236

A²ymbw \mev

"D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡p-gÂ' {`m-´nsâ t_m[-]ÀÆw

N§-¼pg "cà-]p-jv]-§Ä' F¶ Imhy-k-am-lmcw {]kn-²o-I-

cn¨Ime¯v AXnse "hmg-¡pe'bpw aäpw Gsd P\-{]oXn t\Sn-bn-cp-¶p.

F¶m B kam-lm-c- nse Gähpw ZpÀ{K-l-amb Ihn-X-bmbn "D·m-Z-

¯nsâ HmS-¡p-gÂ' KWn¡-s¸«p.

4.1. "hÀ¡¯psI« Xmdmhv'

Imev-]-\n-I-X-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ DÄs¡m-Åp¶ {]Xn-]m-Z-\-co-

Xn-bmWv "cà-]p-jv]§'fnse aäp Ihn-X-IÄ¡p-Å-Xv. Imev]-\n-I-X-

bpsS Bi-b-§fpw BZÀi-§-fp-amWv Ah-bn {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xpw.

F¶m B Ihn-X-I-fnÂ\n¶v `n¶-amb {]Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xnbpw Bi-b-Kmw-

`o-cyhpw "D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡pg'en ImWmw. Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS am\-

ZWvUw h¨-f-¡p-t¼mÄ "hne£W'amWv Cu Ihn-X-sb¶p tXm¶mw.

Xmdm-hn³ Ipªp-§-fpsS Iq«- nÂs]-«p-t]mb Ac-b-¶-¡p-ªns\

"hÀ¡- p-sI« Xmdmhv'1 Bbn IcpXn-b-Xp-t]mse Imev]-\nI Ihn-X-I-

fpsS Iq«- n s]«p-t]mb Cu {`m´p- I-hn-X-sbbpw hne-£-W-ambn

IcpXn A¶s¯ ImhymkzmZIÀ Ah-K-Wn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

"D·mZ¯nsâ HmS¡pgÂ' ZpÀ{KlImhyamsW¶pw Cu ZpÀ{K-lX

"KpW'-aà tZmjw Xs¶-sb¶pw ]cn-tÑ-Zn-¨p-sIm-−mWv F{_lmw hS-

t¡Â "cà-]p-jv]-§Ä'¡v Ah-Xm-cnI Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. Cu kam-lm-c-

¯nse, "Xos¸mcn'bnepw "D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡p-g’-enepw {]Xn-]m-Zn-X-amb

Bibw I−p-]n-Sn-¡m³ At±-l- n\v ]e-hpcp "ap§n- -t¸-−-Xmbn'

h¶p.2 \nÀ²-\-cpsS iàn-bmWv Xos¸m-cn-sb-¶pw, ]mh-§Ä t£m`n-

¨m temIw hn¹-h-hn-t[-b-ambn cq]m- -c-s¸-Sp-sa-¶p-apÅ "Xos¸mcn'

237

bpsS Bibw At±lw hni-Z-ambn¯s¶ Bhn-jv¡cn- p.3 ]t£,

"D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡p-gÂ' At±-l- n\p ]nSn-sIm-Sp-¡msX Ihn-X-bpsS

Bg-§-fn¯s¶ InS-¶p. A¡m-es¯ Bkzm-Z-IÀ¡pw AXv IrXy-

ambn a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Ign-ªn-cp-¶n-Ã. Ah-Xm-cn-Im-Im-c³ I−p-]n-Sn- -

Xn¡-hnª Bi-b-Kmw- o-cy-sam¶pw "Xos¸mcn' bnensöv N§-¼p-

gbpw k½-Xn- p.4 ""Xsâ BZÀi§Ä C¶v A[n-£n-]vX-§-fm-Ip-¶p-sh-

¦nepw Hcp Ime¯v Ah kÀÆm-Zr-X-§-fmbn¯ocp-sa-¶pÅ {]Xo-£-bm-

sW¶v tXm¶p-¶p "D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡p-gÂ' Be-]n-¡p-¶Xv'5 F¶

\nK-a-\hpw DÅq-cnsâ "Ihn-Xbpw IoÀ¯nbpw' F¶ JWvU-Im-hy-

¯nsâ hnZq-c-Omb AXn Is−- n-bXpw ]mTs¯ icn-bmbn

DÄs¡m-−à F¶v N§-¼p-gbv¡v tXm¶n-bn-cp-¶p.6 "cà-]p-jv]-§Ä'

{]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Hcp {]kvXm-h\ thW-sa¶v At±lw Icp-Xn-bn-

cp-¶n-Ã."-D-·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡pg'ense Bibw Fs´¶v hni-Zo-I-cn-

t¡− IÀ¯hyw {]kvXm-h-\-bn-eqsS N§-¼pg ]n¶oSv kzbw Gsä-Sp-

¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]WvUn-X\pw Ipim-{K-_p-²n-bp-amb Ah-Xm-cn-Im-I-c-\p-

t]mepw Bibw ]cn-]qÀ®-ambn {Kln-¡m³ km[n-¡msX h¶Xv Xsâ

{]Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xn-bpsS sshe-£Wyw sIm−m-sW¶v Ihn ktµ-ln-¡p-

I-bpw sN¿p-¶p. F¶m {`m´nsâ ]cn-t{]-£y- n hni-I-e\w

sNbvXm Cu IrXn-bpsS bYmÀ°- aqeyw \nÀ®-bn-¡m³ km[n-¡pw.

Hcp DXvIr-jvS-I-em-Im-csâ kn²n-Isf temIw {`m´m¡n amäp¶

Zpc- -I-Y-bmWv "D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡p-gÂ'. Nn{X-I-e-bpsS auen-I-X- z-

§Ä kzmb- -am-¡nb {]Xn- m-im-en-bmWv CXnse Nn{X-Im-c³. ""D¶-

Xm-ZÀi-§-fm {]Zo-]vX-amb Hcm-ßob taJ-esb BtÇ-jn-¡p¶

Abm-fpsS NnÓ-cq-]- n-epÅ Nn{X-§Ä (Symbolic Sketches) temI-

238

¯nsâ \nav\amb Iem- ncp-Nn-bp-ambn s]mcp- -s¸-«p-t]m-Ip-¶n-Ã. Iem-

ta-·-bn Abm-fpsS Nn{X-§-fpsS ASp-s - m³ tbmKyXbnÃm¯

Nn{X-§Ä shdpw Nmb- -In-«p-sIm−v P\-§sf hio-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw tImSn-

¡-W-¡n\v hnäp-t]mIp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Cu Nn{X-Im-c³ ]W- n\pw

{]i-kvXn¡pw ]n-¶mse ]mªn-Ã. ITn\-amb Zmcn-{Zy- nepw Xsâ

Iesb hy`n-N-cn-¡m³ AbmÄ X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. Fs¶-¦n-epw Xsâ

Iebv¡v AÀl-amb AwKo-Im-chpw biÊpw e- n-¡p-sa¶v AbmÄ

Bin- p. F¶m \njn-²m- n-cpNntbmSp-Iq-Snb temI¯n\v B Iem-

temI hnkvab¯n-epÅ A{i² Abmsf {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-¨p. D{K-

amb ss\cm-iyhpw DXv¡-S-amb DtZz-Khpw ITn-\-amb Zmcn-{Zyhpw

Abmsf {`m´-\m-¡n. {`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-bpsS I\¯ Ccp-¼-gn-¡p-ÅnÂ

InS-¡p¶ Nn{X-Im-c-s\-bmWv Ihn-X-bpsS BZy- m-K¯v Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-

Xv. {`m´sâ hnIm-c-hn-Nmc§fn-eqsS {`m´nsâ bpàn \nÀ²m-cWw

sN¿p¶ NnÓ-Im-hy-amWv "D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡p-gÂ'. NnÓ-hn-Úm-\o-

b¯nsâ ka-ky-I-fn AÀ°w Hfn-ªp-In-S-¡p-¶p-−v. AXv ho−pw

ho−p-apÅ hmb-\-bn-eqsS ]p\À\nÀ½n-¡p-t¼mÄ Nn-Ó- mj Imhy- m-j-

bn {]tXy-I-amb HcnSw Is−- p-¶p. ]pXnb {]Øm-\-§Ä ImWp-

t¼mÄ amaqÂ{]n-b-cmb NneÀ Ie-¼Â Iq«n-bmepw bYmÀ°-amb

hmk\bpsSbpw {]Xn- -bp-sSbpw kzX-{´-amb {]hm-ls¯ XSp- p-

\nÀ¯p¶ I¨n-d-I-fm-Im³ Ahbv¡v Ign-bnà F¶v N§-¼pg hniz-

kn¨n-cp-¶p.7 a\-Èmkv{Xw am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y\w apX-em-b-h khn-kvXcw

{]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ imkv{X-{K-Ù-§Ä \ap-¡n-Ãm- Xn-s\- än thh-em-Xn-

sIm-Åp¶ B Ihn lrZbw8 am\-kn-I-k-Xy-§-fpsS clkyw "D·m-Z-

¯nsâ HmS-¡pg'embn klr-Z-b-k-a£w kaÀ- n- p. at\m-hn-i-I-e\

239

s¯ Hcp imkv{X-im-J-bm-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-]-Icw kmln-Xy-im-J-bm-¡m³

bXv\n¨ e¡m-s\-t¸mse am\-knI cl-ky-§-sfbpw {`m´n-s\bpw

N§-¼pg ChnsS Imhy-am¡n amän. F¶m Cu Imhyw icn-bmbn hni-

I-e\w sN¿m³ A¡mes¯ \ncq-]-IÀ¡p Ign-ªn-Ã. {`m´nsâ kuµ-

cy-imkv{Xw Ah-ew-_-am¡n A]-{K-Yn- m Cu Imhy- nsâ cq]- m-h-c-

l-ky-§Ä Npcp-f-gn-bpw.

4.2. BJym-\-{ -aWw

{`m´nsâ BJym-\- n {XnIm-e-k-¶n-thiw AXy[nIw {]m[m-

\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p-−v. `qX-Im-e- n\v {]Xo-]-K-Xnbpw hÀ -am-\-Im-e- n\v

{]hm-lK-Xnbpw `mhn-Im-e- n\v DZvK-Xnbpw IrXy-amb Bhn-jv¡m-c- n-

eqsS BJym-\-ebw ssIh-cp¶ Imhy-amWv Ipam-c-\m-imsâ eoe.

AXnsâ BJym-\-K-Xn-bn Ihn-hm-Iy-§-fpsS CS-s]-S \nÀ®m-b-I-am-

bn-cp-¶p. F¶m "D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡p-gÂ' Hcp \mS-Iob kzbw- m-j-

W-am-Wv. AhnsS BJym-\- n Ihn t\cn«v CS-s]-Sp-¶n-Ã. D -a-]p-cp-

jm-Jym-\- n-eqsS {`m´v Akw-kvIr-X-ambn hn\y-kn- n-cn-¡p-I-bmWv.

{`m´sâ hn-Im-c-hn-Nm-c-§-fn Imew {Ia-_-²-am-bn-cn-¡-bn-Ã. AXv \nc-

´cw {`aWw sN¿p-I-bm-bn-cn-¡pw.

