprating and Life Extension (RMU&LE) of old Hydro power stations is an attractive proposition in the present scenario, when creation of new generating capacity is extremely difficult. Capacity addition through RMU of the existing old hydroelectric power projects is considered to be a cost effective option to ensure high efficiency, environment friendliness and meeting sustainability requirements.

With the advent of latest technological tools, designers are equipped with the advantages of a high-end numerical tool, by the help of which, the complex 3D flow inside a hydraulic turbine can be solved accurately with minimum assumptions and in a much smaller time cycle. These technological tools not only help to remedy the various ongoing problems in the water-wetted components but it also helps the Designer to extract more performance from the machine in terms of power output, efficiency, improved cavitation and silt erosion behavior.

An optimization design methodology adapted to rehabilitation and upgrading projects of hydropower plant by means of digital design and performances estimation based on 3D viscous flow numerical simulations of the complete hydro turbine passage at multi-operating conditions is presented in this paper.

Author(s)

Manoj Kumar Yadav, graduated in mechanical engineering from Government Engineering College, Jabalpur in 2001 and Master in Applied mechanics from Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in 2004 and presently working with BHEL, as Sr. Engineer (Centre of Excellence- Hydro Machines). Manoj has wide experience of 10 years in hydro power. He has experience in Technical tendering, Hydraulic and mechanical design of Hydro turbines components and responsible to achieve performance of hydraulic design in conformity with contractual guarantees by carrying out necessary modification / improvements by Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis with model test validations. Prior to Joining BHEL in 2012, he has worked with ALSTOM hydro R&D India Ltd., and ANDRITZ HYDRO PVT.LTD, Faridabad

Himanshu Shukla, graduated in mechanical engineering from MJP Rohilkhand University in 2005, and presently working with BHEL, as Sr. Engineer, (Centre of Excellence- Hydro Machines). Himanshu has wide experience of 8 years in hydro turbine design & development. He has expertise in 3D Modeling and numerical simulation of hydro turbine. He is also responsible for follow-up the progress of contractual model test i.e. industrialization and CNC manufacturing of profiled components and quality control in the process.

Shailendra Kumar Pandey, graduated in mechanical engineering from B.I.T Sindri in 2006, and presently working with at Center of Excellence -Hydro Machines BHEL, Bhopal as Senor Design Engineer since 2008.He primarily deals with incompressible internal flow (single & multiphase) simulations for rotating and non-rotating domains. His areas of interest include turbo machinery hydrodynamic analysis ,numerical analysis of flow through turbines using CFD and silt erosion of Hydro turbines Prior to Joining BHEL in 2008, he has worked with L&T e-Engineering Solutions, Vadodara as FEA Analyst

GETS 2015 ID # 389

RENOVATION & MODERNIZATION, UPRATING OF CARBON NEUTRAL HYDRO POWER PLANTS USING COMPUTER SIMULATION



114

Abstract:

In many medium and large hydropower projects, surge shaft is provided to absorb water surges for maintaining the hydraulic stability of a long water conductor system when it is subjected to hydraulic transient conditions during operation of hydro-electric power plant. Optimal hydraulic stability is achieved by locating the surge shaft as close to the power house as feasible depending on topographical conditions. Besides hydraulic stability and topographical conditions, geological and geotechnical stability of surge shaft also play a very important role in determining the location of surge shafts. In many projects, optimal location of surge shaft based on hydraulic conditions is not technically feasible due to adverse geological conditions at the desired location. The location of surge shaft therefore needs to be shifted upstream in search of better geological condition. In some projects, relocation of surge shaft towards upstream is also required due to non-availability of adequate rock cover around it.

As an alternative to relocation of surge shaft due to geological reason and due to insufficient rock cover, a steel lined surge shaft is provided in a few projects designed and commissioned in recent times. The steel liner is designed to resist internal and external pressure, prevent leakage of water and provide an effective tool for constructing surge shaft at these unfavourable geological locations. The steel liner is provided on water face of surge shaft.

Case of study for design and construction of two surge shafts with steel liner shall be presented in this paper along with design criteria and steel liner design for internal and external pressure.

Author(s)

Rakesh Mahajan, is a Director at ICCS (Indo Canadian Consultancy Services), located in Noida, India. An engineering graduate from Bombay University and post graduate from IIT Delhi, he has extensive experience in hydropower plants, from studies to construction. He has more than 33 years of experience in planning, analysis and design and techno-economic appraisal of civil components of hydropower stations in India and overseas. He is specialized in the design of power intake, forebay, penstock, head/tailrace tunnel, surge shaft, surface and underground powerhouse, air surge chamber, power canal, access tunnel.

B. S. Srinivas, is a Project Manager at ICCS (Indo Canadian Consultancy Services), located in Noida, India. An engineering graduate from Andhra University and post graduate from BITS, Pilani, he has extensive experience in hydropower plants, from studies to construction. He has more than 17 years of experience in planning, analysis and design and techno-economic appraisal of civil components of hydropower stations in India and overseas. He is specialized in the design of various hydraulic structures and power plants.

Yogendra Deva, is the Head-Geology at ICCS (Indo Canadian Consultancy Services) located in Noida India. A Post-graduate in Applied Geology from University of Delhi, he has forty years of experience in investigation and construction of hydropower and other major civil engineering works. Formerly Director, Geological Survey of India, Yogendra is currently the IAEG Vice President for Asia (International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment). He has carried out and supervised feasibility, DPR and construction stage engineering geological investigations of over hundred hydropower, irrigation and communication projects in India (entire Himalayan belt, Northeast and Peninsular area), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia, Rwanda, etc. Yogendra also serves as a visiting faculty and can be seen as invited speaker both at home and overseas.

Sriram Nambi S, graduated in Civil Engineering from Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu in 2002. He acquired the degree of Master of Technology in Water Resources Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi in 2004. During 2004-2007, he worked on Loharinag Pala Hydro electric Project, Uttaranchal, where he was involved in civil construction. He joined Indo Canadian Consultancy Services Ltd (ICCS Ltd) in 2007 as Senior Engineer, and since then while working in various capacities he has wide experience of detailed design and engineering of various medium level projects. His key area of specialization is planning, analysis and design engineering of hydro-civil components of hydroelectric projects. He is currently working as Principal Engineer in ICCS Ltd and presently involved in engineering activities of Rangit IV HEP (120 MW) and Tidong HEP (150 MW).

GETS 2015 ID # 394

DESIGN OF SURGE SHAFT WITH STEEL LINER AT WATER FACE TO CONTROL WATER LEAKAGE



115

Abstract:

With the recent ecological disaster experienced in northern state of Uttaranchal in India due to flash floods, the hydro power has come under further scrutiny and criticism of environmental and public interest groups. There is no denying the fact that the sustainable growth has to balance the concerns and the benefits accrued to the society. There is a strong outcry in most Asian countries to review the ecological impact of large and medium dams

In order to satisfy the energy demand of the India, SAARC Countries, South East Asia and developing countries, with the prevailing financial and environmental constraints, the sustainable innovative solutions are inevitable and requirement of the day. The investors are looking for innovative solutions and the equipment suppliers have to respond with new technologies aided by strong research and development.

Being renowned and leading Hydro equipment supplier, Voith Hydro has developed a new turbine and generator unit called as “STREAMDIVER”TM. This offers applicability to even existing structure and dams. The bulb type design offers the less civil structure requirements and with unique water lubricated bearings (derived from the ocean turbine technology of Voith) along with floating type generator offers extremely low maintenance avenues. The installation of the unit is directly in the waterway which eliminates the requirements of powerhouse floor and related auxiliaries.

Author(s)

Mandar Pachegaokar, is graduated in Mechanical Engineering from the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda and has total 9 years of professional Experience in hydro industry. At Voith Hydro Pvt.Ltd., India, he has been involved in Small hydro Product development and its standardization activities for global Voith applications. At present he is holding the position of Offer Project Manager for South East Asian countries and product co-ordinator of STREAMDIVERTM for the regional sales support

GETS 2015 ID # 396

AN INNOVATIVE SOLUTION FOR HARNESSING ULTRA LOW HEAD HDYRO POTENTIAL



116

Abstract:

Nimoo Bazgo power station (3X15MW) is situated at an altitude of EL 3100m and it is located near village Alchi, Leh Dist of Ladkah region, J & K. The climatic condition of the area is extremely worst and the temperature dips upto -30 degree centigrade in winter. There are three units each of 15 MW with 10% overload capacity. Before commissioning of this project, the whole ladakh region was almost in dark, wholly dependent on DG supply that too for very short period only (4 to 5 hrs a day). The commissioning of NBPS has drastically changed the life-style of the common man of this region. People are able to use geysers, heaters & other electrical gadgets of their choice for the first time in there life.

In this paper, problem faced during the erection, commissioning & operation of NBPS due to highly difficult weather condition & high altitude is illustrated with hand on experience.

Author(s)

S. K. Sandhu, graduated in Electrical engineering from Annamalai University in 1989-90, and presently working with NHPC Ltd., as Chief Engineer (E) and HOP, Nimoo Bazgo Power station, Alchi, Leh. Sandhu has wide experience of 26 years in Power Sector (Hydro, Solar & Transmission line). He has experience in, Design, Contracts, monitoring & execution, erection, commissioning and operation of Hydro Projects and transmission line.

GETS 2015 ID # 402

ERECTION, COMMISSIONING & OPERATION OF HYDRO POWER PLANT AT HIGH ALTITUDE WITH HIGHLY DIFFICULT WEATHER CONDITIONS



117

Abstract:

Energy storage technologies are valuable components in energy systems and are an important tool in achieving a low-carbon future. These technologies allow for the decoupling of energy supply and demand, in essence providing a valuable resource to system operators. Pumped Storage Plants is one of the matured energy storage technology available in MW range. The energy market development and the implementation of alternative energies have an important impact on the hydro power development. New developments are planned as green energy sources such as wind, solar, waves, tidal stream etc.. In this scenario, an important issue is the stability of the grid and the availability of peak energy. Thus the development of the new hydraulic power plant based on Variable speed pump turbines is the new orientation for the hydro-electrical market, which have flexibility in adapting to power fluctuations by levelling the peak & valley demands in a power system thereby improving the stability of the grid and overall improvement in global efficiency.

This paper brings out the concept of variable speed machines, advantages of the implementation of variable speed pump-turbines and describes the variable speed technology. Also elaborates the different components used other than in a conventional fixed speed reversible machine based pumped storage plant.

Author(s)

R R Semwal, graduated in Electrical Engineering from Madan Mohan Malviya Engineering College, Gorakhpur (U.P) in 1989, and presently working with THDC India Ltd., as Dy. General Manager (EM- Design). Sh. Semwal has wide experience of 25 years in Hydro Power Sector. He has experience in preparation of Technical specification ,Budget estimate, Tender documents , Techno-commercial evaluation of bid , Design and Engineering of Electrical Equipment (Generator Transformer , Static Excitation System, AC supply schemes ,Grounding system , illumination system etc.), Layout of Powerhouse for Hydro Projects .

He has experience in plannng ,designing and execution of 11kV lines,LT lines and distribution substations. He was associated in design & engineering activities for EM packages of 4X100 MW Koteshwar HEP and presently working as design coordinator for 4X250 MW Variable Speed Tehri PSP.

He has experience of preparation of Technical specification , tender document and technical evaluation of 50 MW Wind Power Project.

Ashwini Kumar , graduate in electrcal engineering is presently working with Alstom India ltd. He is presently the technical project leader from Alstom for 4X250 MW Variable Speed Tehri PSP. He has experience in design of various electrial packages for 8X250 MW Subansiri Hydro Electric project.

GETS 2015 ID # 403

THE BENEFIT AND CHALLENGES OF VARIABLE SPEED MACHINES – A CASE STUDY OF TEHRI PSP (4 X 250 MW)



118

Abstract:

In Coal based Thermal Power Plant with open loop system, tremendous cooling water is being used for cooling of condenser. The cooling water source is generally rivers, reservoirs or sea and through pumping system, water is supplied to the condensers. After passing through the condensers, the hot water is discharged back to the river/ reservoir/sea through open channel.

Depending upon the topography of the project area, the potential energy available between the point of discharge from the condensers and the location of final discharge point, can be utilised as a source of renewable energy by installing small hydro turbines along the discharge water channel.

The present paper describes, a case study of energy recovery from CW System of NTPC Singrauli STPP-I (5x200 MW) and Singrauli STPP-II (2x500 MW) by installing two nos. of hydro turbines under Singrauli Small Hydro Project (SHPP) and study of potential sites in NTPC’s other Stations/Projects where such energy recovery potentials are available.

In case of Singrauli SHPP (Under execution, the cooling water is drawn from Rihand Reservoir & through CW Pumphouse, the water is pumped to the condensers. The hot water after condenser is discharged back to the Rihand Reservoir though 8km CW discharge channel. The potential energy shall be recovered through ‘S’ –Type Full Kaplan Turbine installed at Singrauli SHPP near the outfall of the discharge channel. The project has an installed capacity of 2x4MW with a machine design discharge of 68cumec & rated head of 14.0m, which will generate 56.64MU annually at PLF of 81%.

Author(s)

Naveen Pant, graduated in mechanical engineering from Pune University in 1997, and presently working with NTPC Ltd., as Dy. General Manager (Hydro Engg.-E/M). Naveen has wide experience of 18 years in Power Sector, Oil & Gas and Semi-Submersible Drilling Rig. He has experience in Power Potential Studies, Selection, Sizing and Engineering of Mech. Equipment (Turbine, Generator, Large CW Pumps, Large Valves, Cranes, Pressure Vessels & other Mech. Packages / Systems), Layout of Powerhouse for Hydro Projects and Pumphouse for Thermal Projects, Hydraulic Model Studies of Hydro Turbine, Pumps & Cooling Water Sumps, Transient Analysis of Hydro Power Plants and CW & MUW Piping System for Thermal Projects.

Prior to Joining NTPC in 2007, he has worked with LNJ Bhilwara Group (Responsible for Engineering of 2x43MW Malana HEP, 2x96MW Allain Duhangan HEP, 4x2.5MW Gangrel HEP), Punj Lloyd (Pre-Bid Engineering of Onshore & Offshore Process Plant including FPSO Project), CSGMB, Korea and was posted in China as Process & Mech. Engineer for SCHAHIN Semi-Submersible Drilling Rig Project.


Jiban Chand Kakoti, graduated in electrical engineering from NIT Kurukshetra in 1989, and presently working with NTPC Ltd., as Addl. General Manager (Hydro Engg.-E/M). Jiban has vast experience of 26 years in erection and commissioning of Hydro machines and 220kV Switchyard.

Prior to Joining NTPC in 2006, he has worked with NEPCO for 19 years under various capacities and was in-charge of EM erection and commissioning of Kopali HEP (2x50MW) and 220kV Switchyard. He was also involved in engineering activities of Kopali HEP Stage-II and Kamang HEP. Presently he is involved in engineering activities of 400kV GIS for Tapovan Vishnugarh HEP and EM Package for Rammam & Lata Tapovan HEP and electrical works of CW Packages for Kudgi, Garardwara and Darlipalli STPP.

GETS 2015 ID # 405

ENERGY RECOVERY FROM COOLING WATER (CW) SYSTEM OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS



119

Abstract:

A ring gate is a cylindrical component placed between the stay ring and the distributor to cut off the flow of water. Ring gate is the optimized solution to replace Main inlet valve (MIV) without compromising power house safety. Operation of ring gate mechanism is controlled by the governor through synchronized hydraulic servomotors. The ring gate geometry is defined by a series of model and prototype tests to ensure minimum risk of cavitation, energy loss, vibrations and leakages resulting into reduced head losses and improved turbine efficiency. Provision of ring gate also enables plant owner to optimize civil layout and equipment cost with enhanced safety. Alstom Hydro has long and rich experience in the designing, manufacturing and commissioning of ring gates and has supplied many units with ring gate diameters ranging from 3m to 8m.

Author(s)

Santosh Singh graduated in mechanical engineering from Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya Bhopal, and presently working with Alstom Power, as Principal Engineer-Turbine. Santosh has wide experience of 12 years in design & execution of various hydro power projects (Type of turbines: Francis, Kaplan, Pelton).

Chandra Kant Jain graduated in Mechanical engineering from MA College of Technology Bhopal India. He has spent 26 yrs in hydro turbine engineering in national company of India. He joined Alstom in 2006 as a head of group for hydro turbine and valve engineering, presently working as head of the department for product engineering development.

GETS 2015 ID # 407

MODERN TECHNOLOGY OF RING GATE



120

Abstract:

Electricity is an essential requirement for all facets of our life and has been recognized as a basic human need. It is one of the most the critical elements on which the socio-economic development of the country depends. The growth of the economy and its global competitiveness depends a lot on the availability of reliable and quality power at competitive rates. The demand of power in India is enormous and is growing steadily.

For the 8-9% growth rate that India aspires for, its energy needs are increasing correspondingly. The electricity demand in the country is expected to grow at 10% per annum. With the Electricity Act (2003), Electricity Policy (2005) and Tariff Policy (2006) in possession, the country has created conducive atmosphere for investments in the power sector. It has been realized that there is a need to tap all possible sources of energy to meet this challenge and Small Hydro Power (SHP) is considered as a reliable option for grid interactive as well as decentralized power generation.

The estimated potential of small hydro (upto 25 MW station capacity) in India is of about 20,000 MW of which about 4100 MW has been exploited. The aim is that out of the total grid interactive power generation capacity that is being installed, 2% should come from small hydro. A target of adding about 5000 MW by 2022 is kept by the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy by installing Small Hydro Projects. The Indian SHP development programme received a new tempo after the liberalization of economy and invitation to private sector for investment in the power sector. Today the SHP programme is essentially private investment driven. Electricity generation from small hydro is becoming increasingly competitive due to low tariff, etc.

The challenge is to improve reliability, quality and reduce costs. The focus of the SHP programme is to lower the cost of equipment, increase its reliability and set up projects in areas which give the maximum advantage in terms of capacity utilisation. The Ministry is also proposing to launch the National Mission on Small Hydro in order to accelerate the pace of implementation of Small Hydro Projects in the country.

Author(s)

Bhuwanesh Kumar Bhatt, Post Graduated in Geology from HNB Garhwal University in 1981, and presently working as Director (Small Hydro) with the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Bhuwanesh Kumar has wide experience of more than 30 years in Governmental Policy formulation & Planning at National level in Renewable Energy Sector.

Sanjay Kumar Shahi, graduated in Electrical Engineering. Have more than 25 years of qualitative experience in renewable Energy Sector. Presently working in Ministry of New and renewable Energy as Scientist.

Prior to joining MNRE in 2013, he has worked with Arunachal Pradesh Energy Development Agency, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh.

GETS 2015 ID # 414

SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA



121

Abstract:

Today when there is so much demand for development of underground facilities like transportation, sewerage, power tunnels etc., TBM tunneling has gained its share of popularity. Like with any other mechanized process it has its share of difficulties, especially when using a shielded TBM due to very limited rock exposures available for inspection/ assessment of rock by engineering geologist.

This has led to a number of problems while tunneling with TBMs across the world. Probe drilling, which although is the most commonly used method for predicting ground ahead of tunnels conventional as well as tunneling by TBM, but still it has a number of uncertainties/ apprehensions attached to its effectiveness.

This paper by utilizing a case study of Tapovan Vishnugad HEPP aims to discuss and emphasize the importance of probe drilling while boring with TBM in adverse to good ground condition.

Author(s)

D.S.Bist, post graduated in Engineering Geosciences from IIT Roorkee, and presently working in NTPC Ltd. as DGM (Hydro Engg- Geology). He has vast execution/ Engineering experience of over 25 years in various Hydro Electric projects such as Nathpa-Jhakri HEP, Tala HEP, Dhauli Ganga HEP. He is presently associated with Tapovan Vishnugad HEPP and Rammam HEPP.

Praveen Akhouri, is M-Tech in Applied Geology from IIT Roorkee, and presently working in NTPC Ltd. as Sr. Manager (Geology). He has about 15 years of experience in execution of various Hydro Electric projects such as Teesta V HEP, Loharinag Pala HEP, and Tapovan Vishnugad HEP. He is presently associated with Geology/Technical service wing of Coal Mining projects of NTPC.

Gaurav Jain, graduated in Civil Engineering from DTU (formerly DCE), and presently working in NTPC Ltd. as Manager (Hydro Engg). He has about 10 years of experience in design of underground structures and is presently associated with design of Tapovan Vishnugad HEPP and Rammam HEP

GETS 2015 ID # 415

ADVANCEMENT OF TBM USING PROBE DRILLING: A CASE STUDY OF TVHPP


122

Abstract:

Allain Duhangan Hydro Electric Project (ADHPL) is a run-off-river project which utilizes the water from the Allain & Duhangan Rivers through two separate intake structures and underground headrace tunnels into a common intermediate reservoir before being discharged through a steel lined pressure shaft into the underground powerhouse under Prini village which is located on left bank of river Beas in Manali town, Distt Kullu, Himachal Pradesh in India.

ADHPL has an installed capacity of 192 MW, comprising of 2x96MW high head Vertical Pelton Turbine Generating Units housed in an underground Power House cavern and 7 Nos. 11kV/220kV, Single Phase 45 MVA, Transformers housed in separate cavern. Power is evacuated using 220kV Cables to an outdoor 220kV (AIS) Switchyard. Transmission to the CTU/national grid connection point located at Nalagarh is via a 220 kV, 178 KM long, double circuit line built by the company.

The plant was ready for commissioning in July 2010 but the 220kV transmission line was not ready/ completed by that time. The present paper emphasises and discusses how the possibility of injecting power in HPSEBL grid at 132kV instead of 220KV at Nalagarh was planned and plant was commissioned using one circuit of 132kV HPSEB – Malana system & part 220kV line and existing equipment, by reducing the generation Voltage, SEE modifications, PT correction and etc. to get 132KV on HV side of available 11kV/220kV transformers, 132kV transmission and preparation of switchyard for this operation, relay setting for 132kV operation and there after quick reversal to 220kV operation & commissioning at 220kV. Further, the paper also discusses the filling of water conductor system, precautions and time of filling, stoppage/waiting time, refilling etc. and post commissioning issues.

