Holon (philosophy)A holon (Greek: ὅλον, holon neuter form of ὅλος, holos "whole") is somethingthat is simultaneously a whole and a part. The word was used by Arthur Koestlerin his book The Ghost in the Machine (1967, p. 48) and the phrase to hólon is aGreek translation from the Latin word universum, in the sense of totality, awhole.[1] Koestler was influenced by two observations in proposing the notion ofthe holon. The first observation was influenced by Herbert A. Simon's parable ofthe two watchmakers—in which Simon concludes that complex systems evolvefrom simple systems much more rapidly when there are stable intermediateforms present in the evolutionary process than if they are not present.[2] Thesecond observation was made by Koestler himself in his analysis of hierarchiesand stable intermediate forms in non-living matter (atomic and molecularstructure), living organisms, and social organizations. He concluded that,although it is easy to identify sub-wholes or parts, wholes and parts in anabsolute sense do not exist anywhere. Koestler proposed the word holon todescribe the hybrid nature of sub-wholes and parts within in vivo systems. Fromthis perspective, holons exist simultaneously as self-contained wholes in relationto their sub-ordinate parts, and as dependent parts when considered from the inverse direction.

Koestler also says that holons are self-reliant units that possess a degree of independence and can handle contingencies withoutasking higher authorities for instructions. I.e. they have a degree of autonomy. These holons are also simultaneously subject tocontrol from one or more of these higher authorities. The first property ensures that holons are stable forms that are able towithstand disturbances, while the latter property signifies that they are intermediate forms, providing a context for the properfunctionality for the larger whole.

Finally, Koestler defines a holarchy as a hierarchy of self-regulating holons that function first as autonomous wholes in supra-ordination to their parts, secondly as dependent parts in sub-ordination to controls on higher levels, and thirdly in coordinationwith their local environment.

General definition

TypesIndividual holonSocial holonArtifactsHeaps

In multiagent systems

See also

References

Further reading

External links

A fractal is close to the idea of holon,as it is a part that represents a wholeat the same time. Do seeds containtrees or do trees contain seeds? Wecould say both are true, because'trees and seeds' is an example of aholon.

Contents

A holon is a system (or phenomenon) that is an evolving self-organizing dissipative structure, composed of other holons, whosestructures exist at a balance point between chaos and order. It is sometimes discussed in the context of self-organizing holarchicopen systems (or, SOHO systems).[3] A holon is maintained by the throughput of matter–energy and information–entropyconnected to other holons and is simultaneously a whole in itself and at the same time is nested within another holon and so is apart of something much larger than itself. Holons range in size from the smallest subatomic particles and strings, all the way up tothe multiverse, comprising many universes. Individual humans, their societies and their cultures are intermediate level holons,created by the interaction of forces working upon us both top-down and bottom-up. On a non-physical level, words, ideas,sounds, emotions—everything that can be identified—is simultaneously part of something, and can be viewed as having parts ofits own, similar to sign in regard of semiotics. In 2013 Australian academic JT Velikovsky proposed the holon as the structure ofthe meme, the unit of culture,[4] synthesizing the major theories on memes of Richard Dawkins, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, E. O.Wilson, Frederick Turner and Arthur Koestler. Defined in this way, holons are related to the concept of autopoiesis, especially asit was developed in the application of Stafford Beer to second-order cybernetics and the viable system model, but also NiklasLuhmann in his social systems theory.

Since a holon is embedded in larger wholes, it is influenced by and influences these larger wholes. And since a holon alsocontains subsystems, or parts, it is similarly influenced by and influences these parts. Information flows bidirectionally betweensmaller and larger systems as well as rhizomatic contagion. When this bidirectionality of information flow and understanding ofrole is compromised, for whatever reason, the system begins to break down: wholes no longer recognize their dependence ontheir subsidiary parts, and parts no longer recognize the organizing authority of the wholes. Cancer may be understood as such abreakdown in the biological realm.

A hierarchy of holons is called a holarchy. The holarchic model can be seen as an attempt to modify and modernise perceptionsof natural hierarchy.