XS-h-d-bn¡n-S-¡p¶ {`m´\pw Abm-fpsS hnNm-c-§fpw tNjvS-

Ifpw hÀ -am-\- nsâ BJym-\-amb {]hm-l-K-Xn-bn-em-Wv. {`m´nsâ

hnIm-c-§-fnepw hnNm-c-§-fnepw {]Xo-]-K-Xnbpw DZvK-Xnbpw hyh-Øm-c-

ln-X-ambn amdn-a-dn-ªp-h-cp-I-bm-Wv. AtX-k-a-bw- A-bm-fpsS tNjvS-IÄ

{]hm-l-K-Xn-bn am{Xw XpS-cp-¶p. {`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-bnse Nn{X-Im-csâ

Pohn-Xhpw I\¯ Ccp-¼-gn-bn X«n X-e-s]m«n tNmc-hmÀ¶pÅ Abm-

fpsS acWhpw {]hm-l-K-Xn-bn BJym-\w-sN-¿p¶ IYm-X-´p-hm-Wv.

kv]jvS-amb Cu CXn-hr- - nsâ {]hm-l-K-Xn-bn-epÅ BJym-\-

240

¯n {]Xo-]-K-Xnbpw DZvK-Xnbpw amdn-a-dn-ªp- h-cp-¶-Xp-sIm-−m-Wv

]e \ncq-]-IÀ¡pw Imhyw ZpÀ{K-l-sa¶p tXm¶n-b-Xv.9 {]hm-l-K-Xn-

bn CS-bv¡n-Sbv¡v `qX-Im-e- kva-c-Wm-Jym-\- nsâ {]Xo-]-K-Xnbpw

`mhn-Ime kz]v\m-Jym-\- nsâ DZvK-Xnbpw IqSn-¡-eÀ¶v {`m´nsâ

Ahy-h-Ø-amb {`a-W-ta-Je cq]-s¸-Sp-¶p. {]-hm-l-K-Xn-bn \nd-ªp-

\n¡p¶ {]Xo-]-K-Xnbpw DZvK-Xnbpw {`m´nsâ bpàn-bmbn ]cn-W-an-

¡p-¶p. kmam-\y-Po-hn-X- nse bpànbpw km[m-cW Im-hy-bp-ànbpw

Cu Ihn-X-bnse {`m´nsâ bpàn-bp-ambn s]mcp- -s¸-Sp-I-bn-Ã. Nn{X-

Im-csâ "D¶-Xm-ZÀi-§-fm {]Zo-]vX-amb Bßo-b taJ-esb BtÇ-jn-

¡p¶ NnÓ-cq-]- n-epÅ Nn{X-§Ä t]mse-Xs¶ NnÓ-cq-]-¯n-epÅ

`mj-bmWv Ihn ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn- n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Kp]vX- m-jm-hn-hÀ -

\hpw KqV- m-jm-hym-Jym-\hpw `mjm-im-kv{X-Úsâ \nÀh-N-\- nÂ

HXp¡n\nÀ¯msX kuµ-cy-im-kv{X- nsâ taJe-I-fn-te¡v hym]n-

¸n¨m Cu Ihn-X- {Kmly-am-Ipw. ""{]kvXp-X-]Zyw Hcp \mS-Iob kzbw-

`m-j-W-amWv; am\-kn-I-tcmKw _m[n- n-«pÅ Hcphsâ at\m-hym-]m-c- m-h-

\-I-fpsS Nn{Xo-I-c-W- n sXsÃm-c-kv]-jvSX kw -hn- p-t]m-Ip-s¶-

¦n AX{X henb Hc-]-cm-[-amtWm F¶p Rm³ kwi-bn-¡p-¶p.''10

F¶n-§s\ Ihn-bpsS \ymbo-I-cWw Bh-iy-an-Ãm- {X kv^pS-amWv

{`m´nsâ bpàn.

"Npäpw I\-t¯m-cn-cp-¼gn' F¶v {]hm-l-K-Xn-bn {`m´nsâ

BJym\w XpS-§p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v {`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-bnse "{`m´n'\v hnt[-b-

am-Ip¶ {`m´³, Ip¯n-hbv]pw ]cn-tim-[-\bpw Huj-[-§-fp-ambn

sshZy-imkv{Xw kao-]n-¡p-t¼mÄ B auVy-§Ä¡p hg-§m-Xn-cp-¶mÂ

A\p- -hn-t¡-−n-h-cp¶ aÀ±-\-s - -än-bpÅ `oXn-bm AXn-s\Ãmw

241

A¨-S-¡-t¯msS hg-§p-¶p. Cu sshcp²yw {]Xo-]-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv

BJym\w sN¿p-¶-Xv..

B XS-h-d-bnÂ, "F¶nse' "Rm³' ]cm-Xn-Ifpw ]cn- -h-§fpw

I®ocpw km´z-\-hpw, kam-izm-khpw Nncn- n-¡-ep-ambn Ign-bp-t¼mÄ

{]hm-l-K-Xnbpw, Nn´ Nnd-Ip-hn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXn DZvK-Xnbpw Ie-

cp¶p.

{`a-I-ev]-\-Ifpw {`a-tN-jvS-I-fpw-sIm−v {`m´nsâ km¶n²yw

{]hm-l-K-Xn-bn-eqsS XpSÀ¶v A`n-hy-à-am-¡p-¶p. Xm³ sImXn-tbmsS

Im¯n-cn-¡p¶ {]nb IoÀ¯n shÅn-\-£-{X-ambpw, Nµ-\-s¸m-«mbpw

kao-]-t¯¡p h¶v tamln- n- n«v ambp-¶p. XS-h-d-bn-em-sW-t¶mÀ

¡msX Ah-fpsS ]n¶mse \o§nb Nn{X-Im-c³ I\¯ Ccp-¼-gn-bnÂ

CSn- p-ho-W-p. s\än s]m«n ISpw-tNmc Ccp IhnÄ -«nepw IqSn Hen-

¨n«pw X\n¡v t\mhp-¶n-söv AbmÄ AÛp-X-t¯msS HmÀ¯p.

{]hm-l-K-Xn-bnse kw -hm-Jym-\- n-\n-Sbv¡v DZvK-Xn-bn-epÅ

tamlhpw \ncm-i-bpw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. Xsâ A`yp-Z-tb-Ñ-t]m-epÅ B

sN¶nWw tcmam-©-ta-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv. \nÀ- m-Ky-\mb Xsâ Acn-In Cu

ka-bw- Xsâ Hma\ D−m-bn-cp-s¶-¦n Ah-fpsS s\än-bnse N-µ-\-

s¸m«p am¨p-I-fªv Cu sN¶nW- m Ip¦p-a-Xn-eIw NmÀ¯n-¡m-am-

bn-cp-¶p F¶-bmÄ tamln-¡p-¶p. F¶m Cu {`m´ns\ H¶m-ioÀÆ-Zn-

¡m³t]mepw AhÄ hcn-söv Nn´n¨v AbmÄ \ncm-i-\m-Ip-¶p.

X\n¡v ]nSn-X-cmsX Xs¶-bn«p thhn-¡p¶ aco-Nn-I-bmWv bi-

Êv. AhfpsS t\À¯p-t\À¯pÅ Im¨n-e-s¼m- -IÄ Ct¸mgpw

tIÄ¡p-¶p-−v. AtXmÀ¯m Ic-ªp-t]m-Ipw. Ah-fpsS s\Sp-

hoÀ¸nsâ kpK-Ô-e-l-cn-bn AbmÄ aqÀÑn¨p hogp-¶p. At¸mÄ ico-

c- n Ah-fpsS ambnI ]oen-s¡«v Xgp-Ip-¶p. s]s«¶v ap«n- n-S-sª-

242

gp-t¶-ev¡p-t¼mÄ an¶Ât]mse AhÄ ]mªp-t]m-Ip-¶-XmWv I−Xv.

Zqsc F´ntem amªv Aenªv anYy-bmbv AZr-iy-bm-Ip¶ Ah-fpsS

XpIn¯p-¼nse s]m¶n³ Ik-shm-fn-am{Xw ImWmw. AXp

]n´pSÀ¶t¸mÄ ]mZw XfÀ¶v ]ns¶bpw hogp-¶p. AhÄ ]ns¶bpw

ssII-fn Xm§p-¶p. CXp-Xs¶ Bbn-c-am-bncw XhW BhÀ¯n

¡p¶p.- A-h-fm-Is« Ct¸mgpw A{]m-]y-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Xm³ Bcm-[n-

¡p¶ IoÀ¯n-tZ-hn-bpambpÅ Cu H-fn-¨p-I-fn-bpsS hÀ -am-\m-Jym\w

{]hm-l-K-Xn-bn Bbn-c-am-bncw X-hW \S-¶p-I-gn-ªp. Cu cwK- nÂ

{]Xo-]-K-Xn-bpw-IqSn IS-¶p-h-cp-t¼mÄ BJym\{`aWw cq]s¸Sp¶p.

IoÀ¯n-tZ-hX Xsâ GsX-¦nepw Iem-kr-jvSn-bn-eqsS shfn-s -

Sptam? Xsâ ac-W- n\p tij-sa-¦nepw AXp \S-¡ptam? `mhn Nn´

DZvK-Xn-bpsS BJym-\-am-Wv. AtXm-sSm¸w {]Xo-]-K-Xnbpw {]hm-l-K-

Xnbpw amdnamdn-h-cp-¶p. DXv¡-S-amb hni- nsâ k½À±- nÂt]mepw

kXv¡-em-[À½-§Ä Xm³ hnän-Ã. temI- nsâ t`mKm-kv]-Z-amb A`n-

cp-Nn-s¡m- -t]mse \evIm-\p-Å-XÃ Xsâ DXvIr-jvS-amb Ie.

Iesb¸än {]Xo-]-K-Xn-bn Nn´n-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ Xm³ AXv temI

¯nsâ A`n-cp-Nn-s¡m- -t]mse hnä-gn- n-cp-s¶-¦n F´p kw`-hn-¡p-

am-bn-cp-¶p F¶v DZvK-Xn-bn-embn BJym-\w. Xsâ hnPbs¡mSn

Ct¸mÄ sFiz-cy-irw-K- n BSn-¡-fn-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]t£ C¶s¯

Ah-Øtbm? D·m-Zn, Zo\³, Zcn-{Z³. temI- n\v A`n-\-µn-¡m-\pÅ H-

¶p-an-Ãm- -h-\mWv Xm³. temI-Zr-jvSn-bn ]Xn-X\pw ]cn-lm-k-]m-{X-

hp-amb shdpw {`m´³! F¦nepw temI- nsâ Iem- m-k- n-te¡p

XmWnà F¶ A`n-am\w Nn{X-Im-c-\p-−v. Cu bmYmÀ°y-t_m[w

BJym-\- nsâ {]hm-l-K-Xn-bm-Wv.

243

Iem-Po-hn-X-s¯bpw Nn{X-§-sfbpw ]än-bpÅ X]vXhpw Xo£vWhpw

Zo]vX-hp-amb kq£vam-]-{K-Y-\-amWv XpSÀ¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv. {]Xo-]-K-Xn-bn-

epÅ Cu hnNm-cW Hcp A\p-kyq-Xn-bmbn {`m´nsâ ]qÀ®-bp-àn-

bmbn cq]w sImÅp-¶p. "ta\I', "iIp- f', "kz]v\w' F¶n-§s\

X\n¡p {]nb-s¸« aq¶p Nn{Xw Nn{X-Im-csâ a\-Ên-te¡v IS-¶p-h-

cp¶p.

Iem-tem-I-cm-Ún-bmbn hmSm¯ s]m³I-XnÀ hoin \nev¡p¶

"ta\I', At\I Zn\cm-{X-§-fpsS X]-ky-bn-eqsS \nÀ½n¨ Nn{X-am-Wv.

irwKm-c-km{µ aZm-e-k-bmb ta\-I-b-Ã, kzÀ¤o-bm-\p- h taJ-e-I-fn-

te¡v Bßm-hns\ DbÀ¯p¶ apàn-bmb ta\-I-bmWv AXnse {]Xn-

]m-Zyw. AXn _m-ly-amb cq]- -In-«p-an-Ã. A§-s\-bm-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ

Xsâ Nn{X-§fpw chnhÀ½¨n{X-§Ät]mse £Ww hnä-gn-bp-am-bn-cp-

¶p. F¶m C¶v Cu DZm¯ Iem-\p- -hs¯ henb XpI-bvs¡-¶Ã

Bg-¡-cn-¡pÅ Imip X¶p-t]mepw Bcpw hm§p-¶n-Ã.