Author(s)

U.C Dubey, graduated in electrical engineering from Madan Mohan Malviya Engineering College Gorakhpur (U.P) in 1971, and presently working with LNJ Bhilwara Group, as President (Power). Sh Dubey has vast experience of 42 years in Power Sector (Hydro, Thermal, Solar & Wind). He has experience in planning, design, monitoring & execution of Hydro Projects. He is an expert in electrical system, transmission lines, erection and commissioning of Hydro Machines.

He was heading Indo Consultancy Services Ltd., and was instrumental in design, engineering, erection and commissioning of 2x43MW Malana HEP & 2x96MW Allain Duhangan HEP. He was also responsible for implementing of Group other projects in Thermal, Wind, Solar & Captive Plants.

Prior to LNJ Bhilwara Group he has worked with BHEL as DGM for 20 years, NHPC as SDO for 2 years at Loktak HEP (3*35 MW) and CEA as Asst. Director for 5 years for Hydro Projects.

Bhim Sain Khatri, graduated in electrical engineering from MBM Engineering College, Jodhpur Rajasthan) in 1973, and presently working with LNJ Bhilwara Group, as Chief Principal Engineer (Electrical). Sh Khatri has vast experience of 41 years in Power Sector (Hydro & Thermal), Power Distribution & Controls of processes of Ferrous & Non Ferrous Industries, Power Sector Reforms through APDRP Program of MOP etc. He has experience in planning, design, monitoring & execution of Hydro Projects. He is an expert in electrical system, Sub-station design, erection and commissioning of Hydro Machines/ Electrical Equipment.

Prior to joining Bhilwara Group, worked with MECON Ltd (a premier Consultancy organization in the field of Ferrous & Non Ferrous Industries, Gas, Power Plants etc) for about 32 yrs. During the course of employment acquired additional major qualifications as – PGDM from AIMA and also a certified Energy Manager and Energy Auditor by Bureau of Energy Efficiency, GOI.

Naveen Pant, graduated in mechanical engineering from Pune University in 1997, and presently working with NTPC Ltd., as Dy. General Manager (Hydro Engg.-E/M). Naveen has wide experience of 18 years in Power Sector, Oil & Gas and Semi-Submersible Drilling Rig. He has experience in Power Potential Studies, Selection, Sizing and Engineering of Mech. Equipment (Turbine, Generator, Large CW Pumps, Large Valves, Cranes, Pressure Vessels & other Mech. Packages / Systems), Layout of Powerhouse for Hydro Projects and Pumphouse for Thermal Projects, Hydraulic Model Studies of Hydro Turbine, Pumps & Cooling Water Sumps, Transient Analysis of Hydro Power Plants and CW & MUW

ALLAIN DUHANGAN HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECT (2 X 96MW) UNIQUE COMMISSIONING AND OPERATION EXPERIENCE


123

Piping System for Thermal Projects.

Prior to Joining NTPC in 2007, he has worked with LNJ Bhilwara Group (Responsible for Engineering of 2x43MW Malana HEP, 2x96MW Allain Duhangan HEP, 4x2.5MW Gangrel HEP), Punj Lloyd (Pre-Bid Engineering of Onshore & Offshore Process Plant including FPSO Project), CSGMB, Korea and was posted in China as Process & Mech. Engineer for SCHAHIN Semi-Submersible Drilling Rig Project.


GETS 2015 ID # 418



124

Abstract:

Water conductor system of a typical high head hydropower project involves an underground steel lined pressure shaft having a long inclined reach at a gradient of + 500 with horizontal. The thickness of steel liner to be provided in a pressure shaft depends on internal pressure including water hammer pressure, diameter of pressure shaft and grade of steel used for its fabrication. With increase in internal pressure in the lower reach of pressure shaft, the required thickness of steel liner also increases significantly. Increased steel liner thickness results in difficulty during fabrication as well as during erection. To reduce fabrication and erection time of steel liner in inclined sections, weight of steel liner has to be reduced. With availability of high strength weldable steel plates, reduction in steel liner thickness can be achieved by using TMCP (Thermo Mechanical Control Process) plates. This paper discusses design criteria and construction details of the steel liner of a high head pressure shaft constructed using steel plates of grade SUMITEN (WELTEN) 610 F.

This paper also discusses the optimization of steel liner weight, fabrication and erection time.

Author(s)



Santanu Kundu is a Principal Engineer at ICCS (Indo Canadian Consultancy Services), located in Noida, India. A civil engineering graduate from Bengal Engineering College (Deemed University) and post graduate in water resource engineering from IIT Delhi, he has 11 years experience in hydropower projects. Specialist in hydraulics, responsible for hydraulic and hydrological studies of hydroelectric and irrigation projects including hydraulic transients analysis, hydraulic model studies and GIS studies.


GETS 2015 ID # 419

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH HEAD PRESSURE SHAFT STEEL LINER USING SUMITEN – 610



125

Abstract:

Spillways are provided in diversion structures of hydro-electric project for safe passage of river flow in excess of discharge required for power generation. Flood discharge capacity of a spillway depends on upstream and downstream water levels and spillway crest elevation. The upstream water level or full reservoir level (FRL) is selected based on required pondage and crest elevation of spillway is selected depending on waterway required for flood discharge as well as to facilitate flushing of sediment to maintain required live storage capacity. In most projects involving low height barrage and dam, tail-water-rating curves become extremely important in finalizing the size of spillway opening, type of energy dissipation system, training and guide wall heights, foundation drainage, erosion protection etc. Inaccurate assessment of tail-water-rating curve may lead to inadequate spillway waterway as well as selection of wrong energy dissipation system. A detailed hydraulic study of the river reach is therefore mandatory to develop a representative tail-water-rating curve. There are many factors which govern the rating curve such as cross sections and longitudinal slope of river, roughness coefficient “n”, presence of vegetation and nature of bed materials on river bed and banks, existence of control section including any bridge etc downstream of diversion structure. Selection of Manning’s roughness coefficient is only variable engineering input among all said factors. Existence of nearby gauge & discharge curve may facilitate in selecting proper Manning’s roughness coefficient of the river reach. Hydraulic design for developing a tail-water-rating curve shall also include a sensitivity study of various channel “n” values to ensure that an incorrect assumption does not lead to an inadequate spillway design.

This paper will discuss various impacts of design parameters while establishing a proper tail-water-rating curve and its subsequent effect in spillway design of a low height dam spillway and its energy dissipation arrangement.

Author(s)



Santanu Kundu is a Principal Engineer at ICCS (Indo Canadian Consultancy Services), located in Noida, India. A civil engineering graduate from Bengal Engineering College (Deemed University) and post graduate in water resource engineering from IIT Delhi, he has 11 years experience in hydropower projects. Specialist in hydraulics, responsible for hydraulic and hydrological studies of hydroelectric and irrigation projects including hydraulic transients analysis, hydraulic model studies and GIS studies.


GETS 2015 ID # 421

ROLE OF TAIL WATER RATING CURVE IN SPILLWAY DESIGN AND ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEM



126

Abstract:

A contract for the Renovation & Modernization of Pathri hydropower project was awarded to ANDRITZ HYDRO in 2010 by UJVN Ltd. In August 2014 the project was successfully completed and all three generating units were handed over to the customer for commercial operation.

Originally Commissioned in 1955, HPP Pathri was equipped with Kaplan turbines generating less than 50% of their capacity with considerable noise, vibration & frequent break down. The new units, manufactured with high quality in India, are generating 10% overload continuously from the existing civil structure and water path.

ANDRITZ HYDRO provided the complete electromechanical solution, including 6.8 MW Kaplan runners, guide vanes, regulating mechanism, shafts, bearings, seals, servo motors for the runner and guide vane mechanism, generator stator refurbishment, new rotor poles, refurbishment of rotor spiders, digital turbine governors, and the oil lubricating systems for the generator. Furthermore, ANDRITZ HYDRO supplied the SCADA-system, plant control, protection and excitation systems as well as mechanical and electrical balance of plant equipment. In addition, the scope included the renovation of hydro mechanical equipment like the intake gate, draft tube gate, stop log gate and bypass gate system.

In August 2014, the installation and commissioning of all components was completed. A very challenging task was the integration of existing old and outdated components into new elements at optimum performance. The installation works and the refurbishment of reused components were carried out during ongoing operation of the hydropower plant.

ANDRITZ HYDRO is looking forward to more challenges from India, since the majority of the existing Indian hydropower stations are beyond their planned life span

TECHNICAL DATA

Output: 6.8 MW / 8 MVA

Voltage: 11 kV

Head: 9.88 m

Speed: 125 rpm

Runner diameter: 3,890 mm

Pathri Power House canal based project which utilizes the water from the Upper Ganga Canal originating from Harki Pauri at Prini village which is located near Haridwar town in India. Power is transmitted to the state grid connection point located at Roorkee via a 66kV transmission line. Originally the Project was commissioned in 1955.

It has an installed capacity of 20.4 MW, comprising of 3x6.8MW low head high discharge Vertical Kaplan Turbine Generating Units. Due to low head & speed (9.8m & 125rpm, high silt laden water) various innovative design features were introduced while design the project components.

Author(s)

Sahadev Mohanta, graduated in electrical engineering from Regional Engineering College, Durgapur (W.B) in 1997, and presently working with Andritz Hydro Pvt Ltd, in Project Management, Service & Rehab. Sh Mohanta has extensive experience of 17 years in Power Sector (Hydro). He has experience in planning, operations, design, monitoring & execution of Hydro Projects. He has worked in electrical system, HVAC transmission lines, erection and commissioning of Hydro Machines.

Prior to Andritz Hydro he has worked with ABB as Project Manager for 3 years, OHPC as SDO for 3 years and Asst. Engineer for 7 years for Hydro Plant.

GETS 2015 ID # 422

RENOVATION & MODERNIZATION OF 3 X 6.8 MW PATHRI HYDRO POWER PROJECT - A CASE STUDY



127

Abstract:

In storage type hydroelectric projects, proper diversion of river inflow is one of the major works which require extensive planning not only for construction period but also during first reservoir filling. Owing to the inherent flexible nature of earth and rockfill dams, the process of first reservoir impounding gains critical importance in case of these type of dams. In order to avoid development of undue stresses with in the dam body due to internal readjustment during first reservoir impounding, the first reservoir impounding is carried out slowly, in a controlled manner and under close surveillance.

Koldam Hydro Electric Power Project is located on Satluj river in Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh in India. The project utilizes a drop in head of about 140m by constructing a 167m high (from the deepest foundation level) rockfill dam and a dam toe surface power house with an installed capacity of 800MW. The design of the Koldam project is such that it will also arrest the silt flow from upper reaches and thus increase the life of Bhakra Dam by almost 18 years and therefore the spillway was placed at higher level and cannot be used for controlling the reservoir filling till 144m height of dam. For achieving the controlled first reservoir impounding of 167m high Earth and Rockfill dam of Kol Dam HEPP, a low level outlet called Bottom Outlet had been envisaged. This structure has been constructed inside one of the two diversion tunnels constructed at Koldam HEPP. Owing to the factors like high head (approx. 135m), the limited working period and the tough conditions inside the tunnel, construction and operation of Bottom Outlet was always going to be a challenge, requiring dynamic planning and midcourse review of certain design aspects.

First reservoir impounding of Koldam HEPP has been completed in June 2015 with effective utilization of Bottom Outlet for controlling the reservoir impoundment rate. Present paper discusses the various aspects viz. design, planning, challenges faced and midcourse corrections necessitated thereof in the Bottom Outlet.

Author(s)

Dr. Anubhav, is working for NTPC Ltd. since year 2000. He is presently posted as Dy. General Manager at Solapur Super Thermal Power Project. After obtaining his B.E. in Civil Engineering from Bangalore University, he obtained his M.Tech. and Ph.D. in Civil Engineering with specialization in Geotechnical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. He has wide and excellent experience in planning of hydro power projects and design of various structures. He also has experience in liquefaction studies, design of ash dykes, overhead tank foundations and machine foundations. He was associated with the geotechnical investigations, preparation of detailed project repots and design of structures of 800 MW-Kol Dam Hydro Electric Power Project in Himachal Pradesh, 520 MW-Tapova Vishnugad Hydro Project, in Uttaranchal and 460 MW-Kolodyne Hydro Project in Mizoram. He has published papers in international journals, national and international conferences

Atul Nayak, is a civil engineering graduate with post graduation in Geotechnical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. He joined NTPC in the year 2005 and has been working the design division of Hydro projects. He has been associated with the design of various components of 800 MW Koldam HEPP. He has been instrumental in preparation of commissioning documents, gates operation principles, instrumentation analysis etc during the first reservoir impounding and commissioning of Koldam HEPP. Presently he is working as Manager in Hydro Engineering division of NTPC.

GETS 2015 ID # 437

BOTTOM OUTLET OF KOLDAM HEPP – SCHEME, CHALLENGES AND PERFORMANCE – A CASE STUDY



128

129

EMISSION CONTROLS AND THEIR ABATEMENT

130

131

Abstract:

Meeting tighter emission compliance requirement creates serious challenges for power and industrial plants. Existing power plants have footprint constraints to accommodate air quality control systems (AQCS) compliant with the modern and future requirements. This problem is magnified by the increasing use of lower quality coals generating high concentration of dust at the inlet of AQCS installations. This paper covers experience and product portfolio of highly efficient fabric filters (FF) and dry flue gas desulphurization (DFGD) systems allowing utilization of limited available footprint for power units, hence accommodating space constraints for large capacity applications.

Author(s)

Mr. Jorgen Dupatka Process Engineering Manager at Alstom Power Inc., Knoxville, USA [email protected]

Mr. Peter Wieslander Principal Research Engineer at Alstom Power Sweden AB, Vaxjo, Sweden [email protected]

Mr. Jorgen Grubbstrom Marketing & Product Manager at Alstom Power Sweden AB, Vaxjo, Sweden [email protected]

Mr. Venkatesh Rao Global Product Manager at Alstom India Ltd., Kolkata, India [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 277

LATEST TECHNOLOGIES FOR PARTICULATE AND GASEOUS EMISSION CONTROL IN HIGH DUST APPLICATIONS



132

Abstract:

Reducing emissions is a must in today’s world. Use of fossil fuels, especially coal, will continue in India for the foreseeable future. A repercussion of coal combustion is emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) which is a significant contributor to the atmospheric pollution. NOx can be controlled with careful and well-designed combustion systems as well as using Selective Catalytic Reduction equipment at the back end of boilers. Low NOx firing systems are designed carefully in a manner which tailors each system to meet the individual NOx reduction needs of the customer. Bulk furnace staging concept is used, to delay the air / fuel mixing process, reducing the oxygen available for NOx formation in the high temperature flame core where most NOx is formed. Further reduction in NOx levels are possible, by using Selective Catalytic Reduction systems. SCR converts flue gas NOx to nitrogen through a catalytically facilitated reaction.

With new tighter NOx emission regulations likely to be issued in India, it becomes pertinent for Power Plant Developers to understand and adopt the Best Available Techniques like Low NOx features of boiler combustion system & SCRs. The paper explains how a low NOx combustion is achievable using Combustion Optimization Techniques and further reduction of NOx emission using SCR equipment.

Author(s)

Mr. A J Patil

Director Engineering, Alstom India Ltd.

GETS 2015 ID # 287

LOW NOx CLEAN AIR SOLUTIONS FOR THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN INDIA



133

Abstract:

Limestone wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) continues to be the most used FGD process by the power industry, and the open spray tower continues to be the dominant absorber choice in the industry . WFGD is available with improved design for open spray tower with higher gas velocities, different spray nozzles, and multi-level wall rings for improved gas distribution. Many of these systems have been successfully commissioned and tested with very good results. The new design is capable of very high removal efficiencies at reduced capital and operating costs. Recent developments for the WFGD technology include the introduction of improved oxidation air control using sulfite analyzer. This system reduces power consumption, helps in the control of mercury emissions, and provides improvements for other trace elements in the WFGD purge stream.

Author(s)

Mr. Ray Gansley Product Engineering Manager at Alstom Power Inc., Knoxville, USA [email protected]

Mr. Venkatesh Rao Global Product Manager at Alstom India Ltd., Kolkata, India [email protected]

Ms.Susmita Dhar Process Engineer at Alstom India Ltd., Kolkata, India [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 290

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS IN WET FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION FOR THE POWER INDUSTRY



134

Abstract:

The mercury emissions from coal-based power generation in India have been estimated to be around 148 tonne (for the year 2021). With an intent to exploit the natural affinity of mercury to thiol, this study aims todevelop a non-carbon thiol-modified calcium carbonate based adsorbent for controlling vapor phase mercury. The adsorbent was prepared by impregnating CaCO3 with 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (2-MBI). The adsorbent was characterized by FE-SEM, FTIR and EDX analysis. The results of the characterization study indicate that thiol group was successfully impregnated on CaCO3. A laboratory scale fixed bed apparatus was fabricated to study Hg0 adsorption on MCC. A constant concentration of 15 ppbv of Hg0 was generated through a permeation tube and passed through the adsorbent bed. The vapour phase Hg0 was adsorbed via a chemisorption process due to the reaction of Hg0 with the active thiol sites on CaCO3. The adsorption was confirmed by EDX analysis. It was possible to achieve about 72% removal of mercury at an operating temperature of 140ºC. This study establishes that the 2-MBI impregnated CaCO3 can effectively remove vapour phase Hg0 and has potential for large scale mercury removal in thermal power plants.

Author(s)

Mr. Karthik Balasundaram

Mr. Mukesh Sharma

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur,

Kanpur- 208016, India

GETS 2015 ID # 295

DEVELOPMENT OF A CALCIUM CARBONATE BASED ADSORBENT FOR REMOVAL OF MERCURY FROM FLUE GAS



135

Abstract:

Many experiments have been conducted around the world to demonstrate the utility of electron beam as a tool to treat SOx and NOx emission from thermal power stations with the production of fertilizers. Pilot plants using 1 MW electron beam have been constructed to cater to 100 MW thermal power stations. The electron beam interacts with the humidified flue gas to produce hydroxy radicals which react with pollutants to produce the acids which are neutralized with ammonia yielding fertilizers. In this paper we will explain the chemical processes involved and review the experimental results reported in literature.

Realizing the potential of this technology in future, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai and Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Ranipet have initiated research work in the country to understand the process. An indigenously developed electron accelerator working at 1 MeV, 5 kW has been used in these experiments with simulated flue gas. The initial experimental results indicate the decrement of concentration of these pollutants with formation of fertilizers. While thermal reaction between ammonia and sulphur dioxide is a dominant process, radiation dose significantly affects the treatment of NO. Some of these experimental results and an outline of further experiments to optimize the process will be presented.

Author(s)

Mr. S.Acharya, SO(H+), APPD, BARC, Mumbai-400094 Email:[email protected] Phone:022-25595031 Mobile:9969607413

Mr. R.Lakshmanan, AGM/FGD BHEL, Ranipet -632406 Email: [email protected] Phone: 04172-284386 Mobile:09443343650

GETS 2015 ID # 303

TREATMENT OF FLUE GAS BY ELECTRON BEAM



136

Abstract:

A variety of technologies are available for mercury emissions reduction from coal-fired power plant stack gas. Some of the most common technologies are:

1) Halogen addition to the coal for mercury oxidation, with subsequent capture;

2) Various sorbent additions to the coal and/or injections into the flue gas; and

3) Addition of chemicals and/or sorbents into the wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) absorbers or dry FGD vessels.

These technology choices are driven by the equipment in place. One approach would be favored for a plant having only a cold-side electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and no FGD, whereas another would be more effective for a dry FGD with a fabric filter baghouse. Data will be presented from a number of tests conducted during the past few years showing how the technology choice was driven by the site-specific conditions of each plant. Cost comparison analysis will be presented for different technologies for mercury emissions compliance. Finally, data will also be presented from recent testing using the electrochemical noise (ECN) probe technique to determine the rate of air heater corrosion when adding halogen to coal for mercury oxidation.

Author(s)

Mr. Mandar Gadgil The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Mr. Steven Feeney The Babcock & Wilcox Company

GETS 2015 ID # 328

MERCURY EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SELECTION- LET INSTALLED AIR QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM (AQCS) EQUIPMENT GUIDE TECHNOLOGY CHOICE



137

Abstract:

DASE is advanced engineering total solution for AQCS (Air Quality Control System) of the Power plant. DASE include each traditional APC (Air Pollution Control) devices, combustion system which is the source of pollution, and system engineering. DASE consider the total operation efficiency from combustion to the stack. DASE currently developed for the future air pollutant such as CO2, Mercury and PM10s. DASE also include the advanced combustion technology such as Oxy-fuel combustion, FLOX (FlameLess OXidation), Biomass combustion and D-NOx burner. When DASE is applied to Power Plant as the system it maximizes the efficiency of the AQCS operation, and increase the reliability, maintainability and availability of Power Plant. In this presentation, we will introduce state-of-art environmental technologies and concept of DASE which is the next generation of environmental system engineering for Green Power Plant. Currently application of DASE to coal fired power plant (870MW) for retrofit will also be discussed in detail.

Author(s)

Mr. Sang-Rin Lee Doosan Heavy Industires & Construction

Mr. Hyuk-Je Kim Doosan Heavy Industires & Construction

Mr. Sung-Hee Han Doosan Heavy Industires & Construction

Mr. Yong-Sung Kim Doosan Heavy Industires & Construction

GETS 2015 ID # 339

INTRODUCTION OF ADVANCED APC TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION OF DASE TO KOREAN COAL FIRED POWER PLANT (870MW) FOR RETROFIT



138

Abstract:

Power demand is ever increasing in India due to rapid industrialization and to meet the demand higher capacity coal fired boilers >660MW to 1000MW are inevitable. Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) is widely used to remove dust particles from flue gases generated during combustion. While finalizing the boiler layout, designers are keeping in mind the optimum foot print area for ESP so that precious land can be used effectively. Hence the design of higher capacity ESP with optimum foot print area is necessitated to control the SPM (solid particulate matter) emission level.

