199
ED 431 927 AUTHOR TITLE INSTITUTION SPONS AGENCY ISBN PUB DATE NOTE AVAILABLE FROM PUB TYPE EDRS PRICE DESCRIPTORS ABSTRACT DOCUMENT RESUME CE 078 952 James, Donna Walker, Ed.; Jurich, Sonia More Things That Do Make a Difference for Youth: A Compendium of Evaluations of Youth Programs and Practices. Volume II. American Youth Policy Forum, Washington, DC. Lilly Endowment, Inc., Indianapolis, IN.; Commonwealth Fund, New York, NY.; General Electric Foundation, Ossining, NY. ISBN-1-887031-64-2 1999-00-00 393p.; For volume I, see ED 409 462. American Youth Policy Forum, 1836 Jefferson Place, NW, Washington, DC 20036; Tel: 202-775-9731 ($10). Guides - Non-Classroom (055) MF01/PC16 Plus Postage. Adolescents; *Career Development; *Disadvantaged Youth; *Education Work Relationship; Elementary Secondary Education; High Risk Students; Higher Education; Late Adolescents; Models; Preadolescents; Program Descriptions; Program Effectiveness; Program Implementation; Program Improvement; *Youth Programs This book contains 46 summaries of positive findings from youth interventions based on 64 evaluations. Each of the summaries follows an outline that includes these components: an overview, population information, evidence of effectiveness, key components, contributing factors, study methodology, geographic areas, and contact information (plus a section of additional resources for some studies) . The summaries are organized in three sections: education and career development, building strong communities, and of interest (recent studies dealing with a variety of topics about youth policies and practices). Among the best known approaches described are the following: Career Academies, School-to-Work, Tech Prep, Boys and Girls Clubs of America, 4-H, Teen Outreach Program, Youth as Resources, and programs recognized by PEPNet (the Promising and Effective Practices Network). The report also summarizes evaluations of community schools and after-school, juvenile justice, and English language development programs. The report provides a resource of empirical findings (beyond anecdotal evidence) for policy makers and program practitioners to use to create and implement strategies to improve services and supports for youth, particularly disadvantaged and at-risk young people. The document also contains a table summarizing program characteristics and a bibliography of the 64 evaluations. (KC) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ********************************************************************************

DOCUMENT RESUME James, Donna Walker, Ed.; Jurich, SoniaDOCUMENT RESUME CE 078 952 James, Donna Walker, Ed.; Jurich, Sonia More Things That Do Make a Difference for Youth: A Compendium

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  • ED 431 927

    AUTHORTITLE

    INSTITUTIONSPONS AGENCY

    ISBNPUB DATENOTEAVAILABLE FROM

    PUB TYPEEDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

    ABSTRACT

    DOCUMENT RESUME

    CE 078 952

    James, Donna Walker, Ed.; Jurich, SoniaMore Things That Do Make a Difference for Youth: ACompendium of Evaluations of Youth Programs and Practices.Volume II.American Youth Policy Forum, Washington, DC.Lilly Endowment, Inc., Indianapolis, IN.; Commonwealth Fund,New York, NY.; General Electric Foundation, Ossining, NY.ISBN-1-887031-64-21999-00-00393p.; For volume I, see ED 409 462.American Youth Policy Forum, 1836 Jefferson Place, NW,Washington, DC 20036; Tel: 202-775-9731 ($10).Guides - Non-Classroom (055)MF01/PC16 Plus Postage.Adolescents; *Career Development; *Disadvantaged Youth;*Education Work Relationship; Elementary SecondaryEducation; High Risk Students; Higher Education; LateAdolescents; Models; Preadolescents; Program Descriptions;Program Effectiveness; Program Implementation; ProgramImprovement; *Youth Programs

    This book contains 46 summaries of positive findings fromyouth interventions based on 64 evaluations. Each of the summaries follows anoutline that includes these components: an overview, population information,evidence of effectiveness, key components, contributing factors, studymethodology, geographic areas, and contact information (plus a section ofadditional resources for some studies) . The summaries are organized in threesections: education and career development, building strong communities, andof interest (recent studies dealing with a variety of topics about youthpolicies and practices). Among the best known approaches described are thefollowing: Career Academies, School-to-Work, Tech Prep, Boys and Girls Clubsof America, 4-H, Teen Outreach Program, Youth as Resources, and programsrecognized by PEPNet (the Promising and Effective Practices Network). Thereport also summarizes evaluations of community schools and after-school,juvenile justice, and English language development programs. The reportprovides a resource of empirical findings (beyond anecdotal evidence) forpolicy makers and program practitioners to use to create and implementstrategies to improve services and supports for youth, particularlydisadvantaged and at-risk young people. The document also contains a tablesummarizing program characteristics and a bibliography of the 64 evaluations.(KC)

    ********************************************************************************

    Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.

    ********************************************************************************

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    ymak

    ers

    and

    prac

    titio

    ners

    alik

    e co

    uld

    read

    ily a

    cces

    s. T

    hrou

    ghou

    t the

    pro

    cess

    of

    prep

    arin

    gth

    ese

    volu

    mes

    , he

    has

    been

    a s

    ourc

    e of

    ref

    erra

    ls to

    addi

    tiona

    l eva

    luat

    ions

    and

    a d

    ilige

    nt e

    dito

    r of

    the

    entir

    e m

    anus

    crip

    t.

    Prof

    esso

    r E

    linor

    Wat

    ers,

    for

    mer

    ly o

    f O

    akla

    ndU

    nive

    rsity

    , Mic

    higa

    n, a

    nd S

    usan

    Kim

    , a w

    rite

    rsp

    ecia

    lizin

    g in

    you

    th p

    olic

    y an

    d pu

    blic

    atio

    ns f

    orno

    npro

    fits

    , rea

    d pi

    les

    of o

    rigi

    nal d

    ocum

    ents

    and

    tran

    slat

    ed b

    ulky

    eva

    luat

    ions

    into

    our

    tigh

    tlyfo

    rmat

    ted,

    use

    r-fr

    iend

    ly s

    umm

    arie

    s.

    Soni

    a Ju

    rich

    , a p

    rofe

    ssor

    and

    aut

    hor,

    pla

    yed

    am

    ajor

    rol

    e in

    the

    wri

    ting

    and

    prod

    uctio

    n of

    this

    volu

    me,

    fro

    m s

    earc

    hing

    for

    and

    scr

    eeni

    ngev

    alua

    tions

    ; to

    wri

    ting,

    rev

    iew

    ing

    and

    revi

    sing

    sum

    mar

    ies;

    to c

    reat

    ing

    a sy

    stem

    to k

    eep

    trac

    k of

    prog

    ress

    on

    each

    sum

    mar

    y; to

    cre

    atin

    g th

    e pr

    ogra

    mm

    atri

    x an

    d co

    -aut

    hori

    ng th

    e In

    trod

    uctio

    n an

    dR

    esea

    rch

    Not

    e. S

    onia

    als

    o ke

    pt th

    e pr

    ojec

    t goi

    ngw

    hile

    I to

    ok a

    thre

    e-m

    onth

    mat

    erni

    ty le

    ave.