Imfn-Zm-k-lr-Zbw Nmb- n-eqsS temI- n\p ]IÀ-¶p-sIm-Sp-

¡p¶ "iIp- f' F¶ Nn{Xhpw CXp-t]mse ip² D]-hm-k-ambn

\nÀ½n- -Xm-Wv. Bcpw Xncn-ªp-t\m-¡m-\n-ÃmsX amdm-¼Â aqSn aqe-

bn InS¶v B Nn{Xhpw {Zhn-¡p-¶p. \à Iebv¡p ]Icw Ima- -g-

¸nsâ Imf-Im-tIm-f-amWv Øm\w ]nSn- n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

"kz]v\w' F¶Xv Ah-km-\s¯ A]qÀ® Nn{X-am-Wv. Iem-tem-

I-hn-kva-b-amb B sN-dp-Nn{Xw kzPo-hn-X- nsâ hnP-b-]-Xm-I-bm-Wv.

AXnsâ ]Ým- -ew -ImÀtaLw apänb BIm-ihpw AÔ-Im-c-a-b-amb

`qan-bp-am-Wv. A´-co-£- n AÔ-Im-c- nsâ Icn-¦-¼nfn aqSn-¡n-S-

¡p¶ au\-am-Wv. ap¶n ac- p-h-«nse a®n acn- p-hoW `n£p.

244

Ahsâ ASª I®p-Isf D½-h-bv¡m-\mbv hn®nÂ\n¶p hcp¶

civanbpw. {]Xo-]-KXn s]s«¶p \n¶p.

""CÃ asäm¶pw! þa-cn-¡nepw Rm³, acnþ

¡nà a kz]v\w! þhni- n thhp¶p Rm³.''11

Nn{X-Im-c³ acn- mepw Cu kz]v\-Nn{Xw acn-¡nà F¶ DZvK-Xn-

tbm-sSm¸w {]hm-l-K-Xn-bmbn Ct¸m-gs¯ hni- n thhp¶ Ah-

Øbpw tNcp-¶p.

{]hm-l-K-Xn-bp-sSbpw DZvK-Xn-bp-sSbpw BJym-\-{`-a-Ww-sIm−v

{`m´nsâ BIp-e-Xbpw th]-Yphpw hyYbpw kµn-Kv[-Xbpw `mh-Zo-

]vXnbpw Hcp-an¨v Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv "D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡p-g'-ense

Ah-km-\- m-Kw. Nn{X-§-fn \n¶v ho−pw a\Êv Ct¸mÄ ico-c- n\v

Npäp-apÅ Ccp-¼-gn-bn-te¡v Xncn-bp-¶p. ]n¶oSv Xsâ A´y-a-Sp- n-cn-

¡p¶p F¶ AXo-{µn-b-Úm-\- n ]qcn-X-amb Nn´-I-fm-Wv. Xsâ

AS-bp¶ I®p-I-fn temI¯nsâ ]cn-lmkw ]Xn-¡pw. F¶mÂ

AXn\v ap³s]m-cn-¡Â {]nb bi-Ênsâ Hma-\-apJw ImWm³ Ign-sª-

¦n F¶-bmÄ Bin-¡p-¶p. F¦n Ct¸m-g-\p- -hn-¡p¶ \mc-Io-tbm-

{K-Zpx-§Ä apgp-h³ B\-µ-ambn amdpw. Xsâ arX-i-co-c- n Ah-fpsS

hnSÀ¶ I®p-I-fn \n¶v I®oÀ¡-Wn-I-IÄ Cän-äp-hogpw; Xsâ NnX-

bnse XoÖzm-e-bn-en«v amen-\y-saÃmw AhÄ tlman¡pw; Xsâ t]cv

DÖz-e-amb kzÀ®-en-]n-I-fn ho−pw ho−pw DbÀ¯n an¶n-¡pw.

iiz {]XnjvT t\Sp¶ Iem-th-Zn-bn AhÄ hnizm- n-\-µ\w F¯n-

¡pw. C§s\ ip -Im-a-\-bpsS DZvK-Xn-bn-eqsS a\Êv IS¶pt]mIp-¶p.

]t£, apJ-]Sw NmÀ¯n-s¡m−v B btim-tZhn Ct¸mgpw A{]m-]y-

bmbn \n-ev¡p-¶-Xn AbmÄ \ncm-i-\m-Ip-¶p. B \ncmi {]hm-l-K-Xn-

bn-em-Wv. \msf þ \msf þ ka-kvXhpw \msf þ \ncm-i-bpsS Imfna

245

I−v \Sp-§p-I-bm-W-bmÄ. Xe-bv¡p-Ån kncm-X- p-¡Ä Xf-cp¶p;

I®p-IÄ aµw AS-bp-¶p. {`m´nsâ {`a-I-ev]-\-bn AbmfpsS kao-]-

t¯¡v GtXm t\cnb Nnd-I-Sn-sbm- -IÄ F¯p-¶p. an¶m-an-\p-§nsâ

Xn-f-¡-§Ä; Zqsc an¶p¶ s]m¶n³ Ik-hnsâ {]Im-i-c-ivan-IÄ, Xsâ

bi-Ênsâ at\m-l-c-amb ]p©n-cn-t]mse N{µnI hnS-cp-¶p. Iev]-I-ku-

c`w ]c-¡p¶p! kz]v\w! "kz]v\' Nn{X-am-Imw. Xm³ I− kz]v\w

bmYmÀ°y-am-Ip-¶-Xm-Imw. kz]v\- nsâ anYym-Zo-]vXn-bm-Imw. FÃmw

tNÀ¶ kz]v\w `mh-K-cn-a-sIm−v km{µ-am-Ip-t¼mÄ Nn{X-Im-c³ Xf-cp-

¶p. Abm-fpsS Ah-km\ \nan-j-§-f-Sp-¯p. ASp- p-I− Xev]- nÂ

"Xe-Nm-bv¡s«' F¶ kzmKX- m-j-W-t¯msS BJym-\-KXn ]qÀ¯n-bm-

Ip-¶p.

kzmK-X- m-j-W-am-b-Xn-\m BJym-\-K-Xn-bpsS {`aWw a\Êv

F¶ tI{µ-_n-µp-hn-eqsSbmWv km²y-am-Ip-¶-Xv. Nm{In-I-tam, {]Xn-Nm-

{In-Itam Bb {`a-W- n-eqsS {Ia-cm-lnXyw kz`m-h-amb {`m´nsâ

kpK-a-amb BJym\w CXn \nÀh-ln- n-cn-¡p-¶p. BJym-\-KXn a\-Ên-

em-¡n-bm ]mT- nsâ kµn-Kv[X Ipd-bv¡m\pw \o«n-h-bv¡-s¸«

AÀ°-X-e-§-fn-te¡v {]th-in-¡m\pw Ign-bpw.

4.2.1. a\Ên \nemhpZn¡p¶p

{`m´pw \nem-hp-am-bpÅ ]mc-kv]cyw A\p- -h-th-Zy-am¡n

{`m´sâ a\-Ên \nem-hp-Zn-¡p-¶p.

""\obmcp? \o shdpw {`m´³, \n\¡p \n³þ

\odpw a\-Ên \nem-hp-Zn-¡p-¶pthm?''12

Xosh-bn-en-ep-cp-In- n-f-bv¡p¶ ]cn-X]vX Nn´-IÄ \m\m-bm-

YmÀ°y-§-fpsS Bhn-jv¡-c-W-am-Wv. AXn\p t\tc hn]-co-X-am-bn- o-

cp¶p \nem-hv. \nem-hn-\pÅ am-bn-IX {`m´n-\p-ap-−v. \odp¶ a\-Ên-

246

\pÅ Huj-[-amWv Hmj-[oi³. Huj-[n-IÄ¡v ckw e`n-¡p-¶Xv N{µ-

In-c-W-§-fn \n¶m-sW¶v Imhy-k-¦-ev]-ap-−v. kqcy-c-ivan-bpsS ImTn-

\y- m hmSn- -fÀ¶p-t]m-Ip¶ Hcp sNSn-t]mse Xnà-bm-YmÀ°y-

§Ä Xm§m-\m-hm¯XmWv teme-amb a\Êv. AhnsS \nem-hp-Zn-¡p-

t¼mÄ ambm-Pm-e- nsâ AÛpXw kw`-hn-¡pw. {`m´nsâ hnlm-c-ta-J-

e-bmb \nemhv DZn-¡p-¶Xv a\-Ên-emWv F¶-Xn-\m ]mT- nsâ Øe-

\n-_-Ô\ apgp-h³ a\Êv F¶ Hä _nµp-hn-te¡v kw{I-an- n-¡m³ Ign-

bp-¶p.

BJym-\-K-Xn-bpsS {`aWw a-\Êv F¶ _nµp-hn-eq-sS-bmWv \S-

¡p-¶-Xv. ‘]q\n-em-h-e-X-Ãp¶ cmhnÂ’, ‘aRvPp-N-{µnI \r -am-Sp-t¼mÄ’

IÃ-d-bv¡p-Ån AØn-IÄ aµw aµw kv]µn-¡p¶Xmbn13 N§-¼pg

Iev]n-¡p-¶p-−v. AØn-am-S-§-fnÂt¸mepw kv]µ-\-ap-f-hm-¡m³

sIev]pÅ \nem-hn-\v, Pohn-X-bm-YmÀ°y- m \odp¶ a\-Ên\v

IpfnÀ½ ]I-cm³ Ign-bpw. N{µsâ kqcy-civan X«p¶ `mKw Zo]vX-am-bn,

Ahn-sS\n¶p arZp-hm-bn-«p-−m-Ip¶ civan-k-aq-l-amWv N{µnI F¶Xv

{`m´ns\ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Hcp {]Xo-Im-ßI kXy-am-Wv. BÀ{Z-kz-

cq-]-amb a\-Ên ITn-\m-\p- -h-§-fpsS kqcy-civan ]Xn-¡p-t¼mÄ B

a\Êv Ahsb {`m´nsâ \nem-hm¡n amäp¶p. B \nem-hn\v kqcy-c-ivan-

bpsS NqSnÃ; ambn-I-amb IpfnÀ½-bmWv. bmYmÀ°y- nsâ NqSn-Ãm¯

ambn-I-X-bm-W-Xv.

I\¯ Ccp-¼-gn-¡p-Ån Ip¯n-h-bv]v, ]cn-tim-[-\, aÀ±-\w,

Huj[w F¶n-h-bpsS ]oU\w aqew \odp¶ {`m´sâ a\-Ên DZn¨

\nem-hn Ah-sbÃmw t_m[-KÀÆ- nsâ auVy-§-fmbn sXfn-bp-¶p.

F¶n«pw Cu temI- nsâ ZrjvSn-bnÂ, "\obmWv Ct¸mgpw {`m´-\mbn

\nev¡p-¶Xv' F¶ bmYmÀ°yhpw Xncn- -dn-bp-¶p.

247

""Npäp-an-t¸m-gp, ancp-¼gn! ]n-s¶bpw

I«n-h-bv¡p-¶p-−n-cp-«n¶p taev¡p-taÂ.''14

kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bpsS Zo]vXn {]k-cn- n- n«pw Ct¸mgpw Xm³ {`m´-

\mbn Ccp-¼-gn-¡-I-¯p-X-s¶-bm-sW¶pw Ccp-«n\v I«n- Iq-Sn-¡q-Sn-h-cp-I-

bm-sW-¶p-apÅ Nn´ Nn-{X-Im-c\v D−m-Ip¶p. Ccp-¼-gn-¡-I- pÅ

_Ô-\- n ico-chpw kÀ¤-tPym-Xn-Ê-Wªv AÔ-Im-c- nÂ

a\Êpw hym]-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Nn{X-Im-c³ {`m´m-h-Ø-bn-te¡v ho−pw

hgp-Xp-¶p. kzXzm-h-t_m-[- nsâbpw Pm{K-Z-h-Ø-bp-sSbpw tPymXnÊv

ambp-t¼mÄ {`m´nsâ \nemhv DZn-¡p-¶p.