Rapping acceleration is an important parameter to be tested to dislodge the ash effectively from taller collecting electrode. FEA was carried out to find the rapping acceleration. Rapping acceleration test was carried out on prototype model in test rig tower Both the test results were meeting the minimum rapping acceleration and found in order.

In this paper, taller ESP design developed with 16.5m height field with reduced foot print area for one of the 660MW project to control the SPM level below 50 mg/Nm3 for Indian coal having high resistivity and high ash will be presented.

Author(s)

Mr. S.S Mani, Additional General Manager – Air Quality Control Systems (AQCS) Contact no. 9443194389 Email:[email protected]

Mr. C.Ganesh, Deputy General Manager – Air Quality Control Systems (AQCS) Contact no.9443403525 Email: [email protected]

Mr. K.B.Padhi, Senior Manager – Air Quality Control Systems (AQCS) Contact no.9443034838- Email: [email protected]

Mr. M.Ravichandran, Senior Manager – Air Quality Control Systems (AQCS) Contact no.9442249207- Email: [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 364

DEVELOPMENT OF TALLER ESPs FOR HIGHER CAPACITY BOILERS WITH OPTIMIZED FOOT PRINT AREA



139

Abstract:

In a typical coal fired thermal power plant, the flue gas contains Particulate Matter (PM), which are captured before letting through chimney to avoid environment pollution. Electro Static Precipitator (ESP) is one of the equipment extensively used for capturing PM from flue gas. The captured PM is collected suitably in hoppers below ESP fields. The hoppers are periodically evacuated for better operation of system. Hoppers are typically designed to store up to 8 hours of collection and they are provided with suitable sensors to indicate its filled-up capacity either as FULL or EMPTY. Ash Level Indicators (ALI) play a very vital role in effectively monitoring ash level in hoppers and failure of them would lead to poor evacuation or catastrophic failures like ESP collapse. The presently employed ALI in many power plants uses analog type sensor signal process electronics, which are prone to wide variations due to varying ambient conditions and warrants frequent manual calibration.

The paper discusses a new ALI system, which shall overcome many of the typical difficulties faced by present ALI system like manual calibration, requirement of experts for calibration and longer duration of calibration. The paper also discusses other requirements of ALI system for overall improved ESP performance management when coupled with EP Management System (EPMS). For example, the ALI coupled with EPMS shall monitor and log all the data related to Ash level w.r.t. time of status change. EPMS will continuously observe the status of hopper levels of all fields and raise exception alerts in case of ALI HIGH sustains for more than allowed period to avoid possible ESP collapse. It also issues periodical alerts for preventive maintenance requirement and Asset Management information. This paper discusses the typical implementation of such an Ash level monitoring and control system along with EPMS for overall improved ESP Management.

Author(s)

Mr. A. Marimuthu Sr.Manager – Embedded Systems – Contact no. 9443211606 Email:[email protected]

Mr. S. Parthasarathy Manager – Embedded Systems Contact no. 9442246378 Email:[email protected]

Mr. Amit Badhani Engineer – Embedded Systems Contact no 7598535722 Email:[email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 367

IMPROVED HOPPER ASH LEVEL MONITORING FOR A BETTER ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR MANAGEMENT



140

Abstract:

The implementation of the modern coal storage silos is not only related to the more obvious benefits such as the smallest footprint, highest safety standards, environmental friendliness and efficient operation but can also be very beneficial when dynamic coal blending is implemented.

By storing various types of coal, for the Indian market most probably imported and domestic, into separate silo systems each blend of coal can be created based on the current operating parameters. Like the actual load of the plant, the max SO2 or NOx emission, (fly) ash quality, etc. Practise has shown that by dynamically optimizing the blend of coal a considerable operational cost saving can be achieved.

The silo systems in combination with the unique FMS (Fuel Management System) enables the operator to monitor the coal being stored but is also a very helpful logistic tool. Based on the requested blend the system can inform the operator what the possible options are but also predict availability of the blend in the (near) future. With the optimization of the logistic flow and the actual demand of the plant the blending ratio can be optimized and fuel costs can be minimized.

Author(s)

Richard Spaargaren Sales Manager, ESI Eurosilo B.V., [email protected]

Jaap P.J. Ruijgrok Managing Director, ESI Eurosilo B.V., [email protected]

M. P. S. (Mini) Puri Advisor India, ESI Eurosilo B.V., [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 372

COST REDUCTION BY MODERN COAL (SILO) BLENDING



141

Abstract:

As the demand for healthier, more sustainable products continue to expand, control room industry has started contributing to it in a big way. Several topics related to desk and control room interiors like LOW VOC emission, credit rating, recyclable raw material, BIFMA 7.1 etc. were never heard off which affects the environment and the operators. The paper will elaborate the following aspects:

Making of the Products

1. Raw-material Selection for control room components including control desk with respect to selection criteria to ensure low or no pollution.

2. Manufacturing Process for control room components including control desk with respect to selection of manufacturing process selection, use of Restriction of Hazardous Substance, FIRA certification and environment friendly paints/ coatings.

While Using the Products

3. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) available norms, specific certification and impact of indoor air quality by selection of a wrong / non certified product.

4. Carbon Credit Rating:-

a. Can desk be a Green product that contributes to Carbon Credit points?

b. What type of certification is required?

5. 10 years warranted products: Longer life ensures lesser wear and tear thus a positive impact on environment. Is it possible, how to do it?

Please note: Control Room Components means: ceiling, flooring, panelling, glass partition, hardware, finishes, lights and furniture.

Author(s)

Mr. Sarit Jain

GETS 2015 ID # 390

GREEN AND CLEAN- MODULAR CONTROL ROOM ENVIRONMENTS



142

Abstract:

There are many factors like type of coal quality, change in operating condition and age of power plants which influence increase in particulate emission from the fossil fired plants. Over a period of time, the regulation on particulate emission has become more stringent and this is being met with addition of ESP fields in series or in parallel.

In thermal power plants, where there is FGD system is also envisaged, ESP and FGD equipment can be intergrated to optimize the plant layout.

FGD and related technologies have been developed and improved continuously to provide the robust solutions to the new trends of AQCS technologies for example seawater FGD and Ultra High Efficiency PM removal system, and Moving Electrode Electrostatic Precipitator named MEEP.

This paper, introduces latest varieties of FGD and ESP related technologies for the consideration of future application to Indian Power Plants.

Author(s)

Mr. Yoshito Tanaka Mitusbishi Hitachi Power Systems

Mr. Tetsu Ushiku Mitusbishi Hitachi Power Systems

GETS 2015 ID # 391

STATE OF ART TECHNOLOGY TO OPTAMIZE FGD AND ESP LAYOUT FOR INDIAN THERMAL POWER PLANTS



143

Abstract:

Of late, with increase in demand of thermal power to meet industrial development, the level of gaseous pollutants from the fossil fired also increase on the multi folds. Presently, there is no emission regulation of NOx control from the source and the same is achieved by low NOx burners in the furnace. The emission norms are likely to be revised shortly and it is necessary to develop a technology that will meet stringent regulation also.

Since, the Indian coal has higher ash content, the removal of NOx from the flue gas in high ash application is complex in nature. The type of Selective catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst play a major role in high dust concertation in the flue gas.

This paper, introduces latest varieties of SCR system and catalyst related technologies for the consideration of future application to Indian Power Plants.

Author(s)

Mr. Hideo Miyanishi Mitusbishi Hitachi Power Systems

GETS 2015 ID # 392

APPLICATION OF DeNOx CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES (SCR) FOR INDIAN HIGH ASH COAL IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS



144

Abstract:

The major source of electric power is from Thermal Power Plants (TPP) which burn enormous quantity of coal results in sulphur dioxide (SO2) emission. SO2 emissions are known to cause detrimental impacts on human health & environment SO2 is major precursors of acid rain which accelerates corrosion of buildings & monuments. As per draft emission norms issued by MoEF, SO2 emission should be controlled less than 100 mg/Nm3 for the TPPs to be installed after 2017. To meet the proposed new norms, Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) system is to be installed at TPP. In India thrust is being given to include FGD space in all new plant layouts and FGD will become one of the norms to be adhered to in near future considering the impact and awareness on climate change.

Various technologies exist to remove SO2 from flue gas produced by TPP, among such technologies, Wet Limestone FGD & Seawater FGD are widely used. In this paper the experience gained during installation & commissioning of seawater FGD system at one of the TPP in India will be presented.

Author(s)

Mr. Manoj Kumar Thakur-Senior Engineer–Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) system. A Chemical Engineering graduate from NITK, joined BHEL in 2008. He has got 7 years plus of experience in FGD process selection, basic engineering, proposal,E&C of seawater FGD system. Involved in developing technology for simultaneous removal of SOx-NOx using EBT jointly with BARC, Mumbai - email: [email protected]. phone: +91-9600779251

Mr. C.Ganesh, Deputy General Manager – Air Quality Control Systems (AQCS) – B.Tech Mechanica.Joined in BHEL in 1982 in Operations. From 1989,Detail engineering of Pollution control equipments Viz ESP; Fabric Filter; Fumes Extraction system; FGD; Ammonia Flue Gas conditioning system; Steel Chimney; Ducts and Duct supporting structures; Turbine hall & Bunker structutres.email:[email protected] Phone:09443403525

Mr. P.Lakshmi Ramana,Dupty General Manager/Field Engineering Services (FES) – Contact No.+91-9442509822 email : [email protected], email: [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 393

SEAWATER FLUE GAS DESULPHURIZATION (FGD) SYSTEM IN INDIA: INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING EXPERIENCE



145

Abstract:

India’s Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change has proposed emission standards for coal-fired power plants that includes significant reductions in sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter (PM) and Mercury (Hg) emissions. In context of SO2 emissions, depending on how the rule is finalized, this could cause many existing coal-fired power plants to retrofit flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technology to reduce SO2 emissions. The first step in a FGD retrofit project is to evaluate the technologies to determine which represents the best selection for each power plant based on its configuration, fuel properties, performance requirements, and other site-specific factors. Since very few Indian power plants currently utilize FGD technology, this paper will describe various technology options including: Dry Sorbent Injection (DSI), Spray Dryer Absorber (SDA) FGD, Circulating Dry Scrubber (CDS) FGD, Limestone-based Wet FGD, all of which have been evaluated and installed extensively in the United States to reduce SO2 emissions. For each of the technologies considered, we will explore the major features of the technologies, potential operating and maintenance cost impacts, as well as key factors that contribute to the selection of one technology over another.

Author(s)

Mr. Andrew Carstens Director Environmental Science Sargent & Lundy LLC Chicago, ILLIONIS 60603, USA

Mr. Yogendra Mishra Group Head – Mechanical Engineering L&T-Sargent & Lundy Ltd L&T-Knowledge City, Vadodara

Mr. Hardik Bhavsar Manager – Mechanical Engineering L&T-Sargent & Lundy Ltd L&T-Knowledge City, Vadodara

GETS 2015 ID # 435

SELECTING FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION TECHNOLOGY FOR EXISTING COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS



146

Abstract:

India’s Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change has proposed emission standards for coal-fired power plants that includes reductions in sulfur dioxide (SO2), mercury (Hg), and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Many existing coal-fired power plants will retrofit FGD systems to reduce SO2 emissions when this rule is finalized. However, it is important to note that FGD systems reduce PM and Hg emissions in addition to SO2. This paper will discuss the capabilities and limitations of FGD systems to remove PM and Hg; however, we will focus on Hg emission reduction since FGD systems in the United States, particularly Wet FGD systems, are utilized extensively for Hg control. We will discuss different FGD configurations, the impacts to PM and Hg emissions, as well as other extensively utilized mercury control technologies including halogen injection systems, FGD additive injection systems, and activated carbon systems in combination with FGD technology.

Author(s)

Mr. Andrew Carstens Director Environmental Science Sargent & Lundy LLC Chicago, ILLIONIS 60603, USA

Mr. Yogendra Mishra Group Head – Mechanical Engineering L&T-Sargent & Lundy Ltd L&T-Knowledge City, Vadodara

Mr. Hardik Bhavsar Manager – Mechanical Engineering L&T-Sargent & Lundy Ltd L&T-Knowledge City, Vadodara

GETS 2015 ID # 436

CONVENTIONAL FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION TECHNOLOGY AS MULTI-POLLUTANT REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY (SOx, HG, AND PM)



147

Abstract:

In recent years there has been increasing concern in India for air pollution caused by industry off gases and vehicular emission. Sulfur Oxides and Nitrogen Oxides (SOx & NOx) are two major pollutants, which are generally believed to be precursors of acid rain and depletion of Ozone layer and these have substantial damaging effects on our health and environment. NOx also reacts in the atmosphere to form ground- level Ozone, bringing yellow smog.

This paper presents cost effective way of addressing stringent NOx emission and conversion of SOx into sulfuric Acid.

SCR Technology for DeNOxing:

Selective Catalytic Reduction technology is the most effective technology to address NOx emission upto 98% with 0-5 ppm of ammonia slippage. Advanced catalyst having high porous pore structure enables catalyst to tolerate high levels of poison, across a wide operating range of temperature (180-550), a very low SO2 oxidation, trouble-free operation has been achieved even with the catalyst in a high-particulate atmosphere without an ESP upstream the SCR. Also installation of SCR on Gas Turbine helps in overall reduction NOx-emission of Power plant. SCR technology also helps in reduction of mercury emission and VOC abatement.

Area of application can be boilers and Gas turbine.

Sox into Sulfuric Acid:

Petcoke of high sulfur grade can be used in normal boilers and then Sulfur emission can be handled catalytically to convert the same in to Sulfuric acid (Commercial grade 98%). Advantage of the process is that it has Zero Liquid or Solid waste generation. No requirement of limestone for scrubbing. By installing the process one generates commercial grade Sulphuric acid to generate revenue from emissions and also meets stringent Norms of SOx globally. So the gain is reduction of cost of operation and cost of raw material and overall complex meets stringent SOx emission norms globally.

Author(s)

Mr. Sachin Panwar Haldor Topsoe India Pvt. Ltd.

Over 11 years of experience in Process Engineering & design, simulation & optimization, operation & project management of Ammonia & Hydrogen Generation Technology. Rich Experience in Business development and Technical sales. Previously worked with National Fertilizers Limited, Projects & Development India Ltd. Oswal Chemicals & Fertilizer Limited. Presently associated with Haldor Topsoe.

GETS 2015 ID # 451

CATALYTIC DeNOx & DeSOx TECHNOLOGY – SMART SOLUTION, GREEN REVOLUTION



148

Abstract:

A bag filter’s purpose is to remove particulates from gas streams. Particulate removal is an important process step for the product recovery from gas streams as well as for air pollution control. With regard to air pollution control, the operator is obliged to comply with certain environmental standards, regulations and codes as well as site and/or location specific operating licenses.

With regard to product recovery, the customer’s objective is to separate and collect as much product as possible. The bag filter can be combined with other gas cleaning technologies to remove other gaseous components e.g. Sulphur oxides, chlorides, fluorides, mercury, where environmental standards or operating licenses dictate.

This paper will cover the broader aspects of the ESP retrofit to a bag filter based on case study. In this case study we are seeing > 8 years bag life with < 10 mg/Nm3 particulate emissions.

The intent of this paper is as much an attempt to promote the attitude of multi-vendor support by all involved for the benefit of a project, and for the mutual benefit of not just all involved in the project, but for the mutual benefit of the industry.

With emission regulations tightening, bag filters are considered more and more as the most cost effective solution. As a solution for emission control behind coal fired boilers it is not a matter of ‘if’ bag filters will be used as the ‘best practise’ but ‘when’ bag filters will be used as the ‘best practise’.

There are numerous cases where potential bag filter projects are abandoned to ESPs or other solutions, based on bad experiences leading to a lack of confidence in bag filters as a solution, when the best solution for the customer and the environment (in fact) should be a bag filter.

Author(s)

Mr. Rod Bale Head of Fabric Filters\Gas Cleaning, Outotec

GETS 2015 ID # 468

DELIVERING A SUCCESSFUL BAG FILTER



149

Abstract:

Coal continues to play a key role in India’s power generation and industrial sectors. As particulate emission limits become more stringent on coal fired units, boiler owners and operators are looking to alternative solutions in an effort to reduce capital costs and improve particulate emissions reduction. Several alternative approaches exist for upgrading existing electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). Today, advanced engineering analysis tools offer increased accuracy and speed in assessing the benefits of equipment/component upgrades. They are well recognized and commercially proven for a wide variety of difficult fly ash applications.

This paper will present a case study evaluating several options available to reduce emissions from an existing ESP arrangement. Significant advancements have been made in the area of numerical ESP performance (NEP) modeling which is used primarily for the purpose of accurately projecting the performance of a given ESP by comparing an “as-is” condition with various upgrade alternatives, such as hardware modifications and/or flue gas conditioning. The NEP model can assess their impact either on a one by one basis or in combination, thus helping the selection of the most cost effective approach for ESP upgrades.

This paper will also consider the design process, equipment configuration, construction challenges, and final particulate and opacity performance predictions. Focusing on NEP modeling results and related interaction, analysis will take into account equipment selections and required particulate emission performance targets. Information on the applicability of ESP upgrade techniques and tools for units utilizing ESPs for the collection of high resistivity fly ash will also be highlighted.

Author(s)

Mr. James J. Ferrigan Fuel Tech, Inc., KS, USA

Mr. Henry V. Krigmont, PhD, QEP Allied Environmental Technologies, Inc., CA USA

Mr. Eric Eichler Fuel Tech, Inc., OH, USA

GETS 2015 ID # 473

CURRENT TOOLS & TECHNIQUES FOR MAXIMIZING PERFORMANCE OF EXISTING ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS (ESPs)



150

Abstract:

The Advanced Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) system use the latest flexible injection technology and are controlled with a balanced algorithm utilizing unit load, a full grid of continuous furnace temperatures and the plant continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS).Large units pose a particularly difficult challenge to SNCR emission control systems, as these modern units generally have higher furnace exit gas temperatures, incorporate low- NOx burners (LNB), over-fired air (OFA) and have very low baseline NOx emissions. Each of these factors potentially limits the effectiveness of SNCR.

The advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and chemical kinetics modelling are used to design sophisticated injection strategies that anticipate varying load and fuel conditions in the furnace. The analysis is translated into engineering systems that incorporate numerous injector types to deliver the reagent as effectively as possible. The target injection zone varies based on temperature, NOx baseline, CO concentration and furnace residence time.Furnace temperature has traditionally been an important control signal for the SNCR system, and recent installations have included full contour mapping of the furnace temperatures using either laser-based or acoustic pyrometers to control the system operation, while limiting ammonia slip.

Recent systems have achieved more than 35% NOx reduction from low baseline furnaces that already utilize primary control measures such as LNB and OFA. This has been accomplished while controlling ammonia slip below environmental requirements and limiting the impact on balance of plant. Furthermore, this is achieved without the use of excess dilution water, which would reduce boiler efficiency.

Author(s) Mr. John M. Boyle, PhD doosan Senior Director – Technology Department

Ms. Penelope Stamatakis, PhD Fuel Tech, Inc., Director – Process Engineering

Mr. Piers de Havilland Fuel Tech, Inc., Engineering Manager (Milan Office)

GETS 2015 ID # 474

ADVANCED SNCR NOx REDUCTION EXPERIENCE ON MULTIPLE LARGE UTILITY BOILERS



151

Abstract:

Efficiency is more than just a buzzword. In an industry where pollution control counts, more efficient technology leads to greener performance. The bottom line depends on getting the most from entire system. By introducing a faster, stronger, more efficient power supply to ESP, its performance can be enhanced significantly. “This additional power could mean the difference between failing or passing emissions testing or opacity limitations.” It’s about operating the ESP energization system at higher frequency of 400 Hz rather than normal 50 Hz with the transition from SCR to IGBTs for the controls. Operating at higher frequency reduces the TR ripple. Allowing the average voltage to approach the peak voltage. Due to the steep nature of the ESP V - I curve, a relatively small increase in kV could result in significant increase in current and corona power which results in improved ESP collections and reduction in particulate emissions.The performance reports of the various sites across the globe are discussed highlighting the benefits in ESP rebuilds or new precipitators.

Author(s) Mr. Paul Ford, Redkoh, USA

Mr. Pradip Gurnani, Ador India

GETS 2015 ID # 475

TRANSITIONING FROM SCR TO IGBT (MFPS) CONTROLLED POWER SUPPLIES TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF ESPS IN A ROBUST MANNER WITH REDUCTION IN

PARTICULATE EMISSIONS WITH SITE RESULTS FROM NTPC DADRI AND OTHER GLOBAL POWER AND INDUSTRIAL SECTOR PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS.



152

153

GRID INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLES

154

155

Abstract:

Distributed Energy Resources (DER) have seen a sustained government focus and an increased penetration at distribution voltage levels. In many countries, a large percentage of new installed power capacities are based on renewable. India has power vision to add 175 GW of renewable – about 100 GW intends to come from solar and 66 GW from wind – by 2022. However, the integration of renewable poses several challenges around communication integration, physical interconnection and system stability assessment.

Communication integration involves information modeling to cover different stakeholder requirements; a standard communication protocol with associated service models to make sure the designed system supports interoperability over entire system life cycle and meets different contractual requirements with respect to performance of the different implemented functions.

The IEC 61850 series of standard and it’s extensions for DERs provide information modeling and an engineering approach to design systems, meeting interoperability and performance requirements over entire system life cycle.

In this paper we elaborate 2 such enhancements in context of system engineering for DER systems based on IEC 61850. We show how use of analytics could address interoperability and performance related aspects, reducing project risk in a multi-vendor environment. Further a cloud based approach to engineering offers data consistency and collaborative framework over entire system life cycle.

