Dr. Sara Greenberg

1

Systematic Analysis of Evolution Patterns

in Bio Medical Systems

Dr. Sara Greenberg

Holon Institute of Technology

Dr. Sara Greenberg

2

What is systematic innovation?

A set of knowledge tools methods which can enable systematic development of innovative problem solving.

Dr. Sara Greenberg

3

TRIZ was founded in 1946 by a Russian engineer and scientist, Genrich S. Altshuller

(Oct.15 1926 - Sept. 24,1998)

"Теория решения изобретательских задач"

ה ָי: ִנ> ֶש< ה ֶר< ָי: ָיאֹוֶר> Cאו בעבֶרָית: "ֵּתאץ" Kאַד Kָיְך ַז ִק> Pְס Pְל Cאֵט Kֵט Cֶר Pָיַזֹוְּב א>

Dr. Sara Greenberg

4

Genrich S. Altshuller

"תאוריה היא מרשימה יותר ככל שהנחותיה פשוטות יותר, ככל שהיא מקשרת בין יותר סוגי דברים שונים וככל שתחום הישימות שלה רחב יותר" אלברט

איינשטיין

Dr. Sara Greenberg

5

Evolution – were it all begins . . .

Dr. Sara Greenberg

6

Laws of Technological Systems Evolution

• Evolution in stages.• Evolution towards increased ideality.• Non-Uniform development of system elements.• Evolution towards increased dynamism and controllability.• Increased complexity and then simplification.• Evolution with matching and mismatching components.• Evolution towards Micro-level and increased use of fields.• Evolution towards decreased human involvement.

Dr. Sara Greenberg

7

Evolution in stages

Dr. Sara Greenberg

8

Lines of System Development

"Life Lines" Technical Systems by G. S. Altshuller

Efficiency

tα

βγ

Number ofInventions t

Level of Invention t

Profit

I II III IV

t

Dr. Sara Greenberg

9

Evolution in stages

The Driving Forces of Technological Evolution

Ideality, Innovation, Consumers, Resources

t 1

2

3

4

Envelope curve

Dr. Sara Greenberg

10

Evolution in stagesDevelopment of Electronics

P

t Crystal Set

(radio)

Vacuum Lamp

Semi-conductor

Microcircuit

Dr. Sara Greenberg

11

What is a Contradiction?

P’

P

An improvement in one characteristic of a system results in the degradation of another characteristic.Traditionally addressed by compromise, sacrifice or trade-off

Y

X

Y= -f(X)

Y=C

Y= f(X)

No compromise!

Contradiction = Barrier

Prevent from Achievement of the Most Desirable Result

Dr. Sara Greenberg

12

Evolution in stages

Horns Trumpets

Development of hearing aids

Carbon aids

Transistor Aids

Digital Aids

Dr. Sara Greenberg

13

Evolution Towards Increased Ideality

The main driving force for system evolution is increasing main system useful functions by elevating value and decreasing the harmful effects:

Σ Useful Functions ` Σ Costs + Σ Harm. Functions

Value =

Ideality= Σ Functionality

Σ Costs + Σ Harm

Dr. Sara Greenberg

14

Evolution Towards Increased Ideality

• Landing lights on airport runway• Biological glue• Melting stitches in surgery• No-stitch surgery• Drugs with no “side effects”• Stem cells therapy

Dr. Sara Greenberg

15

Non-Uniform Development of System Elements

The process:

Every sub-system evolves according to its own S-curve

New system variant

Contradiction & problem solving

Dr. Sara Greenberg

16

Evolution Towards Increased Dynamism and ControllabilityInventions: Improving Systems

Dr. Sara Greenberg

17 Projection Keyboard

Projection Image

Evolution Towards Increased Dynamism and Controllability

Evolution for Cell Phone Design

MonolithicTelephone

Two-pieceTelephone

Three-pieceTelephone

Telephonewith a flexible

casing

Telephonewith projected

Keyboard/Image

MonolithicSystem

System withone joint

System withmany joints

CompletelyElastic System

F

Field

Dr. Sara Greenberg

18

Evolution Towards Increased Dynamism and Controllability Segmentation of objects and substances

Transition pattern

Dr. Sara Greenberg

19

Evolution Towards Increased Dynamism and ControllabilityLine of Increasing Flexibility suggests that the lens systems should evolve through the

following stages:

?