4.3. BÀ¡mWv {`m´v?

hm¡n\pw tNjvSbv¡pw kaq-lhpw kwkv¡m-chpw Iev]n-¡p¶

IrXy-amb AÀ°w \jvS-s¸-«p-t]m-Ip-t¼m-gm-WtÃm {`m v hyà-am-Ip-

¶-Xv. {`m´v hàm-hn-s\bpw kzoIÀ¯m-hn-s\bpw hyàn-sbbpw kaq-l-

s¯bpw B{i-bn- n-cn-¡p-¶p. AXv `mj-bp-sSbpw tNjvS-bp-sSbpw

AÀ°-X-e- nse k¦oÀ®X, t_m-[-kw-kv¡m-c- n-sâbpw Úm\-

¯n-sâbpw ]cn-anXn F¶nh kqNn- n-¡p-¶p.15 X¯z-Nn- -bpsS \njvIr-

jvS-am-b -hn-i-I-e-\-¯n {`m v BÀ¡v F¶ \nÀ®m-b-I-amb tNmZyw

Hcp DZzn-ám-hØ D−m-¡p-¶p-−v. a\-Èm-kv{X- nse AkvXn-Xz-hmZ þ

hy-ày-\zkvX ssk²m- n-Icpw {`m´v BÀ¡v F¶ Imcy- n kµn-

Kv[X ]peÀ¯p-¶p-−v.

bYmÀ°- n-epÅ a\p-jysâ B´-cn-I-k¯ (True innerself)

ad¨ph-bv¡p-Ibpw temI- nsâ A`n-cp-Nn-¡-\p-k-cn¨v Hcp I]-S-k¯

(False Self) cq]-s¸-Sp¯nsbSp-¡p-Ibpw AXn-\-\p-k-cn¨v Pohn-

t¡−nhcp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-h-cmWv kmaq-lnI Pohn-I-fmb a\p-jyÀ.

248

"{`m´nÃm¯ temI'¯n kz´w D×sb kw_-Ôn¨v hyàn Nne-t¸m-

sgms¡ kwi-bm-ep-hm-bn- o-cpw. At¸mÄ hyàn-bpsS I]-S-amb

_mly-k- bpw bYmÀ°-amb B´-cnIk¯bpw X½n kmaq-ln-I-

kmw-kv¡m-cn-Im-h-iy-§Ä¡\p-kr-X-ambn kwLÀj-ap-−m-Ipw. B

kwLÀjw Xm§m-hp-¶-Xn-e- p-d-am-Ip-t¼mÄ `mj-bnepw tNjvS-bnepw

kaq-lhpw kwkv¡m-chpw {]Xo-£n-¡p¶ Xc- n {]Xn-I-cn-¡m-\m-

hmsX hcpw. AXv "{`m´m'Ipw. F¶m Cu Ah-Øsb {`m´m-b-Ã,

hyàn- kz´w ]qÀ®X Xncn-s¨-Sp-¡m-\pÅ {ia-am-bmWv BÀ.-Un.-se-

bnMv ImWp-¶-Xv.16 \mtim-·p-J-am-b, {`m´-amb temI- nÂ-\n¶p

kzbw c£n-¡m-\pÅ hgn-bm-W-hÀ "{`m´n-'eqsS tXSp-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm-

−p-Xs¶ {`m´nsâ e£-W-§sf am{Xw NnIn-Õn¨v hyànsb \in- n-

¡p-I-b-Ã, Ah-cpsS sshb-àn-I-Xsb ka-{K-ambn hos−-Sp-¡m³

klm-bn-¡p-I-bmWv th−Xv F¶v sebnMv hmZn-¡p-¶p.

kmaq-ln-I-_-Ô-§Ä hyàn-bn hcp- p¶ hn\m-i-I-c-amb

kzm[o\w, a\pjysc {`m´p-Å-h-cm¡namänsbSp-¡p¶ kwkv¡m-c-{]-{In-

b, hyàn kz´w kzXzw Xncn- -dn-bp-¶-Xns\ kwkv¡mcw F¶pw

\ncpÕml-s¸-Sp- n-bn-cp¶ hkvXpX F¶nh ^qt¡m Ncn-{X-hn-i-I-e-\-

¯n-eqsS Xpd-¶p-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p-−v.17

4.3.1. hyhØm]nX kaql{`m´v

a\p-jy\v kzX-{´hpw Akw-K-X-hp-amb AkvXn-Xz-aà DÅ-Xv.

IpSpw_w DÄs -sS-bpÅ kmaq-ln-I-_-Ô-§-fp-sSbpw kmwkv¡m-cn-I-k-

-bp-sSbpw `mK-amWv a\p-jy³. A-Xn-\m hyàn cq]w sImÅp-¶-

Xn aäp-Å-hÀ¡pw aäp-Å-hsc cq]-s¸-Sp- p-¶-Xn hyàn¡pw

\nÀ®m-bI kzm[o-\-ap-−v. hyày-\zkvX kn²m- - n ]d-bp¶

249

A´-an-Ãm¯ Cu {]{In-b-bn koam-Xo-X-amb BZm-\-{]-Zm-\-§Ä

hyàn-IÄ¡n-S-bn kw -hn-¡p-¶p. Ah ]e-t¸mgpw B´-cn-I-amb D×-

bpsS \mi- n Iem-in-¡p-¶p. aäp-Å-h-cpsS {]Xo-£bv¡pw Bh-iy-

¯n-\p-a-\p-k-cn¨v am-dp-hm³ t{]cn- n- p-sIm−v apt¶-dp¶ Cu {]{In-

bbv¡v hnLv\w h¶m {`m´mIpw. AsÃ-¦n ka-Nn- -Xbpw18 "Hcp

a\p-jy-Pohn ]Xn-\-©p-h-b-Êm-Ip-¶-tXmsS, B Pohn-sb- G-Xm−v \s½-

t]m-epÅ Hcm-fm-¡n, ]IpXn Indp-¡p-]n-Sn¨ Pohn-bm-bn, {`m´p-]n-Sn¨

temI-hp-ambn GXm−p s]mcp- -s¸-«p-t]m-Ip-¶-h-\mbn \mw amän-bn-cn-

¡pw'.19 CXmWv kaql¯nsâ ka-Nn- X. hyXy-kvX-amb coXn-bnÂ

kaq-ls¯ t\m¡n-¡m-Wp-¶-h-cà bYmÀ°- n {`m´p-Å-h-sc-¶pw,

{`m v kaq-l- n\pw kwkv¡m-c- \n-b- m-¡Ä¡pam-sW¶pw sebn-

§nsâ Cu \nco-£Ww hyà-am-¡p-¶p. "kmwkv¡m-cn-I-N-cn-{X- nse

kzX-t{´-Ñ-p-hmb a\p-jysâ A´-cm-ßmhp \S- p¶ Ah-Im-i-{]-Jym-

]\w Ah-sâbpw kap-Zm-b- n-sâbpw s]cp-am-ä- n-«-bn D-−m-¡p¶

hnÅ-ep-Ifpw Akz-Ø-X-I-fp-amWv' kv¡otkm-t{^-\nb F¶v

bmkvt]gvk¬20 ]d-bp-t¼mgpw {]Xn-¡q-«n \nev¡p-¶Xv kaq-lhpw

kwkv¡m-c-hp-am-Wv.

hyhØm-]nX kaq-l-{`m- n-s\-Xntc N§-¼p-g-bpsS sshb-àn-I-

k-a-Nn- X {`m´nsâ bpàn-bmbn Nne-t¸m-sgÃmw bYmÀ° -Po-hn-X-

¯n {]Xn-I-cn- n-«p-−v. "hnImkw hnImkw' F¶ Ihn-X-bn C{µn-

bm\p`h-§-fpsS Hcp {`m´³ Bhn-jv¡m-c-ap-−v. "]£n-I-fpsS kzc-§-

fn \ns¶ Rm³ ImWp-¶p, \£-{X-cm-in-bn \ns¶ Rm³ tIÄ¡p-

¶p. kpK-Ô- n-eqsS \ns¶ Rm³ kv]Àin-¡p-¶p. F¶n-§s\ kz-c-

§Ä ImWp-I-bpw, Xmc- wKn tIÄ¡p-Ibpw kpKÔw kv]Àin-¡p-Ibpw

250

sN-¿p¶ ]IÀ¶m-«hpw aäp-apÅ {]kvXpX Ihn-Xsb "]ncm´v ]ncm´v'

F¶ lmkym-\p-I-c-W- n-eqsS kRvP-b³ Bt£-]n- p.21 "hniz-cq-]'-

¯n kRvP-bsâ IhnX h¶-Xn\p ]n¶mse [\-RvP-b³ F¶ Xq-en-

Im-\m-a- n N§-¼pg "]ncm- ³ ]ncm- ³' F¶ Ihn-X-sIm−v adp-

]Sn \evIn.

""At¿m ]ncm- ³! ]ncm- -\p-e-I-tc,

s]m¿-Ã, \«- n-cm- -\-Sp- p-t]mbv!

\«p- bv¡p hyànhntZz-j-amwþ

Nq«bpw an¶n- -Sp-¡p-I-bm-W-hÀ.''22

"hnImkw hnImkw', "]ncm´v ]ncm´v', "]ncm- ³ ]ncm- ³'

F¶o Ihn-X-IÄ {]Xn- -bnse {`m´pw, AXn\v hyh-Øm-]nX kaqlw

Iev]n- p-\-evIp¶ {`m´pw, AXns\ {`m´m-bn-¡−v B {`m´ns\

{`m´nsâ bpàn-sIm−v FXn-cn-Sp-¶Xpw aqV-a-\-Ênsâ hn-{`m- n-I-fÃ;

kmaq-lnI kmwkv¡m-cnI bmYmÀ°y-¯n {`m´n\v h¶p tNcp¶

kwLÀj- -cn-X-amb Xncn- -Sn-I-fmWv. kRvP-b-\n-eqsS shfn-hm-¡-s¸«

hyh-Øm-]nX kaq-l-{`m- n-s\-Xntc N§-¼p-g-bpsS sshb-ànI ka-Nn-

¯X {`m´nsâ bpàn-bmbn {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶p. {`m v bYmÀ°- nÂ

kaq-l- n-\m-sW¶v N§-¼pg CXn-eqsS hyà-am-¡p-I-bm-Wv.23

bYmÀ° Pohn-X- nse C¯cw Xo{h-amb A\p- -h-§fmbn-cn¡mw

"D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡p-gÂ' F¶ Imhys¯ A]qÀÆ-X-bpsS BJym-\-X-

e- n-te¡v DbÀ¯p-hm³ N§-¼p-gsb klm-bn- -Xv.