Author(s)

Thomas Rudolph

Mayank Sharma

GETS 2015 ID # 247

INTEGRATION OF DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES – ENGINEERING ASPECTS TOWARDS GRID INTEROPERABILITY



156

Abstract:

Variable-speed machines have gained increasing importance in pumped-storage power stations since they present big advantages compared to the classical topology with a synchronous generator. Within the variable speed-solutions, the one employing a doubly-fed induction machine (DFIM) is becoming the preferred solution for large installations since it provides the advantages of variable-speed operation and four-quadrant active and reactive power capabilities using converters rated only a small fraction of the rated power. Faults currents fed by a DFIM differ substantially from the typical current waveform fed by a synchronous generator, and can impose very severe stresses on a circuit-breaker. Both generator circuit-breakers (GenCBs) and high-voltage circuit-breakers (HVCBs) face great challenges to handle short-circuit currents in case of faults close to the power station, both with respect to the degree of asymmetry and to the frequency of the current. Because these interrupting conditions are not properly addressed by the relevant international standards, the suitability of GenCBs and HVCBs to handle these particular fault currents shall be thoroughly analysed. This paper specifically investigates the capability of GenCBs and HVCBs to interrupt fault currents due to symmetrical voltage dips near a pumped-storage power station employing DFIMs, and addresses the question of whether the requirements for these circuit-breakers laid down in the relevant standards are adequate for such applications.

Author(s)

Giosafat Cavaliere

Ravi Goyal

Pankaj Khali

Alejandro Marmolejo

Mirko Palazzo

GETS 2015 ID # 282


IMPACT OF GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS ON PUMPED-STORAGE PLANTS EMPLOYING DOUBLY-FED INDUCTION MACHINES


157

Abstract:

“We, the present generation, have the responsibility to act as a trustee of the rich natural wealth for the future generations. The issue is not merely about climate change; it is about climate justice” – thus spake Shri Narendra Modi, the Honorable Prime Minister of India.

Effective and efficient use of renewable energy sources needs the right technology and right approach. Buying power of Indian consumers is growing phenomenally. Thanks to the reforms made by Indian Govt., Indian customers are enabled better today, to integrate renewable energy in their energy consumption cycles and styles. However, a lot of renewable energy is getting wasted, due to lack of mechanisms to distribute efficiently during off-load period. Also one needs to note the point that we often fail to use the available renewable energy sources most efficiently.

This paper discusses one approach to address the above problems, by using DER Management system, integrated effectively with daily energy consumption means, thus reducing our dependency on the non-renewable sources and bringing down the carbon footprint. The solution approach intents to integrate the Weather forecast system, which can give micro-climate forecast for the regions, where the DER’s are deployed, thus are enabling the efficient consumption and distribution.

Author(s)

Balaji Babu

The Author is currently working as Sr. Engineer at Honeywell, Bangalore. He obtained his graduation in electrical engineering and started his career as Substation Automation Engineer and commissioned more than 50 substation. His area of interest are Renewable Engineer Integration, SmartGrid, IEC61850 and Substation Automation system.

GETS 2015 ID # 359

DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR SMART CITIES



158

Abstract:

The amount of volatile renewable energy, such as wind and solar power, increases. Therefore large conventional power plants have to compensate these grid fluctuations. We can already observe these changes in some parts of the world. On the one hand the load change rate and the number of load changes and starts will increase. On the other hand the number of full load operation hours will decrease. That implies that the power plants will be operated in part load for a longer period of time than today. State-of-the-art coal-fired power plants are mainly designed to operate with optimized efficiency at base load. There are many possibilities to enhance power plants to handle these challenges. Some of these measures need close cooperation between turbine, boiler and balance of plant supplier in an early project phase of large steam power plants. Siemens provides an overview of measures that the requirements of primary/secondary frequency control, increased efficiency in part load operation and fast start up times are realized in the most beneficial way.

Author(s)

Thomas Achter

Michael Wechsung

Wolfgang Wiesenmüller

GETS 2015 ID # 370


UPCOMING VOLATILE GRID REQUIREMENTS AND SIEMENS’ ANSWERS FOR FLEXIBLE AND DYNAMIC OPERATION OF LARGE COAL- FIRED POWER

PLANTS UP TO 1,000 MW


159

Abstract:

Mathematical modeling and simulation tools play a very important role in design and performance analysis of the power plant and power system operations. In this paper, a description is provided of various simulation tools used by STEAG Energy Services and DIgSILENT GmbH for better design, engineering analysis, and optimization studies for various types of thermal power plants and transmission & distribution networks of a power system. These tools can develop an authentic replica of a power plant or power system, which helps to predict the future response/effect of the system under different operating conditions and analyze the interactions between various subsystems. These predictions provide valuable information regarding the system condition, which helps user to take appropriate control action timely and avoid costly mistakes. The models replicate the real behavior very well and are based on first principles of mass and energy balance. Both steady state and dynamic simulations are supported for different applications. Using dynamic models, simulators can also be developed, which can be used for operator training purpose and an operator can be trained for appropriate startup, shutdown and emergency handling. Several types of optimization studies in terms of cost, losses, security, startup time, etc. can also be performed for enhancing the performance, reliability and availability of the system. In this paper, main focus is given to 3 tools – (i) EBSILON®Professional– steady state simulation tool for design, feasibility and optimization studies of power plant, (ii) ProTRAX – dynamic simulation tool for operator training and engineering analysis of power plant, (iii) PowerFactory, DIgSILENT, for steady state and dynamic analysis of power system’s transmission and distribution networks. Various examples are included and discussed to demonstrate the features, effectiveness and benefits of these software tools for industrial applications, with main focus on renewable energy.

Author(s)

V.Agrawal

D.Patra

S.Malhotra

F.Fernandez

B.Weise

A. Ellerbrock

GETS 2015 ID # 380

USE OF SIMULATION TOOLS FOR IMPROVED POWER PLANT AND POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS



160

Abstract:

TGovernment of India has an ambitious plan to transform the Indian cities into “SMART CITY”. Smart Grid is AN inherent and integral part of the Smart City Program. However, Indian distribution Grids are subject to frequent failure that can cause planned and unplanned power interruptions for utility customers. Major faults and outages on power distribution system have a significant economic and social impact. Despite advances by utility industry to protect and harden electrical grid, unplanned outages and faults critically jeopardize the “Availability” & “Reliability”of power supply. Over last decade there has been significant improvement by Indian utilities in deploying Smartgrid solutions like GIS, AMI, SCADA-DMS, FPI, Customer Care, IVR and ERP to improve the operational efficiency of the utility under the prestigious R-APDRP scheme. This paper describes that how business processes like AMI, GIS, CIS, FPI and SCADA-DMS help in improving the performance of Outage Management System (OMS) to efficiently manage the outage and thereby addressing both technical and organizational issues faced by the distribution utilities in the event ofoutages. This not only improve the utility performance, to be measured in terms of SIFI / SAIDI, but also significantly improve the customer satisfaction and the attitude towads utility. OMS

Author(s)

SANDEEP PATHAK General Manager Schneider Electric

GETS 2015 ID # 386


LEVERAGING GIS MAPPING AND SMART METERING TO REDUCE THE OUTAGES AND TO IMPROVE SAIDI IN SMART CITY


161

Abstract:

Electric power grid is one of the most complex engineering systems mankind has ever constructed. Due to the growing demands and the ever changing mismatches between supply and demand, these networks are working under stressed conditions and many of them are running close to their capacity. With the increasing share of renewable energy systems (RES), these grids are subjected to further challenges in terms of regaining of stability after system events, power-quality, frequency and voltage control capabilities etc. The variability associated with renewables, such as wind and solar PV, introduces uncertainty in power output on the scale of seconds, hours and days. Furthermore, due to fluctuations in the energy resources, these generators will not be generating power at nominal frequency and hence they need power electronics based grid interfacing.

Frequency, one of the most important system parameters, is a measure of the power balance and healthiness of a power grid. Synchronous machines are traditionally responsible for frequency regulation in the system. With the increasing penetration of renewable energy, however, the effective frequency regulation support from synchronous machines is reducing. For a generating unit to take part in the system frequency regulation, the three essential requirements are: availability of inertial capability, speed droop control and sufficient reserve generating capacity. Conventional generators driven by steam, gas or hydro turbines possess all these capabilities. However, due to the power electronics linked generators associated with wind and solar PV; these capabilities will be either reducing considerably or missing completely.

This paper presents some of the latest research finding in using wind turbines and solar PV systems to regulate system frequency like conventional units. The coverage include a brief description of wind and solar PV energy systems, role of power electronic converters with RES, issues in the grid integration of renewable based electricity and some solutions to realize frequency regulation capability from wind and solar PV systems.

Author(s)

Dr. K.V. Vidyanandan, Member, IEEE, Additional General Manager Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd., Noida, India. e-mail: [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 411

GRID FREQUENCY REGULATION USING WIND AND SOLAR PV SYSTEMS



162

Abstract:

India has been heavily reliant on coal for bulk of its electricity needs. Going by the recommendations of the 12th and 13th 5-year Plans, this dependence looks likely to continue well into the future. An addition of 73,000 MW of coal plants has been planned during the period from 2015 to 2022. An ambitious program has also been launched to enhance the generation from renewable generation (RE) sources, by increasing the installed capacity of solar and wind generation plants to 100,000 MW and 60,000 MW respectively by the year 2022.

With wide hourly (morning/evening peaks) and seasonal fluctuations in demand and high variability (due to intermittency and seasonality of renewable energy) in supply, the Indian grid will need to do a fine balancing act. Baseload coal plants will lack the flexibility to act as a foil and respond efficiently to the vagaries of renewable energy, unless they are kept on spinning mode. This will result in a very poor average plant load factor (PLF), poor thermal efficiency and high heat rates. As there is already a noticeable drop in annual average PLF of coal plants, it can get far worse when the addition of RE plants takes place as planned.

On the other hand, if baseload plants need to be operated at a better PLF, evacuation of power from RE plants will get curtailed- defeating the larger objective of having a cleaner environment.

Author(s)

M. Rajagopalan

GETS 2015 ID # 424


SMART BALANCING SOLUTIONS TO INTEGRATE RENEWABLE ENERGY INTO GRID


163

Abstract:

As per International Energy Agency (IEA) Global energy demand is set to grow by 37% by 2040. Among them, India is one of the major countries which are taking over as the engines of global energy demand growth. Major portion of the current energy being generated from fossil fuels, raises concern over carbon foot print due to emissions of greenhouse gases. By 2040, the world’s energy supply mix divides into four almost-equal parts: oil, gas, coal and low-carbon sources.

In order to limit the widespread implications of climate change it has been internationally agreed that the world cannot emit more than 1000 gigatonnes of CO2 from 2014 onwards. On the other side, harnessing more power from renewable sources, brings three major challenges to the operator – i) power balance to maintain grid frequency with mixed portfolio of conventional and mostly intermittent renewable sources ii) maintain stability of the grid caused by unanticipated oscillations due to low inertia of these sources, and iii) congestion management of transmission assets while evacuating power from far locations. Under this perspective, this paper emphasizes the necessity of dynamic assessment of generating assets in order to maximize the utilization of renewable generation assets, to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels, and to optimize the cost of generation. Overall situational awareness of the RE sources, accurate wind forecast management, unit commitment with mixed portfolio of assets, look ahead study and a predictive analysis to take proactive action will help to fulfill our commitment on global emission standards.

Author(s)

Indranil Bandyo

GETS 2015 ID # 445

INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE GENERATION – MANAGING MIX PORTFOLIO OF ASSETS



164

Abstract:

Smart grid technology is the key for a reliable and efficient use of distributed energy resources. The recent resurgence of interest in use of renewable energy is driven mainly by the need to reduce the high environmental effects of fossil based energy systems and diminishing fossil fuel reserves. Amongst all the renewable sources solar power takes the prominent position due to its availability in abundance. From technological point of view, solar PV has reached maturity. The challenges faced by grid operators now have less to do with core technology and more to do with integrating PV system to the grid. Recently, the concept of smart grid has been successfully applied to the electric power systems. Smart Grids can integrate solar sourced electricity such as Rooftop solar PV along with traditional power generation allowing higher flexibility to have localized and right sized power plants with reduced transmission loss, zero environmental concerns and higher efficiency. The paper discusses smart grid infrastructure issues and challenges of integrating Solar PV sourced electricity in the smart grid

Author(s)

Dr.Tarlochan Kaur Assoc. Professor, Electrical Engineering Department PEC University of Technology Chandigarh, India

GETS 2015 ID # 448


SOME ASPECTS OF SOLAR PV INTEGRATION IN SMART GRID


165

ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES

166

167

Abstract:

Ultracapacitors have a unique positioning among various energy storage devices. Their features can be leveraged for a large number of industrial applications. This paper presents some of the innovation, design and system integration initiatives that have led to pioneering practical industrial applications of ultracapacitor technology in India in various domains such as Railways, Diesel Generators / Engines, Process Industries, Renewable Energy, Heavy Earth Moving Equipment etc. Use case scenarios which were tested, validated and finally adopted in real world conditions are presented with field data and analysis.

Author(s)

Amit Raje - A qualified technologist with a B.Tech (Electrical Engineering) from I.I.T. Mumbai (1995) and M.S.E.E. (Power Systems and Power Electronics) from University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA; Amit took office as the Managing Director of Aartech in April 2007. His interests are in working on selected and specialized energy applications in the field of Control, Protection & Automation, Process Continuity with Fast Bus Transfer, Energy Storage and Pulse Power Applications using Ultracapacitors, Fault Current Limiters, Power Quality Solutions, Load Limiting etc.

Dinesh Sahu - A qualified engineer with a B.E. (2010), Dinesh has been working as an engineer with Aartech Solonics Limited since July 2010 and is presently an Assistant Manager in Innovation Labs - A.A.R. Centre for Techno-preneurship at Aartech. He is an avid tinkerer and has designed and developed several innovative products including those in the field of ultracapacitor applications.

Vikesh Gautam - A qualified engineer with a B.E. (ECE) from Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (2012)., Vikesh has been working as an engineer with Aartech Solonics Limited since July 2012. His main focus is design of ultracapacitor solutions.

GETS 2015 ID # 259

PRACTICAL INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ULTRACAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA - A CASE STUDY



168

Abstract:

With the paradigm shift in the use of fossil fuels has already opened avenues for the non-conventional source of energy and NTPC has taken edge in adopting the green technologies as its sustainable approach to meet the energy demand. This paper provides an insight into an Innovative step in the solar energy storage techniques to improve its availability & reliability for use by adopting “Molten Salts Energy Storage Technique”. This energy storage technique has become widely popular in solar concentrated & in solar PV and is also opening avenues for cogeneration with coal / gas based units. The technology aims to improve the availability & reliability of solar power thereby making it more competitive in the energy market. In the near future electrical energy storage (EES) will become indispensable in emerging markets in the use of more renewable energy, to achieve CO2 reduction and for Smart Grids.

BENEFITS

• Storage enables solar thermal power plants to operate just like a conventional fossil fuel or nuclear power plant, reliably generating electricity when it’s needed most - but without the associated harmful emissions and without any fuel costs

• Solar thermal power plants with integrated molten salt energy storage can operate 24/7, proving base load power for both on-grid and off-grid applications

• Solar thermal power plants with integrated energy storage are cost-competitive with any new build coal, natural gas, or nuclear technology.

Author(s)

Prag Sood is a post graduated in Organic Chemistry from Kurukshetra University. He has over 13 years experience in Water treatment, Power plant chemistry & Environment. Management

Priya SL is a post graduated in Organic Chemistry from Kerala University. She has over 13 years experience in Water treatment & Power plant chemistry.

GETS 2015 ID # 270

MOLTEN SALT STORAGE TECHNIQUE – AN INNOVATIVE STEP TOWARDS ENERGY STORAGE



169

Abstract:

Clean energy and healthy environment has been a demand not only for today but also a need for coming time to safeguard our generations. This paper evaluates the measures addressing to the need of integrated clean energy system most desirable for Islands. The paper highlights the solar power with pump storage hybrid & solar power with battery storage hybrid system. The papers analyses in detail the present power scenario of one of India major island (Andaman & Nicobar) and narrow down the best possible green energy solutions.

Andaman & Nicobar, one of the major island in India has total electricity requirement of around 60MW. South Andaman is the major consumption area accounting for almost 65% of the energy consumption and having around 45% of A&N installed capacity. The base energy requirement of South Andaman is of 35 to 40 MW capacity (i.e. approx. 17 MUs) and peak is of 65MW capacity (i.e. approx. 30 MUs). Power Generation in A&N Islands is largely through Diesel fuel with 41 Diesel Power Houses at different locations in these islands having DG capacity ranging from 6 KW to 5000 KW, accounting for almost 90% out of total generation. Balance power demand is met by hydel generation, solar PV and biomass providing 5%, 4% and 1% of total generation respectively. Majority of the power requirement is met by Diesel power with average cost of generation approx. Rs. 17.04/unit and cost at end consumer approx. Rs. 25/unit. The Islands are facing new challenges of almost one third of the existing diesel plant outlived their useful lives and need to be phased out in the coming five years. The power requirement also rising by a rate of 6% annually.

This paper deals with the current challenge of the Islands and details regarding the eco-friendly and island specific cost effective renewable hybrid solutions to meet the power requirements of A&N Inlands.

Author(s)

Jaspal Singh (Sr. Mgr., NTPC – NETRA)

Chandra Mohan Verma (Manager, PE-Civil, NTPC Limited)

GETS 2015 ID # 288

INNOVATIVE ENERGY STORAGE FOR SOLAR POWER: SOLAR PV HYBRID SYSTEM WITH A MIX OF PUMP STORAGE AND BATTERY

STORAGE FOR ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLAND IN INDIA



170

Abstract:

Electrochemical energy storage systems comprise wide range of technologies based on varying mechanisms of energy storage, which can be broadly classified as supercapacitors, fuel cells and batteries. Supercapacitors store energy as electrostatic force of attraction between the oppositely charged particles at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Fuel cells convert the chemical energy of a fuel and oxidant into electrical energy. Batteries have fixed quantity of energy stored in them. Redox flow batteries are a type of secondary batteries with active materials stored in dissolved state externally. RFBs convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy that can be retrieved in a controlled manner on demand, and can be designed to meet the desired power and energy requirements. RFBs also have compelling characteristics of (a) simple electrode reactions, (b) favorable exchange currents, (c) operation at room temperature, (d) high cycle-life, (e) electrochemically reversible reactions, and (f) high overall efficiency. RFBs can be deployed in varying geographical locations making them attractive for large scale energy storage for integration with the micro-grids. There are various types of RFBs but Soluble Lead RFB (SLRFB) differs from other RFBs as there is no need of membrane or separator and it needs a single electrolyte, which considerably minimizes their cost and design complexity. A SLRFB being developed in association with NTPC will be discussed.

Author(s)

M K Ravikumar Indian Institute of Science Bangalore - 560012

A Banerjee Indian Institute of Science Bangalore - 560012

M Bhoopathiraja Indian Institute of Science Bangalore - 560012

S A Gaffoor NED Energy Ltd., Hyderabad – 560054

Vishal Singh NETRA – NTPC Ltd., Greater Noida - 201307

J S Chandok NETRA – NTPC Ltd., Greater Noida - 201307

A K Shukla Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560012

GETS 2015 ID # 351

ENERGY STORAGE IN SOLUBLE – LEAD REDOX FLOW – BATTERIES: A NEW PARADIGM IN ENERGY STORAGE LANDSCAPE



171

Abstract:

The power supply position of India is facing great challenge of meeting the growing demand of reliable, sustainable and environmentally benign power at competitive prices due to lack of fuel, poor implementation and poorer hydro/ thermal mix. The hydro /thermal mix at the end of 6th Plan between thermal and others was 66.04% and hydro was 33.96%. At the end of 11th Plan (March 2012) this has widened further and the ratio of thermal and others generators has increased to 79% and hydro has decreased to 21%, which has caused further worsening of power supply position in India. On the basis of latest Indian grid code, the power supply position has to be maintained between the frequency ranges of 49.7 HZ to 50.2 HZ. In order to have satisfactory power supply position it is essential to have 40-60 mix of hydro and thermal & other generators. Pumped-hydro storage facilities have played a vital role in enhancing grid stability for over a century.

In this paper, we discuss electricity system characteristics, current and future electricity demand, availability of pumped storage resources, and flexibility of operations, the benefits of pumped-storage hydroelectric systems in mitigating some of the most recent reliability issues to arise, economics and policy of hydroelectric power. Using system dynamics approach we demonstrate that by fully exploiting the pumped storage capacity, the grid frequency is maintained within specified range and we save substantially on tariff which is directly linked to our GDP growth.

Frequency can be smoothened only when we have maximum generation through hydro power generators and the immediate requirement which has been assessed in this country is 40% hydro and 60% thermal. This has been decided on the basis of load difference of power consumption between peak hours and off-peak hours. Normally peak hour is considered between 7 AM to 9 AM and between 6 PM to 10 PM. On account of wide variation of frequency, higher grid security and increased efficiency of power plant equipment will not be achieved. Only in order to maintain frequency nearer to 50 HZ, it is desirable to have maximum hydro reservoir projects and Pumped storage projects. The high and low frequency both are detrimental to the life of the generating equipments. As such we have to have proper balance of reservoir projects and pumped storage projects.

Whenever there is low frequency in the system, it shows that we have more power demand than the available power generation in the system. In that case we start generation from hydro reservoir projects and maintain frequency nearer to 50 HZ that is up to optimum level. In case of high frequency in the system it shows that there is less demand than the power generation in the system. As such frequency goes high which is also detrimental to higher grid security and increased efficiency of power plant equipments. During high frequency range we have to provide adequate load to the system for balancing the frequency for which we create load through pumped storage scheme and we pump the water to the upper reservoir of the pumped storage project and once the frequency goes down we generate the power with the help of water available in the upper reservoir of pumped storage project to balance the frequency.

In the pumped storage schemes when we pump water in the upper reservoir by using 100% consumption of power we can generate approximately 70 % of power which was consumed for pumping the water. Here, the apparent loss of 30% power in pump storage of water to power generation through stored water will not be real, as water will be pumped during low demand and higher frequency period when grid power tariff becomes very low or sometimes negligible. Normally in almost all the developed countries in order to balance the frequency we do this. High and low frequency beyond the grid code limit is highly detrimental to the generating equipments and grid security. The power generators are designed for synchronous speed and wide variation in frequency causes abnormal change in the speed of the machine which causes substantial damage to the generating equipments. As such wide variation in frequency causes lot of financial implications on the economy of power generation and power transmission.