    10

    JoA

    nn J

    astr

    zab,

    Sen

    ior

    Res

    earc

    h A

    ssoc

    iate

    at

    Abt

    Ass

    ocia

    tes,

    pro

    vide

    d a

    thou

    ghtf

    ul e

    xter

    nal r

    evie

    wfr

    om th

    e vi

    ewpo

    int o

    f an

    eva

    luat

    or w

    ith o

    ver

    25ye

    ars

    of e

    xper

    ienc

    e in

    eva

    luat

    ion.

    Alth

    ough

    I ta

    kere

    spon

    sibi

    lity

    for

    the

    cont

    ent o

    f th

    e pu

    blic

    atio

    n, s

    hepr

    ovid

    ed n

    umer

    ous

    com

    men

    ts, s

    ugge

    stio

    ns a

    ndco

    rrec

    tions

    whi

    ch a

    re f

    or th

    e m

    ost p

    art r

    efle

    cted

    inth

    is v

    olum

    e.

    Raf

    ael C

    harg

    el, a

    tale

    nted

    com

    pute

    r gr

    aphi

    csar

    tist,

    form

    atte

    d th

    e en

    tire

    docu

    men

    t for

    pub

    licat

    ion.

    Bet

    sy B

    rand

    , AY

    PF C

    o-D

    irec

    tor,

    pro

    vide

    ded

    itori

    al a

    ssis

    tanc

    e an

    d gu

    idan

    ce o

    ver

    the

    past

    six

    mon

    ths,

    and

    Gle

    nda

    Part

    ee, A

    YPF

    Co-

    Dir

    ecto

    r,pr

    ovid

    ed g

    uida

    nce

    and

    mor

    al s

    uppo

    rt o

    ver

    the

    year

    sinc

    e th

    e pr

    ojec

    t beg

    an.

    Spec

    ial t

    hank

    s to

    our

    fun

    ders

    : Lill

    y E

    ndow

    men

    t,T

    he C

    omm

    onw

    ealth

    Fun

    d, a

    nd G

    ener

    al E

    lect

    ric

    Fund

    . With

    out y

    ou w

    e co

    uld

    not h

    ave

    com

    plet

    edth

    is u

    nder

    taki

    ng.

    Don

    na W

    alke

    r Ja

    mes

    , Sen

    ior

    Prog

    ram

    Ass

    ocia

    teA

    mer

    ican

    You

    th P

    olic

    y Fo

    rum

    Proj

    ect C

    oord

    inat

    or a

    nd E

    dito

    r

  • Res

    earc

    h N

    otes

    The

    Sea

    rch

    for

    Eva

    luat

    ions

    We

    exte

    nd a

    spe

    cial

    than

    ks to

    all

    thos

    epr

    ogra

    ms

    that

    hav

    e em

    bark

    ed o

    n th

    edi

    fficu

    lt jo

    urne

    y of

    eva

    luat

    ion

    and

    wer

    ew

    illin

    g to

    pub

    lish

    and

    shar

    e th

    e da

    ta w

    epr

    esen

    t her

    e.

    12

    Thi

    s C

    ompe

    ndiu

    m o

    ffer

    s a

    broa

    d pi

    ctur

    e of

    effe

    ctiv

    e pr

    ogra

    ms

    addr

    essi

    ng a

    var

    iety

    of

    conc

    erns

    rela

    ted

    to y

    outh

    , fro

    m in

    crea

    sing

    aca

    dem

    icac

    hiev

    emen

    t to

    redu

    cing

    cri

    min

    al b

    ehav

    ior.

    The

    sear

    ch f

    or e

    valu

    atio

    ns o

    f su

    ch p

    rogr

    ams

    prov

    ed a

    chal

    leng

    e. E

    valu

    atio

    ns a

    re e

    xpen

    sive

    and

    dif

    ficu

    lt to

    deve

    lop.

    The

    y re

    quir

    e ha

    rd w

    ork,

    ext

    ra s

    taff

    tim

    ean

    d tr

    aini

    ng a

    nd, s

    omet

    imes

    , a c

    hang

    e in

    pro

    gram

    cultu

    re. F

    or p

    ract

    ition

    ers,

    eva

    luat

    ion

    is a

    lso

    a da

    ring

    vent

    ure

    that

    cha

    lleng

    es b

    oth

    prid

    e an

    d co

    nvic

    tions

    ,an

    d m

    ay s

    omet

    imes

    end

    one

    's p

    rogr

    am o

    r on

    e's

    care

    er. O

    n th

    e ot

    her

    hand

    , eva

    luat

    ion

    is e

    ssen

    tial f

    oron

    -goi

    ng p

    rogr

    am im

    prov

    emen

    t and

    fun

    ding

    , and

    topr

    omot

    e in

    crea

    sed

    know

    ledg

    e of

    you

    th-r

    elat

    ed p

    olic

    yan

    d pr

    actic

    es.

    In s

    earc

    h of

    eva

    luat

    ions

    , we

    used

    dif

    fere

    ntst

    rate

    gies

    that

    incl

    uded

    : (1)

    sea

    rch

    of e

    stab

    lishe

    dda

    taba

    ses,

    suc

    h as

    the

    Edu

    catio

    nal R

    esou

    rces

    Info

    rmat

    ion

    Cen

    ter

    (ER

    IC),

    Soc

    iolo

    gica

    l Abs

    trac

    tsan

    d th

    e N

    atio

    nal C

    rim

    inal

    Jus

    tice

    Ref

    eren

    ce S

    ervi

    ce(N

    CJR

    S); (

    2) I

    nter

    net s

    earc

    hes;

    (3)

    pho

    ne c

    alls

    ,el

    ectr

    onic

    -mai

    l and

    fax

    es to

    pro

    gram

    coo

    rdin

    ator

    s,po

    licym

    aker

    s, f

    undi

    ng o

    ffic

    ers

    and

    rese

    arch

    ers;

    (4)

    dist

    ribu

    tion

    of f

    lyer

    s re

    ques

    ting

    eval

    uatio

    n du

    ring

    foru

    ms,

    con

    fere

    nces

    and

    sim

    ilar

    even

    ts; a

    nd (

    5) a

    requ

    est f

    or e

    valu

    atio

    ns p

    oste

    d on

    our

    hom

    e pa

    ge(w

    ww

    .ayp

    f.or

    g). T

    he s

    earc

    h re

    sulte

    d in

    ove

    r 15

    0do

    cum

    ents

    that

    we

    revi

    ewed

    acc

    ordi

    ng to

    thre

    ecr

    iteri

    a: p

    rogr

    am c

    hara

    cter

    istic

    s, d

    ata

    prod

    uced

    and

    qual

    ity o

    f ev

    alua

    tion.