Hcp IrXn F{X-Iq-Sp-XÂ {`m´mtWm A{X IqSp-XÂ AXv

hymJym-\s¯ {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶p.24 BJym-\-K-Xnbpw `mjm-Nn-Ó-§-

fpsS kqN-I-kq-NnX _Ô-hn-i-I-e-\-hp-amWv AXns\ adn-I-S-¡m-\pÅ

251

hgn. "D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡p-gÂ' {`m´nsâ t_m[-]ÀÆ-am-Wv. hy-h-Øm-

]nX kaq-l-{`m- n-s\-Xntc sshb-àn-I-X-bpsS ka-Nn- -X-bmWv AXn-

eqsS N§-¼pg h-cbv¡p-¶-Xv.25

I\¯ Ccp-¼-gn-¡pÅn InS-¡p¶ {`m´sâ Nn´m-]-Y-§-fn-

eqsS {`aWw sN¿p¶ BJym\w, BÀ¡mWv {`m´v F¶ \n-in-X-amb

tNmZy-amWv BZyw sXmSp- p-hn-Sp-¶-Xv. kaq-l- nsâ kmam-\ym-h-t_m-

[s¯ tNmZyw sN¿p-Ibpw Xnc-Ýo-\-am-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXv kaq-l- nsâ

{`m´n-s\- s¶ AXv \á-am-¡p-I-bm-Wv. _Ô-\hpw NnIn-Õ-bp-amWv

hyh-Øm-]n-X-k-aq-l-{`m- nsâ {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä.

4.3.2. _Ô\w

{`m´ns\ Iogvs¸-Sp- m³ kwkv¡mcw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ AXn-i-

à-amb Bbp-[-amWv _Ô-\w. a\p-jyÀ {]IrXn-bp-ambn CW-§n -Po-hn-

¨n-cp¶ Ime¯v {`m v kzX-{´-amb hnlmcw A\p- -hn- n-cp-¶p.

"eoe'bn aZ-\³ {]Ir-Xn-bn A`bw Is−- p-¶Xv kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-

cp-¶p. F¶m {]Ir-Xn-bpsS ta kwkvIrXn B[n-]Xyw t\Sn¯pS-

§n-b-t¸mÄ apXÂ {`m´v _Ô-\- nsâ ]oU\w Gev¡m³ XpS-§n.

_mt[m-]-{Z-h-am-bn-«m-bmepw tcmK-am-bn-«m-bmepw _Ô-\- nsâ A\n-hm-

cy-amb hn[n-bn {`m´v Ct¸mgpw Ipcp-§n-¡n-S-¡p-¶p. {`m´m-e-b-§fpw

{`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-Ifpw _Ô-\- nsâ ]cn-jvIr-X-cq-]-am-Wv. ]Xn-t\-gmw-\q-

äm-−n {^m³kn DbÀ¶p-h¶ XS-h-d-I-fpsS _mlp-eyhpw ]mcnkv

\Kc- n \qdn HcmÄ F¶ tXmXn Ah-bn XS-hn-em-¡-s¸-«n-cp-

¶Xpw ^qt¡m hnh-cn-¡p-¶p-−v.26 Zcn-{ZÀ, sXmgnÂcln-XÀ, Ipä-hm-fn-

IÄ, {`m´p-]n-Sn¨hÀ F¶n-h-cmWv C§s\ XS-hn-em-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv.

]Xn--s\«mw \qäm-−n ]mÝm-Xy-tem-I¯v {`m´-scbpw Ipähm-fn-I-

252

sfbpw H¶n¨p ]cn-K-Wn- n-cp-¶p. Ahsc Hcp-t]mse XS-hn-em¡nbncp-

¶p. Ipä-hm-fn-IÄs¡m¸w {`m -·m-sc-s¡m−pw ITn\amb tPmen-IÄ

sN¿n- n-cp-¶p. Asæn arK-§-sf-sb-¶-t]mse N§-e-bv¡n-«n-cp-¶p.

]s¯m-¼Xmw \q-äm-−p-hsc XS-h-d-bpsS Cu `oI-cX XpSÀ¶p. XS-h-

dbpsS `oI-c-X-bnÂ\n¶v Zcn-{Zcpw sXmgnÂc-ln-Xcpw c£-s]«Xv

k¼ZvhnX-c-W-s - -än-bpÅ amÀIvknsâ ZÀ-i-\-§-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. ]o\Â

äyqIv XpS-§n-b-hcmIs«, {`m´·msc XS-h-d-I-fnÂ\n¶p {`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-

I-fn-te¡v amäm\pw klm-bn- p.27

tIc-f- n irwJ-em-_-Ô-\- n HXp-§n-\n-¶n-cp¶ {`m´n\v

XS-h-d-IÄ XoÀ¯Xv ]mÝm-Xyw-kv¡m-c- nsâ kzm[o\w aqe-am-Wv.

{`m´m-e-b-§fpw {`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-Ifpw {`m´nsâ kwc-£-W- n\v F¶

s]mÅ-bmb kam-izm-k- n AXv XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv.

tNmZ-\-I-fp-sSbpw hnIm-c-§-fp-sSbpw ss\kÀ¤n-IX {`m´nÂ

DÅ-Xp-sIm-−mWv kaqlw F¡mehpw {`m´ns\ `b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. A-

hsb Za\w sN¿m³ kwkv¡mcw ]Tn- n-¡p-¶p. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS hncp²

Zzµz-ambn kwkv¡mcw amdp-¶-X-§n-s\-bmWv. kwkvIrXnbn HXp-

§m¯ ss\kÀ¤n-I-Xsb {`m´nsâ arKo-bX (animality of madness)

bmbn¡−v XS-h-d-bn-em-¡pI F¶-XmWv Gähpw kpc-£n-Xhpw Ffp- -

hp-amb amÀ¤-ambn kaqlw I−-Xv. {`m´nsâ h\y-X- {`m´nsâ _Ô-

\s¯ al-Xz-ta-dn-bXv B¡p-¶p.28 {`m´nsâ A{I-am-k-à-amb Ah-

Ø-bn-ep-Å-hsc XS-hn-em-¡p-¶Xv AhÀ-¡p-th−n am{X-aà kaq-l-

¯nsâ c£bv¡v th−n-¡q-Sn-bm-Wv. F¶m Cu _-Ô-\- n kaq-

l- nsâ kpc-£nXt¯msSm¸w hyàn-bpsS kzX-{´ym-h-Im-ihpw

Xpey ]cn-K-W\ AÀln-¡p-¶p-s−¶ hmZhpw C¡m-e¯v ià-am-bn-

253

«p−v.29 arK-im-e-I-fn arK-§sf Iq«n-e-S¨v ]men-bv¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse ]e-

t¸mgpw {`m´-·mÀ {`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-I-fnse {]tXyI skÃp-I-fn AS-

bv¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. arK-¯nsâ h\y-amb s]cp-am-ä-t¯m-SpÅ `bw AXns\

AI-än-\nÀ¯m³ t{]cn- n-¡p-¶p. kz´w kpc-£n-X-Xz- n\v kzbw Iq«n-

te-dp-I-bÃ; X§-fpsS kpc-£n-X-Xz- n\v `oj-Wn-bm-Ip¶ FÃm km²y-

X-I-sfbpw XS-hn-em-¡p¶ A[o-i-Xz- nsâ `b-am-Wn-hnsS {]I-S-am-Ip-

¶-Xv. Abn- m-N-c-W-Im-e-§-fn Aip²n ]äm-Xn-cn-¡m³ taÂPm-Xn-

¡mÀ kzbw Hgn-ªp-am-dp-I-b-Ã, Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡m-sc amdn-\n-ev¡m³

\nÀ_-Ôcm-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cp-¶-Xv. taÂt¡m-bvabpw A[o-iz-Xzhpw

F¶pw C¯cw thÀXn-cn-hp-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv A[n-Imcw Dd- n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.

{`m´nsâ taepw taÂt¡mbva Dd- n-¡p¶ kwkv¡m-cm-[n-]Xyw

{`m´ns\ XS-hn-em-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.

aäp-Å-hsc A]m-b-s¸-Sp- p-sa¶ `oXn-bn \ns¶¶ t]mse

Xs¶ {`m´³ kzbw A]-ISw hcp- n-h-bv¡p-sa¶ `oXn-bn \n¶pw

c£-s¸-Sm-\pÅ Hä-aq-en-bmbn ]cn-jvIr-X-kw-kv¡mcw hn[n-¡p¶ {]Xn-

hn-[nbpw _Ô-\-am-Wv.

{`m´p-Å-hsc _Ô-\- n-em-¡p-¶Xv Ahsc Xncp- mt\m \¶m-

¡mt\m th−n am{X-aÃ. _Ô-\hpw XS-h-dbpw Iogvs¸-Sp- -ensâ

NnÓ-am-Wv. AXn \n¶v apà-am-Im³ {`m´v {ian-¡p-t¼mÄ XS-hdIÄ

XIÀ-s¯-dn-bm³ {ia-ap-−m-Ip-¶p. ]t£ {`m´nsâ arKo-b-X-bmbn

AXns\ IW-¡m-¡p-Ibpw IqSp-XÂ IqSp-XÂ _Ô-\- n-te¡pw Nn-In-

Õ-I-fn-te¡pw \bn-¡m³ CS-bm-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. {`m´ns\ CÃm-Xm-

¡p-I-bÃ; {`m´pÅ hyàn-sb- s¶ CÃmbva sN¿p¶ A[o-i-kw-

kv¡m-c-amWv XS-h-d-bn ImWp-hm³ Ignbp¶Xv.30

254

{`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-bnse XS-hd AXn-\-I-¯p-In-S-¡p¶ hyànsb

XoÀ¯pw \nÊ-lm-b-\m-¡pw. B \nÊ-lm-b-Xbv¡v B¡w Iq«p¶ NnIn-

Õbpw IqSnbmIp-t¼mÄ hyàn-bpsS kzXz-s¯bpw sshb-àn-I-X-

sbbpw XoÀ¯pw XIÀ¯p-I-f-bpw. kzX-{´-hn-lm-c- n-\pÅ a\p-jym-h-

Im-i-§Ä \ntj-[n-¡p¶ {`m´³ skÃp-IÄs¡-Xntc C¶v i_vZ-ap-b-cp-

¶p-−v.31 Bßm-wi-§-fpsS Ak- p-en-X-amb Ne-\hpw Bi-b-§-fpsS

{Ia-c-ln-X-amb {]I-S-\hpw ico-c- n-sâbpw a\-Ên-sâbpw GI-e-b-hn-

Lv\hpw FÃmw {`m´n-ep-−v. F¦nepw Ah Hcp hyàn¡v AÀl-amb

kzX-{´-hn-lmcw XS-Ê-s¸-Sp- m³ aXn-bmb Imc-W-am-Ip-¶n-Ã. hyh-lm-

c-hy-Xn-bm-\- nsâ t]cn ]m]tam Ipätam t]mse {`m´n\pw XS-hp-

in£ e`n-¡p-¶p.

{`m´pÅ hyànsb \nbaw Hcp ssa\-dm-bn-«mWv ImWp-¶-Xv.32

\nbaw ssii-h-k-am-\-am-¡nb {`m´ns\ at\m-tcm-K-Nn-InÕ B{in-Xm-

h-Ø-bn Dd- n¨p \nÀ¯p-¶p.33 AtX-k-abw Hcp inip-hn\v e`y-am-

Ip¶ kzX-{ -hn-lm-cw-t]mepw {`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-bpsS Ccp-¼-gn-¡p-ÅnÂ

{`m´\p e`n-¡p-¶p-an-Ã.

Btcm-Ky-hm-\mb a\p-jy-s\-¡p-dn- pÅ k¦-ev]-§-fn amÀIvkpw

t{^mbnUpw H¶n-¡p-¶Xv {][m-\-ambpw kzmX-{´y-k-¦-ev]-¯n-emWv.

a\p-jy³ A½sb B{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xn \n¶v imco-cn-I-ambpw am\-kn-I-

ambpw tamN\w t\Sp-t¼m-gmWv kzX-{´-\m-Ip-¶Xv F¶v t{^mbnUv

Nn´n-¡p-¶p.34 amÀIvkv A½bv¡p ]Icw {]Ir-Xn-sb-bmWv Iev]n-¡p-

¶-Xv. P\-]-Y-§-fnÂ\n¶pw kwkv¡m-c- nsâ A]-I-S-§-fnÂ\n-¶p-a-

I¶v {]Ir-Xnsb B{i-bn-¡p-t¼mÄ hyàn A½-bpsS aSn- -«n-te¡v

HmSn-¡-b-dp¶ Ip«n-bm-Wv. Xsâ kzXzs¯ XIÀ¡p¶ kwkv¡m-c-k-ao-

255

]-\-§-tfm-SpÅ hyàn-bpsS {]Xn-I-cWw Ie-l-ambpw ]em-b-\-ambpw

amdmw. c−pw hyày-\z-kvX-_-Ô-§sf _m[n¡p¶ Imcy-am-Wv.

