Chapter 28 Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

Do Now: In Your NotebooksIs there such a thing as a just war? Explain.

When is it justified to enter a war that you did not start?

Chapter 28: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order

The Coming of the Great WarMAIN-The causes of WWIMilitarism: Glorifying military power and maintaining an army-With growing labor unrest, the arms race provided employment for Europeans. Alliances-Russia allied with France and Britain (Allies or Triple Entente)-Germany allied with Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire (Central Powers or Triple Alliance).-Alliances set up because of imperialist rivalries over remaining colonies

ContinuedNationalism: Intense feelings of loyalty to ones country-Caused intense competition between nations-Materials, markets and territory-Nationalism led ethnic groups to seek independence

Crisis in the BalkansEthnic divisions and interstate rivalries in the Balkans added tension to Europe. -Serbia had large Slavic population-Russia supports Serbian nationalism, while Austria-Hungary opposedJuly 1914- Gavrilo Princip assassinated heir to Austro-Hungarian Empire, Francis Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo-Princip was a Serbian nationalistUltimatum-Serbia agrees to most demands, Austria-Hungary unwilling to negotiate (Declared war on July 28, 1914)

ContinuedInstead of regional war, alliance system was used-Mobilization of forces throughout EuropeGermany worried about the possibility of two-front war-Plan to attack France first through Belgium-Britain entered the war to protect the BelgiumNaval allies soon jumped in the warColonial territories brought into war as well

Do now: in your notebooksIn terms of conduct, what is acceptable and unacceptable during war?

How should civilians and prisoners of war be treated?

Are there any kind of weapons that should not be allowed? Why or why not?The War in EuropeMost European nations thought war would be quick and decisive-Turned into stalemate along Western FrontSchlieffen Plan-Defeat France first and rush east to defeat Russia-Fighting stalls along the MarneTrench Warfare-Soldiers fight from trenches-New weapons to overcome lack of strategy

The eastern front & ItalyRussia focused on Austria-Hungary and eastern Germany -Easily defeated by German troopsRussian war effort near collapse by 1916-Not yet fully industrialized (Difficulty supplying troops)Italy switched from Central Powers to Allies in 1915-Most Italian assaults ended in disasterBritish and French troops had to be deployed to stop Austrian advance. The home frontGovernment developed propaganda to insure citizens would support the warMany aspects of industrialization taken over by governments-Rationing: Controlled distribution of goods in short supplyWomen participated -Replace men in factories, nurses, helped ensure supplies reached troops

The world outside of europeTroops were recruited from colonies(Mostly for AlliesEffective British naval blockades -Germany would not reach its colonies and lack raw materials-Canada, Australia and New Zealand contribute-ANZAC troops fought at GalipoliGermanys main support was Ottoman EmpireYoung Turk leaders assaulted Armenia-Deported nearly 2 million-600,000 died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiersThe united states enters the warThe United States entered WWI in 1917-Prior to 1917, claimed neutrality-Americans made money from selling food, weapons and giving loans to the Allies (Lend-Lease)German U-Boats sunk Lusitania, a luxury liner that carried American passengers-Unrestricted submarine warfareIntercepted Zimmermann Telegram-Germany promised to help Mexico reconquer land

endgameRussia was knocked out of the war-Germany transferred more soldiers to the Western Front-American soldiers stalled German advanceAustria-Hungarian empire abdicated as separate republics, Austria and HungaryGerman commanders agreed to an armistice on November 11, 1918. WWI claimed 10 million lives and wounded 20 million. Failed PeaceThe Paris Peace Conference of 1919: Meeting of allied leaders to determine peace terms for Europe and how to deal with defeated empires Disagreements amongst Allies over Germany-Germany was given no part in drafting the treatyFourteen Points-Wilsons plan for peace-Self-determination: Allow people to decide the type of government they wanted

The treaty of versaillesMany treaties were passed -Treaty of Versailles most important: -Germany had to accept blame for the entire war-Germany had to limit their army to 100,000 soldiers-Germany lost territory -Germany had to pay reparations ($33 billion over 30 years)

League of nations and new nationsLeague of Nations-International association that would maintain peace among nations-Germany and Russia excluded-United States rejected treaty and membership in leagueNew Countries-Treaties led to loss of land; new countries created out of these territories-Allies carved up lands in S.W. Asia

EffectsShort-Term-Generation of Europeans killed or wounded (Lost Generation)-Dynasties fell in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia-Newly created countries

Long-Term-Many nations felt bitter and betrayed by peace negotiations-Forces that caused the war remain