    Prog

    ram

    cha

    ract

    eris

    tics:

    pro

    gram

    s an

    dpr

    actic

    es h

    ad to

    targ

    et y

    outh

    and

    aim

    for

    long

    -ter

    min

    flue

    nce

    on p

    artic

    ipan

    ts. F

    ollo

    win

    g th

    ese

    crite

    ria,

    stro

    ng e

    valu

    atio

    ns o

    f w

    elfa

    re-t

    o-w

    ork

    prog

    ram

    s w

    ere

    reje

    cted

    bec

    ause

    they

    lack

    ed in

    form

    atio

    n on

    how

    the

    prog

    ram

    s af

    fect

    ed y

    oung

    rec

    ipie

    nts.

    Goo

    dev

    alua

    tions

    of

    shor

    t-te

    rm p

    rogr

    ams

    wer

    e si

    mila

    ryex

    clud

    ed. H

    owev

    er, w

    e ho

    pe to

    use

    thes

    edo

    cum

    ents

    in a

    noth

    er p

    ublic

    atio

    n.

    Dat

    a pr

    oduc

    ed: T

    he ti

    tle o

    f th

    is c

    ompe

    ndiu

    mca

    lls f

    or s

    ucce

    ssfu

    l pro

    gram

    s, d

    efin

    ed a

    s pr

    ogra

    ms

    that

    pro

    mot

    e po

    sitiv

    e ch

    ange

    s in

    par

    ticip

    ants

    ' liv

    es.

    The

    refo

    re, w

    e le

    ft e

    valu

    atio

    ns w

    ith n

    egat

    ive

    orco

    ntro

    vers

    ial f

    indi

    ngs

    to a

    fut

    ure

    volu

    me.

    Alth

    ough

    we

    do n

    ot d

    eny

    the

    impo

    rtan

    ce o

    f su

    bjec

    tive

    fact

    ors

    in m

    easu

    ring

    qua

    lity

    of li

    fe, i

    n th

    is ti

    me

    of li

    mite

    dbu

    dget

    s fo

    r un

    limite

    d ne

    eds,

    we

    felt

    com

    pelle

    d to

    look

    for

    eva

    luat

    ions

    that

    rel

    ied

    on m

    ore

    than

    satis

    fact

    ion

    surv

    eys

    and

    self

    -est

    eem

    sca

    les.

    We

    wan

    ted

    to k

    now

    whe

    ther

    the

    prog

    ram

    s w

    ere

    impr

    ovin

    g yo

    uth

    acad

    emic

    ach

    ieve

    men

    ts (

    test

    sco

    res,

    drop

    out r

    ates

    , pos

    tsec

    onda

    ry e

    duca

    tiona

    lat

    tain

    men

    t), i

    ncre

    asin

    g em

    ploy

    men

    t and

    bet

    ter

    earn

    ings

    , and

    red

    ucin

    g ri

    sky

    beha

    vior

    s.

    Qua

    lity

    of e

    valu

    atio

    n: W

    e st

    arte

    d th

    eco

    mpe

    ndiu

    m lo

    okin

    g fo

    r th

    ird

    part

    y, in

    depe

    nden

    tev

    alua

    tions

    that

    rel

    ied

    on c

    ontr

    ol o

    r co

    mpa

    riso

    ngr

    oups

    . Suc

    h ev

    alua

    tions

    are

    not

    eas

    y to

    fin

    d an

    dw

    e ha

    d to

    intr

    oduc

    e th

    ree

    vari

    atio

    ns to

    this

    cri

    teri

    on.

    Firs

    t, fo

    r w

    ell-

    esta

    blis

    hed

    prog

    ram

    s th

    at h

    ad n

    ot b

    een

    eval

    uate

    d be

    fore

    , we

    acce

    pted

    des

    crip

    tive

    stud

    ies,

    such

    as

    Safe

    Hav

    ens:

    B&

    GC

    A, G

    irls

    , Inc

    ., an

    dY

    MC

    As.

    Sec

    ond,

    we

    incl

    uded

    con

    trov

    ersi

    alev

    alua

    tions

    that

    are

    rar

    ely

    read

    but

    fre

    quen

    tlym

    isqu

    oted

    , suc

    h as

    Hig

    h/Sc

    ope

    Perr

    y Pr

    esch

    ool:

    Yps

    ilant

    i, M

    I. T

    hird

    , we

    also

    incl

    uded

    pop

    ular

    1 3

  • viM

    OR

    E T

    hing

    s T

    hat 0

    0 M

    ake

    a D

    iffer

    ence

    for

    You

    thst

    udie

    s th

    at a

    re o

    ften

    men

    tione

    d bu

    t are

    littl

    e kn

    own

    inth

    eir

    entir

    ety,

    suc

    h as

    Pro

    -Tec

    h: B

    osto

    n, M

    A, s

    o th

    atre

    ader

    s ha

    ve a

    bet

    ter

    unde

    rsta

    ndin

    g of

    wha

    t the

    dat

    are

    pres

    ent.

    Alth

    ough

    this

    com

    pend

    ium

    doe

    s no

    t int

    end

    to b

    e a

    rese

    arch

    man

    ual,

    it pr

    esen

    ts a

    var

    iety

    of

    type

    s of

    eval

    uatio

    ns, i

    nclu

    ding

    des

    crip

    tive

    stud

    ies

    (Tur

    ner

    Tec

    hnic

    al A

    rts

    Hig

    h Sc

    hool

    ; Tec

    h-Pr

    ep: N

    atio

    nal)

    ,qu

    asi-

    expe

    rim

    enta

    l stu

    dies

    (M

    ultis

    yste

    mic

    The

    rapy

    ,B

    oys

    &G

    irls

    Clu

    bs o

    fAm

    eric

    a), l

    ongi

    tudi

    nal r

    esea

    rch

    (Hig

    h/Sc

    ope

    Perr

    y Pr

    esch

    ool)

    and

    eve

    n an

    exa

    mpl

    eof

    Act

    ion

    Res

    earc

    h' (

    Nat

    iona

    l Gua

    rd C

    halle

    NG

    ePr

    ogra

    m).