Ken Wilber comments that the test of holon hierarchy (holarchy) is that if all instances of a given type of holon cease to exist,then all the holons they were part of must cease to exist too. Thus an atom is of a lower standing in the hierarchy than a molecule,because if you removed all molecules, atoms could still exist, whereas if you removed all atoms, molecules, in a strict sensewould cease to exist. Wilber's concept is known as the doctrine of the fundamental and the significant. A hydrogen atom is morefundamental than an ant, but an ant is more significant.

The doctrine of the fundamental and the significant is contrasted by the radical rhizome oriented pragmatics of Deleuze andGuattari, and other continental philosophy.

A significant feature of Koestler's concept of holarchy is that it is open ended both in the macrocosmic as well as in themicrocosmic dimensions. This aspect of his theory has several important implications. For example, if we take string theory to belegitimate, the holarchic system does not begin with strings or end with the multiverse. Those are just the present limits of thereach of the human mind in the two dimensions. Humans will cross those limits eventually, because they do not encompass thewhole of reality. Karl Popper (Objective Knowledge, 1972) teaches that what the human mind knows and can ever know of truthat a given point of time and space is verisimilitude—something like truth—and that the human mind will continue to get closer toreality but never reach it. In other words, the human quest for knowledge is an unending journey with innumerable grand sightsahead but with no possibility of reaching the journey's end. The work of modern physicists designed to discover the theory ofeverything (TOE) is reaching deep into the microcosm under the assumption that the macrocosm is eventually made of themicrocosm. This approach falls short on two counts: the first is that the fundamental is not the same as significant and the secondis that this approach does not take into account that the microcosmic dimension is open ended. It follows that the search for TOEwill discover phenomena more microcosmic than strings or the more comprehensive M theory. It is also the case that many lawsof nature that apply to systems relatively low in the hierarchy cease to apply at higher levels. M theory might have predictive

General definition

power at the sub-atomic level but it will inform but little about reality at higher levels. The work of the particle physicists isindeed laudable but possibly they should give the theory they are looking for another name. This is not to claim that the conceptof holarchy is already the theory of everything.

An individual holon possesses a dominant monad; that is, it possesses a definable "I-ness". An individual holon is discrete, self-contained, and also demonstrates the quality of agency, or self-directed behavior.[5] The individual holon, although a discrete andself-contained whole, is made up of parts; in the case of a human, examples of these parts would include the heart, lungs, liver,brain, spleen, etc. When a human exercises agency, taking a step to the left, for example, the entire holon, including theconstituent parts, moves together as one unit.

A social holon does not possess a dominant monad; it possesses only a definable "we-ness", as it is a collective made up ofindividual holons.[6] In addition, rather than possessing discrete agency, a social holon possesses what is defined as nexus agency.An illustration of nexus agency is best described by a flock of geese. Each goose is an individual holon, the flock makes up asocial holon. Although the flock moves as one unit when flying, and it is "directed" by the choices of the lead goose, the flockitself is not mandated to follow that lead goose. Another way to consider this would be collective activity that has the potential forindependent internal activity at any given moment.

American philosopher Ken Wilber includes Artifacts in his theory of holons. Artifacts are anything (e.g. a statue or a piece ofmusic) that is created by either an individual holon or a social holon. While lacking any of the defining structural characteristics -agency; self-maintenance; I-ness; Self Transcendence - of the previous two holons, Artifacts are useful to include in acomprehensive scheme due to their potential to replicate aspects of and profoundly affect (via, say interpretation) the previouslydescribed holons. Artifacts are made up of individual or social holons (e.g. a statue is made up of atoms).

The development of Artificial Intelligence may force one to question where the line should be drawn between the individualholon and the artifact.

Heaps are defined as random collections of holons that lack any sort of organisational significance. A pile of leaves would be anexample of a heap. Note, one could question whether a pile of leaves could be an "artifact" of an ecosystem "social holon". Thisraises a problem of intentionality: in short, if social holons create artifacts but lack intentionality (the domain of individualholons), how can we distinguish between heaps and artifacts? Further, if an artist (individual holon) paints a picture (artifact) in adeliberately chaotic and unstructured way does it become a heap?