Dr. Sara Greenberg

20

Substance – Field Analysis

Dr. Sara Greenberg

21

The Evolution of the Microscope

Dr. Sara Greenberg

22

Evolution Towards Micro-level and Increased Use of Fields

Macro- and bio-nano-equivalence of robot components

From: Biomimetics, Biologically Inspired Technologies. Edited by Yoseph Bar-Cohen

Dr. Sara Greenberg

23

Evolution Towards Micro-level and Increased Use of Fields

A vision of a nano-organism: carbon nanotubes (CNT) form the main body; peptide limbs can be used for locomotion and object manipulation, a biomolecular motor located at the head can propel the device in various environments.

Dr. Sara Greenberg

24

Transition Patterns Complication of Geometrical Shape of Systems and Objects

Cylindrical Complicate Spherical

2-D curve 3-D curve Complicate

One curvature Complicate

Point

Line

Surface

Volume

Tra

nsiti

on “

Poi

nt –

Lin

e -

Sur

face

– V

olum

e”

Lines evolution

Double curvature

Surface evolution

Volume evolution

Complication of geometrical shape

Dr. Sara Greenberg

25

Functions of Biological Surfaces

The functions of biological surfaces:

• Adhesion

• Friction

• Filtering

• Sensors

• Wetting phenomena

• Self-cleaning

• Thermoregulation

• Optics

Dr. Sara Greenberg

26

Technological systems directed evolution

Dr. Sara Greenberg

27

Evolution Potential Radar Plot Structure(Dynamization(

Dr. Sara Greenberg

28

System Evolutionary Potential Radar Plot

Increased use of resourcesIncreased use of fields

Decreased human involvementEvolution toward micro-levels

Dr. Sara Greenberg

29

תוַדה ֶרבה!

Dr. Sara Greenberg

30

“Ideal” Book - System Function

Sony® ReaderSony® Reader

Dr. Sara Greenberg

31

What are the application of systematic innovation?

• Product improvement• New product development• Process improvement• New process development

Dr. Sara Greenberg

32

מקורות מידע +TRIZשימוש בכלים של תכונות הפתרון

מספר הנסיונות לפתור בעיות

%מהפתרונו

ת

רמה

פתרון הנראה בנקל

שיפור פשוט של המערכת אינו פותר בעיה אמיתית.

אין שימוש בכלים "המצאתיים" )אין (.contradictionsהגדרת

ידע אישי

( 10)~

32%1

פתרון הנראה

בנקל

inventive principlesשימוש ב- שיפור קל של המערכת.)עקרונות ה"מצאתיים"( לפתרון

contradictionsבסיסי של )"סתירות"( לא פותרים את כולן.

ידע בתוך כלל החברה

(100)~

45%2

שיפור קל

שיפור משמעותי של המערכת.

סטנדרטיים" ופתרון TRIZ"פתרונות )"סתירות"( contradictionsשל

בתוספת של שימוש באפקטים פיסיקליים, כימיים גאומטריים וכו.

ידע מתוך כלל התעשיה

(1000)~

19%3

שיפור משמעותי

תפיסה חדשה

מתקבלים פתרונות חדשים. מערכת חדשה המלווה

בהחלפת הטכנולוגיה.

ARIZ.מדע ומידע , חוקי התפתחות מערכותמיחוץ לתעשיה

(100,000)~

4%>4

תפיסה חדשה

תגלית מדעית, מהפכנית. טרנזיטורים, לייזרים, נפתח

עידן חדש.

5<0.3%~(1,000,000)פריצת דרך מדעית.

תגלית

?כיצד פותרים בעיות טכנולוגיות

Dr. Sara Greenberg

33

Discover the core of a problem with TRIZ

Physical Contradiction

Technical Contradiction

AdministrativeContradiction

)one problem with dozen of sub problems(

System

Thinking

Functional Analysis

Trimming

Root Cause Analysis

Technology Transfer

Patents

More..