    We

    sum

    mar

    ized

    eac

    h of

    the

    chos

    en s

    tudi

    es a

    ndha

    d ou

    r br

    iefs

    rev

    iew

    ed f

    or a

    ccur

    acy

    by th

    ere

    spec

    tive

    rese

    arch

    ers

    and

    prog

    ram

    sta

    ff. I

    nad

    ditio

    n, o

    ur e

    xter

    nal r

    evie

    wer

    rea

    d ea

    ch o

    f th

    esu

    mm

    arie

    s, a

    sked

    que

    stio

    ns, m

    ade

    com

    men

    ts, a

    ndev

    alua

    ted

    once

    mor

    e th

    e ov

    eral

    l qua

    lity

    of th

    edo

    cum

    ents

    . The

    boo

    k th

    us r

    efle

    cts

    the

    join

    t eff

    ort

    of a

    ll th

    ose

    indi

    vidu

    als,

    alth

    ough

    fin

    al d

    ecis

    ions

    on

    both

    con

    tent

    and

    whi

    ch s

    umm

    arie

    s to

    incl

    ude

    are

    the

    sole

    res

    pons

    ibili

    ty o

    f th

    e A

    mer

    ican

    You

    th P

    olic

    yFo

    rum

    .

    IA

    ctio

    n re

    sear

    ch is

    a n

    ew a

    ppro

    ach

    whe

    re r

    esea

    rche

    ran

    d pr

    ovid

    ers

    inte

    ract

    thro

    ugho

    ut th

    e re

    sear

    ch p

    erio

    dex

    chan

    ging

    info

    rmat

    ion

    that

    aim

    s to

    impr

    ove

    both

    the

    prog

    ram

    and

    the

    rese

    arch

    .

    The

    Com

    pend

    ium

    For

    mat

    1 4

    The

    sum

    mar

    ies

    follo

    w th

    e ei

    ght-

    sect

    ion

    outli

    neus

    ed in

    Som

    e T

    hing

    s D

    O M

    ake

    a D

    iffe

    renc

    e fo

    rY

    outh

    : Ove

    rvie

    w p

    rovi

    des

    a br

    ief

    look

    at h

    ow th

    epr

    ogra

    m s

    tart

    ed a

    nd it

    s pu

    rpos

    e. W

    here

    ava

    ilabl

    e, th

    efu

    ndin

    g so

    urce

    is id

    entif

    ied.

    Popu

    latio

    n of

    fers

    dem

    ogra

    phic

    info

    rmat

    ion

    on th

    epo

    pula

    tion

    serv

    ed.

    Evi

    denc

    e of

    Eff

    ectiv

    enes

    s su

    mm

    ariz

    es th

    e im

    pact

    of th

    e pr

    ogra

    m o

    n th

    e ta

    rget

    pop

    ulat

    ion.

    Dat

    a on

    prog

    ram

    cos

    ts, c

    ost/b

    enef

    it da

    ta a

    nd le

    vels

    of

    stat

    istic

    al s

    igni

    fica

    nce

    of f

    mdi

    ngs

    are

    prov

    ided

    whe

    neve

    r av

    aila

    ble.

    Key

    Com

    pone

    nts

    desc

    ribe

    s th

    e ba

    sic

    elem

    ents

    or

    stru

    ctur

    e of

    the

    prog

    ram

    .

    Con

    trib

    utin

    g Fa

    ctor

    s su

    mm

    ariz

    es th

    e fa

    ctor

    sth

    at m

    ost s

    tron

    gly

    cont

    ribu

    ted

    to th

    e pr

    ogra

    m's

    posi

    tive

    resu

    lts, e

    ither

    acc

    ordi

    ng to

    info

    rmat

    ion

    dire

    ctly

    sup

    plie

    d by

    the

    eval

    uato

    rs, o

    r ou

    run

    ders

    tand

    ing

    of th

    e do

    cum

    ents

    , con

    firm

    ed b

    y th

    eev

    alua

    tor

    or th

    e pr

    ogra

    m s

    taff

    .

    Stud

    y M

    etho

    dolo

    gy b

    rief

    ly d

    escr

    ibes

    the

    desi

    gnof

    the

    eval

    uatio

    n. T

    he te

    rm "

    cont

    rol g

    roup

    " is

    use

    dfo

    r ra

    ndom

    ly s

    elec

    ted

    grou

    ps in

    exp

    erim

    enta

    l or

    quas

    i-ex

    peri

    men

    tal d

    esig

    ns. "

    Com

    pari

    son

    grou

    p" is

    used

    whe

    n re

    sear

    cher

    s co

    mpa

    re o

    utco

    mes

    of

    the

    grou

    p re

    ceiv

    ing

    the

    inte

    rven

    tion

    with

    thos

    e of

    exis

    ting

    grou

    ps, s

    uch

    as c

    ompa

    ring

    dat

    a on

    asp

    ecif

    ic s

    choo

    l pro

    gram

    with

    dis

    tric

    t-w

    ide

    stud

    ents

    .Fo

    r re

    ader

    s w

    ho a

    re n

    ot f

    amili

    ar w

    ith r

    esea

    rch,

    it is

    impo

    rtan

    t to

    rem

    embe

    r th

    at f

    indi

    ngs

    are

    mos

    tre

    liabl

    e w

    hen

    rese

    arch

    ers

    com

    pare

    the

    targ

    et g

    roup

    with

    ano

    ther

    gro

    up th

    at is

    sim

    ilar

    in a

    ge, e

    thni

    city

    ,an

    d ot

    her

    impo

    rtan

    t cha

    ract

    eris

    tics.

    The

    siz

    e of

    the

  • MO

    RE

    Thi

    ngs

    Tha

    t DO

    Mak

    e a

    Diff

    eren

    ce fo

    r Y

    outh

    VII

    sam

    ple

    is le

    ss im

    port

    ant t

    han

    the

    care

    pla

    ced

    in it

    sse

    lect

    ion,

    the

    met

    hods

    use

    d to

    mak

    e th

    e tw

    o sa

    mpl

    esco

    mpa

    rabl

    e ("

    adju

    stin

    g" th

    e sa

    mpl

    e), a

    nd th

    ean

    alys

    is o

    f th

    e da

    ta. L

    ongi

    tudi

    nal s

    tudi

    es a

    rees

    sent

    ial t

    o ev

    alua

    te lo

    ng-t

    erm

    res

    ults

    of

    inte

    rven

    tions

    , but

    they

    tend

    to b

    e ve

    ry e

    xpen

    sive

    and

    diff

    icul

    t to

    cond

    uct (

    for

    this

    rea

    son,

    they

    may

    use

    smal

    l sam

    ples

    ). W

    hen

    the

    grou

    p st

    udie

    d is

    com

    pare

    dto

    dat

    a co

    llect

    ed f

    or o

    ther

    pur

    pose

    s, s

    uch

    as n

    atio

    nal

    empl

    oym

    ent r

    ates

    or

    dist

    rict

    -wid

    e gr

    ades

    , fm

    ding

    s ar

    ele

    ss r

    elia

    ble.

