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DNA Structure and Function
DNA Structure and Function
KEY CONCEPTS
• Who helped discover DNA?
• What does DNA do for us?
• What is the structure of DNA?
• What is DNA made of?
VOCABULARY
• DNA• Adenine• Guanine• Cytosine• Thymine• Purines• Pyrimidines• Nucleotide
DNA
• DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid • Large molecule that contains all genetic
information• Functions of DNA:
– Directs the activities of cells– Contains the instructions cells use to make
proteins
• What kinds of things do living organisms use proteins for?
History
• Rosalind Franklin took the first x-ray pictures of DNA molecules
• The x-ray pictures helped scientists to determine the shape of DNA.
• What is the shape of a DNA molecule?
History
• James Watson and Francis Crick built the first DNA model
• They are given credit for first determining the double helix shape
Structure
• A strand of DNA is made of monomers called nucleotides
• Each nucleotide has three parts:
1. Sugar (deoxyribose)
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogen base• The nitrogen base
always binds to the sugar of a nucleotide
Structure
There are four different DNA nitrogen bases: 1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Cytosine
4. Thymine
• Adenine and guanine are single-ringed purines
• Cytosine and thymine are double-ringed pyrimidines
Structure
• Label the following parts of the DNA nucleotides below: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, purines, pyrimidines, phosphate, and sugar
Structure
• Nucleotides bond together to form a double stranded DNA molecule
• DNA’s structure looks like a twisted ladder– This structure is called the double helix
• The deoxyribose and phosphate form the “sidepieces,” of the ladder.
• Nitrogen bases bond together to form the “rungs,” of the ladder.
Structure
Nucleotide
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Key
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Structure• Label the following parts of the DNA molecule below:
nucleotide, hydrogen bonds, sugar-phosphate backbone
Chargaff’s Base Pairing Rules
• Adenine always bonds to thymine
• Cytosine always bonds to guanine
• The nitrogen bases are bonded with weak hydrogen bonds
• Why do only certain nitrogen bases bind to each other?
Chargaff’s Base Pairing Rules
• Complete the other half of the DNA molecule below using Chargaff’s base pairing rules:
A T G A A C G T C A C C G T A C A T C G T
DNA and Chromosomes
• In eukaryotic cells, DNA molecules are tightly wound into chromosomes
• Where are chromosomes located in eukaryotic cells?
• Chromosomes contain all the DNA needed to carry out cellular functions
Histones
DNA and Chromosomes
• Label the following parts of the diagram below: double helix, chromosome, supercoils, coils, histones, proteins