Dr. Sara Greenberg

34

Super-systems

In the Present In the Future

F1

12345

F1 54321

F2

123

F254321

6

F3

12345

F3 321

F4

12345

F5 54321

F1

12345

F1 54321

F254321

6

F3 321

F4

12345

F5 54321

F5

12345

F3

123

F2

123456

Starting point of the project, existing system - subject of the project

Developed system – result of the project

Super-systems

In the Present In the Future

Super-systems requirements & ones values

System’s outputfunctions

& ones values

F2: +3F1: 0

F3: -2F4: -

F5: +

Improving Systems with TRIZ

Dr. Sara Greenberg

35

Technical contradictions

Step 1. Create list of parameters of the given system.Truck: Speed, Stability, Fuel consumption, Air drag friction, Weight of cargo, Power

of engine, SafetyStep 2. Select your “favorite” parameter and change its value.Truck: Speed ↑-> increase Step 3. Analyze interactions between “changed” favorite parameter and other

parameters of the list. Select conflicting pairs. Each conflicting pair means Technical Contradiction (TC)

Speed ↑ <-> Stability ↓ => conflict – TCSpeed ↑ <-> Fuel consumption ↑ => conflict – TCSpeed ↑ <-> Air drag friction ↑ => conflict – TCSpeed ↑ <-> Weight of cargo => not a conflict Speed ↑ <-> Power of engine ↑ => conflict – TCSpeed ↑ <-> Safety ↓ => conflict – TC

Dr. Sara Greenberg

36

Problem solving example

How to miniaturize the size of the printer?

Restriction of reduction in the printer size is the standard width of the most widespread А4 paper which makes 210 mm.

ContradictionContradiction:: The printer should be the size of an А4 paper dimensions and should be less then the dimensions of an A4 paper in order to be portable.

The contradiction was resolved by separation in space by using a geometrical effect. The sheet of a paper can be rolled up in a tube using less space.

Dr. Sara Greenberg

37

Portable Printer

Solution

The printer head in formed in a circle. Printer-ring stretches out the sheet of a paper roll up in a tube. The new printer is almost three times less, than its portable competitors working under the old circuit.

Dr. Sara Greenberg

3838

Solving Contradictions Altshuller’s Matrix Physical Contradiction

Altshuler’sMatrix

Altshuler’sMatrix

Identification ofKey Problem/

Conceptual Direction

Identification ofKey Problem/

Conceptual DirectionACAC ECEC

PCPC

IFRIFR

IDEAIDEA

SecondaryProblem Solving

SecondaryProblem Solving

Route 1 Route 2

Standard

EC

Standard

ECSeparationStrategic

SeparationStrategic

Dr. Sara Greenberg

3939

Engineering ContradictionsFormulating the Technical ContradictionInventive Problems written in the form of ‘If - then - but’

Technical Contradiction forthe Airplane Wing

IFwe increase the area of the wing

THENIt generates more lift

BUTthe weight of the wing increases

AC

EC/TC

sEC

IFR

Matrix

S

Dr. Sara Greenberg

4040

Engineering Contradictions and Altshuller’s Matrix

Identifying Specific ParametersIdentify the parameters in the Engineering Contradiction

Area and Weight are two parameters in the Engineering Contradiction of the airplane

wing problem

AC

EC/TC

sEC

IFR

Matrix

S

Dr. Sara Greenberg

4141

Engineering Contradictions and Altshuller’s Matrix

Identifying Typical ParametersIdentify from Altshuller’s list those Typical Parameters that are similar in

meaning to the Specific Parameters or are derivatives of Specific Parameters

SpecificParameters

Altshuller’s TypicalParameters

AC

EC/TC

sEC

IFR

Matrix

S

Dr. Sara Greenberg

42

Altshuller’s Matrix - Table of different combinations of conflicting parameters

Dr. Sara Greenberg

4343

Engineering Contradictions and Altshuller’s Matrix

Identifying Typical Parameters

Specific ParametersTypical Parameters

Area of moving object

Area of WingsWeight of a stationary object

Weight of a moving object

Length of a moving object

Weight of WingsLength of stationary object

Strength

Typical Parameter for

Weight

Typical Parameter for Area

AC

EC

sEC

IFR

Matrix

S

Dr. Sara Greenberg

4444

Engineering Contradictions and Altshuller’s Matrix

IFR:

