During the 19th and 20th Centuries

7/31/2019 During the 19th and 20th Centuries

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CHAPTER-II

PROFILE OF THE STUDY

During the 19th and 20th centuries, water filters for domestic water

production were generally divided into and (also called mechanical filters and

American filters). While there were many small-scale water filtration systems

prior to 1800, Paisley, Scotland is generally acknowledged as the first city to

receive filtered water for an entire town. The Paisley filter began operation in

1804 and was an early type of slow sand filter. Throughout the 1800s, hundreds

of slow sand filters were constructed in the UK and on the European continent.

An intermittent slow sand filter was constructed and operated at in 1893 due to

continuing typhoid fever epidemics caused by sewage contamination of the water

supply.[1] The first continuously operating slow sand filter was designed byAllen

Hazen for the city of Albany, New York in 1897. [2]

In the 1800s, mechanical filtration was an industrial process that

depended on the addition of prior to the filtration process. The filtration rate for

mechanical filtration was typically more than 60 times faster than slow sand

filters, thus requiring significantly less land area. The first modern mechanical

filtration plant in the U.S. was built at Little Falls, New Jersey for the East Jersey

Water Company. designed and supervised the construction of the plant which

went into operation in 1902. [3]

Methods of FIltration

Filters use sieving and other processes. Unlike a filter can remove

particles much smaller than the holes through which the water passes.

Point-of-use filters
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Filters for home use include filters (GAC) used for carbon block (CBR)

and membranes. Some filters use more than one filtration method. An example

of this is a multi-barrier system. Jug filters can be used for small quantities of

drinking water. Some kettles have built-in filters, primarily to reduce buildup.

Portable water filters

Water filters are used by hikers, by aid organizations during humanitarian

emergencies, and by the military. These filters are usually small, portable and

light (1-2 pounds/0.5-1.0 kg or less), and usually filter water by working a

mechanical hand pump, although some use a siphon drip system to force water

through while others are built into water bottles. Dirty water is pumped via a

screen-filtered flexible silicon tube through a specialized filter, ending up in acontainer. These filters work to remove bacteria,protozoa and microbial

cysts that can cause disease. Filters may have fine meshes that must be

replaced or cleaned, and ceramic water filters must have their outside abraded

when they have become clogged with impurities.

These water filters should not be confused with devices or tablets that

are water purifiers, some of which remove or kill viruses such as hepatitis

A and rotavirus.

Water Polishing

The term water polishing can refer to any process that removes small

(usually microscopic) particulate material, or removed very low concentrations of

dissolved material from water. The process and its meaning vary from setting to

setting: a manufacturer ofaquariumfilters may claim that its filters perform water

polishing by capturing "micro particles" withinnylon orpolyesterpads just as a

chemical engineer can use the term to refer to the removal of magnetic resinsfrom a solution by passing the solution over a bed of magnetic particulate. [5] In

this sense, water polishing is simply another term for whole house water filtration

systems.

Water Purification :
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Sources of water

Further information: Water supply

1. The water emerging from some deep ground water may have fallen

as rain many tens, hundreds, or thousands of years ago. and rock layers

naturally filter the ground water to a high degree of clarity and often it

does not require additional treatment other than adding or as secondary

disinfectants. Such water may emerge as springs, , or may be extracted

from boreholes or wells. Deep ground water is generally of very

high quality (i.e., pathogenic bacteria or the pathogenic protozoa are

typically absent), but the water may be rich in dissolved solids, and of .

Depending on the which the water has flowed, other ions may also bepresent, and There may be a requirement to reduce the content of this

water to make it acceptable for drinking, cooking, and laundry use.

Primary may also be required. Where groundwater recharge is practiced

(a process in which river water is injected into an aquifer to store the

water in times of plenty so that it is available in times of drought), the

groundwater may require additional treatment depending on applicable

state and federal regulations.

2. Upland and Typically located in the headwaters of river systems,

upland reservoirs are usually sited above any human habitation and may

be surrounded by a protective zone to restrict the opportunities for

contamination. Bacteria and pathogen levels are usually low, but some

bacteria be present. Where uplands are forested or peaty, can the water.

Many upland sources have low adjustment.

3. And low land reservoirs: Low land surface waters will have a

significant bacterial load and may also contain algae, suspended solids

and a variety of dissolved constituents.

4. Is a new technology that can provide high quality drinking water by

extracting water from the air by cooling the air and thus condensing water

vapor.
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5. Which collects water from the atmosphere can be used especially

in areas with significant dry seasons and in areas which experience fog

even when there is little rain.

6. Freshwater bodies that are open to the atmosphere and are not

designated as groundwater are classified in the USA for regulatory and

water purification purposes as surface water.