F¶m ]em-b-\-am-sW-¦n \ncp-]-{Z-h-I-c-amb {`m´mbn kaqlw IW-

¡m-¡pw. "eoe' bn aZ-\³ ]em-b\w sNbvX-Xp-sIm−v XS-h-d-bn A-

S-bv¡-s¸-«n-Ã. "HmS-¡pg'ense {`m´³ kwkv¡m-cm-[n-]Xyw XS-h-d-bn-

eS¡p¶ {`m´-·m-cn-sem-cm-fm-Wv. _Ô\w k¯sb CÃmbva sN¿p¶

am\n-s^-tÌm-bm-Wv. kwkv¡m-cm-[n-]-Xy-t¯m-SpÅ kÀ¤m-ß-I-amb

Ielw {`m´mbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ahsâ {]Xn-I-cWw A{I-am-k-

àtam ieytam Bbn IW-¡m-¡n, {`m´nsâ h\y-Xsb I\¯ Ccp-¼-

gn-¡p-Ån-em-¡p-¶p. AXn-\p-Ån ico-c- nsâ sskzcy-hn-lmcw XS-Ê-

s¸«ncn-¡p-¶p.

""Npäpw I\-t¯m-cn-cp-¼gn! PohnX þ

¸pän {Xkn- q- hn-Im-c- n-X-ep-IÄ!''35

Pohn-X- p-änse hnIm-c- n-X-ep-IÄ F¶ AXy]qÀÆ-amb cq]Iw

kwkv¡m-cm-[n-]-Xys¯ Atem-k-cs¸Sp¯p-hm\pw Hcp k{´mkw P\n-

¸n-¡p-hm\pw Ign-hp-Å-Xm-Wv. kwkv¡m-tcm-]-I-c-W-§sf ImÀ¶p

Xn¶m³ ]cym-]vX-amb hnIm-c¨n-X-ep-IÄ {Xkn-¡p¶ Pohn-X-¸p-äns\ þ

ar¬ab ico-cs¯ þ am{Xta AXn\v _Ô-\- n-em-¡m³ km[n-¡p-I-

bp-Åp. XS-h-d-bpsS _Ô-\- n icocw \nb-{´n-X-am-Ip-¶p. a\-Ênsâ

ta B \nb-{´Ww A\m-bm-k-a-Ã. a\-Ênsâ kzÑ-µ-hn-lmcw XS-bm³

A-Xn-s\m-¶n\pw Ign-bn-Ã.

""Rm\n- -S-hn-en-cp¶p sIm−-§s\

am-\-kw-sIm−v kzX-{´-\mIpw''36

256

F¶v XS-hnÂ\n¶v a\-Êp-sIm−v kzX-{´-\m-Ip¶ hnZy "]mSp¶

]nimNn'Â N§-¼pg shfn-s¸-Sp- p-¶p-−v. kaq-l- n\pw kwkv¡m-c-

¯n\pw _Ô-\- n-em-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ Nn´-bpsS Nnd-Ip-IÄ hn-cn¨v

a\Êv kzÑ-µ-Nm-cn-bm-Ip-¶p. XS-h-d-bn InS-¡p-t¼mÄ Nn´tbmSv Nnd-

Ip-IÄ hncn-¡m-\pÅ {`m´sâ Blzm\w kz]v\-k-©m-c- nsâ amÀ¤-

am-Wv. kz]v\-Zr-iy-§Ä¡\pkcn- pÅ tNjvS-IÄ ]e-t¸mgpw hyh-Øm-

]n-X-k-aqlw AwKo-I-cn-¡p¶ hyh-lm-c-\n-b-a-§Ä A\p-k-cn-¡m- -h-

bm-bn-cn-¡pw. Ah IqSp-X ss\kÀ¤n-Itam h\ytam Bbn- o-cp-

t¼mÄ A]-I-S-I-c-amb {`m´mbn ]cn-K-Wn¨v NnIn-Õ-bpsS B[n-

]Xyhpw t\cn-tS-−n-h-cpw.

4.3.3. NnIn-Õ-bpsS {`m´v

at\m-tcm-K-imkv{Xw (Psychiatry) kw-kv¡m-cm-[n-]-Xy- nsâ asämcp

hnIr-X-ap-J-am-bmWv a\-Èm-kv{X-Úcpw X¯z-Nn- -Icpw C¶v ]cn-K-Wn-

¡p-¶-Xv. "sskt¡m-sa{Sn \½psSsbmcp ]vcm´v'37 BsW¶pw {`m´v Nn-

InÕ ‘{`m´m-¡p¶ NnIn-Õ’-bm-sW¶pw38 ]ecpw hmZn-¡p-¶p. at\m

tcm-K- nsâ a\-Èm-kv{X-am-\hpw akvXn-jv¡-tcm-K- Nn-In-Õ-bnse

kwkv¡m-c- nsâ \nP-Øn-Xnbpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p¶ ^qt¡m,39

at\m-tcm-K-im-kv{X- n\v {`m´ns\ Hcn-¡epw Iogvs -Sp- m-\m-hn-söv

Øm]n-¡p-¶p-−v. {]Ir-Xn¡p hncp-²-amb kwkvIrXn {`m´nsâ

{kjvSm-hm-bn-cn-¡p¶ Ime-t¯mfw Huj-[-Nn-In-Õbpw t_m[-\-Nn-In-

Õ-bp-saÃmw `mKn-I- ew am{Xta Df-hm-¡p-I-bp-Åp. NnInÕ kwkv¡m-

c- n-\p-X-s¶-bmWv th−-Xv. A§-s\-b-sÃ-¦n {`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-Ifnse

Huj-[-{]-tbm-Khpw hnhn-[-Xcw Ip¯n-h-bv]p-Ifpw akvXn-jv¡m-LmX-Nn-

InÕbpsaÃmw {]tbm-P-\-c-ln-X-ambn XpS-cpw.

257

I\¯ Ccp-¼-gn-¡p-Ån InS-¡p¶ {`m´sâ lkvX- nse knc-

I-fn sshZy-imkv{Xw ia-\u-j-[-§Ä Ip¯n-h-bv¡p-¶p. Ip¯n-h-bv]n-

eqsS {`m´nsâ h\y-Xsb \in- n-¡m-sa-¶m-W-hÀ Icp-Xp-¶-Xv. _Ô-

\w, Ip¯n-h-bv]v, ]cn-tim-[-\, aÀ±-\w, Huj[w F¶o A©p-

coXnIfn sskIym{Sn {`m´ns\ hcp-Xn-bn-em-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xnsâ

DXv¡WvT {]Xo-]-K-Xn-bn "D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡p-gen'se {`m´sâ a\-

Êns\ \oäp-I-bm-Wv. XS-h-d-bn InS-¡p¶ Nn{X-Im-c\v t_m[-KÀh-

¯nsâ auVy-§Ä¡v Znh-khpw hnt[-b-amtI−nh-cp-¶p. auVyw

{`m´n-sâ-bà t_m[-KÀh- n-sâ-XmWv F¶v {`m´³ Xncn- -dn-bp-¶p-−v.

Ip¯n-hbv]pw acp¶pw ]cn-tim-[-\bpw A¨-S-¡-t¯msS Gäp-hm-§p-¶-

Xp-t]mepw aÀ±\w `b-¶m-Wv.40 {`m´nsâ arKo-b-X-b-Ã, t_m[-KÀÆ-

¯nsâ Cu arKo-b-X-bmWv hyh-Øm-]nX kaq-l- nsâ {`m´v. hyh-

Øm-]nX kaq-l- nsâ {`m´n\v Cc-bm-tI-−n-h-cp¶ Nn{X-Im-csâ

tcJm-Nn{Xw BÀ¡mWv {`m´v F¶ ASn-Øm-\-]-c-amb tNmZy- n-te-

¡mWv \bn-¡p-¶-Xv. tXmakv kmkv hnh-cn-¡p¶ at\m-tcm-K- nsâ

an¯p-I-fn-sem¶v Cu kaq-l-{`m- nsâXm-Wv.

"acp¶pw a{´hpw' F¶ ]gb {]tbmKw at\m-tcm-K-im-kv{X-¯n-

sâbpw a\-Èm-kv{X- n-sâbpw (Psychiatry and Psychology) cwK¯v k-

PohamIp-t¼mÄ tUmIvSÀ tcmKo-_-Ô- n-eqsS kaq-l- nsâ A[n-

Imcw ASn-t¨-ev]n-¡p-I-bm-Wv. ss\]p-Wy-t_m-[-KÀÆamWv ]cn-tim-[\

F¶ t]cn \S-¡p-¶-Xv.

kmaq-lnIþkmwkv¡m-cnIþkm¼¯nI ]Ým- ew a\-Ên-em-¡m-

sX-bpÅ ss\]p-Wy-t_m-[-KÀÆ- nsâ ]cn-tim-[\ A]-lm-kyhpw

A{]-k-à-hp-am-Wv. Ømbn-bmb Nne KW-§Ä AS-§nb tcmK-\nÀ®-

258

b-co-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS-bpÅ ]cn-tim-[-\-IÄ Aim-kv{XobamsW¶v C¶v a\-

Ên-em-¡n-h-cp-¶p-−v. sskIym{Sn saUn-¡Â kb³kv BsW¶

t_m[w Hcp AÔ-hn-izm-k-ambn tXmakv kmkns\t¸mep-Å-hÀ Icp-Xp-

¶p. at\m-tcmKw F¶ H¶n-söpw at\m-tcmKw F¶ ]Zw Xs¶ Hcp

cq]-I-am-sW¶pw At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.41 F¶n«pw ss\]p-Wy-

t_m-[-KÀÆw a-cp-¶p-IÄ \evIp-I-bm-Wv. ss\kÀ¤nI t_m[-{]-Im-i-

\s¯ sa-cp-¡n-sb-Sp-¡m-\pÅ amÀ¤-am-W-Xv. XS-h-dbpw Ip¯n-hbv]pw

]cn-tim[-\bpw {`m´m-sW¶v XS-h-d-bn InS-¡p-¶-h-\-dn-bmw. F¶mÂ

B Adnhv kaqlw hI-h¨p sImSp-¡p-I-bn-Ã.42 ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v

{`m´m-sW¶v ]d-bp¶ XS-h-d-bnse {`m´\v kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw aÀ±-\-ta-

evt¡-−n-h-cpw.