    In

    thes

    e ca

    ses,

    man

    y fa

    ctor

    s (o

    rva

    riab

    les)

    may

    inte

    rven

    e an

    d th

    e re

    sear

    cher

    can

    not

    be s

    ure

    whe

    ther

    the

    grou

    ps a

    re c

    ompa

    rabl

    e. F

    orin

    stan

    ce, i

    f a

    grou

    p of

    stu

    dent

    s ha

    s, o

    n av

    erag

    e, a

    low

    er s

    ocio

    -eco

    nom

    ic s

    tatu

    s th

    an th

    e di

    stri

    ct-w

    ide

    aver

    age,

    eva

    luat

    ors

    expe

    ct, b

    ased

    on

    prev

    ious

    rese

    arch

    , tha

    t thi

    s gr

    oup

    will

    sho

    w lo

    wer

    gra

    des

    and

    low

    er e

    mpl

    oym

    ent r

    ates

    than

    the

    dist

    rict

    -wid

    e da

    ta.

    To

    com

    pens

    ate

    for

    the

    soci

    o-ec

    onom

    ic a

    nd o

    ther

    poss

    ible

    dif

    fere

    nces

    , the

    two

    grou

    ps m

    ust b

    e ad

    just

    edth

    roug

    h st

    atis

    tical

    pro

    cedu

    res

    that

    are

    dif

    ficu

    lt an

    dre

    quir

    e sk

    illed

    res

    earc

    hers

    with

    mat

    hem

    atic

    alba

    ckgr

    ound

    or

    supp

    ort.

    We

    trie

    d to

    indi

    cate

    all

    the

    inst

    ance

    s w

    hen

    sam

    ples

    wer

    e ad

    just

    ed.

    Geo

    grap

    hic

    Are

    as id

    entif

    y th

    e si

    te o

    r si

    tes

    of th

    epr

    ogra

    ms

    and/

    or th

    e ev

    alua

    tions

    .

    Con

    tact

    Inf

    orm

    atio

    n is

    pro

    vide

    d fo

    r bo

    thev

    alua

    tors

    and

    pro

    gram

    impl

    emen

    ters

    .

    Add

    ition

    al R

    esou

    rce

    appe

    ars

    at th

    e en

    d of

    a f

    ewsu

    mm

    arie

    s w

    ith in

    form

    atio

    n on

    rec

    ent p

    ublic

    atio

    nsth

    at e

    ither

    did

    not

    flo

    w n

    atur

    ally

    with

    the

    sum

    mar

    y,

    but p

    rovi

    ded

    valu

    able

    info

    rmat

    ion

    on th

    e to

    pic

    orw

    ere

    publ

    ishe

    d to

    o la

    te to

    be

    incl

    uded

    in th

    esu

    mm

    ary

    proc

    ess.

    The

    sum

    mar

    ies

    wer

    e de

    sign

    ed to

    be

    read

    able

    ,ac

    cess

    ible

    , bri

    ef a

    nd o

    f a

    cons

    iste

    nt f

    orm

    at.

    How

    ever

    , in

    seve

    n su

    mm

    arie

    s th

    e fo

    rmat

    had

    to b

    em

    odif

    ied

    to b

    ette

    r re

    flec

    t the

    type

    of

    info

    rmat

    ion

    prov

    ided

    . Tee

    n Pr

    egna

    ncy

    Prog

    ram

    s an

    d Sa

    nta

    Ana

    Uni

    fied

    Sch

    ool D

    istr

    ict:

    Cal

    ifor

    nia

    focu

    s on

    fact

    ors

    that

    infl

    uenc

    e th

    e ou

    tcom

    es o

    f m

    ultip

    lepr

    ogra

    ms,

    rat

    her

    than

    pro

    vidi

    ng o

    utco

    me

    data

    . The

    othe

    r su

    mm

    arie

    s pr

    ovid

    e in

    form

    atio

    n on

    gen

    eral

    topi

    cs o

    f in

    tere

    st f

    or th

    e yo

    uth

    deve

    lopm

    ent f

    ield

    , but

    not d

    irec

    tly r

    elat

    ed to

    pro

    gram

    out

    com

    es. T

    hese

    topi

    cs in

    clud

    e: th

    e ch

    arac

    teri

    stic

    s an

    d ch

    alle

    nges

    of

    invo

    lvin

    g em

    ploy

    ers

    in s

    choo

    l ref

    orm

    (Sc

    hool

    -to-

    Wor

    k: E

    mpl

    oyer

    s); t

    he f

    acto

    rs th

    at in

    flue

    nce

    heal

    th-

    rela

    ted

    beha

    vior

    (A

    dole

    scen

    t Hea

    lth)

    and

    care

    erch

    oice

    s (C

    ouns

    elin

    g fo

    r H

    igh

    Skill

    s) a

    mon

    g yo

    uth;

    the

    infl

    uenc

    e of

    the

    GE

    D in

    em

    ploy

    men

    t and

    post

    seco

    ndar

    y ed

    ucat

    ion

    of h

    igh

    scho

    ol d

    ropo

    uts

    (The

    GE

    D);

    and

    pre

    dict

    ors

    of e

    mpl

    oym

    ent f

    or h

    igh

    scho

    ol d

    ropo

    uts

    (Pre

    dict

    ing

    Em

    ploy

    men

    t).

    Whi

    le th

    e br

    evity

    of

    the

    sum

    mar

    ies

    faci

    litat

    esre

    adin

    g, it

    lim

    its th

    e in

    form

    atio

    n th

    at c

    an b

    epr

    ovid

    ed. R

    eade

    rs a

    re s

    tron

    gly

    enco

    urag

    ed to

    cons

    ult t

    he o

    rigi

    nal e

    valu

    atio

    ns. T

    he b

    iblio

    grap

    hyco

    ntai

    ns f

    ull c

    itatio

    ns a

    nd c

    opie

    s of

    unp

    ublis

    hed

    docu

    men

    ts m

    ay b

    e ob

    tain

    ed th

    roug

    h th

    e co

    ntac

    tslis

    ted

    in e

    ach

    sum

    mar

    y.