Treatment

The processes below are the ones commonly used in water purification

plants. Some or most may not be used depending on the scale of the plant and

quality of the raw (source) water.

Pre-treatment

1. Pumping and containment The majority of water must be pumped

from its source or directed into pipes or holding tanks. To avoid adding

contaminants to the water, this physical infrastructure must be made from

appropriate materials and constructed so that accidental contamination

does not occur.

2. Screening The first step in purifying surface water is to removelarge debris such as sticks, leaves, rubbish and other large particles

which may interfere with subsequent purification steps. Most deep

groundwater does not need screening before other purification steps.

3. Storage Water from rivers may also be stored in for periods

between a few days and many months to allow natural biological

purification to take place. This is especially important if treatment is by

Storage reservoirs also provide a buffer against short periods of drought

or to allow water supply to be maintained during transitory incidents in

the source river.

4. Pre-chlorination In many plants the incoming water was

chlorinated to minimize the growth of fouling organisms on the pipe-work


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and tanks. Because of the potential adverse quality effects (see chlorine

below), this has largely been discontinued.[3]

Widely varied techniques are available to remove the fine solids, micro-

organisms and some dissolved inorganic and organic materials. The choice of

method will depend on the quality of the water being treated, the cost of the

treatment process and the quality standards expected of the processed water.

pH adjustment

Pure water has a pH close to 7 (neitheralkaline noracidic). Sea watercan

have pH values that range from 7.5 to 8.4 (moderately alkaline). Fresh water can

have widely ranging pH values depending on the geology of the drainage

basin oraquiferand the influence of contaminant inputs (acid rain). If the water is

acidic (lower than 7), can be added to raise the pH during water purification

processes. Lime addition increases the calcium ion concentration, thus raising

the water hardness. For highly acidic waters, forced draft can be an effective

way to raise the pH, by stripping dissolved carbon dioxide from the water. [4][5]

[6] Making the water alkaline.

Processes work effectively and also helps to minimize the risk of being dissolved

from lead pipes and from lead in pipe fittings. Sufficient alkalinity also reduces

the corrosiveness of water to iron pipes. Acid may be added to alkaline waters in

some circumstances to lower the pH. Alkaline water (above pH 7.0) does not

necessarily mean that lead or copper from the plumbing system will not be

dissolved into the water. The ability of water to precipitate calcium carbonate to

protect metal surfaces and reduce the likelihood of toxic metals being dissolved

in water is a function of pH, mineral content, temperature, alkalinity and calcium

concentration.[7]

AQUAQUARD PURIFIER
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Use polymer membranes with chemically formed microscopic pores that

can be used to filter out dissolved substances avoiding the use of coagulants.

The type of membrane media determines how much pressure is needed to drive

the water through and what sizes of micro-organisms can be filtered out.

Ion exchange systems use or packed columns to replace unwanted ions.

The most common case is consisting of removal of and replacing them with

begin (soap friendly) ions. Ion exchange resins are also used to remove toxic

ions such as nitrate and many others.

Water rich is treated with lime and/or soda-ash to precipitate out of

solution utilizing

Water is passed between a positive and a negative electrode. Ion

exchange allow only positive ions to migrate from the treated water toward the

negative electrode and only negative ions toward the positive electrode. High

purity deionized water is produced with a little worse degree of purification in

comparison with ion exchange treatment. Complete removal of ions fromwater is

regarded as the water is often pre-treatd with a unit to remove non-ionic

AQUA QUARD

Disinfection

Disinfection is accomplished both by filtering out harmful micro-organisms

and also by adding disinfectant chemicals. Water is disingected to kill any which

pass through the filters and to provide a residual dose of disinfectant to kill or

inactivate potenitially harmful micro-organisms in the storage distribution


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systems. Possible pathogens include. Following the introduction of any chemical

disinfecting agent, the water is usually held in temporary storage-often called a

contact tank or clear well to allow the disinfecting action to complete.

Chlorine disinfection

The most common disinfection method involves some form or its

compounds such as chlorine is a strong that rapidly kills many harmful micro-

organisms. Because chlorine is a toxic gas. There is a danger of release

associated with its use. This problem is avoided by the use of which is a

relatively inexpensive solution that releases free chlorine when dissolved in

water. Chlorine solution can be generated on site by electrolying common salt

solutions. A solid from releases chlorine on contact with water. Handling the

solid, however, requires greater routine human contact through opening bags

and pouring than the use of gas cylinders or bleach which are more easily

automated. The genenration of liquid sodium hypochlorite is both inexpensive

and safer then the use of gas or solid chlorine.