Multiagent systems are systems composed of autonomous software entities. They are able to simulate a system or solve problems.A holon, just like an agent, is an intelligent entity able to interact with the environment and to make decisions to solve a specificproblem. A Holon has the noteworthy property of playing the role of a whole and a part at the same time. This reflects at the

Types

Individual holon

Social holon

Artifacts

Heaps

In multiagent systems

organizational level: Holarchy functions first as autonomous wholes in supra-ordination to their parts, secondly as dependentparts in sub-ordination to controls on higher levels, and thirdly in coordination with their local environment.[7]

The SARL agent-oriented programming language is a language with native support for the concept of holon. The associated run-time environment Janus (http://www.janusproject.io) enables running the implemented holons.

Bell's theoremHeterarchyHolarchyHolismHolism in ecological anthropologyHolism in scienceHolomovementIntegral theoryJanusLe Chatelier's principleMetasystem transitionPhiloticsProtocol stackSacred geometryWriters:

Arthur KoestlerDavid BohmJames J. KayHerbert A. SimonKen Wilber

Holon (sculpture), Portland, Oregon

1. Gómez de Silva, Guido (1993). Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua española (2a ed.). México: Colegio deMéxico. p. 703. ISBN 9681628128. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

2. Simon, Herbert A. (1969). The Sciences of the Artificial. Boston: MIT Press.

3. Kay, J. J. (February 2000) [1999]. "Application of the Second Law of Thermodynamics and Le Chatelier'sPrinciple to the Developing Ecosystem". In Muller, F. (ed.). Handbook of Ecosystem Theories and Management.Environmental & Ecological (Math) Modeling. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-56670-253-9. "As systems move awayfrom equilibrium, they use all available avenues to counter the applied gradients ... Le Chatelier's principle is anexample of this equilibrium seeking principle." For full details, see: "Ecosystems as Self-organizing Holarchic Open Systems: Narratives and the Second Lawof Thermodynamics": 5. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.11.856 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.11.856).

4. "Holonic Structure of the Meme - The Unit of Culture" (http://storyality.wordpress.com/2013/12/12/storyality-100-the-holonic-structure-of-the-meme-the-unit-of-culture/). StoryAlity academic weblog, JT Velikovsky. Retrieved2 January 2014.

5. Wilber, K. (2007). The integral vision. Shambhala Publications: Boston

6. Luhmann, N. (1995). Social systems. Stanford University Press: California

7. Calabrese, M. (2011). "Hierarchical-Granularity Holonic Modelling" (http://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/155499/2/phd_unimi_R07647.pdf) (PDF). Doctoral Thesis. University of Milan, Italy.

See also

References

Prigogine I and Stengers E (1984). Order out of Chaos. New York: Bantam Books.Koestler, Arthur (1967). The Ghost in the Machine (1990 reprint ed.). London: Hutchinson (Penguin Group).ISBN 0-14-019192-5.

A brief history of the concept of holons (http://www.integralworld.net/edwards13.html)An even briefer history of the term holon (https://web.archive.org/web/20031009050651/http://www.mech.kuleuven.ac.be/pma/project/goa/hms-int/history.html)Arthur Koestler text on holon (http://www.panarchy.org/koestler/holon.1969.html)Ecosystems and Holarchies - a new way to look at hierarchies (http://www.holon.se/folke/kurs/Bilder/holarchy2.shtml)Holons, holarchy, and beyond (http://www.beyondwilber.ca/AQALmap/bookdwl/files/WAQALMB_1.pdf)The holonic structure of the meme, the unit of culture (http://storyality.wordpress.com/2013/12/12/storyality-100-the-holonic-structure-of-the-meme-the-unit-of-culture/)

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ἀρχή

See also: αρχή and ἀρχῇ

Ancient GreekEtymologyPronunciationNoun

DeclensionDerived termsDescendantsReferences

From ἄρχω (árkhō, “to begin” ) + -η (-ē, verbal noun suffix ).