Quick control of power generation as per requirement is possible only from hydro generators which accept and reject full load within a few minutes. Wherever hydro generation is not possible other alternative is gas power projects where increase and decrease of power generation could be achieved faster. But in our country there is acute shortage of gas and we do not have surplus gas and hence development of hydro power project is a technical compulsion. We have about 150,000 MW of hydro potential (for peaking duty).

Keywords: Pumped storage hydro power, Grid stability, Sustainable Power, System dynamics.

PUMPED STORAGE A LIFESAVING DRUG FOR INDIAN POWER SYSTEM


172

Author(s)

Rashmi Varma, an electrical engineering graduate from NIT Patna and M.Tech from Indian Institute of Technology; Delhi holds the position of Additional General Manager with NTPC Limited. Through her work and passion, she has been focusing on exploring sustainable power generation, through renewable sources of energy. Rashmi is a keen learner who is extremely enthusiastic & passionate about academics; especially in the field of conservation of energy.

After completing her MBA, she is currently a student of Ph.D. in energy stream at IIT Delhi. Her research is in the field of ‘Renewable and Sustainable Energy Development’. She has been presenting papers in a number of conferences and aspires to join academics; and putting to perspective, the depth and breadth of knowledge gained over the years.

Yogender Prasad, an electrical engineer has held prominent positions during 27 years of his service in Hydro sector in Govt of India. He was Chairman and Managing Director of NHPC a Govt of India enterprise and has brought phenomenal growth to this sector. For his great contributions in the hydro field he has number of awards like ICOLD award for exceptional contribution for hydro development, author’s award by HRW magazine, USA for his article Financing of Hydro Project ranked as No.1, ‘Eminent Engineer’ award from Institution of Engineers, Commissioned as “Honorary Texan” by the Governor of Texas, USA during December 1991, award on 20th January 2000 from the Prime Minister of India on behalf of Institution for Engineers for Contribution towards Promotion of Hydro Development in the country, “2003 IMM Award for Excellence as Top CEO”, “Energy Man of the year 2002-03” from World Institute of Building Programme, the international association of Education and world peace in Association with Institute of Ecology and Environment for outstanding Contribution.

Professor. R.P. Dahiya, Currently is Vice Chancellor of Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology Murthal. He has been Vice Chancellor of Uttar pradesh rajarshi tandon open university, Allahabad University. Vice-Chairman/acting Chairman of Plasma Science Society of India and is a leading Plasma and Environment researcher at CES, IIT Delhi for over 25 years. He was on lien to MNIT, Jaipur as Director since 2005 to 2010. He was honoured with Distinguished Alumini Award of Kurukshetra University and many International and National fellowships such as INSA-JSPS Japan fellowship, DAAD German fellowship, Netherlands fellowships, CSIR fellowship, Haryana Government Merit Scholarship, National Scholarship and others in his academic career.

Over the past several years he has taught M.Tech and pre-Ph.D. courses on Energy, Ecology, Environment, Direct Energy Conversion, Fusion Energy, Integrated Energy Systems and Plasma Technology to IIT Delhi students and has been key-note speaker and resource person at several International and National conferences and programs. He has published above 140 papers in Journals and Conferences of repute and edited one book to his credit.

Sushil is Professor of Strategic, Flexible Systems and Technology Management at the Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. He served as visiting Professor at the Center for Development of Technological Leadership, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,USA in the year 2008-09. He has twelve books to his credit in the area of Flexibility, Systems Thinking and Technology Management. He has over 200 papers in various referred journals and conferences. He is the Founder President of the Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management (www.giftsociety.org)

GETS 2015 ID # 361



173

Abstract:

With the ever-increasing addition of wind and solar renewable energy to the traditional electric grid, the need for energy storage also grows. A recent study projects the value of energy storage for wind and solar integration worldwide to exceed $30 Billion by 2023. Hydrogen from electrolysis is a promising technology for renewable energy capture as it has the capability to store massive amounts of energy in a relatively small volume, with no carbon footprint. Electrolysis can also provide ancillary services (e.g. frequency regulation, load shifting) to the grid resulting in multiple value streams. The hydrogen produced also provides high flexibility enabling dispatchability because it can be injected into the natural gas pipeline, in the production of high value chemicals such as ammonia, in upgrading of biogas, or used as a transportation fuel.

Author(s)

Thomas M. Skoczylas

Everett B. Anderson

Katherine E. Ayers

GETS 2015 ID # 383

MW-SCALE PEM ELECTROLYSIS FOR ENERGY STORAGE AND GRID STABILIZATION APPLICATIONS



174

Abstract:

NGK has developed a sodium sulfur battery (NAS® battery) for load leveling applications, allowing the grid to deal with increasing peak. The recent growth in environmentally friendly renewable energies causes network instability. A secondary battery based energy storage system is seen as one of the strongest solutions to stabilize the network while improving the efficiency and usability of these renewable energy technologies.

The NAS battery features long duration discharge, compactness, and a long lifespan of 15 years. The capacity for long duration discharge is one of the most notable features of this technology, a feature which becomes more important as renewable energy generation increases. NGK will present recent design of the NAS® battery system, and also some typical applications.

Author(s)

Hiroyuki Abe

GETS 2015 ID # 384

DEVELOPMENT OF SODIUM SULFUR BATTERY (NAS® BATTERY) AND APPLICATION


175

Abstract:

Currently, in India 13.2% of total installed capacity is in form of renewable energy sources. Transmission and storage are the prime issues with renewable resources as they are characterized by intermittent availability and are widely dispersed. Intermittent nature of renewable energy resources may cause problems of stability, voltage regulation and power quality issues. Electrical power transmission network failures due to natural or artificial causes cease the power supply and potentially influence wide areas. Energy Storage Technologies (EST) will help users by ensuring power continuity under such cases of power network failure. The problem of power line congestion can be mitigated by using EST at suitable sites on heavily-loaded lines. EST can potentially reduce the average cost of energy as it can level the generation requirement by shifting the higher peak load to off-peak hours. Also energy storage systems fair better from power system frequency regulation point of view as these devices inherently respond faster than generators

The high capital cost of managing grid peak demands, large capital investments in grid infrastructure for reliability, need for renewable firming, demand-side management, distributed energy support, lowering the costs for consumers and decreasing carbon pollution make case for EST. Energy storage systems are classified into mechanical, electrochemical, chemical, electrical and thermal. This paper presents a brief review on various energy storage systems including those available and emerging: their status, potential application, and important trends in such system for power industry.

Author(s)

Harshvardhan Senghani Deputy Manager, NTPC Ltd.

GETS 2015 ID # 432

ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES IN POWER SYSTEM



176

177

SMART CONTROLS FOR AGILE POWER GENERATION

178

179

Abstract:

Cloud computing provides convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources including networks, servers, storage, applications, and services.

By moving to a cloud-based environment for Industrial Automation, users will be able to significantly reduce costs, achieve greater reliability, and enhance functionality. In addition to eliminating the expenses and problems related to the hardware layer of IT infrastructure, cloud-based Industrial Automation will enables users to view data on devices like smartphones and tablet computers, and also through SMS text messages and e-mail.

The envisioned transition to the future cloud - based take advantage of the latest technologies and provision of new functionality. The main challenge is to be able to design today an infrastructure that will be easy to manage and evolve in conjunction with technology. This paper presents the model for implementing industrial control and SCADA system on the cloud and discusses challenges and risk associated with it.

Author(s)

Kasa Venkateswara Prasad completed his BE in Electronics and communication from Vinayaka Missions Engineering College, Salem and MS(Electronics and Control) from BITS, Pilani. He joined NTPC as a 18th batch EET. He is presently working as a Sr. Faculty Member in Power Management Institute, and he has also worked in TSTPS commissioning and maintenance at 6x500 MW.

Vikash Kumar Malhotra has completed his B.E. (Electrical) from NIT-Jaipur and PGDBM from IIM-Lucknow. He joined NTPC as a 23rd batch EET. He is presently working as a Sr. Faculty Member in Power Management Institute, Noida.

GETS 2015 ID # 254

CLOUD BASED COMPUTING FOR INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION



180

Abstract:

The objective of this work is to develop an intelligent and user friendly vibration monitoring system, by which every engineer having a basic knowledge will be able to identify the type of fault at a very preliminary stage. Initially system will be trained on different type of faults that might occur in the machine. Once trained, faults in future can be easily identified by monitoring data. To validate the work, an algorithm has been developed for processing of the vibration signal and its training to develop an expert system. The data of different type of bearing faults have been taken from Case Western University database. Different vibration features from time domain and frequency domain have been selected as input vector for the expert system. SVM (support vector machine) has been used as a supervised learning algorithm for the work. The algorithm has been tested using the above data and give satisfactory results.

GUI (Graphical User Interface) has been developed to create a user friendly interface. It contains the model of training data. As soon as signal is imparted as input, it will give result about the type of fault present in the equipment, based on the training imparted to the system.

Author(s)

Hariom Vishwakarma, received his B.E in Electrical Engg. from Govt. Engg. College Rewa (M.P) in 2008 and M.Tech in Measurement & Intrumentation from IIT Roorkee in 2010.He is currently working in O&M department, NTPC Ltd in MSTPP Mouda, Nagpur. His area of interest are Condition monitoring, Signal Processing, Expert system, Machine Learning etc. Email.:[email protected]

Bhaskar Maheshwari, received his B.Tech in Mechanical Engg. From NIT Kurukshetra (HR.) in 2010. He is presently working in O&M department, NTPC Ltd in MSTPP Mouda, Nagpur. Email.: [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 256

DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENT VIBRATION MONITORING SYSTEM FOR INDUCTION MOTOR WITH GUI



181

Abstract:

Technologies available through the Industrial Internet of Things, big data analytics, mobility and workflow collaboration represent new opportunities for significant improvements in the way utilities operate and maintain their assets. Such advancements are enabling utilities to incorporate different maintenance techniques into a comprehensive risk-reduction strategy.

Utilities are continually working to reduce risk, improve availability and reduce forced outages in order to remain profitable in the competitive energy marketplace. The amount of data available today allows utilities the opportunity for improving operation and maintenance processes, and as a result, utilities are shifting to an enterprise asset performance management (EAPM) approach utilizing new processes, rules and technologies. This strategic shift to an enterprise solution enables utilities to be more proactive and identify emerging performance issues before they cause a degradation in the output, damage to equipment, or even worse, cause a safety event. The implementation of sound predictive maintenance technology, i.e. predictive analytics, in an EAPM approach empowers the entire organization to plan for corrective action and prioritize maintenance activities.

Author(s)

Justin Thomas

[email protected]

Justin Thomas is a business development manager at Schneider Electric. Mr. Thomas is based in the United States and is currently leading the growth strategies in APAC, Middle East and India for the company’s real-time enterprise data historian and predictive asset analytics software solutions. He has 15 years of experience providing technology solutions to industrial companies across the world and is Schneider Electric’s predictive asset health monitoring expert.

GETS 2015 ID # 257

ENTERPRISE ASSET PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT AND PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS FOR OPTIMIZED GENERATION



182

Abstract:

Coal washing is often used to improve the ROM coal quality before its use. To implement the coal washing procedure represents not only significant capital and operational expenses but also strong environmental impact. The environmental impact ranges from air pollution, high consumption of water and electric power to coal slime ponds and chemical pollution by dangerous substances.

The application of online analysis and adaptive control procedures in mines and coal handling plants offers a significant improvement in ROM coal preparation so that the need of coal washing will decrease. The adaptive control of coal excavation and handling will decrease necessary investments in coal washeries, improve the domestic coal based power generation capacity and eventually to trade ROM coal with higher overall GCV.

The paper describes several practical procedures of intelligent excavation control and ROM coal handling that can be utilized in Indian conditions to decrease the expenses and environmental impact of coal washing and to increase the capacity of the mines to produce domestic coal of quality suitable for power generation

Author(s)

Viktor Valenta director R&D, Enelex, Czech Republic

GETS 2015 ID # 296

INTELLIGENT EXCAVATION CONTROL TO DECREASE COAL WASHING COSTS



183

Abstract:

The significant technical issue that has to be addressed to control fossil fuel power plant is determining tuning parameters of loop controllers, which has attracted attention from both academia and industry. In addition, since the control stability margin is limited by material issues in USC (Ultra Super Critical)-class boiler, a tuning for securing the stability becomes more important and complicated. Here, we have developed a mobile tuning application that allows users to be able to set tunable parameters of boiler control loops for 1000 MW coal-fired ultra-supercritical unit without professional aid. This application provides optimal test procedures and tuning calculation tools including parameter calculator, system identification, trend analysis and parameter initial guessing. Based on the remarkable applicability of this application, we believe that it will provide new opportunities for a better understanding of tuning techniques in fossil fuel power plant.

Author(s)

Hyonik Lee Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea

Jawyoung Maeng Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea

Sungho Kim Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea

GETS 2015 ID # 301

AN OPTIMAL TUNING STRATEGY FOR ABC (AUTOMATIC BOILER CONTROL) IN 1000 MW COAL-FIRED ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL UNIT: DEVELOPMENT, VERIFICATION AND

REALIZATION IN MOBILE TUNING APPLICATION.



184

Abstract:

High temperature headers of boilers and high energy pipings are some of the critical components of power plants which are subjected to process transients consisting of steady and transient loadings. These loadings induce irreversible structural damages on the component due to predominant creep and fatigue mechanisms which consume their useful lives. The present paper discusses remote monitoring of health of boiler headers and high energy pipings through an on-line structural safety evaluation system by real-time finite element technique. The candidate components being monitored by the monitoring system are superheater and reheater outlet headers, reheater inlet header and hot reheat pipe bends before intermediate pressure control valves of 210 MWe coal-fired units. The on-line monitoring system acquires thermal-hydraulic process parameters of steam viz., pressure, temperature and flow which are converted to material temperatures and stresses over the whole component volume. Subsequently, thermo-mechanical stress analysis of the components is performed to compute creep and fatigue damages using suitable damage code rules. The real-time damage assessment system which monitors the health of the component is non-invasive in nature as it does not involve deployment of sensors for measurement of material temperatures and stresses. The process parameters of the steam are acquired through existing plant instrumentation available for power plant operation and are converted to material temperatures and stresses. The system determines the total damage due to creep and fatigue damage mechanisms and thus identifies the high damage location of the components for planning of scheduled inspections.

Author(s)

Mr. R. Daga , AGM, Mechanical Metallurgy, NETRA, NTPC Ltd.. He is associated in characterisation of mechanical properties, remaining creep life assessment of superheaters of ageing boilers of thermal power plants, on-line creep fatigue damage assessment of boiler headers and piping by FE analysis and in-situ metallographic inspection. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Dr. M.K. Samal is a senior scientist at Reactor Safety Division of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and faculty at Homi Bhabha National Istitute (HBNI), Mumbai, India. He has more than 19 years of research and teaching experience. He received his Ph.D. from University of Stuttgart, Germany and has carried out post-doctoral research work at Ohio State University, USA. His teaching and research interests include finite element analysis, material modeling, smart structures and damage mechanics. He has implemented the online creep and fatigue damage monitoring system at various chemical process and thermal power plants of India. He has 220 publications including 64 papers in various international journals. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 306

REMOTE MONITORING OF HEALTH OF CRITICAL HIGH TEMPERATURE COMPONENTS BY REAL-TIME FINITE ELEMENT TECHNIQUE



185

Abstract:

Utilities and power plant managers are facing tough competition, and this puts more and more importance on performance in power plant operation - performance, which is substantially influenced by the people operating the power plant. Success starts in the control room.

A power plant has thousands of sensors and signals, for the main components, for motors and pumps, for drives and fans. The daily responsibility of the operator is to monitor all these components and to re-adjust and to correct any deviation. Smooth periods of working through the various required tasks can suddenly be interrupted by periods of hectic activity to counter disturbances in the plant’s operation or failures of the plant equipment. In these situations, operators do not need raw, unfiltered information – they rather need to focus on what really matters.

Control systems for power generation have to be designed to enhance economic performance with an operator-centric approach, providing intuitive design, enabling faster response to disturbances, smooth handling, and reducing the risk of unplanned disruptions in operation. Besides, a control system today has to provide targeted support for various areas of the daily routine. Advanced diagnostic tools visualize detailed facts about the plant condition and built-in operations management such as shift logs make scheduling and handovers more manageable than ever.

We will discuss the examples improving efficiency in power plant operation, based on Siemens’ experience in power plant operation and as a provider of control-system solutions. efficiency.

Author(s)

Hans-Christian Ostertag Siemens AG Head of Market Requirements and Sales Support Product Management Instrumentation & Controls Siemens AG

GETS 2015 ID # 316

SMART CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR POWER GENERATION - SUCCESS STARTS IN THE CONTROL ROOM



186

Abstract:

Toshiba has developed and applied the optimal start-up methodology to overseas power plants and Japanese power plants to fulfill the need to shorten the start-up time of a steam turbine generator. Toshiba reports the optimal start-up methodology and some experiences at the commissioning stage.

Author(s)

Keishin Saito System design engineer, TOSHIBA cooperation

Yusuke Fukamachi System design engineer, TOSHIBA cooperation

Keitaro Miyazawa System design engineer, TOSHIBA cooperation

Koji Yakushi System design engineer, TOSHIBA cooperation

GETS 2015 ID # 344

ADVANCE CONTROL FUNCTION FOR STEAM TURBINE OPTIMAL START-UP FUNCTION



187

Abstract:

Today the operation and the optimization of power plants are more demanding than ever before. High expectations to the efficiency and availability of power plants, a continuously rising technical complexity with increasingly difficult boundary conditions of the market require new, intelligent solutions for the decision support of central and decentralized teams of experts.

This presentation shows a case study of startup monitoring.

The start-up monitoring is an important prerequisite for enabling optimal start-up procedures from an economic and technical point of view. For operators of conventional power plants, the changes in the German energy market are both a challenge and a chance. Utilize the potential of your plants with innovative IT solutions for the central and decentralized decision support – just in line with the Internet of Things (IoT).

Author(s)

Dan Bensimon STEAG Energy Services GmbH, Germany

Shaunak STEAG Energy Services India, India

GETS 2015 ID # 348

FLEETWIDE MONITORING – STATE OF THE ART COLLABORATION MEETS PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS FOR OPTIMIZING THE ENTIRE FLEET



188

Abstract:

With increased market competition and growing concern for environmental safety, electric utilities – particularly those relying on fossil fuels-burning Power producers, face an increasing array of issues including environmental management, operational flexibility, unit performance and fleet management. Finding a Balance for these seemingly conflicting issues is the most challenging issues faced today. What if the power producers are equipped with solutions that can improve plant economics and achieve a timely return on their optimization investment? The answer is remote monitoring Solutions. These solutions allows power producers to capture additional revenue opportunities because the technology used in such plants will allow them to compete in the ancillary power services market while also maintaining grid requirement.

This paper discusses on how information from the remote sites is integrated with the rest of the enterprise to support plant personnel beyond the control room. The plant automation and control solutions deliver measureable improvements, making the power users even stronger competitors in today’s power market.

Author(s)

Manoj Kumar Dubey – Assistant Director Power & Water Solutions India – Emerson Process Management

Manoj Dubey with his 19 year of experience in the Power Industry, has been helping many Power plants successfully utilized proven automation solutions for their Next Generation Power stations. He develops the forward path for the Power industry automation solutions that reduce operational complexity, improve profitability and increase customer satisfaction. He has conducted various Power Workshops & Seminars in India & Abroad.

Shubhi Goel – Deputy Manager Power & Water Solutions India – Emerson Process

Management

Shubhi Goel is having total experience of 9 years & worked as a Product Specialist for

Power Plant Automation. She has conducted several Product Promotional campaigns for Power Industry, Product Launches & presented various Power Industry Seminars across the country.

GETS 2015 ID # 350

REMOTE VISUALIZATION AND ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGIES FOR POWER PLANTS



189

Abstract:

Over the last 4/5 years, a number of Supercritical Plants have been delivered into Indian market. At present, the market is experiencing the commissioning / operation of these plants. It is very important for all of us to capture this commissioning / operation experience and feed it back to the design stage for the upcoming plants.

The present paper captures such experiences and goes back into the design criteria to evaluate the reason for such experience during operation. The paper presents the Performance Trend of the plant during the major disturbances and traces it back to the below mentioned design criteria and discusses and how these criteria attributed to such performance

• Adoption of factory simulator

• Optimum control function segregation in CPU (Grouping philosophy)

• Adoption of Functional Group style plant automation structure

• Adoption of several type of macro logic element

Author(s)

Fumiyaso Sano Senior Manager, C&I Engg. MHPS, Nagasaki ([email protected])

Eiji Tanaka Senior Manager, DCS Engg. MHPS, Nagasaki ([email protected])

Sharad Agrawal Manager, Control & Automation Larsen & Toubro Limited ([email protected])

Ajay Sinha Manager, Control & Automation Larsen & Toubro Limited ([email protected])

GETS 2015 ID # 358

EFFICIENT AND STABLE CONTROL OF A SUPER-CRITICAL PLANT



190

Abstract:

Today‘s modern power generating plants have to meet high demands with regard to load switch flexibility as well as emission limits getting more stringent and restricted. Additional aspects of this particular new scenario is meeting maximum degree of operational freedom by combusting various types of fuels or dealing with fuel switching. According to the general regulations proper plant operation has to be secured by a safe and reliable isolation of the hazardous fuel flow. This current scenario of stretching the borderlines for fuel management at modern power generating plants consequently requests for advanced and innovative solutions on the technology sector of quick shut-off devices and flow control valves.

This paper covers a state of the art technology overview covering the latest and international regulations, norms and laws regarding safety shut-off valve technology for different types of fuel and combustible media. Additionally this paper describes in technical detail several advanced and new applications with different types of fuels in power generating plants. Finally this paper concludes with a summary as well as an outlook regarding the future technology trend on the sector of safety shut-off devices and flow control valves for combustible media applications.