    16uu

    t.,17

  • MO

    RE

    Thi

    ngs

    Tha

    t DO

    Mak

    e a

    Diff

    eren

    ce fo

    r Y

    outh

    The

    Sec

    tions

    The

    sum

    mar

    ies

    are

    orga

    nize

    d in

    thre

    e se

    ctio

    ns.

    The

    fir

    st s

    ectio

    n, E

    duca

    tion

    and

    Car

    eer

    Dev

    elop

    men

    t, pr

    ovid

    es th

    e re

    ader

    with

    an

    over

    view

    of a

    var

    iety

    of

    appr

    oach

    es b

    eing

    use

    d to

    impr

    ove

    publ

    ic e

    duca

    tion:

    fro

    m s

    mal

    l, pr

    ivat

    ely-

    fund

    ed e

    ffor

    tsto

    enh

    ance

    the

    educ

    atio

    nal a

    chie

    vem

    ent o

    f m

    inor

    ityan

    d lo

    w-i

    ncom

    e st

    uden

    ts to

    larg

    e, f

    eder

    ally

    -sup

    port

    edin

    itiat

    ives

    . Thr

    ee im

    port

    ant m

    ovem

    ents

    in p

    ublic

    educ

    atio

    n to

    day

    are

    not r

    epre

    sent

    ed in

    this

    vol

    ume,

    beca

    use

    we

    wer

    e un

    able

    to f

    md

    stro

    ng e

    valu

    atio

    ns o

    rre

    sear

    cher

    s w

    ere

    unw

    illin

    g to

    sha

    re th

    eir

    find

    ings

    with

    us: c

    hart

    er s

    choo

    ls, s

    choo

    l vou

    cher

    s an

    d sp

    ecia

    led

    ucat

    ion.

    The

    sec

    ond

    sect

    ion,

    Bui

    ldin

    g St

    rong

    Com

    mun

    ities

    , inc

    lude

    s se

    rvic

    e-le

    arni

    ng p

    rogr

    ams

    and

    prog

    ram

    s pr

    imar

    ily c

    ondu

    cted

    out

    side

    of

    scho

    ols.

    The

    maj

    ority

    of

    thes

    e in

    itiat

    ives

    targ

    et y

    outh

    who

    , due

    toso

    cial

    , cul

    tura

    l, ec

    onom

    ic o

    r ps

    ycho

    logi

    cal

    char

    acte

    rist

    ics,

    are

    at r

    isk

    of f

    ailin

    g in

    sch

    ool a

    nd/o

    rbe

    com

    ing

    invo

    lved

    with

    the

    judi

    cial

    sys

    tem

    .

    The

    thir

    d se

    ctio

    nO

    f In

    tere

    stin

    clud

    es a

    sele

    ctio

    n of

    rec

    ent s

    tudi

    es d

    ealin

    g w

    ith a

    var

    iety

    of

    topi

    cs o

    f sp

    ecia

    l int

    eres

    t for

    thos

    e in

    volv

    ed w

    ithyo

    uth

    polic

    ies

    and

    prac

    tices

    , inc

    ludi

    ng h

    ealth

    beha

    vior

    am

    ong

    adol

    esce

    nts,

    fac

    tors

    that

    pre

    dict

    empl

    oym

    ent f

    or s

    choo

    l dro

    pout

    s, a

    nd w

    hat i

    sha

    ppen

    ing

    with

    you

    th w

    ho o

    btai

    n a

    GE

    D c

    rede

    ntia

    lin

    pla

    ce o

    f a

    high

    sch

    ool d

    iplo

    ma.

    Alth

    ough

    AY

    PFfo

    cuse

    s on

    you

    th a

    ges

    14 to

    29,

    we

    incl

    uded

    eval

    uatio

    ns o

    f tw

    o ea

    rly

    inte

    rven

    tion

    prog

    ram

    s,H

    igh/

    Scop

    e Pe

    rry

    Pres

    choo

    l and

    Hea

    d St

    art,

    toad

    dres

    s re

    sear

    ch c

    laim

    s th

    at a

    ntis

    ocia

    l beh

    avio

    rsst

    art i

    n ea

    rly

    ages

    and

    pre

    vent

    ion

    and

    earl

    yin

    terv

    entio

    n m

    ay b

    e th

    e m

    ost c

    ost-

    effe

    ctiv

    e w

    ay to

    deal

    with

    thes

    e be

    havi

    ors.

    ,

    Don

    na W

    alke

    r Ja

    mes

    is S

    enio

    r Pr

    ogra

    m A

    ssoc

    iate

    at t

    he A

    mer

    ican

    You

    th P

    olic

    y Fo

    rum

    and

    pro

    ject

    coo

    rdin

    ator

    and

    edito

    r of

    this

    and

    the

    earl

    ier

    com

    pend

    ium

    , "So

    me

    Thi

    ngs

    DO

    Mak

    e a

    Dif

    fere

    nce

    for

    You

    th"

    (AY

    PF: 1

    997)

    .M

    s. J

    ames

    has

    nea

    rly

    fift

    een

    year

    s of

    exp

    erie

    nce

    in th

    e yo

    uth

    fiel

    d.Sh

    e ha

    s be

    en th

    e ad

    min

    istr

    ator

    of

    the

    Wes

    tPh

    ilade

    lphi

    a Im

    prov

    emen

    t Cor

    ps (

    WE

    PIC

    ), a

    hig

    h sc

    hool

    teac

    her

    and

    an e

    valu

    athr

    of

    Phild

    elph

    ia s

    choo

    lre

    form

    eff

    orts

    .A

    t the

    US.

    Dep

    artm

    ent o

    f L

    abor

    , she

    hel

    ped

    deve

    lop

    the

    Nat

    iona

    l Sch

    ool-

    to-W

    ork

    Act

    of

    1994

    .M

    s. J

    ames

    has

    als

    o se

    rved

    as

    a co

    nsul

    tant

    on

    scho

    ol-t

    o-w

    ork

    issu

    es f

    or th

    e C

    ounc

    il of

    Chi

    ef S

    tate

    Sch

    ool

    Off

    icer

    s, th

    e N

    atio

    nal S

    choo

    l-T

    o-W

    ork

    Lea

    rnin

    g C

    ente

    r, S

    chol

    astic

    , Inc

    . and

    Ale

    xand

    ria

    City

    Pub

    lic S

    choo

    ls.

    She

    has

    a M

    aste

    rs in

    Edu

    catio

    n.