(5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ar.kʰɛ̌ː/

(1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /arˈkʰe/

(4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /arˈxi/

(10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /arˈçi/

(15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /arˈçi/

ᾰ̓ρχή • (arkhḗ) f (genitive ᾰ̓ρχῆς); first declension

1. beginning, origin

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Genesis 1.1

Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν.

En arkhêi epoíēsen ho theòs tòn ouranòn kaì tḕn gên.In the beginning, God made the sky and the earth.

50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of John 1:1

Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος.

En arkhêi ên ho lógos, kaì ho lógos ên pròs tòn theón, kaì theòs ên ho lógos.In the beginning, there was the word, and the word was with God, and God was the word.

Contents

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

2. sovereignty, dominion, authority3. the end of a rope or stick, the corner of a sheet

New Testament, Acts of the Apostles 10:11:

[Πέτρος] θεωρεῖ […] ὀθόνην μεγάλην, τέσσαρσιν ἀρχαῖς δεδεμένον, καὶ καθιέμενον ἐπὶ

τῆς γῆς

[Pétros] theōreî […] othónēn megálēn, téssarsin arkhaîs dedeménon, kaì kathiémenon epì têsgês[Peter] beholds […] a great sheet, tied by four corners, and being let down on the earth.

First declension of ἡ ᾰ̓ρχή; τῆς ᾰ̓ρχῆς (Attic)

Case / # Singular Dual Plural

Nominative ἡ ᾰ̓ρχή hē arkhḗ

τὼ ᾰ̓ρχᾱ́ tṑ arkhā́

αἱ ᾰ̓ρχαί hai arkhaí

Genitive τῆς ᾰ̓ρχῆς tês arkhês

τοῖν ᾰ̓ρχαῖν toîn arkhaîn

τῶν ᾰ̓ρχῶν tôn arkhôn

Dative τῇ ᾰ̓ρχῇ têi arkhêi

τοῖν ᾰ̓ρχαῖν toîn arkhaîn

ταῖς ᾰ̓ρχαῖς taîs arkhaîs

Accusative τὴν ᾰ̓ρχήν tḕn arkhḗn

τὼ ᾰ̓ρχᾱ́ tṑ arkhā́

τᾱ̀ς ᾰ̓ρχᾱ́ς tā̀s arkhā́s

Vocative ᾰ̓ρχή arkhḗ

ᾰ̓ρχᾱ́ arkhā́

ᾰ̓ρχαί arkhaí

Notes: This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, seeAppendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

ᾰ̓ρχαῖος (arkhaîos )ἀρχεῖον (arkheîon )-ᾰ́ρχης (-árkhēs )

→ Coptic: ⲁⲣⲭⲏ (arkhē )

Greek: αρχή (archí )

ἀρχή (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)rxh/) in Liddell & Scott(1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Pressἀρχή (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0058:entry=a)rxh/) in Liddell & Scott(1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothersἀρχή (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0073:entry=a)rxh/) in Autenrieth,Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothersἀρχή (https://archive.org/stream/BaillyDictionnaireGrecFrancais/Bailly_DictionnaireGrecFrancais#page/n280/mode/1up) in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: HachetteBauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature,Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Declension

Derived terms

Descendants

References

ἀρχή (http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/cunliffe/#eid=1412&context=lsj) in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of theHomeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963ἀρχή (http://dge.cchs.csic.es/xdge/%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AE) in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2019)G746 (http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G746&t=KJV) in Strong’s ExhaustiveConcordance to the Bible, 1979ἀρχή (http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/lbg/#eid=9395&context=lsj) in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zurbyzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften

Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language [1] (http://www.lib.uchicago.e

du/efts/Woodhouse/), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.