Author(s)

Mr. Stephan SIMON Managing Director, KUEHME Armaturen GmbH, Bochum - Germany E-mail: [email protected]

The author has a degree in mechanical engineering from Aachen University of Applied Science. He was working in several senior management positions in the power generating business. For more than 20 years the author was working for Clyde Bergemann as an expert for boiler cleaning technology. Beside the extensive knowledge in power generating technology, the author gained experience in business administration.

GETS 2015 ID # 369

COMBUSTION OPTIMIZATION GAINED THROUGH INNOVATIVE CONTROL- AND SAFETY SHUT-OFF VALVE TECHNOLOGY



191

Abstract:

Coal Bunker in a power station is the feeding source of coal to real-time power generation process. Coal Bunker Filling is done manually in most of the thermal power stations in India using local control push button station of the Travelling Tripper Car at bunker bay. Labour personnel deputed at Bunker Bay control the Tripper Car movement and thus bunker filling process either by regularly checking the bunker level manually using dipstick or instructions received from Control Room through PA system.

In the present system, operators/labour personnel at the tripper floor are continuously exposed to highly hostile ambient environment which makes them prone to very serious health hazards and pollution related diseases in the long run.

As norms for occupational ambient environment are becoming stringent day by day, there is a likelihood in the near future that deployment of manpower at such locations on continuous basis may get prohibited by the authorities. Hence, an alternative methodology of filling bunkers without manual intervention is the only substitute should any such norms come in future. Further, possibility of human errors in the bunker filling process can affect the power generation.

This paper shall present a completely integrated solution for automated filling of coal bunkers which not only eliminates the aforementioned demerits associated with the currently used technology but also is more reliable for the generation process. It shall also circumvent human errors and provide significant reduction in manpower costs in the long run. This system shall continuously monitor level of all bunkers, compare them, assign priority to bunkers for filling on real-time basis, positions the tripper trolley and eventually fills individual bunker till each bunker achieves a preset level.

Author(s)

Tarun Garg Deputy Manager, Project Engineering – Control and Instrumentation Area of Work – Super Critical/Sub Critical Boilers, Hydro Projects Engineering Division, NTPC Limited (A Govt. of India Enterprise) Email Id- [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 377

COMPLETELY AUTOMATED COAL BUNKER FILLING SYSTEM FOR THERMAL POWER PLANTS


192

Abstract:

Coal handling systems are an integral part of a complete material flow and quality management system for Coal Fired Power Plants. While in recent years the main focus was on optimization of single parts like mine planning or advanced automation solutions now a seamless integration of all subsystems and an overall optimization from the mine to the power plant is requested. The increased degree of efficiency of modern coal power plants requests an integrated coal handling management system in order to secure the coal supply in the requested quantity and quality. The necessary input for the model is delivered by process information like belt scales, conveying speed, laser scanners and positioning systems mounted on the stockyard machines which allow the autonomous operation of the machines as well. With an easy adaptable system architecture ABB can integrate information from MES, PIMS and ERP-System to an overall production mine and material handling system which will be served with real time process data from the control system. An interface to ERP systems like SAP and others connects the Stockyard management system with the production management level and includes the tools for managing the mine, haulage and trade process in regard of fulfillment of contracts (quantity and quality), production management, maintenance and asset management. The Stockyard Management System (SMS) enables a fully automated operation of the whole stockyard from a central control room and consists of the following modules: Pile Monitoring and Visualization, Material Tracking, Quality Management, Autonomous Stacking/Reclaiming.

Author(s)

Franz Rietschel ABB Germany

Ravi Goyal ABB India Limited

Gurpreet Bhatia ABB India Limited

GETS 2015 ID # 395

INTEGRATED PROCESS AUTOMATION WITH THE STOCKYARD MANAGEMENT


193

Abstract:

Production assets in power plant have varied applications. Many of them operates under extremely rouge environmental conditions like sea water pumps, coal handling equipments, where as many of the assets has to operate on continuous basis to meet the demand of power plant. Situation becomes slightly different when specific equipments like wind turbine generator operates at 60-80 meters above ground and planning maintenance resources is itself a task. Power segment in India is under tremendous stresses of profitability, as fuel availability is a big concern where as PPAs are not lucrative. Hence, it’s important that asset operation & maintenance is optimized to ascertain there is no unplanned downtime and reduced planned downtime. This helps both ways, first to increase plant availability & reliability and second would reduce the maintenance cost. Any such efforts for reduction in maintenance costs need scientific evaluation of observed anomalies for risk mitigation. This paper talks about the various aspects of technology challenges of effective asset management for lifecycle maintenance and outlines on creating the framework for automated Asset Performance Maintenance Management practices. Such approach is highly beneficial in increasing plant safety and profitability.

Author(s)

Mr. Pankajkumar Sharma is Software & Services Leader for GE – Measurement & Control. He is Mechanical Engineer and worked with IPCL-Dahej for 5 years. Since 2003, he is working with GE, where in, he led Machinery Diagnostics Services of Bently Nevada for GE India. Under his leadership, GE India successfully completed “Vibration Analysis Domain Expert Development Program” for ONGC and started 24x7 Remote Monitoring & Diagnostics Centre. He has published number of technical papers and articles in Orbit, ISA conferences, GETS, IORS and NSRD.

E-mail: [email protected]

Phone : +91-9987003861

GETS 2015 ID # 399

ASSET PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES TO BENEFIT BY AUTOMATION



194

Abstract:

With power plant technology over a century old, the field instrumentation on the site is quickly reaching its life cycle limit, which adversely affects overall unit reliability and efficiency. Thus, are-evaluation of current architectures is required where basic automationdevices are brought to a higher level of intelligence to enable distributeddata acquisition and decentralized decision-making. A new generation of SmartI/O devices is rapidly being deployed throughout the power plants. Thesedevices are equipped with advanced technologies that make two-way digitalcommunication possible where each device on the network is equipped withsensing capabilities to gather important data for wide situational awareness ofthe power plant. Utilizing computer-based remote control and automation, thesedevices can be efficiently controlled and adjusted at the node level as changesand disturbances on the system occur. Additionally, these Smart I/Os not onlycommunicate with DCS systems, but among each other, enabling distributedintelligence to be applied to achieve faster self-healing methodologies andfault location/identification.Once seen as a technology onlyavailable to engineers with a deep understanding of digital hardware design,the dramatic advancements in the capabilities and levels of integration of thistechnology are changing the rules of Smart I/O development for power plantapplications.The smart devices are now turning to reality with the advancement in ITinnovation and adaption of new technologies in control and instrumentation .till now we are used to the conventional technology ofusing an isolated systemwith dedicated hardware to cater to the power industry for the want ofstability and avoiding interference from outside systems . The biggest fear forthe customers is the cyber threatwhich although is a genuine one but canbeavoided by use of best practices. The instruments are available with added and enhanced security features.

Author(s)

C Manohar Salimath BHEL INDIA

GETS 2015 ID # 404

SMART PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM – POSSIBILITIES AND OPPORTUNITIES



195

Abstract:

AFBC Boiler operation is one of the complex processes with high degree of non-linearity due to varying load and uncertain fuel characteristics, precise control of air/fuel mix is very essential for improving the boiler efficiency. Too much of air will cool the furnace and carries away useful heat, too little air can cause incomplete combustion with unburnt fuel carried over as smoke affecting the environmental norms and also consuming excess power and fuel. To overcome the complexity FLSmidth ECS/Process Expert – The Advanced Process Control System has a novel way of optimizing the AFBC Boiler operation using cascaded multi-variate model predictive control, floating point adaptive control and a fuzzy based real time optimizer. Compared to the conventional controllers the MPC handles the disturbances better resulting in smooth operation, reduced energy consumption and lower emissions.

Author(s)

P. Sridhar (BE Instrumentation & Control) Manager – Automation Sales - FLSmidth Pvt. Ltd. Responsible for providing solutions aimed at reducing carbon footprint in industries by evaluating, advising, designing & onsite implementation of Process & Quality Optimization system, MIS Systems, Simulators and Lab Automation solutions developed by FLSmidth. Around 10 years of activity in Process Control domain.

M. Guruprasath (PhD Process Control) Dy. Manager – Automation R&D - FLSmidth Pvt. Ltd. Around 12 years of activity in Process Control domain imparted the rare combination of Process and Automation professional and a unique expertise to provide the industry with Green Technology solutions for various Industries. Currently in R & D division of FLSmidth to work on enhancing the features of expert system to provide sustainable green solutions.

GETS 2015 ID # 420

BOOSTING BOILER OPTIMIZATION WITH CASCADED MPC MULTIVARIATE OBJECTIVE COST FUNCTION



196

Abstract:

Equipment monitoring systems (in terms of ALARM in DCS System) are already in use to detect and trend anomalies in process parameters but the challenge remains to know at an early stage when bad stuff is beginning to happen. The early warning signs - that a piece of equipment is starting to fail - are often subtle and can go unnoticed even to the most trained operator. In a typical plant, making the accurate assessment of equipment operating conditions requires huge volume of data for the complex assets like turbines, pumps and fans, which is possible in today’s digital age. But there has to be predictive analytic software which process these information efficiently and timely separating the wheat from the chaff to find an imminent or emerging problem so that we can schedule and plan the maintenance actions, instead of react and scramble.

Advanced Pattern Recognition (APR) Technology uses the principle of Clustering “the process of organizing objects into groups whose members are similar in some way”. It learns patterns of behaviour that represent healthy states of systems or equipment. When the actual pattern diverge from normal patterns, the system reports the anomaly as an indicator of potential degradation. The technology as already proven in fleet monitoring and diagnostics area can very well be extended for critical process control where correlation (pattern) amongst the parameters makes more sense than the actual value.

The paper elaborates how the predictive analytic software involving APR technology has been adopted in Tata Power for fleet monitoring and diagnostics and further discusses the possibilities of extending the technology to critical process control in thermal power plants.

Author(s)

Ashok Kumar Panda is Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering graduate from NIT, Silchar and post graduate from IIT, Delhi. He is ppresently working in Tata Power as Head, Diagnostics & Technology in CTDS Dept. In the current role, he is responsible for technology and engineering support to the Operating Stations and other divisions on core tech issues. He had joined NTPC in 1991 and was working as Chief Design Engineer in C&I engineering department when he left NTPC in 2008.

Gopalakrishnan Unni is a Mechanical Engineering Graduate with MBA in Human Resources. Presently working as Head, Operations Management, CTDS in Tata Power. Worked for 28 years in NTPC Ltd under various capacities till 2010. Experience in NTPC spans in the areas of Commissioning, Operation, Performance, Outage Management and Boiler Maintenance; Corporate Operation Services. The present assignment includes establishing Industry best practices and standards for Tata Power and hence improving the performance of the units.

GETS 2015 ID # 423

ADVANCED PATTERN RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY IN FLEET MONITORING & DIAGNOSTICS AND AN OUTREACH TO PROCESS CONTROL DOMAIN



197

Abstract:

The role of Coal Power Plants in a diverse generating grid is constantly evolving. Today’s power plant’s often must operate at low load (30% or less) without support fuel and be able to rapidly achieve full load. Additionally, the plant must be able to maintain minimum emissions at all conditions and be as fuel efficient as possible. Further complications that make the boiler operators job challenging are variable fuel quality and reactivity and low load air flow requirements as mandated by applicable regulatory bodies of respective countries.

Achieving these challenging objectives requires that many pieces of plant equipment and controls work together and be in very good working order. These systems include the Pulverizers, Ignitors, Flame Scanners, Flame Stability Monitoring, Burner Management, SCR, Scrubber and Plant Controls. This paper discusses the requirements and the impacts each of these components has on safe reliable operation. Case studies of Power Plants with working solutions are presented. The case studies include use of advanced neural net and MPC controls available through Alstom,s collaboration with NeuCo and Alstom’s advanced flame sensing technology.

Author(s)

Ilamparithi Alwarswamy Alstom - Thermal Services Middle East & INDIA India [email protected] +919910905109

GETS 2015 ID # 464

COAL BOILER OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY – @ LOW LOADS



198

Abstract:

The Control Cabinets in Power Plants and Process Automation are incomplete without Interposing Switching Components which are required to drive critical higher load outputs and / or provide input isolation for the Digital signals.Many relay users takes a standard product for all applications and more often they are notable to keep a track of the Relays that had failed prematurely, or the quantity they have replaced prematurely. The worse situation is when happily all the relays are replaced during the annual plant shutdown. This happens when designer of the control system is unaware of the Electrical life cycle of the relay which is an important parameter necessary for optimum utilization of the relay components. It could be that a same relay works for all applications, but for a limited time period. Because every application is different, so is the type of the relay.With the advancements in technology and the multiple options now available in Relays, which if considered at the time of detailed engineering, can not only help in increasing reliability, reducing the cabinet footprint, remove wiring errors, save space but also optimize costs directly as well as indirectly by reducing downtime.Manyinternal and external factors influence the performance of relay. Based on the application one must carefully analyse all these parameters and select an appropriate relay as its failure is immediately reflected on the process, plant or machine performance. An overview through this paper on the relatively lesser known domains in the selection criteria of Relays, will enhance the confidence of the engineers to design a reliable control system.

Author(s)

Ashish Manchanda Finder India India [email protected] +919350043430

GETS 2015 ID # 467

SELECTION OF SWITCHING INTERFACE – A NEED FOR RELIABLE CONTROL SYSTEMS



199

POWER SOLUTIONS FOR SMART CITIES

200

201

Abstract:

When it comes to plant operation, no operator likes surprises. Keeping the health of plant equipment in check is fast becoming the key to avoid these surprises and thus the secret to a company’s success. Substantial cost savings and productivity can be made by adopting a maintenance practice that is both predictive and proactive, or in other words, condition based. An Integrated Low Voltage MCC combined with Asset Monitoring Technology can help ABB customer to improve their maintenance practices and achieve welcomed cost savings throughout life cycle of plant operation.

Author(s)

Manish Haswani, ABB Ltd, India [email protected]

Rajesh Tiwari, ABB Ltd, Switzerland [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 252

SMART INTEGRATION OF LV MCC FOR PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE



202


Abstract:

After several decades of experiences, Fast Bus Transfer Systems are generally considered to be reasonably standardized in terms of their design, features, specifications, application and system integration. However, at a deeper level, there continue to be a wide variety of choices that OEMs, consultants, contractors and end-users need to make that have a significant impact on the operation philosophy, as well as the overall performance of the installation under various system conditions. This paper highlights some of the practical aspects of dealing with customized scheme requirements and the implementation experiences in various power plants and process industries.

Author(s)

Amit Raje - A qualified technologist with a B.Tech (Electrical Engineering) from I.I.T. Mumbai (1995) and M.S.E.E. (Power Systems and Power Electronics) from University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA; Amit took office as the Managing Director of Aartech in April 2007. Before that Amit headed Aartech’s R&D activities since 1998 and lead the development of Aartech’s microprocessor based Fast Bus Transfer System BTS 2000, now Aartech’s flagship system solution division. He is a lead author in several international conference papers and also has applied for several patents for his inventions. With 17 years of rich experience at Aartech, he now spearheads all the new activities and developments inline with the stated objectives of the company. His interests are in working on selected and specialized energy applications in the field of Control, Protection & Automation, Process Continuity with Fast Bus Transfer, Energy Storage and Pulse Power Applications using Ultracapacitors, Fault Current Limiters, Power Quality Solutions, Load Limiting etc.

Sumanta Basu - Mr. Sumanta Basu graduated in Instrumentation and Electronics Engineering from Jadavpur University, Kolkata. He is working in the Electrical,Control and Instrumentation system of power sector since last 25 years. He is currently leading the electrical, control & instrumentation system design & engineering department of L&T-MHPS Boilers Pvt. Ltd

GETS 2015 ID # 260

FAST BUS TRANSFER SYSTEMS - CUSTOMIZED SCHEME REQUIREMENTS AND IMPLEMENTATION EXPERIENCES


203

Abstract:

In recent Korean power market, the cogeneration power plants which supply heat and power have been increased significantly in connection with new city construction. The large apartment complex in a new city is a best place to construct the CHPP for maximum fuel efficiency. The application of the clutched steam turbine is the key technology for a flexible operation of CHPP in variable demands of heat and power. When the heat (steam) demand is increased for residence buildings, low pressure turbineis disconnected by a clutch in the power system. On the other hand, low pressure turbine is clutched for an additional power generation in the peak seasons. Doosan has developed and supplied a 60Hz, 200MW clutched steam turbine to Sejong new city in Korea and successfully commissioned in December 2013 with the Doosan’s own technology although Dooan has not experienced in this kind of steam turbine. This paper introduces Doosan’s technology and experience of design, installation and operation of the clutched steam turbine for CHPP.

Author(s)

SeongHeon Yang Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction, South Korea [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 279

SUCCESSFUL DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A CLUTCHED STEAM TURBINE FOR A CHPP


204

Abstract:

Over the decades, the interrupting capability of the vacuum circuit breakers has increased significantly and their application range is extended even to generator circuits which produce very high stresses. The recent developments made it possible to apply Vacuum Generator Circuit Breakers (VGCB) for the protection of power plants rated up to 400MW. The generator circuits are particularly more demanding due to their high short circuit currents, high rated currents, long DC time constants and very high TRVs and the vacuum interrupters have been proven to handle such stresses reliably.SIEMENS AG, has recently developed a 100kA VGCB that can handle 100kA of rated short circuit current with 75% DC component, rated voltage of 24kV and the nominal current carrying capacity up to 12500A. These ratings make it as an ideal solution for the generators rated up to 450 MVA.

This paper gives an insight into the more demanding requirements of generator circuits and switching characteristics of the VGCB along with its advantages over the existing technologies.

Author(s)

Mr. Nils Gottfried Anger, born in 1962, studied Physics at the Humboldt- University Berlin. Since 1990 he worked in different technical functions in Medium voltage Business at Siemens AG. From 2004 up to 2010 he worked as Chief Engineer Development of medium voltage vacuum circuit breaker. Since 2010 he is the director of Generator breaker system and special breakers.

[email protected]

Dr. Karthik Reddy Venna, born in 1988, obtained his both Master degree in Electrical power Engineering (2011) and Doctorate degree in the field of vacuum interrupters (2015) from Technical University – Cottbus, Germany. His research focus was on developing vacuum interrupters for 72.5kV and 145kV. Since April 2015, he is part of generator breaker system team at Siemens AG Berlin and is responsible for the dimensioning of VGCBs and technical support for the generator applications.

[email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 319

VACUUM GENERATOR CIRCUIT BREAKER – A PROVEN SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY FOR GENERATORS UP TO 450 MVA



205

Abstract:

The paper describes the development of a new innovative protection scheme for protecting large variable speed Double Fed Induction (DFI) machines for pump storage plants. For these machines low frequency currents are supplied to the rotor by means of VSC (Voltage Source Converter) power electronic converters from the AC system. ALSTOM is developing new protection in order to provide the variable speed motor generators a fully independent protection system and guarantee the safety of the plant in all conditions.

At the moment there is no protection relay which provides protection for the extremely low frequency currents and voltages in the variable speed rotors. To measure the low frequency current and voltage signals new cutting edge “Digital Substation” technology incorporating Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers (NCIT) with IEC61850-9-2 LE process bus communications to the protection relays is used.

Author(s)

Ritesh Bharat Alstom T&D India Ltd. [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 322

VARIABLE SPEED DOUBLE FED INDUCTION MACHINE PROTECTION USING NON-CONVENTIONAL INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER



206

Abstract:

Government of India has an ambitious plan to transform the Indian cities into “SMART CITY”. Smart Grid is an inherent and integral part of the Smart City Program. However, Indian distribution Grids are subject to frequent failure that can cause planned and unplanned power interruptions for utility customers. Major faults and outages on power distribution system have a significant economic and social impact. Despite advances by utility industry to protect and harden electrical grid, unplanned outages and faults critically jeopardize the “Availability” & “Reliability”of power supply. Over last decade there has been significant improvement by Indian utilities in deploying Smartgrid solutions like GIS, AMI, SCADA-DMS, FPI, Customer Care, IVR and ERP to improve the operational efficiency of the utility under the prestigious R-APDRP scheme. This paper describes that how business processes like AMI, GIS, CIS,FPI andSCADA-DMS help in improving the performance of Outage Management System (OMS) to efficiently manage the outage and thereby addressing both technical and organizational issues faced by the distribution utilities in the event ofoutages. This not only improve the utility performance, to be measured in terms of SIFI / SAIDI, but also significantly improve the customer satisfaction and the attitude towads utility. OMS

Author(s)

SANDEEP PATHAK General Manager Schneider Electric

GETS 2015 ID # 387

LEVERAGING GIS MAPPING AND SMART METERING TO REDUCE THE OUTAGES AND TO IMPROVE SAIDI IN SMART CITY



207

Abstract:

Electric transmission is the process by which large amounts of electricity produced at power plants is transported over long distances for eventual use by consumers. Usually steel lattice towers and monopoles are used to transmit the electric power. In these towers three different cross arms one above another are provided for one circuit and requires more height with large footprint. In developed cities it is very difficult to get the clearance for height and area for transmission line tower.

A new diamond shape monopole as electric transmission line structure has been developed to carry the load in efficient way for restrictive height of pole. This paper demonstrate the design of geometry of cross arm and diamond shape monopole.

Author(s)

Anju Singh - Lead Engineer - Civil & Structural Engineering, Tata Power Co. Ltd., Mumbai, India

Ashok Natu - Consultant – Civil, Structural & Architectural Engineering, Tata Power Co. Ltd., Mumbai, India

PareshMestri - Lead Engineer - Civil & Structural Engineering, Tata Power Co. Ltd Mumbai, India

GETS 2015 ID # 409

DIAMOND SHAPE MONOPOLE



208

Abstract:

Smart cities in process of power system automation will be inundated with smart meters, load control devices, and other similar field devices. These devices which will bring metering and consumption data in-order to reliably and efficiently manage power distribution in the city in a cost optimized manner. Granular energy usage data along with the provision to map a gamut of electrical energy consumption end points requires a data management platform that can serve as a basic enabler for metering, billing, and collection; as well as a platform for enablement of smart grid on which software application can be added as smart grid matures.