""\o hg-§m-ªm-e-Xnsâ auVy-§Ä¡v

\oX-am-Ip-¶p, lm, \n³ ap¶n aÀ±\w''43

aÀ±-\-ta-ev¡p-sa¶ `oXn-bn A\p-k-c-W-tbmsS XS-h-d-bntem

_Ô-\- ntem Ign-bp¶ hyàn-¡mtWm {`m´v, X§-fpsS {`m´³

{]tbm-K-§-fn-eqsS hyàn-Isf \in- n-¡p-¶-hÀ¡mtWm {`m´v F¶

\nÀ®m-b-I-amb tNmZyw kaqlw Hcn-¡epw tNmZn-¡m-dn-Ã. A[n-Im-c-

¯nsâ {`m´v \n-Ê-lm-b- ØnXn-bn-epÅ Ccsb Iogv-s¸-Sp- p-¶-Xnsâ

X{ -§Ä {`m- sâ XS-h-d-Po-hnXw shfn-s¸-Sp- p-¶p. Ip¯n-hbv]pw

tUmIvS-dpsS ]cn-tim-[-\bpw aäpw {`m´ns\ hcp-Xn-bn-em-¡n Ccsb

FXnÀ¡m³ iàn-bn-Ãm-Xm-¡m-\pÅ X{´-§-fm-Wv. {`m´nsâ AhØ

ssiih kam-\hpw A]-Iz-hp-am¡n {]Xn-I-c-W-tijn \in- n¨v hnt[-b-

Xz-ap-Å-h-cm-¡p¶ {]{Inb Bbn- AXp amdp¶p.44 kwkv¡m-c- nsâ

A[n-Imcw {`m´ns\ Iogv-s¸-Sp- p-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w B A[n-Imchn\n-

259

tbmKw Hcp-Xcw {`m´m-bn ]cnWan¡p¶p. `b-s¸-Sp- -en-eqsS hnt[-b-

am-¡p¶ {]{Inb kwkv¡m-cm-[n-]-Xy- nsâ {]Xy-£-Nn-Ó-amWv;

kwkv¡m-cm-[n-]Xyw kwkv¡m-c-{`m- mbn amdpw. "D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡p-

g'-en-eqsS Cu t_m[- nsâ thWp-Km-\-amWv {`m´³ Be-]n-¡p-¶-Xv.

""\oe- p, ] - p, aª¨p \n³ ap¶nÂ

\osf \nc-¡p-¶n-Xu-j-[-{`m- p-IÄ!

F¶n-«p, a{I-aw, \obmWp \nev]Xo

a¶nsâ ZrjvSn-bn {`m´-\m-bn-s¸mgpw!''45

{`m´nsâ XS-h-d-bn bYmÀ°- n \n-evt¡-−Xv Bsc-Ãm-sa¶v {`m-

´³ Is−- p-Ibpw hnNm-cW sN¿p-I-bp-am-Wn-hn-sS. bm{´n-I-amb

sskIym-{Sn-bp-sSbpw sskt¡m-f-Pn-bp-sSbpw ]nSn-bn \n¶v {`m´nsâ

h\y-Xsb tamNn- n-¡p-Ibpw {`m nsâ h\y-X-bnÂ\n-¶p-Xs¶ {`m´nsâ

LS-I-§Ä Xncn- -dn-bp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Imew hcp-sa¶ ip`-{]-Xo£

^qt¡m ]peÀ¯p-¶p-−v.46 sskIym-{Sn-bp-sSbpw sskt¡m-f-Pn-bp-sSbpw

taJ-e-IÄ¡¸p-d-t¯¡p \o§n {`m´ns\ a\-Ên-em-¡m³ `uXnI hyh-

lm-cn-Im-]-{K-Y\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. kwkv¡m-c- nsâ Ir{Xn-a-Xz-§Ä a\p-

jysâ D×sb D·q-e\w sN¿m³ {ian-¡pt¼mgmWv {`m v IS-¶p-h-cp-

¶Xv F¶v Is−- p-t¼mÄ {]Xn-¡q-«n kaq-lhpw kwkv¡m-chpw

Bbn-cn-¡pw. {`m´m-¡p¶ NnIn-Õ-sb- än temI- n\v C¶v IqSp-XÂ

IqSp-XÂ t_m[y-am-bn-s¡m-−ncn-¡p¶p; Bân sskIym-{Sn-bn-eqsS

AXns\ {]Xn-tcm-[n¨p Xp-S-§n-bn-«p-ap−v.

ss\kÀ¤n-I-X-bpsS ss\cm-iy- n \n¶pw Dcp- n-cn-bp¶

{`m´n\pt]mepw ia-\u-j-[-§Ä \evIp¶ sskIym-{Snsb ]oäÀ

{_¤n³, tPmk^v s¥³ apÅÀ XpS-§nb sskIym-{Sn-Ìp-Ifpw {`m´mbn

260

IW-¡m-¡p-¶p.47 {]Xn- m-im-en-IÄ X§-fpsS kÀ¤-i-àn-bpsS Znhy-

amb ap-lqÀ -§-fn kmam-\y-tem-I- n\v A{]m-]y-amb A`u-a-tem-I-

¯nsâ ImgvN-IÄ ZÀin-¡pw. B ZÀi\w kmam-\y-tem-I- n\v ZpÀ{K-l-

am-bm AXv {`m´mbn ]cn-K-Wn¨v NnIn-Õn-¡p¶ coXn kÀ¤-i-ànsb

\in- n-¡p-I-Xs¶ sN¿pw. A¯cw kµÀ -§-fn {`m´v BÀ¡v F¶

tNmZy- n\v kmwK-Xy-ta-dpw. N§-¼p-g-bm-Is« {`m´ns\ hyàn-bnÂ

\n¶pw kaq-l- n-te¡v amän {]Xn-jvTn-¡p¶ cmk-{]-{In-b-Xs¶ \S-

¯p-¶p. Xs¶ {`m´-\m¡n Ccp-¼gn¡I¯v ASbv¡pIbpw ]e-hn[

Huj[{`m´p-I-fm ]oUn- n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ kwkv¡m-c- n-\mWv

{`m v F¶v Nn{X-Im-c\v \nÝ-b-ap-−v. AXp-sIm-−mWv a¶nsâ ZrjvSn-

bn Xm³ {`m´-\mbn \nev¡p-¶Xv A{I-a-amWv F¶v ka-Nn- -X-

tbmsS AbmÄ¡v kwh-Zn-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv. BÀ¡mWv {`m´v F¶

th]-Yp-hmÀ¶ kaky N§¼pg ]e-t¸mgpw BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶pap−v."aZn-

tcm-Õ-h'- nÂ,

""{`m -\m-sb-s¶-sb®pw \n§-sf-¶m shdpw

{`m -·mÀ! þ IjvSw, \n§-sf- -dnªp!''48

F¶n-§s\ {`m´³ Xsâ {`m´n-eqsS temIs¯ t\m¡n kl-X-]n-¡p-

I-bm-Wv.

a-äp-Å-h-cn \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-ambn Ncn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv {`m´n\v

If-sam-cp-§p-¶-Xv. "IÃns\ ssZh-am¡n ssIIq¸n aX- nsâ XÃp-sIm-

−-h-\à Xms\¶pw, tImhn-en IWnImWm- m-\µ-an-cn- p−n¯qsh-

Ån- -j-I- nÂ.'49 F¶pw Is−- p-t¼mÄ Cu hyXy-kvX-X-bmWv

thZy-am-Ip-¶-Xv. F¶m Cu hyXymkw AwKo-I-cn-¡m- -hÀ Xs¶

{`m -\m-sb-®p-sa-¦nepw Xm\Ã `qcn-]£w hcp¶ aäp-Å-h-cmWv {`m´À

261

F¶mWv Ihn-bpsS \ne-]mSv. F¶m bpàn-bpsSbpw _p²n-bp-sSbpw

]n³_e-an-Ãm¯ hnIm-c-kXyw {`m´m-Ip-t¼mÄ AXn\v ItÃdv

Gev¡p¶p.

""kXy-ku-µ-cy-ta, \n³ `à-Zm-k³ Rm³

bpàn-X³ ZrjvSn-bn {`m´-\mbn!

\nXy-{]-Im-i-ta, \n¶n-e-en-IbmÂ

_p²n-X³ ZrjvSn-bn {`m -\mbn Rm³!

IsÃ-dn-bp¶p hnfÀ¯ ]cn-lm-kþ

s]mÅ- n-cn-IÄ X³ t]-¡q- p-IÄ!

{`m´³ Rm³, {`m´³ Rm³, l´, kuµ-cy-ta,

Xm´-\m-sas¶ \o {`m´-\m-¡n.''50

CXn c−p-hn-[- n-epÅ {`m´pw {]Xn-]m-Zn- n-«p-−v. _p²n-bp-sSbpw

bpàn-bp-sSbpw Zr-jvSn-bn {`m´-\mbn amdp-¶Xv temI- nsâ AwKo-

Ir-X-N-cy-I-fnÂ\n¶p hyXn-N-en-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-−m-Wv. hnfÀ¯ ]cnlm-k-

s]m-Å- n-cn-IfpsS t]¡q- p-IÄ IsÃ-dn-ªmWv B {`m´s\ kzoI-cn-

¡p-¶-Xv. \nXy-{]-Im-i- n-e-en-bp¶ {]Xn-`sb temIw {`m´mbn ]cn-K-

Wn-¡pw. AXv {]Xn- -bnse {`mt´m {`m´nse {]Xn- tbm BImw.

kuµcyw {]Xn- sb {`m´m¡n amäp-t¼mÄ AXp {`m´pw kÀ¤-i-

ànbpw X½n-epÅ ]mc-kv]-cy-ambn `hn-¡p-¶p.

{]Xn- -bnse {`m´ns\ a-\-Ên-em-¡m-\m-hm¯ kaqlw AXns\

atä-sXmcp {`m´n-sâ-bp-sam¸w ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶p. AXv kmwkv¡m-cn-I-X-

bpsS {`m´mWv. kmwkv-¡m-cn-I-X-bpsS {`m v at\m-tcm-K-Nn-In-Õ-bpsS

cq]- n-emWv C¶v {]Xy-£-am-Ip-¶-Xv. kwkv¡m-cm-[n-]-Xy- nsâ

kw`m-h-\-bmb Zmcn-{Zyhpw AXnsâ tcmKm-kv]-Z-amb A`n-cp-Nnbpw

_Ô-\hpw NnIn-Õbpw aäpw kÀ¤-{`m- ns\ \in- n-¡p-Ibpw

262

hyànsb \nkvtX-P-\m-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Hgn-hm-t¡− kmwkv¡m-cn-

Im-[n-]-Xys¯bpw AXnsâ sshI-ey-§-sf-bp-amWv CXv kqNn- n-¡p-¶-

Xv. Po\n-b-Êp-I-fn-eqsS e`y-am-tb-¡m-hp¶ auen-I-X-bpsS Aaqey-amb

k¼- p-IÄ CXn-eqsS temIw \jvS-s¸-Sp- p-I-bmWv. kmwkv¡m-cn-I-

{`m- ns\ CÃmXm-¡p-Ibpw kÀ¤-{`m- ns\ kwc-£n-¡p-Ibpw sNt¿-−-

Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-X-bmWv Ch hnfw-_cw sN¿p-¶-Xv.

4.4. kÀ¤-{`m´v

kwkv¡m-cm-[oiXzw A-Xnsâ A[n-Im-c- n-eqsS ASn-t -ev]n-

¡p¶ {`m´nÂ\n¶p hn`n-¶-amWv kÀ¤-{`m- v. B´-cn-I-kn-²n-bpsS

{]Im-i\w aqe-ap-−m-Ip¶ hyh-lm-c-hy-Xn-bm\w am{X-amWv kÀ¤m-ß-I-

X-bpsS {`m´v. _p²n-bn Bfn-¡- p¶ Nn´ sshIm-cn-I-X-bnÂ

DbÀ¯p¶ XoÖzm-e-bm-W-Xv. AXv kÀ¤-i-àn-bm-Wv. kmam-\y- m-h-

\bv¡v A{]m]yamb taJ-e-bn hnl-cn-¡p¶ Ah-cpsS AXo-{µn-bm-\p-

-hs¯ kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bpsS {`m´mtbm {`m´nsâ kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bmtbm

IW-¡m-¡mw. kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bpsSbpw {`m´nsâbpw Cu ]mc-kv]-cy-

amWv kwc-£n-¡-s¸-tS-−-Xv. {`m´n-sâbpw {]Xn- -bp-sSbpw B thgvN-

bnÂ\n-¶mWv al- mb Iem-kr-jvSn-Ifpw DZm- -amb X¯z-Nn- bpw

imkv{X-ZÀi\-§fpw aäpw ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. AXn-\m-em-Wv,

""F¦nepw \osb-\nt¡Ipao {`m´n-\mþ

se³ IcÄ tImÄa-bnÀs¡mÄhn-sX-¶pw.