authority (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=53&pageturn=1)idem, page 53.birth (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=79&pageturn=1) idem,page 79.cause (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=118&pageturn=1)idem, page 118.chieftainship (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=129&pageturn=1) idem, page 129.command (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=146&pageturn=1) idem, page 146.commencement (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=147&pageturn=1) idem, page 147.control (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=170&pageturn=1)idem, page 170.corporation (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=174&pageturn=1) idem, page 174.crown (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=186&pageturn=1)idem, page 186.dawn (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=197&pageturn=1)idem, page 197.derivation (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=214&pageturn=1) idem, page 214.direction (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=226&pageturn=1)idem, page 226.dominance (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=247&pageturn=1) idem, page 247.domination (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=247&pageturn=1) idem, page 247.dominion (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=247&pageturn=1)idem, page 247.element (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=265&pageturn=1)idem, page 265.empire (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=269&pageturn=1)idem, page 269.foundation (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=341&pageturn=1) idem, page 341.fountain (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=341&pageturn=1)idem, page 341.germ (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=357&pageturn=1)idem, page 357.government (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=368&pageturn=1) idem, page 368.governorship (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=368&pageturn=1) idem, page 368.ground (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=375&pageturn=1)idem, page 375.ground-work (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=375&pageturn=1) idem, page 375.head (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=389&pageturn=1)idem, page 389.headship (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=391&pageturn=1)idem, page 391.inception (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=427&pageturn=1)idem, page 427.kingdom (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=470&pageturn=1)idem, page 470.

kingship (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=470&pageturn=1)idem, page 470.lordship (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=500&pageturn=1)idem, page 500.magistracy (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=507&pageturn=1) idem, page 507.making (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=509&pageturn=1)idem, page 509.mastery (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=517&pageturn=1)idem, page 517.might (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=528&pageturn=1)idem, page 528.nucleus (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=562&pageturn=1)idem, page 562.office (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=571&pageturn=1)idem, page 571.opening (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=576&pageturn=1)idem, page 576.origin (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=579&pageturn=1)idem, page 579.outset (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=583&pageturn=1)idem, page 583.power (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=630&pageturn=1)idem, page 630.principality (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=641&pageturn=1) idem, page 641.principle (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=641&pageturn=1)idem, page 641.realm (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=676&pageturn=1)idem, page 676.reign (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=688&pageturn=1)idem, page 688.rise (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=717&pageturn=1)idem, page 717.root (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=721&pageturn=1)idem, page 721.royalty (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=724&pageturn=1)idem, page 724.rudiment (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=724&pageturn=1)idem, page 724.rule (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=725&pageturn=1)idem, page 725.sceptre (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=738&pageturn=1)idem, page 738.seed (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=749&pageturn=1)idem, page 749.source (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=797&pageturn=1)idem, page 797.sovereignty (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=797&pageturn=1) idem, page 797.spring (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=805&pageturn=1)idem, page 805.start (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=811&pageturn=1)idem, page 811.starting point (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=812&pageturn=1) idem, page 812.strength (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=824&pageturn=1)idem, page 824.

supremacy (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=842&pageturn=1) idem, page 842.supreme (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=842&pageturn=1)idem, page 842.tenure (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=862&pageturn=1)idem, page 862.territory (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=863&pageturn=1)idem, page 863.threshold (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=870&pageturn=1)idem, page 870.throne (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=870&pageturn=1)idem, page 870.

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ὅλος

See also: όλος

Ancient GreekAlternative formsEtymologyPronunciationAdjective

InflectionDescendantsReferences

οὖλος (oûlos ) – Ionic, Homeric

From Proto-Indo-European *solh₂wós, from *solh₂- (“whole” ). Cognates include Sanskrit सव� (sárva ), Avestan �𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬬𐬀�

(haurva ), Latin salvus, sollus.