    Soni

    a Ju

    rich

    ear

    ned

    her

    M.D

    . with

    a s

    peci

    aliz

    atio

    n in

    com

    mun

    ity p

    sych

    iatr

    y. S

    he h

    as h

    eld

    prof

    esso

    rshi

    ps a

    tC

    atho

    lic a

    nd F

    eder

    al U

    nive

    rsiti

    es in

    Rio

    de

    Jane

    iro,

    Bra

    zil,

    serv

    ed a

    s di

    rect

    or o

    f th

    e Ps

    ychi

    atri

    c O

    utpa

    tient

    Clin

    ic a

    t the

    Fed

    eral

    Uni

    vers

    ity H

    ospi

    tal,

    and

    of m

    enta

    l hea

    lth c

    linic

    s in

    the

    Was

    hing

    ton,

    DC

    are

    a.D

    r. J

    uric

    h is

    the

    auth

    or o

    r tr

    ansl

    ator

    of

    over

    a d

    ozen

    pub

    licat

    ions

    on

    yout

    h de

    velo

    pmen

    t, yo

    uth

    with

    dis

    abili

    ties,

    men

    tal

    illne

    ss a

    nd p

    sych

    iatr

    y. C

    hang

    ing

    care

    ers,

    she

    is c

    urre

    ntly

    a d

    octo

    ral c

    andi

    date

    in S

    peci

    al E

    duca

    tion

    at T

    heG

    eorg

    e W

    ashi

    ngto

    n U

    nive

    rsity

    , wor

    king

    on

    her

    diss

    erta

    tion

    in ju

    veni

    le ju

    stic

    e.

    19

  • Intr

    oduc

    tion

    and

    Ove

    rvie

    w o

    f Fin

    ding

    six

    Bac

    kgro

    und

    The

    Am

    eric

    an Y

    outh

    Pol

    icy

    Foru

    m (

    AY

    PF)

    is a

    non-

    prof

    it, n

    on-p

    artis

    an p

    rofe

    ssio

    nal d

    evel

    opm

    ent

    orga

    niza

    tion

    dedi

    cate

    d to

    info

    rmin

    g po

    licym

    aker

    s an

    dpr

    actit

    ione

    rs a

    bout

    "w

    hat w

    orks

    " to

    impr

    ove

    life

    pros

    pect

    s fo

    r yo

    uth.

    To

    help

    ref

    ute

    the

    unfo

    unde

    das

    sum

    ptio

    n th

    at n

    othi

    ng w

    orks

    in p

    rogr

    amm

    ing

    for

    yout

    h, p

    artic

    ular

    ly lo

    w-i

    ncom

    e yo

    uth,

    AY

    PFpu

    blis

    hed

    Som

    e T

    hing

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    O M

    ake

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    iffe

    renc

    e fo

    rY

    outh

    : A C

    ompe

    ndiu

    m o

    f E

    valu

    atio

    ns o

    f Y

    outh

    Prog

    ram

    s an

    d Pr

    actic

    es (

    1997

    ) an

    d th

    is v

    olum

    e,M

    OR

    E T

    hing

    s T

    hat D

    O M

    ake

    a D

    iffe

    renc

    e fo

    r Y

    outh

    (199

    9). E

    ach

    of th

    e C

    ompe

    ndia

    con

    tain

    s ne

    arly

    50

    sum

    mar

    ies

    of e

    valu

    atio

    ns o

    f yo

    uth

    inte

    rven

    tions

    that

    are

    show

    n to

    impr

    ove

    the

    lives

    of

    youn

    g pe

    ople

    . In

    an e

    asy-

    to-r

    ead

    form

    at, t

    hese

    sum

    mar

    ies

    high

    light

    rese

    arch

    fin

    ding

    s, d

    escr

    ibe

    the

    key

    com

    pone

    nts,

    and

    shar

    e w

    hat i

    s kn

    own

    abou

    t the

    ingr

    edie

    nts

    of s

    ucce

    ssun

    derl

    ying

    eac

    h pr

    ogra

    m.

    In th

    e fo

    llow

    ing

    anal

    ysis

    of

    Vol

    ume

    II, w

    eex

    pand

    on

    the

    list o

    f ba

    sic

    prin

    cipl

    es f

    rom

    Vol

    ume

    I,us

    ing

    exam

    ples

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    m b

    oth

    Com

    pend

    ia. D

    eter

    min

    ing

    basi

    c pr

    inci

    ples

    of

    effe

    ctiv

    e yo

    uth

    prog

    ram

    s fo

    und

    inth

    e C

    ompe

    ndia

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    cien

    tific

    pro

    cess

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    prog

    ram

    s in

    clud

    ed d

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    ded

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    ost e

    ntir

    ely

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    aila

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    y of

    qua

    lity

    eval

    uatio

    ns. A

    lso,

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    wer

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    ited

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    rate

    gies

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    crib

    ed b

    y th

    e ev

    alua

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    ontr

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    rogr

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    ucce

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    ave

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    ateg

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    usof

    the

    eval

    uato

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    ork.

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    ur a

    naly

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    ds im

    port

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    nfor

    mat

    ion

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    king

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    corp

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    rinci

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    Vol

    ume

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    impl

    emen

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    n qu

    ality

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    the

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    t and

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    low

    -up

    Vol

    ume

    II

    impl

    emen

    tatio

    n qu

    ality

    cari

    ng, k

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    eabl

    e ad

    ults

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    tatio

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  • MO

    RE

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    ngs

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    t DO

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    arly

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    rain

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    ram

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    olum

    e I,

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    1-56

    ), T

    ech-

    Prep

    : Nat

    iona

    l and

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    rn a

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    e A

    mer

    ica

    (Vol

    ume

    II, p

    p. 5

    0-53

    and

    pp.

    101

    -10

    4). F

    acto

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    ibut

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    Big

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    f Am

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    aV

    olum

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    pp. 1

    01-1

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    From

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    luat

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    2 of

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    Vol

    ume

    I pr

    ogra

    ms.

    Sev

    enty

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    rcen

    t of

    stud

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    eyed

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    ol-t

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    aree

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    ogra

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    ume

    I, p

    p. 4

    1-43

    )in

    dica

    ted

    that

    pro

    gram

    s al

    low

    ed th

    em to

    dev

    elop

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    elat

    ions

    hips

    with

    adu

    lts, g

    ener

    ally

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    orks

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    evel

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    olm

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    (V

    olum

    e I,

    pp.

    57-

    60)

    lets

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    get

    to k

    now

    thei

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    uden

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    ore

    easi

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    rela

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    . Qua

    ntum

    Opp

    ortu

    nitie

    sPr

    ogra

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    Vol

    ume

    I, p

    p. 1

    23-1

    25)

    adm

    inis

    trat

    ors

    and

    staf

    f, a

    s w

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    rest

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    eep

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    epr

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    n 12

    of

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    46 V

    olum

    e II

    eval

    uatio

    ns. A

    dditi

    onal

    Vol

    ume

    II e

    valu

    atio

    nsm

    entio

    n th

    e us

    e of

    men

    tori

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    wte

    ache

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    ios.