Increasing the Area of moving object (Area of wings) will not increase Weight of a moving object (Weight of wings)

AC

EC

sEC

IFR

Matrix

S

Dr. Sara Greenberg

4545

12345

1Weight of moving

object+-15,8

29,34-29,17

38,34

2Weight of

stationery object-+-10,1

29,35-

3Length of moving

object8,15

29,34-+-15,17,4

4Length of stationery

object35,28

40,29--+17,7

10,70

5Area of moving

object2,17

29,4-14,50

18,4-+W

eig

ht

of

sta

tio

ne

ry

ob

jec

t

We

igh

t o

f m

ov

ing

o

bje

ct

Le

ng

th o

f m

ov

ing

o

bje

ct

Le

ng

th o

f s

tati

on

ery

o

bje

ct

Are

a o

f m

ov

ing

o

bje

ct

Worsening Parameters

Improving Parameters

Inventive Principles

39Parameters

39Parameters

Altshuller’s Contradiction Matrix

AC

TC

EC

IFR

Matrix

S

Dr. Sara Greenberg

4646

Engineering Contradictions and Altshuller’s Matrix

Description of the Inventive Principles

Number NameDescription of Inventive Principles

2Taking out• Separate an interfering part or property from an object, or single out the

only necessary part (or property) of an object

17Another

dimension

• To move an object in two- or three-dimensional space• Use a multi-story arrangement of objects instead of a single-story

arrangement• Tilt or re-orient the object, lay it on its side• Use 'another side' of a given area

29Pneumatics

and hydraulics

• Use gas and liquid parts of an object instead of solid parts (e.g. inflatable, filled with liquids, air cushion, hydrostatic, hydro-reactive)

4Asymmetry• Change the shape of an object from symmetrical to asymmetrical• If an object is asymmetrical, increase its degree of asymmetry

AC

EC

sEC

IFR

Matrix

S

Dr. Sara Greenberg

4747

Engineering Contradictions and Altshuller’s Matrix

Pneumatics and hydraulics

The Exhaust gasses are released in such a way that they are a functional extension of the wing. They contribute to generating lift and do not add weight to the airplane.

(from US Patent N 4 648 571)

Dr. Sara Greenberg

48

Separation Principles Solving Physical Contradictions

Separation upon condition

Separation in space

Separation in time

In Space

In Demands

Dr. Sara Greenberg

49

Inventive principles

Dr. Sara Greenberg

50

Principle 3. Local quality• Change an object's structure from uniform to non-uniform, change an external environment (or external influence) from uniform to non-uniform.• Make each part of an object work in the conditions that are most suitable for its operation.• Make each part of an object fulfill a different and useful function.

Example: Non-uniform winding for uniform heatingAn infrared lamp heats a semiconductor wafer. The wafer edge cools more quickly making the temperature higher in the center. Can a uniform heating be achieved?The heater spiral is wound with more windings at its edges. This gives more heat at the edges than in the center, provides a uniform temperature over the entire surface of the wafer

Dr. Sara Greenberg

51

Transition from Technical to Physical Contradiction

Dr. Sara Greenberg

52

Effects: Physical, Chemical, Geometrical, Biological

Dr. Sara Greenberg

53

Separation principle: Space

Dr. Sara Greenberg

54

What does the Solution of Problem Mean? It Means – We Found a Way to Change Values of System Parameters

• Chemical • Deformation• Electric field• Electromagnetic wave and light• Fluid• Force, energy, and momentum• Geometric• Magnetic• Mechanical and sound wave • Motion and vibration• Process• Quantity• Radioactivity• Solid• Surface• Thermal