(5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /hó.los/

(1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈ(h)o.los/

(4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈo.los/

(10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈo.los/

(15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈo.los/

ὅλος • (hólos) m (feminine ὅλη, neuter ὅλον); first/second declension

1. whole, entire, perfect, complete2. complete, utter3. generally, on the whole4. (with negative): at all5. actually

Contents

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adjective

Greek: όλος (ólos )English: holo-

ὅλος (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=o(/los) in Liddell & Scott(1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Pressὅλος (https://archive.org/stream/BaillyDictionnaireGrecFrancais/Bailly_DictionnaireGrecFrancais#page/n1369/mode/1up) in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: HachetteBauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature,Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Pressὅλος (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0072:entry=o(/los) in Slater, WilliamJ. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de GruyterG3650 (http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G3650&t=KJV) in Strong’s ExhaustiveConcordance to the Bible, 1979

First and second declension of ὅλος; ὅλη; ὅλον (Attic)

Number Singular Dual PluralCase/Gender Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neute

Nominative ὅλος hólos

ὅλη hólē

ὅλον hólon

ὅλω hólō

ὅλᾱ hólā

ὅλω hólō

ὅλοι hóloi

ὅλαι hólai

ὅλᾰ

hóla

Genitive ὅλου hólou

ὅλης hólēs

ὅλου hólou

ὅλοιν hóloin

ὅλαιν hólain

ὅλοιν hóloin

ὅλων hólōn

ὅλων hólōn

ὅλω

hólō

Dative ὅλῳ hólōi

ὅλῃ hólēi

ὅλῳ hólōi

ὅλοιν hóloin

ὅλαιν hólain

ὅλοιν hóloin

ὅλοις hólois

ὅλαις hólais

ὅλοι

hóloi

Accusative ὅλον hólon

ὅλην hólēn

ὅλον hólon

ὅλω hólō

ὅλᾱ hólā

ὅλω hólō

ὅλους hólous

ὅλᾱς hólās

ὅλᾰ

hóla

Vocative ὅλε hóle

ὅλη hólē

ὅλον hólon

ὅλω hólō

ὅλᾱ hólā

ὅλω hólō

ὅλοι hóloi

ὅλαι hólai

ὅλᾰ

hóla

Derivedforms

Adverb Comparative Superlativeὅλως hólōs

ὁλώτερος holṓteros

ὁλώτᾰτος holṓtatos

Notes: This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, seeAppendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Inflection

Descendants

References

Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language [1] (http://www.lib.uchicago.e

du/efts/Woodhouse/), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.

all (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=22&pageturn=1) idem,page 22.entire (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=277&pageturn=1)idem, page 277.livelong (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=496&pageturn=1)idem, page 496.thorough (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=868&pageturn=1)idem, page 868.thorough-going (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=868&pageturn=1) idem, page 868.total (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=884&pageturn=1)idem, page 884.universal (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=923&pageturn=1)idem, page 923.whole (http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pagenumber=977&pageturn=1)idem, page 977.

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-άρχης

See also: αρχής and ἀρχῆς

Ancient GreekEtymologyPronunciationSuffix

DeclensionDerived termsDescendants

GreekAlternative formsEtymologySuffix

DeclensionDerived terms

ᾰ̓ρχή (arkhḗ, “rule”, “government” ) + -ης (-ēs )

(5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ár.kʰɛːs/

(1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈar.kʰes/

(4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈar.xis/

(10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈar.çis/

(15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈar.çis/

-ᾰ́ρχης • (-árkhēs) m (genitive -ᾰ́ρχου); first declension

1. -arch (ruler, leader)

First declension of -ᾰ́ρχης; -ᾰ́ρχου (Attic)

Case / # Singular Dual Plural

Nominative -ᾰ́ρχης -árkhēs

-ᾰ́ρχᾱ -árkhā

-ᾰ́ρχαι -árkhai

Genitive -ᾰ́ρχου -árkhou

-ᾰ́ρχαιν -árkhain

-ᾰρχῶν -arkhôn

Dative -ᾰ́ρχῃ -árkhēi

-ᾰ́ρχαιν -árkhain

-ᾰ́ρχαις -árkhais

Accusative -ᾰ́ρχην -ᾰ́ρχᾱ -ᾰ́ρχᾱς

Contents

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Declension

-árkhēn -árkhā -árkhās

Vocative -ᾰ́ρχᾰ -árkha

-ᾰ́ρχᾱ -árkhā

-ᾰ́ρχαι -árkhai

Notes: This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:AncientGreek dialectal declension.