From power domain prospective, evolution of such cities will bring roof top solar systems, small energy storage devices, and load control devices. These product and solutions to smart cities need to be augmented with user friendly services to end power consumers like pre-paid and post-paid, opt-in and opt-out, and visibility in the utility bill. At the same time, consumers faced with rising energy costs will be looking for new energy choices and ways to become more energy efficient. Managing data, generating bills and loads of value added services for these end consumer points will require a smart grid platform in the form of Meter Data Management Solution.

Author(s)

Imran Khan (Solution Architect &Business Development- Digital Grid-Software &Solutions)

GETS 2015 ID # 460

METER DATA MANAGEMENT (MDM), TECHNOLOGY ENABLER FOR SMART CITIES



209

Abstract:

Although the Smart Metering or Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) being rolled out by electric utilities worldwide, the last mile connectivity continues to haunt the efficiency as well as the rollout programs in many countries. The widely adopted communication architectures deployed in AMI projects involve RF/PLC/BPL for last mile connection from a Data Concentrator Unit (DCU) to a group of meters; and the DCUs transmit the data to the utility’s sever on the wide area network – GPRS/fiber networks. This architecture evolved over the past ten years particularly because early mover utilities wanted dedicated communication network which they could control. Now that most buildings and campuses (even in smaller towns in developing countries) have broadband internet connections, utilities can leverage the existing communication infrastructure for AMI. The meters may be directly connected to internet on Wi-Fi in homes/buildings/factories/commercial centres/campuses etc. Once meters are connected on the internet, the meter data can be aggregated on a server anywhere – in utility’s control room or on the cloud. This White Paper describes ISGF vision for the next generation of smart metering using internet – the era of IP Metering that would reduce the total cost of ownership and provide excellent last mile connectivity.

Author(s)

Reji Kumar Pillai President (India Smart Grid Forum)

Hem Thukral Senior Smart Grid Specialist (India Smart Grid Forum)

GETS 2015 ID # 465

NEXT GENERATION SMART METERING – IP METERING



210

Abstract:

The rise of cities has grown over millennia, and have evolved over time as places where the entirety of human activities and services concentrate, spanning multiple modes of transportation, water supply, electricity, telecommunication and internet, schools and colleges, hospitals, markets and businesses, other resources and services across people with varied skills. As cities evolved with more and more facilities and services, they became more and more attractive to people from rural areas leading to even faster urbanization. Rapid growth of cities has led to the creation of metropolitan regions - clusters of cities in a region. In order to efficiently administer these growing cities, providers of infrastructure services (utilities) and governments are increasingly using IT solutions which has coined the term “smart cities”. There are several definitions for smart cities varying from “instrumented, interconnected and intelligent” to the one that “use smart computing technologies to make the critical infrastructure components and services which include city administration, education, healthcare, public safety, real estate, transportation and utilities – more intelligent, interconnected and efficient”. Fundamentally, information becomes an enabler for improvements, which spans better measurements, better analysis, and better action (automation, where feasible). It is pertinent to mention that all state owned electricity distribution companies (Discoms) in India are implementing a set of basic IT and Automation solutions under the ongoing R-APDRP scheme of the Ministry of Power. Some of the digital assets created under this program that already covers 1401 towns can be leveraged to build smarter cities at lower marginal costs.

Author(s)

Reji Kumar Pillai President (India Smart Grid Forum)

Amol Sawant Senior Smart Grid Specialist (India Smart Grid Forum)

GETS 2015 ID # 466

SMART CITIES – HOW R-APDRP ASSETS CAN BE LEVERAGED FOR BUILDING SMARTER CITIES IN INDIA



211

STUDENTS’ SECTION

212

213

Abstract:

In hilly areas of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand etc., there is an immense potential of harnessing hydropower from the gushing streams and rivers as water flows at a large velocity in them. This hydropower can not only be used by constructing huge reservoirs and spending whopping amounts of money but also on a small scale by employing simple science of energy conversion. The proposed model is called ‘‘water driven pumping system’’ and converts potential energy of water to mechanical energy, which is used to lift the water. In short water itself is used to lift water. This device is of practical use as it can be installed on banks of a stream, and it will continue lifting the water without the use of any external source of energy. This can be of great help for irrigation and other purposes for the people who reside near these streams, khuds, rivers etc. In hilly areas. This device is composed of a turbine which is driven by the water falling from a small height. the turbine allows the shaft attached to it to drive a centrifugal pump ,which lifts the water. The water that drives the turbine has to be given a required head which is done by diverting water from main channel and lifting it to a small height and letting it fall down on turbine. The investment needed to construct the small diversion and to assemble this device is very less as compared to the cost of electricity that is incurred by farmers to lift the water during a cropping season. Also the discharge of water by this device is low and therefore it reduces wastage of water as well as avoids over irrigation to crops.

Author(s)

Varun Kumar

Final year, M.tech student in environmental engineering and management program IIT Kanpur.

Bachelors degree: B.tech civil engineering, NIT hamirpur

GETS 2015 ID # 258

WATER DRIVEN PUMPING SYSTEM

STUDENTS’ SECTION


214

Abstract:

Transesterification is the process of converting various fatty acids in the vegetable oils/animal fats into their alkyl esters having comparable properties of petroleum refined diesel and hence known as biodiesel. Large number of research works is already done in chemical transesterification for biodiesel production. This method has the inherent disadvantages of lengthy downstream processes, saponification due to free fatty acid (FFA) content in the oil, impure glycerol production etc. Therefore, chemical transesterification method becomes highly uneconomical and complex. Use of biocatalyst (enzymes) makes the transesterification process simple and the product of reaction is highly pure in comparison with that from chemical method. Since enzymes are insensitive to the FFA content in the oil, use of unrefined oils for biodiesel production makes the process easy. The present work is the methanolysis of crude rubber seed oil (41% FFA content) for biodiesel production in the presence of an enzyme catalyst. Immobilised candida antarctica lipase B is used as the bio-catalyst for the reaction. The variables affecting the reaction such as molar ratio, catalyst concentration, use of solvents and reaction period are analysed. Stepwise addition of alcohol is implemented in the experiment in order to avoid enzyme reactivity inhibition by methanol. Maximum conversion efficiency of 85% was obtained for a molar ratio of 4:1 at 10 wt % enzyme in a water solvent medium for reaction duration of 24 hours. The paper also describes the potential of rubber seed oil as feed stock for biodiesel production in India.

Author(s)

Jilse Sebastian completed his Master’s degree in Internal Combustion Engineering from Anna University Chennai. Currently, he is a doctoral research fellow at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India, working in the field of biofuels

Chandrasekharan Muraleedharan is a professor of Mechanical Engineering Department at National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India.

Arockiasamy Santhiagu is working as Associate Professor in School of Biotechnology at National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India.

GETS 2015 ID # 262

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM RUBBER SEED OIL CONTAINING HIGH FREE FATTY ACID USING ENZYMATIC TRANSESTERIFICATION

STUDENTS’ SECTION


215

Abstract:

Grid Integration is an important process of integration of all the Power subsystems. The analysis includes mainly the complex processing of Power production through renewable energy sources like Solar energy to load through various subsystems. The main problem is to remove the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) before feeding this power to load. We have considered solar module consisting of 72 cells through which we have taken Incremental conductance method for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) which tracks the maximum power and also controls the duty ratio of boost converter with calculated parameters so the dc power is being amplified via boost converter after which it this amplified power goes to inverter for conversion from DC power to AC power whose IGBT gates is been controlled by the Proportional Resonant Integral controller (PRI Controller) whose coefficients is been calculated theoretically after this it is been fed to transformer for step-down operation through which it can be later fed to load.

Author(s)

Ashish Sahu- Pursuing B.TECH in Electrical Engineering, NIT Raipur email id-([email protected],[email protected])

Raman Kumar- Pursuing B.TECH in Electrical Engineering, NIT MANIPUR email id-([email protected])

Himanshu Sekhar Sahu- Ph.D scholor (Power system engg.), IIT Guwahati email id-([email protected])

Dr. Sisir Kumar Nayak, Ph.D. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Designation: Assistant Professor(IIT Guwahati), email id-([email protected])

GETS 2015 ID # 274

ANALYSIS OF A GRID CURRENT USING PRI CONTROLLER IN THE INTIGRATED GRID SOLAR POWER PLANT

STUDENTS’ SECTION


216

Abstract:

The future trend in Electrical Engineering is the evolution of Power grid into Smart grid which will be more efficient and reliable. The Smart grid technology will provide a two way delivery system from source to sink through integration of renewable sources with conventional sources of power generation, which will allow meeting the rising demand of power. The conventional power generation techniques includes thermal power generation using coal, oil, and gas, as fuel which emits gases like sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matters like un-burnt carbon and ash which are environmental hazards. This two way delivery technique, involving power generation through renewable sources of energy will help in reducing the stress on the thermal power plants thereby reducing the emission of these environmental hazards. This technique thus provides a clean, flexible, economic and friendly method to reduce the stress on the environment. This paper describes the automated electrical model for the synchronizing of renewable energy plants, installed at the consumer end with the power grid. This electrical model will eliminate the errors which could occur in manual operation through synchroscope. This method can be a great leap in achieving of the Smart Grid technology.

Author(s)

Raunak Kumar is pursuing his B.Tech in Electrical Engineering from National Institute of Technology, Raipur and presently is in his final year (2012 -2016 expected). During his B.Tech he had lead the technical team of Technocracy, Technical Committee of NIT Raipur. He has his research paper published in the International Journal of Science and Research on the topic “Three phase transmission line fault detection classification and location”.

Suryakant Tripathi is pursuing his B.Tech in Electrical Engineering from National Institute of Technology, Raipur and presently is in his final year (2012-2016 expected). He completed his Class XII from Krishna Public School, Bhilai. During his academics he has been a member of Technical team of Technocracy. He has presented working model of wire break point detector at Vigyaan.

GETS 2015 ID # 297

THE AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL MODEL FOR SYNCHRONIZATION OF SMALL RENEWABLE ENERGY POWER PLANTS WITH SMART GRID

STUDENTS’ SECTION


217

Abstract:

Fluidised bed reactors find wide applications in chemical and metallurgical industries, and in thermal power stations. A better understanding of the bed dynamics is inevitable for the design and development of a reactor with better performance. The present work deals with the analysis on the effect of different drag models in the simulation of bubbling fluidised bed reactor. A two dimensional fluidised bed reactor is modelled and its fluid dynamic behavior is analysed using commercial software FLUENT 15. A grid sensitivity analysis is performed to check the dependence of grid size on simulation results. The developed model is validated for bed pressure drop by comparing the simulation results with that obtained from experiment. Effect of different drag models namely, Gidaspow, Huilin-Gidaspow, Syamlal-O’Brien, Gibilaro and Wen-Yu on bed pressure drop is analysed for a bed height of 8 cm. Among the drag models used, Huilin-Gidaspow and Gibilaro showed a minimum deviation of 0.04% whereas a maximum deviation of 2.06% is obtained for Syamlal-O’Brien model, when the corresponding simulation results for bed pressure drop is compared with experimental results

Author(s)

Rupesh S completed his M. Tech in Propulsion Engineering from College of Engineering Trivandrum. Currently he is pursuing Ph.D, in biomass gasification, in the Mechanical Engineering Department of National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India.

Ajith A R has completed B. Tech from Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology, Trivandrum. He is doing M. Tech in Thermal Sciences at National Institute of Technology Calicut.

Chandrasekharan Muraleedharan is a professor of Mechanical Engineering Department at National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India. He received his M.Sc. (Engg.) and Ph.D from University of Calicut. He has more than 60 international research papers to his credit.

Arun Palatel graduated in Mechanical Engineering from NSS College of Engineering Palakkad. He completed post graduation in Energy Management from National Institute of Technology Calicut and Ph.D in Energy Science and Engineering from IIT Bombay. Currently he is working as assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India

GETS 2015 ID # 300

MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF BUBBLING FLUIDISED BED REACTOR: EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DRAG MODELS ON BED PRESSURE DROP

STUDENTS’ SECTION


218

Abstract:

With the increasing demand for alternate and sustainable energy sources worldwide, wind energy is eminently gaining global importance. Non-OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries’ economies are expected to grow their consumption rate almost 50% from 2005 to 2030. In addition to the environmental benefits, wind energy will ensure a sustainable solution over various issues regarding security of energy supply and volatile fossil fuel prices. High altitude wind energy is an emerging field of renewable energy that has embarked an increased attention for the last decade. Many innovative technological solutions were proposed for high altitude wind power generation to harness the clean energy from the regular and constant wind blowing between 200m to 1000m above the ground. This paper aims in presenting the advantages of airborne wind energy harnessing technology with a view to prove its potential to overcome the limitations of conventional wind turbines and issues regarding wind intermittency and low capacity factor of a wind farm, thus proving to be a quantum leap in this field to provide abundant quantities of green energy with competitive cost with respect to fossil fuels. Along with the technological effort of kite generator system and its challenges, the paper also focuses on the need for acceptance of newer technologies and its feasibility with the Indian climate and environmental conditions.

Author(s)

Pratik Rao is pursuing M. Tech degree in Power Electronics and Power Systems from Sardar Patel College of Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. He has completed B. Tech in Electrical Engineering in 2015 from Rajarambapu Institute of Technology. His area of interest includes FACTS technology and Renewable Energy sources.

GETS 2015 ID # 308

KITE GENERATOR SYSTEM – A TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION TO HARNESS HIGH ALTITUDE WIND ENERGY

STUDENTS’ SECTION


219

Abstract:

Solar panels are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. They are known to have higher efficiency when they track the sun during the course of the day throughout the year. Conventional solar panels are fixed at a specific angle with respect to the horizontal and vertical. Photoelectric tracking device is a dual axis tracking device which is used to track the sun. This device is hemispherical dome shaped and has an array of photoelectric diodes on its surface. The photoelectric diodes measure the intensity of light coming on the surface by measuring the photoelectric current. Sensitivity of the tracking device is adjusted by changing the number of photoelectric diodes on the surface of the dome. The difference in photoelectric current from the diodes is calculated and then information is relayed to the solar panels, if the energy required in moving the solar panels is less than 5% of the estimated increment in energy on changing the orientation of the tracker.

Author(s)

Aayush Patel Chemical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Raipur

GETS 2015 ID # 309

SOLAR TRACKING USING PHOTOELECTRIC DIODES

STUDENTS’ SECTION


220

Abstract:

An electric power system is a network of components used to supply, transmit, distribute and use electrical power. Smart grid is a new power system developed which intelligently increases the efficiency in terms of power consumption. Integration of existing conventional energy system with renewable power system is the underlining idea of smart grid. It has become necessary to make power transmission process optimum and generation process less polluting. Due to addition of renewable sources like solar and wind, it will be possible to reduce dependence on non-renewables. Smart grid system allows the consumer to be a part of power generation and transmission process by making use of smart appliances and meters, thus making the two way communication between producers and consumers more effective. This paper presents the structure and components of the smart grid. It also states the advantages of smart grid in terms of efficient load management especially during peak load hours. The characteristics of the smart grid such as control over production as well as distribution and its benefits over the present grid have also been explained. It presents the advantages of using smart technologies in homes, appliances, meters and vehicles,leading to greater efficiency and a decrease in carbon emissions. The concept of using consumer interaction through information and communication technology (ICT) to reduce the consumption of electricity has been explained. The difficulties in the implementation of the grid in India have been discussed. Solutions to the challenges are also highlighted in this paper. Future scope of the smart gird in India has also been mentioned.

Author(s)

Renuka Sharad Sakhare is currently doing B.Tech. Electrical Engineering at Sardar Patel College of Engineering (University of Mumbai), Maharashtra, India.

Ashana Y. Shukla is currently doing B.Tech. Electrical Engineering at Sardar Patel College of Engineering (University of Mumbai), Maharashtra,India.

Nikita Pradip Kharat is currently doing B.Tech. Electrical Engineering at Sardar Patel College of Engineering (University of Mumbai), Maharashtra,India.

GETS 2015 ID # 310

POWER SYSTEM: SMART GRID

STUDENTS’ SECTION


221

Abstract:

A zero energy home or a building is a structure which gives almost as much energy back to the power grid as it takes. The main principle is to reduce power consumption of the structure by efficient design and on-site renewable energy generation. The paper discusses primarily, the scenario of zero energy buildings in India. The problems facing the development of such structures in our country revolve around economic considerations and lack of awareness and skill. Based on the case study of the first commercial zero energy building, ‘Suncarrier Omega’, Madhya Pradesh, the paper tries to state the various ways in which this novel structure can be brought to the forefront in the times of fuel and economic crises.

Author(s)

Shambhavi Sandesh Mulgaonkar: Studies in final year Electrical Engineering at Sardar Patel College of Engineering, Andheri West, Mumbai. E-mail Id: [email protected]

Alok Hemant Joshi: Studies in final year Electrical Engineering at Sardar Patel College of Engineering, Andheri West, Mumbai. E-mail Id: [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 311

ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS IN INDIA

STUDENTS’ SECTION


222

Abstract:

Onsite monitoring of electrical equipment or machines is not only laborious, time consuming but also involves a lot of human resource. With the move towards a smart grid, the necessity of having a centralized control of everything is increasing. For remote monitoring of the electrical equipment/machine of, say a plant, we propose an online wireless fault monitoring system via GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) networks and using low cost microcontroller. Microcontroller will continuously monitor the current/voltage in the equipment/machine and as soon as it will detect any abnormal behavior, say sudden rise/fall in current in the equipment or electrical circuit, microcontroller encodes a message and sends it to an operator in the form of text message.

Author(s)

Abhishek Roy Student, Dept of Electrical Engineering, NIT RAIPUR Email ID – [email protected] Mobile – 09407663359

GETS 2015 ID # 313

REMOTE MONITORING OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT USING LOW COST MICROCONTROLLER AND GSM TECHNOLOGY

STUDENTS’ SECTION


223

Abstract:

Airborne windmill is the new technology used to generate electrical energy by utilizing the tremendous amount of energy associated with the jet streams found at higher altitude (around 800-1000 feet above the ground). The air streams at these altitudes are consistent and five to eight times more powerful than those present on ground. The windmill consists of an asynchronous generator mounted on a frame build on the inner surface of a hollow cylindrical hot air balloon. The entire structure consisting of a light wind turbine, alternator and balloon is held up in the air with help of tethers. This project is concerned in building a self adjusting mechanism by implementing a shuttle cock design to ensure maximum output with changing wind direction. Also, it suggests a modified and improved arrangement including multiple tethers along with suspended discs to increase the mechanical stability of the system in the air. The transfer of power generated from the assembly which is rotating as per the changing direction of wind to the static system on the ground is incorporated in this project. For the improvement of reliability to ensure 24 hours generation, low wattage incandescent bulbs controlled by Light Dependent Resistors are used to heat the gas present in the hot air balloon when sunlight is not present.

Author(s)

Jalaj Kashyap is pursuing his B.Tech. in Electrical Engineering domain from NIT Raipur (2012-16). During his engineering, he has served the technical committee of the college actively. His area of interest include power systems engineering and energy generation by non conventional techniques. Currently, he is working on the project “Fault Detection and Rectification in HVDC Transmission line”.

Gaurav Sharma is pursuing his B.Tech. in Electrical Engineering domain from NIT Raipur (2012-16). His area of interest includes the design, performance, applications and operations of electrical machines and power system covering power generation and protection. Currently, he is working on the project “Fault Detection and Rectification in HVDC Transmission line”.

GETS 2015 ID # 317

IMPROVEMENT IN RELIABILITY AND STABILITY OF AIRBORNE WINDMILLS

STUDENTS’ SECTION


224

Abstract:

In a brief review of history and in particular the industrial revolution, it’s quite apparent that economic growth is inextricably linked to energy. India is the world’s fourth-largest energy consumer with a total primary energy consumption of 637.8 Mtoe in 2014. Given its rapidly expanding population and emerging economy, India has significant potential for further energy demand growth. India has about 275.91 GW (July 2015) installed capacity for electricity generation, of which more than 70% is produced by thermal power plants. Electricity generation is one of the major contributors of CO2 and CO emission; it contributed 35.5% of total CO2 emission in year 2010. Maharashtra is the largest power generating state in India which constitutes nearly 14% of the total installed electricity generation capacity mainly from fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. Largest percentage of CO2 and CO emission is contributed by Maharashtra. Renewable energy should be the future of energy sector in Maharashtra and also in the entire country. The state of Maharashtra has considerable wind and solar energy harnessing potential. The collective encouragement to the Renewable Energy sector can help to resolve electricity supply position and reduce carbon emissions in the state of Maharashtra. This paper shows the change in power generation scenarios as well as change in technology selection criteria made in the time duration for 15 years, technology option selected for the mitigation of carbon emissions made from generation sectors.

Author(s)

Gaurav Anil Yeole is currently pursuing B.Tech. Electrical Engineering at Sardar Patel College of Engineering (University of Mumbai), Maharashtra, India.

Mukul H Pathade is currently pursuing B.Tech. Electrical Engineering at Sardar Patel College of Engineering (University of Mumbai), Maharashtra, India.

Tejas Prashant Kopte is currently pursuing B.Tech. Electrical Engineering at Sardar Patel College of Engineering (University of Mumbai), Maharashtra, India.

GETS 2015 ID # 327

CARBON EMISSION MITIGATION POTENTIAL USING RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR POWER GENERATION IN MAHARASHTRA

STUDENTS’ SECTION


225

Abstract:

In this paper, an attempt is done to analyze the impact of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), both in current scenario and that in long term, with the time-line year as 2030. By comparing the CO2 emissions of different vehicles in today scenario and by 2030 we can say that EV and HEV will be very much suitable for future transportation. Two more advantages of using EVs and HEVs will be, one the kWh required per km will be less for EVs and HEVs and the country like India whose 60% electricity demand is meeting by thermal power plants can be used efficiently by Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technology. For example in the peak hours power can be supplied back to the grid thus decreasing the load on the grid. The renewable sources of energy can also be used for charging the batteries thus reducing the burden on thermal power plants to produce 1 kWh of energy required by EVs and HEVs.

Author(s)

Jayshree received the B.Tech degree in electronic and communication engineering from the Ramgovind Institute of Technology, Jharkhand, India, in 2013, and Pursuing M.Tech. Degree in VLSI Design from Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India. Research Interests: Electric Vehicles, grid integration, LVDS design, digital and analog VLSI design, device design.