All forms of chlorine are widely used, despite their respective drawbacks.

One drawback is that chlorine form any source reacts with natural organic

compounds in the water to form potentially harmful chemical by-products. These

by-products and in large quantites and are regulated by the UK. The formation of

THMs and haloacetic acids may be minimized by effective removal of as many

organics from the water as possible prior to chlorine addition. Althrough chlorine

is effective in killing bacteria, it has limited effectiveness against protozoa that

form cysts inwater.

Chlorine dioxide disinfection

Is a faster-acting disinfectant than elemental chlorine. However it is

relatively rarely used, because in some circumstances it may create excessive

amounts of which is a by-product regulated to low allowable levels in the united

states. Chlorine dioxide is supplied as an aqueous solution and added to water to


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avoid gas handling problems; chlorine dioxide gasd accumulations may

spanteously detonate.

Chloramine disinfection

The use of chloramines in becoming more common as a disinfectants.

ALthrough chloramines is not as strong an oxidant. It does provide a longer-

lasting residual that free chlorine and it wont from THMs or haloacetic acids. It is

possible to convert chlorine to chloromine by adding to the water after addition of

chlorine. The chlorine and ammonia react to form chloramines. Water distribution

systems disinfected with chloramines may experience as ammonia is a nutrient

for bacterial growth with nitrates being generated as a by-product.

Pureit water

Purification

Pureit consists of four parts that purify the water in four stages: a

'microfibre mesh', a 'compact carbon trap', a 'germkill processor' and a 'polisher',

as branded by Hindustan Unilever. For the Pureit Marvella model, the microfibre

mesh has been rebranded as a 'pleated filter', while the compact carbon trap has

been rebranded as an 'activated carbon filter', along with a prefix of 'unique'. The

microfibre mesh functions as a sieve, filtering out visible dirt. The carbon trap

removesparasites and pesticides. The processor is a tablet consisting ofchlorine.

This stage removes bacteria andviruses. The polisher improves taste and clarity

of water and removes the residual form of chlorine from the water. These four

parts are collectively branded the germkill kit or the battery.

This battery needs continual replacing, as indicated by a germkill battery

indicator visible on the front of the device. Pureit also features an 'auto switch off'

mechanism whereby the filter prevents the flow of water following the

consumption of the germkill kit. This kit itself comes in various models. The

model of the germkill kit determines how much water it can purify before the kit
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needs replacing. There are currently four germkill kits available, ranging from

2250 litres for Rs. 550 to a 1500 litre kit available for Rs. 400. [2]

The germkill kit is designed to work at 25 C in moderately humid

conditions. The volume specified by the germkill battery assumes theseconditions. The germkill kit has an expiry date of three years from the date of

packaging.

PUREIT WATER

Models

Pureit is available in six models: Classic, Compact, Autofill, Intella,

Marvella and Marvella RO.

Pureit Classic is the base model, and the first model introduced. It is

available for Rs. 2200. It has a capacity of 9 litres in the top chamber, and

another 9 litres in the bottom, transparent chamber.Total volume of this purifier is

23 litres.

Pureit Autofill is identical to Pureit Classic, but has the ability to refill itself

automatically if connected to a water supply using what is branded as a

'hydrosensor'. Pureit Autofill is available for Rs. 3200.
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Pureit Compact is available for Rs. 1000. It has a capacity of 10 litres: 5 in

the top chamber, and a further 5 litres in the bottom. These three models are

available in a choice of two colours, branded by Hindustan Unilever as burgundy

and royal blue.

Pureit Marvella has been branded as 'India's first fully automatic water

purifier'. [3] Pureit Marvella is capable of automatically filling itself. Marvella also

has an 'Insta-serve' jug: a jug that can be plugged into the purifier, and

automatically filled. Pureit Marvella also has a capacity of 4.5 litres. It is available

for Rs. 6900.

All six Pureit models claim to provide water that meets the germkill criteria of

E.P.A. in regards to bacteria, viruses and pesticides without the use of electricity.

Whirlpool Of India Ltd

Whirlpool of India Ltd. is a manufacturer of home appliances. The

Company is primarily engaged in the manufacture and trading of refrigerators,

washing machines, air conditioners, microwave ovens and small appliances, and

caters to both domestic and international markets. It also provides services in thearea of product development, information technology and procurement to

Whirlpool Corporation, United States and other group companies. The

Companys product portfolio includes foodstream solutions, fabric care, air

treatment, food preparation, water purification and home uninterruptible power

supply (UPS).
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Philips Water Purifier Price list in India Water Filter

Philips Water Purifier Price list in India

Philips WP3890 Water Purifier Rs.6,900




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During the 19th and 20th Centuries