    In

    Car

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    Aca

    dem

    y: J

    unio

    rR

    OT

    C (

    Vol

    ume

    II, p

    p. 1

    2-14

    ), th

    e st

    uden

    ts w

    hopa

    rtic

    ipat

    ed in

    foc

    us g

    roup

    s ag

    reed

    that

    the

    maj

    orfa

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    eir

    succ

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    was

    not

    nec

    essa

    rily

    the

    mili

    tary

    str

    uctu

    re, b

    ut th

    e nu

    rtur

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    envi

    ronm

    ent.

    The

    stu

    dent

    s w

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    espo

    nded

    to th

    e su

    rvey

    sem

    phas

    ized

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    r te

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    nter

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    divi

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    ecei

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    The

    low

    sta

    fftu

    rnov

    er in

    Bea

    cons

    : New

    Yor

    k C

    ity (

    Vol

    ume

    II,

    pp. 1

    12-1

    14)

    allo

    ws

    yout

    h to

    bui

    ld s

    tabl

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    d ca

    ring

    rela

    tions

    hips

    with

    sta

    ff.

  • MO

    RE

    Thi

    ngs

    Tha

    t DO

    Mak

    e a

    Diff

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    outh

    xi

    It is

    not

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    hav

    esy

    mpa

    thet

    ic a

    dult

    staf

    f an

    d vo

    lunt

    eers

    . The

    se a

    dults

    need

    to b

    e kn

    owle

    dgea

    ble

    as w

    ell.

    The

    y sh

    ould

    rece

    ive

    exte

    nsiv

    e tr

    aini

    ng in

    wor

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    eff

    ectiv

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    ng p

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    e-ap

    prop

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    tiviti

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    at f

    ollo

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    ound

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    thde

    velo

    pmen

    t pri

    ncip

    les.

    Tw

    elve

    eva

    luat

    ions

    inV

    olum

    e I

    and

    18 in

    Vol

    ume

    II m

    entio

    ned

    staf

    f an

    dvo

    lunt

    eer

    deve

    lopm

    ent a

    s cr

    itica

    l. Fo

    r ex

    ampl

    e, B

    ig

    Bro

    ther

    s B

    ig S

    iste

    rs (

    Vol

    ume

    I, p

    p. 1

    01-1

    03)

    ensu

    res

    that

    all

    men

    tors

    are

    car

    eful

    ly s

    cree

    ned

    and

    wel

    l-tr

    aine

    d in

    the

    resp

    onsi

    bilit

    ies

    of th

    eir

    role

    . The

    4-H

    : Kan

    sas

    City

    , MO

    pro

    gram

    (V

    olum

    e II

    , pp.

    109

    -11

    1) h

    ires

    pub

    lic h

    ousi

    ng r

    esid

    ents

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    sta

    ffpo

    sitio

    ns, o

    ffer

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    erso

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    onfl

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    esol

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    erso

    nal r

    elat

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    icul

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    evel

    opm

    ent f

    or a

    min

    imum

    of

    250

    hour

    s pe

    r ye

    ar.

    Hig

    h S

    tand

    ards

    and

    Exp

    ecta

    tions

    The

    con

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    exp

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    y so

    me

    pare

    nts

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    rs th

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    l-to-

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    itiat

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    wou

    ld n

    egat

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    pact

    stud

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    ' aca

    dem

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    arni

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    as n

    otsu

    ppor

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    e fin

    ding

    s.

    Sch

    ool-t

    o-W

    ork

    New

    Yor

    kV

    olum

    e II,

    pp

    47-4

    9

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    for

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    g pe

    ople

    als

    o m

    eans

    gui

    ding

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    vior

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    lleng

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    stud

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    stin

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    ccou

    ntab

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    e ex

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    pro

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    setti

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    e ch

    arac

    teri

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    ight

    eva

    luat

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    olum

    e I

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    valu

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    Vol

    ume

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    atew

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    Hig

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    catio

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    olum

    e I,

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    2-25

    ) pr

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    ican

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    ispa

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    stud

    ents

    for

    hig

    her

    educ

    atio

    n an

    d ca

    reer

    s in

    sci

    ence

    , med

    icin

    e an

    dte

    chno

    logy

    thro

    ugh

    high

    exp

    ecta

    tions

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    ding

    curr

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    str

    ong

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    m.

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    ater

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    eir

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    t-ri

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    stud

    ents

    . On

    the

    cont

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    y m

    aint

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    high

    sta

    ndar

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    ffer

    supp

    orts

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    stud

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    can

    atta

    in th

    ose

    stan

    dard

    s. U

    nfor

    tuna

    tely

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    y sc

    hool

    s te

    nd to

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    ncom

    e, p

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    nder

    the

    assu

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    ld f

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    ther

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    e an

    d w

    ould

    be p

    ushe

    d in

    to d

    ropp

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    hool

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    Com

    pend

    ia s

    how

    man

    y ex

    ampl

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    whi

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    w-

    inco

    me,

    min

    ority

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    lim

    ited

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    lish-

    spea

    king

    stud

    ents

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    ceed

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    ical

    ly a

    t hig

    h le

    vels

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    alle

    nged

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    ance

    for

    Ach

    ieve

    men

    t (V

    olum

    e II

    ,pp

    . 3-5

    ), f

    or e

    xam

    ple,

    aim

    s to

    incr

    ease

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    ntag

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    tsan

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    f yo

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    rogr

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    ool-

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    ork:

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    olum

    e II

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    47-

    49)

    indi

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    Juk_

    24;.)

    r:

  • xii

    MO

    RE

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    ree

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    Ado

    lesc

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    Vol

    ume

    II, p

    p. 1

    45-1

    46

    With

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    aliz

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    ring

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    lives

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    ren'

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    he p

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    14

    Vol

    ume

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    valu

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    nion

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    sey

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    ume

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    p.63-65)

    incl

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    ition

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    uard

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    Eng

    lish

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    elop

    men

    t pro

    gram

    s de

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    inV

    olum

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    em

    phas

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    t Tea

    ms"

    to d

    iscu

    ss th

    eir

    child

    's p

    rogr

    ess

    with

    teac

    hers

    (V

    olum

    e II

    ,pp. 90-92).

    In iE

    spai

    iol

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    : Hou

    ston

    , TX

    (V

    olum

    e II

    , pp.

    81-

    83),

    the

    effo

    rts

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    rent

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    rdia

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    prog

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    ithou

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    prog

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    In V

    olum

    e I,

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    ents

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    guar

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    ume

    II e

    valu

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    aree

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    ve a

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