Umesh Chaudhary received the B.E. degree in electrical engineering from the Bhagalpur College of Engineering Bhagalpur, Bihar, India, in 2009, and the M.E. degree in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, in 2011. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India. Research Interests: Applications of power electronics in renewable energy specially wind turbines, grid integration.

GETS 2015 ID # 342

IMPACT OF ELECTRIC AND HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN DIFFERENT SCENARIO BY 2030

STUDENTS’ SECTION


226

Abstract:

India is rapidly digitising and transforming itself into a smarter nation with smart cities and smart power transmission and distribution systems rapidly coming into the big picture (smart metering, smart grids etc.). With around 6, 00,000 villages in India and 68% of the Indians forming the rural population, it’s of utmost priority to equip them with smart technologies, for actually transforming India into a smart nation. Smart energy-sufficient villages, using renewable energy sources, provided its abundance and feasibility in the region and using them in every possible sphere of work, along with hybrid models of 3-R’s will bring about a green energy revolution across the country. The paper is aimed to put up a sustainable theoretical model of a smart village, integrating all basic requirements of energy demand like rooftop PV systems, biomass plants, wind energy utilisation for pumping and power generation, solar crop driers etc. and advanced requirements like passive architectures, solar water purification systems etc. together. The design based on a STERM (science, technology, engineering, regulations& management) framework is a way forward to achieve goals of inclusive growth. It will be replicable and will undoubtedly address the numerous issues prevailing within the country and also reduce causes of global problems like climate change. With villages integrated to contribute to the smartness of the nations, smart nations will be a reality soon.

Author(s)

Saptam Ganguly Area of Interests: Renewables in sustainable development, Smart grids & Villages, Solar PV Student, Centre for Energy Engineering, Central University of Jharkhand

Vagisha Nandan Area of Interests: Zero Energy Buildings, Energy Management Student, Centre for Energy Engineering, Central University of Jharkhand

Namwar Anjum Area of Interests: Biogas, Solar PV Student, Centre for Energy Engineering, Central University of Jharkhand

GETS 2015 ID # 343

SMART VILLAGES: A SUSTAINABLE MODEL

STUDENTS’ SECTION


227

Abstract:

Occurrence of partial shading in the photovoltaic (PV) array causes power losses. The power-voltage characteristics of a PV array under partial shading condition contains multiple local maxima, and one of them is the global maximum power point (GMPP). The losses in a PV array depends on the shadow shape and Physical location of shaded modules. This paper presents a novel configuration approach for shade dispersion to increase the power generation of a PV array under partial shading condition. In this work, the physical location of the modules in the Total Cross Tied (TCT) configuration of a PV array are arranged without changing the electrical connection of the PV modules. Thus the shading effect is distributed over the entire array. In this paper, a comparison of power generation in the TCT, electrical array reconfiguration (EAR) and the proposed configuration is presented. It is demonstrated that the power generation of a PV array in the proposed configuration is enhanced under different shading conditions. This method is applicable for a square or rectangular m × n (where m = number of rows and n = number of columns) PV array under partial shading conditions.

Author(s)

Himanshu Sekhar Sahu- Ph.D scholor (Power system engg.), IIT Guwahati email id-([email protected])

Dr. Sisir Kumar Nayak, Ph.D. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Designation: Assistant Professor(IIT Guwahati), email id-([email protected])

GETS 2015 ID # 347

EXTRACTION OF MAXIMUM POWER FROM A PV ARRAY UNDER PARTIAL SHADING CONDITIONS

STUDENTS’ SECTION


228

Abstract:

India is heavily dependent on coal for electricity generation, with about 60% of the power generated in 2014 coming from coal fired power plants. Also, coal will continue to make a significant contribution to the power generation mix in the country over the next couple of decades. Many more coal power plants are expected to be built in the next few years and most of them would be super-critical or ultra-super-critical plants. The coal plants emit large amounts of variety of pollutants, such as particulates, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, with the planned capacity addition it is predicted that the emissions of aforementioned pollutants may double by 2030 if the emissions are not regulated and they are a major contributor to degradation of local air quality around the plant. They are also one of the largest point-sources of CO2 – a major greenhouse gas (GHG) considered to be responsible for climate change.

India being the 3rd largest CO2 emitter in the world, there is a need for exploring various carbon mitigation techniques with ever increasing concerns about climate change. Carbon Capture and Sequestration(CCS) is one such mitigation option wherein CO2 emitted by the power plants and other industries is captured and transported to a storage site where it is isolated from the atmosphere permanently. However, most of the post-combustion CO2 capture units require the flue gas pre-scrubbed to bring down the concentration of the oxides of sulphur and nitrogen. Thus,the coal plant with CCS emits much lower amounts of SOx and NOx and this could be considered as a “co-benefit” to the region. This study helps in estimating this “co-benefit”in a typical coal power plant with the help of the Integrated Environment Control Model (IECM-cs) . Various technology options for CO2 capture and their corresponding “co-benefits” will be analyzed and presented.

Author(s)

Anand Rao (IIT Bombay)

Akash AR (IIT Bombay)

GETS 2015 ID # 354

CARBON-DIOXIDE CAPTURE FROM COAL FIRED POWER PLANTS: CO-BENEFITS TO THE LOCAL AIR QUALITY

STUDENTS’ SECTION


229

Abstract:

The present work involves the study on viability of the biomass briquette in the existing 5 kW downdraft biomass gasifier unit. The biomass briquettes are made from the loose biomass (saw dust) using the old news papers as the binder. These briquettes are made in spherical shape with the hands and have approximately 25 mm diameter. The equivalence ratio 0.27 is used for the present investigation. The downdraft gasifier is divided into seven zones. Studies are conducted to see the thermal behavior of gasifier by measuring the temperature in seven zones, volume flow rate of producer gas and tar content. The gas chromatography analysis confers the volumetric percentage of H2, CO, CH4, CO2 and N2 to be 12.61%, 16.6%, 1.79%, 11.78% and 54.33% respectively. Thus the gasification process is compatible with biomass briquette in terms of yield of gas, tar content and gas quality. This study will focus to improve the gasification process for biomass briquette and user friend operation of loose biomass in the downdraft gasifier.

Author(s)

Gajanan N Shelke

Mr. Gajnan N Shelke is currently PhD student in Mechanical Engineering Department, IIT Guwahati. He took his Bachelor’s degree from Amravati University, Amravati in 1997 and M.E.(Thermal power engineering) degree in 2009 from Government College of Engineering Amravati. He has published 3 research papers in various journals and participated in more than 15 national and International conferences.

Prof. P Mahanta

Dr. P Mahanta is currently Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department, IIT Guwahati. He took his Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Regional Engineering College, Rourkela in 1985 and M. Tech degree from the, IIT Kharagpur in 1993.

GETS 2015 ID # 360

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DOWNDRAFT GASIFICATION WITH BIOMASS BRIQUETTE

STUDENTS’ SECTION


230

Abstract:

Novel Heat Transfer Fluids (HTF) based on Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) were synthesized for the first time. DES consists of a salt (triphenylphosphonium bromide) and a hydrogen bond donor (ethylene glycol). The thermal properties namely viscosity, density and heat conductivity were measured and compared with the conventional solvents. The properties were further enhanced by the dispersion of Al 2O3 nanoparticles in DES. The thermal properties for DES and nanoparticle dispersed deep eutectic solvent (NDDES) were conducted at a temperature range from ambient till 600C. The thermal conductivity of 1 wt % Al2O3 with DES measured within the temperature range 10-600C was on an average 8% higher as compared to base DES. It was found that the thermal conductivity of DES and NDDES were superior to those of the commercial heat transfer fluid Therminol VP-1. Further the viscosity of NDDES was found to decrease to 2.4 cp at a temperature of 600C. This confirms their low-to-high temperature application. The density of the NDDES also exhibited a 2% decrease as compared with those of base DES. The thermogravimetric analysis confirms an excellent thermal stability for NDDES. In summary the innovative class of fluids based on DES has a huge potential as a low cost advanced HTF in solar collectors.

Author(s)

Pyarimohan Dehury Research Scholar, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Guwahati Phone: +91-8822733277 E-mail: [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 366

NANOPARTICLES DISPERSED DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS (NDDES) AS HEAT TRANSFER FLUID (HTF) FOR SOLAR HEAT COLLECTOR

STUDENTS’ SECTION


231

Abstract:

The cost of renewable energy is expected to be cheaper in matter of time compared to traditional energy sources like fossil fuel. The main drawback with renewable energy source is that it requires efficient and scalable energy storage technology for grid to enable uninterrupted power supply. During the recent times an osmotically driven membrane processes (ODMP) like the pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) technique can prove out to be a potential solution for simultaneous energy generation, storage and waste water purification. The PRO process uses two different streams to perform all three tasks: feed solution (FS) (low concentration water at low pressure e.g. Waste water) and draw solution (DS) (high concentration water at high pressure, e.g. NH3 + CO2 + H2O mix). They are separated by a semi-permeable membrane having relatively high water flux and solute rejection rate. As a result of osmotic pressure difference, the pure water will be transported from FS to DS and that leads to energy generation. The draw stream with additional energy generated from PRO can be stored as hydraulic energy storage solution, same can be passed through a turbine system to convert hydraulic energy to electrical energy when renewable energy sources are not available. After energy generation from DS solution, the pure water can be separated out by conventional low temperature distillation process using waste heat generated from process industries. The volatile components formed due to distillation process is recycled back in condensed form to the draw solution stream via an absorbing and condensing column. Novel PRO membranes can be used to achieve a power density of around 5 W/m2. This technique can led to a whole new era of energy generation and storage as well as waste water purification process, and all these in a single integrated system.

Author(s)

Harjeet Nath

Harjeet Nath is currently a Doctoral Fellow under Dr. S Senthilmurugan of Department of Chemical Engineering at IIT Guwahati. His research group strives to attain excellence in the fields of water desalination and membrane based energy generation and storage techniques. Harjeet Nath completed his post graduate studies from NIT Rourkela before joining IIT Guwahati.

S. Senthilmurugan

GETS 2015 ID # 368

MEMBRANE BASED ENERGY STORAGE AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

STUDENTS’ SECTION


232

Abstract:

Hydrothermal system is an aqueous system where both temperature and pressure are kept above their critical values for water (3740C, 22.1MPa respectively). Hydrothermal gasification is a process in which wet biomass such as manure, sewage sludge (Bio-solids), black liquor and other higher moisture containing biomass and wet organic residues are gasified in supercritical water for the production of CH4 and H2. As we know these organic compounds are generally in the form of carbohydrates, proteins, cellulose, glycine, aromatic compounds etc. and each of these compound require a different temperature, pressure and residence time for gasification. But at temperature 6000C and pressure 250 bar all compounds are completely gasified by addition of KOH or K2CO3 as catalyst, forming a H2 rich product gas with CO2 as main carbon compounds. Concentrations of CO, CH4 and C2-C4 hydrocarbons are low in product gas. Gasification of biomass at given temperature and pressure (6000C and >25Mpa respectively) is called as Supercritical water gasification. The temperature required in this process can be generated by greenhouse effect artificially inside a rectangular glass chamber with minimum establishment cost and almost negligible operational cost. For generation of temperature of about 6300C -7000C, we need 27.40 kg/m3 CO2 and 1500W/m2 of Infrared Red (IR) radiation using IR heaters inside the rectangular glass chamber. By using heat exchangers this temperature is converted to supercritical steam and can be used in digester for gasification of biomass (sludge). Reaction time of digestion of biomass in supercritical water gasification is very small (seconds) as compared to time required (days) in conventional method of digestion in sludge digester.

Author(s)

Vikram Choudhary, Student, IIT Kanpur

Supreme jain, Student, IIT Kanpur

Arpit katiyar, Student, IIT Kanpur

GETS 2015 ID # 398

HYDROTHERMAL GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS USING GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

STUDENTS’ SECTION


233

Abstract:

Increasing world population coupled with rapid industrialization and urbanization has led to an increase in global water requirements. Fresh water sources are limited as such there is a call for water recycling and reuse. Most technologies for wastewater treatment and saline water desalination are highly energy intensive and produce sludge that needs secondary treatment. Microbial Desalination Cells (MDCs) are exciting innovation in field of Membrane Bioreactor Technology that promise the dual benefit of wastewater treatment and saline water desalination in tandem, along with producing trace power output. This decreases the need for external power since the energy stored in the organic wastewater is used to run the cycle. MDC research is currently in an early phase as such various factors affecting performance are still under scientific investigation. A simplistic MDC circuit could be interpreted as two resistances connected in series: applied external load and intrinsic resistance arising from kinetic and mass transfer effect. The maximum power generated thus depends on the internal resistance which is a compounded result of various static and dynamic factors like strength of wastewater, number of ion-exchange membrane pairs, inter-membrane distance, cathodic loading, saline concentration, etc.

This work focuses on understanding the effect of cathodic platinum loading on overall system performance. A three chamber MDC system was designed with assorted wastewater inoculum at the anodic side, maintaining salinity similar to seawater in the middle chamber. Platinum loading of 0.1 and 1.0 mg/cm2 of cathode area was used and the system performance was analyzed through electrochemical techniques. With gradual increase in internal resistance, drop in peak power was observed for individual loading over the duration of the system run. A direct correlation was observed for increase in power output and decrease in internal resistance of the system on increasing the platinum loading from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/cm2.

Author(s)

Marshal Shahu Maskarenj is pursuing his Doctoral research in the field of Microbial Desalination Cells under the guidance of Prof. Prakash C Ghosh at Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. He has completed his Masters in Sciences at the same institute and Bachelors in Physics at Loyola College, Chennai.

Reeshab Goenka is pursuing his doctoral research at Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. Having completed his masters and bachelors degrees at NIT Trichy and Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata respectively. His research is in the field of Microbial Fuel Cells under the guidance of Prof. Prakash C Ghosh.

Prof Prakash C Ghosh completed his PhD from RWTH Aachen,Germany in 2002 and has over twelve years of academic and research experience. His research interests include Hydrogen production from renewable sources, development of low temperature hybrid fuel cells, optimum design of fuel cells systems, development of microbial fuel cells for electricity generation and hydrogen generation, CFD modelling of fuel cells to optimised the flow field pattern, etc.

GETS 2015 ID # 412

EFFECT OF CATHODIC PLATINUM LOADING ON SYSTEM PERFORMANCE IN A MICROBIAL DESALINATION CELL SYSTEM

STUDENTS’ SECTION


234

Abstract:

Cesium is the least electronegative element and has only one stable isotope Cs-133, while the others are mostly radioactive. The radioisotopes of Cs are fission product and come out along with the waste produced by nuclear reactor. Being an extremely reactive metal Cesium can react with water very rapidly even at a very low temperature like -1160C. Cs-Water explosion is considered as one of the most destructive phenomena after Na-Water explosion. The radioactive Cs isotopes can also cause environmental damage.Therefore it is necessary to extract the Cs ion present in the aqueous waste from nuclear industry. The primary objective of this work is to find out the distribution coefficient of radioactive cesium in a biphasic system of water and Octanol. In order to study the transfer of Cs+ ion from aqueous phase to Octanol we perform a molecular dynamics simulation of CsNO3salt with the biphasic system. After simulating the system up to 40 ns the distribution coefficient of Cs+ is found to be 0.5 which is exactly matching with the literature data. From the simulation the RDF, potential energy, density are also calculated. A RDF peak of 1.02 is obtained for the attraction of Cs and Oxygen atom of Octanol. We can conclude that Octanol has a good capacity of extracting Cs from water.

Author(s)

Upasana Mahanta, Tamal Banerjee Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati E-mail: [email protected]

GETS 2015 ID # 426

MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY ON EXTRACTION OF CESIUM METAL ION FROM AQUEOUS PHASE USING OCTANOL

STUDENTS’ SECTION


235

Abstract:

The Municipal Solid Waste in India was estimated using a proposed methodology approach based on techno-economic assessment. The supply-cost curves were used to present and compare the aggregated data for the energy potential & generation cost. A prototype of Micro-turbine employing Blade-less Tesla turbine has been designed running on bio fuels from MSW. Series of experiment has been done to improve the effectiveness & efficiency of the system.

By pyrolysis MSW is converted into bio-mass and then into bio fuel. That brown liquid is highly oxygenated and typically con¬taining 15 to 30% water. The oil contains hundreds of differ¬ent chemical compounds; common organic components include acetic acid, methanol, aldehydes, ketones, alkyl-phenols, alkyl-methoxy-phenols, sugars, and lignin-derived compounds. Low levels of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds are sometimes found in bio-oil, but give off little sulfur and nitrogen pollutants when burned.

Micro turbines are small, high speed (30000 to 80000 rpm) gas turbines in the capacity range of 25-300 kW. Tesla turbine has the potential to be used for electricity generation. Its size is small as compared to the same energy generation turbine. Adverting the Tesla turbine with Micro-turbine provides the compatibility to be utilized even by weaker section of society so that they may be self-capable to meet their electricity need and thus the MSW will be utilized to its best with meeting the present need of clean and green energy.

Benefits:

1. Clean and Green Energy to one and all. 2. Utilization of waste. 3. Maximized efficiency with lesser input. 4. Less installation and input cost. 5. Energy solution to the remote, rural and to such areas where electricity hasn’t been reached.

Author(s)

Prakhar Swarnkar Mechanical Engineering NIT Raipur

K S Savita Mechanical Engineering NIT Raipur

GETS 2015 ID # 429

A METHODOLOGY TO UTILIZE MUNICIPAL WASTE BY EMPLOYING MICRO- TURBINE WITH TESLA BLADES USING BIO OIL

STUDENTS’ SECTION


236

Abstract:

With the modernization and industrialization of the world day by day, the power consumption is increasing drastically, which has led to a serious energy crisis. Thus an alternative source of energy which can be produced or recovered without the undesirable consequences has become the need of the hour. In order to effectively replace non-renewable sources of energy, the alternative should be consistently and abundantly available.

Concentrated solar energy has the potential to make valuable contribution to the energy demand across the globe. Biodiesel, the esters of vegetables oil or animal fats, on the other hand is also being looked upon as a renewable source of energy, which can partially substitute the diesel fuel.

The proposed work aims to generate uninterrupted power supply by designing a renewable hybrid energy system using Jatropha Oil (Biodiesel) and concentrated solar energy (through Stirling engine) to run generator to produce electricity. The proposed Stirling Engine will use both solar energy as well as Jatropha as a source of energy.

Author(s)

Rajat Vardiyani

Hitesh Thakrani

Aditya Kanade

Neil Shah

HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM

GETS 2015 ID # 434

STUDENTS’ SECTION


237

Abstract:

The impending advent of strictest safety and environmental regulations, human errors, high auxiliary power consumptions entails for intelligent controls. Some Innovative Solutions which could be retrofitted are studied.

Flue gas heat recovery has always cornered big pie of attention. Flue gas with a temperature of 130 deg Celsius and flow rate of around 2000 tonnes per hour could be put to drive low pressure turbines during peak hours. These low pressure turbines drive small but vital machineries like pumps which swing into action during heavy loads. Also generators could with it could gift us with electricity required for utilities. The concerns of pitting and acidic dew point limit could be addressed from the turbines already operational on merchant vessels. Tuning of our maintenance procedures like bottom ash clearing with the upcoming schedule generation and load forecast for smart maintnance.Their timing could be matched with low demand hours. Low APC during high peak hours has considerable business gains.

Safety rules are prescribed but not practiced always. Digitizing the helmets and harnesses by embossing RFID tags in it helps in real-time tracking of its usage. This considerably reduces the current practice of human intervention for safety compliance. GPS Tagging of fire prone areas and upgrading of CISF fire brigades with GPS technology to ensure they get access to the fires spot by the shortest distance. This aids them to have a better strategy.

Drawing cues from our merchant shipping industry this summit is a beautiful opportunity to convene benchmarks for excellence in greening our environment as like MARPOL in merchant ships. Policy interlinking like clubbing up funds from policies like Swach Bharat Abhiyan and Digital India campaign to raise funds for our digital helmets and clean flue gases.

Author(s)

The authors are currently undergoing their fifth semester training of B.Tech Marine Engineering in Marine Engineering & Research Institute Kolkata (Formerly Directorate of Marine Engineering Training)

Cadet Shashi Shekhar

Cadet Puvulla Varun Sai

Cadet Vaibhav Srivastava

Cadet Shantanu Kalhan

GETS 2015 ID # 438

INTELLIGENT CONTROLS, SMARTER OPERATION

STUDENTS’ SECTION


238

Abstract:

As the energy demands put a lot of pressure on the conventional energy sources and affects environment mainly by water and air pollution. Necessity of clean and green energy system is on apex. Industries and transports exhausted huge amount of waste heat from sink, they can be renovate into additional power and to increase fuel efficiency by using TiO2 pellets. Titanium oxide pellets made by spark plasma sinter technique has shown very good thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity thus motivates to explore it for thermoelectric applications. Mainly cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and Bangalore emit organic dye from industries so, dye degradation investigations are important in the context of water pollution. TiO2 shows a better degradation of methylene blue and methylene orange dye under visible light. Heavy water plant at nuclear reactor is major source of H2S gas emission thereby its sensing is very important to safety point of view. The pulsed laser deposited titanium oxide thin films observed for dangerous H2S gas sensing revealed good selectivity and sensitivity with sensor response around ~750%. The surface and electronic structure have revealed by XRD, XPS and SEM techniques. It is revealed that TiO2 is suitable and promising material for applications in photocatalysis, photovoltaics, gas sensor, thermoelectric. So this material should be employ for clean and green energy system for energy efficient and clean environmental.

Author(s)

Nagmani

Pursuing Integrated M.Tech in Energy Engineering from Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi. Summer Research Fellowship by Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore. M.Tech Research Work from Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai.

Anamika Sudhanshu

GETS 2015 ID # 444

GREEN AND CLEAN ENERGY SYSTEM BY TIO2 THIN FILMS AND NANOSTRUCTURES

STUDENTS’ SECTION


239

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Documents

e-Compendium GETS 2015