Ancient Greek words suffixed with -άρχης

Greek: -άρχης (-árchis )Latin: -archēs

-αδα (-ada )

From Ancient Greek -άρχης (-árkhēs ).

-άρχης • (-árchis) m

1. Indicating leadership, ownership of or power over

κατάστημα (katástima, “shop” ) + -άρχης (-árchis ) → καταστηματάρχης (katastimatárchis, “shopkeeper” ) νομός (nomós, “nome” ) + -άρχης (-árchis ) → νομάρχης (nomárchis, “nomarch” ) αίθουσα (aíthousa, “room, auditorium” ) + -άρχης (-árchis ) → αιθουσάρχης (aithousárchis, “cinema owner” )

declension of -άρχης

singular pluralnominative -άρχης • -άρχες •

genitive -άρχη • -αρχών •accusative -άρχη • -άρχες •vocative -άρχη • -άρχες •

Greek words suffixed with -άρχης

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Derived terms

Descendants

Greek

Alternative forms

Etymology

Suffix

Declension

Derived terms

-αρχία

Ancient GreekEtymologyPronunciationSuffix

InflectionDescendants

GreekEtymologySuffix

Derived terms

From -ᾰ́ρχης (-árkhēs, “leader”, “ruler” ) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā, noun-forming suffix ).

(5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ar.kʰí.aː/

(1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /arˈkʰi.a/

(4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /arˈxi.a/

(10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /arˈçi.a/

(15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /arˈçi.a/

-ᾰρχῐ́ᾱ • (-arkhíā) f (genitive -ᾰρχῐ́ᾱς); first declension

1. -archy (form of government or rule)

First declension of -ᾰρχῐ́ᾱ; -ᾰρχῐ́ᾱς (Attic)

Case / # Singular Dual Plural

Nominative -ᾰρχῐ́ᾱ -arkhíā

-ᾰρχῐ́ᾱ -arkhíā

-ᾰρχῐ́αι -arkhíai

Genitive -ᾰρχῐ́ᾱς -arkhíās

-ᾰρχῐ́αιν -arkhíain

-ᾰρχῐῶν -arkhiôn

Dative -ᾰρχῐ́ᾳ -ᾰρχῐ́αιν -ᾰρχῐ́αις

Contents

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Inflection

-arkhíāi -arkhíain -arkhíais

Accusative -ᾰρχῐ́ᾱν -arkhíān

-ᾰρχῐ́ᾱ -arkhíā

-ᾰρχῐ́ᾱς -arkhíās

Vocative -ᾰρχῐ́ᾱ -arkhíā

-ᾰρχῐ́ᾱ -arkhíā

-ᾰρχῐ́αι -arkhíai

Notes: This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, seeAppendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

English: -archyGreek: -αρχία (-archía )Latin: -archia

From Ancient Greek -αρχία (-arkhía ).

-αρχία • (-archía) f

1. -archy; forms systems of government and control

μητέρα (mitéra, “mother” ) + -αρχία (-archía ) → μητριαρχία (mitriarchía, “matriarchy” )

Greek words suffixed with -αρχία

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Descendants

Greek

Etymology

Suffix

Derived terms

-archySee also: archy

EnglishEtymologySuffix

SynonymsDerived termsTranslations

Anagrams

From Latin -archia, from Ancient Greek -αρχίᾱ (-arkhíā ), from ἀρχή (arkhḗ, “rule, government” ).

-archy

1. form of government or rule

-cracy

English words suffixed with -archy

form of government or rule

Galician: -arquía fGreek: -αρχία (el) f (-archía )Hebrew: ־ארכיה f (árkhiya )

Hungarian: -archiaIrish: -arcacht fPortuguese: -arquia f

chary

Contents

English

Etymology

Suffix

Synonyms

Derived terms

Translations

Anagrams

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