Cu \nÀ-hr-Xn-sIm-Å-ep-·m-Z-am-sW-¦nÂ

Rms\-¶p-ap-·m-Zn-bm-bn-Smhq''51

F¶v N§-¼p-g-sb-t¸mse G-sXmcp kÀ¤-{]-Xn- bpw B {`m´ns\

kzmKXw sN¿p-¶-Xv.

263

F{X \mc-Io-tbm-{K-Zpx-J-§Ä A\p- -hn-t¡-−n-h-¶mepw bYmÀ°

Iem-Im-c³ Xsâ kz]v\-s¯bpw Ie-sbbpw hnev]-\- -c-¡m-¡m³

X¿m-dm-hp-I-bn-Ã. XXv^-e-ambn ]e-t¸mgpw hni¸p-sIm−v Ah-i-\mbn

Zo\-\mbn Pohn-t¡-−nh-cpw. kwkv¡m-c- nsâ tcmKm-kv]-Zhpw t`mKm-

kv]-Z-hp-amb A`n-cp-Nnbpw \Ã Ie-tbm-SpÅ Ah-K-W-\bpw AXn-t\mSv

tNcp-t¼mÄ kÀ¤-{`m´v kmwkv-¡m-cnI {`m´n-te¡v hgp-Xpw. s\ÀhÂ,

AÀXzm-Uv, \oävsj, dqtÊm XpS-§nb {]Xn- -I-fpsS {`m´v C¡mcyw

Ønco-I-cn-¡p-¶p.52 F¶m Ime-hp-ambpw kwkv¡m-c-hp-ambpw kÔn-

sN-¿m³ X¿m-dm-bm bYmÀ° Iem-Im-c³ \in-¡pw. kÀ¤-{`m- ns\

\in- n-¡p¶XmWv B kÔn. {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xz- nsâ ]mX-bn-eqsS

DXv¡Àj- n-te-¡p-t]m-Im³ kÀ-¤-{`m- ³ X¿m-dm-In-Ã. AXn\p X¿m-

dmb KÔÀ-Æ-_m-e³ AXyp-{K-th-Xm-f-am-Ip-¶Xv N§-¼pg "]mSp¶

]nimNn'Â Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. In¶-cs\ ]nim-Nm¡n amäp¶ Ime- n-

s\-Xntc {]Xn-I-cn- m XncnsI {`m´nsâ kz]v\-ta-J-e-I-fn-te¡p IS-

¡mw. B {`m´ns\ H¶m-ioÀh-Zn-¡m³t]mepw btim-tZ-hX hcp-sa¶v

Icp-tX-−-Xn-Ã. kwkv-¡m-cm-[n-]-Xy- nsâ {]tem- -\o-b-amb sFiz-cy-

irw-K-§Ä Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡m³ Ign-hp-−m-¡p-¶-XmWv kÀ¤-{`m- v.

""ths−-\n-¡p¡Àjw; t]mhp-I-bmWp Rm³

ho−p-sa-¶m-ZÀ-i-ta-J-e-bnÂ,

kÀ¤o-b-Im- n-bn ap§n-Êp-c- ne þ

kz]v\-§Ä ]q¡pam \à \m«nÂ.''53

AXyp-{K-th-Xm-f- nÂ\n¶v hoW hmbn-¡p¶ In¶-c-\m-Im³

D¡Àjw ths−¶p hbv¡p-I-Xs¶ th−n-h-t¶-¡mw.. hni- nÂ

264

thhp-t¼mgpw "acn-¡nà a kz]v\w' F¶v Dd- n-¡p¶ ip`-Im-a-\-bmWv

kÀ¤-{`m´v.

4.4.1. hm³tKmKpw Nn{X-Im-csâ {`m´pw

kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« {`m´p-IÄs¡Ãmw ]e-X-c-¯n-

epÅ kmwkv¡m-cnI ]Ým- -e-hp-ap-−v. kzmX-{´yw, aXw, kwkv¡m-

cw, k¼¯v XpS-§nb Ht«sd LS-I-§Ä {`m´n\v Bth-K-a-W-bv¡p-

¶p. `b-¦-c-amb Zmcn-{Zyhpw D{K-ss\-cm-iyhpw \njn-²m- n-cp-Nn-tbm-Sp-Iq-

Snb temI- nsâ A{i² ImWp-t¼m-gpÅ DXv¡-S-amb DtZz-Khpw ASn-

¡Sn hÀ²n- mWv Nn{X-Im-c\v {`´p ]nSn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXnsâ ]c-tIm-Sn-bn-

se- n-b-t¸m-gmWv AbmÄ {`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-bn F¯nbXv.54 Chn-sSbpw

{]Xn-¡q-«n \nev¡p-¶Xv hyàn-bÃ; kaq-l-am-Wv. D¶-Xm-ZÀ-i-§-fmÂ

{]Zo-]vX-amb Bßo-b-ta-J-esb Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ B Iem-Im-c\v ]t£,

Xsâ Ie-bpsS aqey- n-\-\p-k-cn v AwKo-Im-ctam ]Wtam e`n-¡p-¶n-

Ã. Xsâ Nn{X- n\v Imew icn-¡pÅ Iqen \evIp-sa¶v {]Xo£

AbmÄ¡p-−v, ]t£, "\ncm-i-\m-Wn¶p \o' F¶ ss\cm-iy-t_m-[hpw

Abmsf Htc-k-abw DZzn-á-am-¡p-¶p.55

XpÑ-amb {]Xn- ew X¶p-t]mepw al- mb B Nn{X-§Ä

Bcpw hm§n-¡p-¶nà F¶p am{X-aà Bcmepw {i²n¡-s¸-SmsX Ah

PoÀ®n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. XXv^-e-ambn DXv¡-S-amb hni- p-sIm−v

Nn{X-Im-c³ sRcp-t§-−n-h-cp-¶p. F¶mepw B ssh]-co-Xy-§sf

AXn-Po-hn¨v kmXzn-I- I-em-[À½-§Ä kwc-£n¨ ka-Nn- -X-bpsS

sshP-b- n-bmWv Nn{X-Im-c³. Zpcn-X- nsâ \ocm-fn- n-Sp- -¯n-\n-S-

bnepw a\-Ênsâ k¦oÀ®- m-h-§-fn \n¶v hntiz-m -c-amb Nn{X-§Ä

Bte-J\w sNbvX hm³tKmKv Cu Nn{X-Im-c-\nÂ\n¶v `n¶-\-Ã. Zmcn-

265

{Zyhpw temI- nsâ Ah-K-Wbpw Ahsc imco-cn-I-ambpw am\-kn-I-

ambpw B{I-an- n-cp-¶p. kz´w Ime-L-«-hp-am-bpÅ C¯cw Gäp-ap-«-ep-

IÄ Ah-cpsS {]Xn-`sb {`m´m-h-Ø-bn-te¡p \bn¨p. Xm³ Pohn¨

Im-e-L-«-hp-am-bpÅ Gäp-ap-«-en {`m´-\mb \oävtjbpw56 D]-Po-h-\-

¯n\p \nhr- n-bn-Ãm-Xn-cp-¶n«pw Ime-hp-ambn kÔn-sN-¿m³ X¿m-d-Ãm-

Xn-cp¶ hm³tKmKpw57 {`m´nsâ kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bpsS hnÚm-]-\-§-fm-

Wv. hm³tKm-Knepw \oävtj-bnepw kam- -c-ambn ImWp¶ {]tXy-IX

ta[bn Bfn-¡-¯p¶ Nn´bv¡p kam- -c-ambn hnIm-c- nepw

XoPzme Db-cp¶p F¶-Xm-Wv. AXmWv Cu {]Xn- -IÄ kÀ¤-i-àn-

bm¡n amäp-¶-Xv. ‘D·m-Z- nsâ HmS¡p-g-’ense Nn{X-Im-c\v hm³tKmKp-

ambn hf-sc-tbsd kmay-ap-−v. Imhy- nse Nn{X-Im-c-s\-t¸mse

hm³tKmKpw Pohn- n-cp-¶-t¸mÄ Zmcn-{Zy- n\pw \ncm-ibv¡pw {`m´n\pw

ASn-s¸-Sp-Ibpw {`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-bn h¨v AIm-e-ar-Xyp-hn-\ncbmIp-Ibpw

sNbvXn-cp-¶p. {]ikvXn Ccp-h-scbpw F¶pw I_-fn- n- n-cp-¶p. ]mco-

knse Nn{X-Im-c-·m-cpsS CS-bn {]kn-²-\m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw hm³tKm-

Knsâ Nn{X-§Ä Imcy-ambn hnä-gn-ªn-cp-¶n-Ã. "HmS-¡p-g'-ense Nn{X-Im-

c\pw Xsâ Nn{X-§Ä hnä-gn-¡m-\m-hmsX t¢in-¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw.

A¡m-es¯ {]ikvX Cw{]-j-\nÌv Nn{X-Im-c-·mcmb tZKm-kv, s\\z,

tamsW, ]okmtdm XpS-§n-b-h-cpsS Nn{X-§Ä Bfp-Isf hio-I-cn- p-

sIm-−n-cp-¶p. Cw{]-j-\nÌv Nn{X-§Ä \Ã-Xp-t]mse hnä-gn-bp-am-bn-cp-

¶n«pw Xsâ Iesb amän-a-dn-¡m³ hm³tKmKv X¿m-dm-bn-Ã.58

""B chn-hÀ½-sb-t¸m-se, _mlym-Imc þ

Nmcn-a-bmWv Rm³ ]qPn- -sX-¦n-tem,

266

tamSn- -In-«n-\m hntäs\ \nXyhpw

tImSn-¡-W-¡n-s\³ Nn{X-§-sfms¡ Rm³''.59

chn-hÀ½-sb¶ hn{Klw `RvP-\w-sN-¿m³ A¡m-e¯v Akm-am-\y-amb

ss[cyw Im-Wn¨ Ihn-bmWv N§-¼p-g. \oävsj {`m´sâ hm¡n-eq-sS,

"ssZhs¯ sIm¶p' F¶p {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse N§-¼pg {`m´sâ

Nn -I-fn-eqsS chn-hÀ½- n-{X-§-fpsS _mly-Im-c-Nm-cn-a-bp-sSbpw tamSn- -In-

«n-sâ-bp-amb £p{Z-I-esb shfn-hm-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Xsâ "ta\I' Nn{Xw

chn-hÀ½- n{Xw t]mse-bà F¶v Nn{X-Im-c³ hne-bn-cp-¯p-t¼mÄ

{`m´nsâ {`a-I-ev]-\-I-fÃ; kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bpsS {`m´v am{X-am-Wp-Å-Xv.

""]´-Sn- o-sesâ ta\-I, ImÀIp-gÂ

¨n´n-b-s - -fn-cm-S-bqÀ¶-§s\;

irwKm-c-km{µa-Zm-e-k-bm-bv, kvanX

`wKn-bn hnizw ab¡p¶p-an-Ã-hÄ!''60

F¶pw aäpw ]d-bp-t¼mÄ "ssZh-§-fpsS hÄKÀ lyqa-ss\-tk-j³'61

BWv chn-hÀ½-bpsS Nn{X-§Ä F¶ ]nev¡m-e-\n-cq-]-I-cpsS A`n-

{]mbw N§-¼pg t\c-s -Xs¶ {]I-Sn- n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶v

hyàw. hÀ®hpw aäpw I®mSnbn ]nSn-s¨-Sp-¡pwt]mse IrXy-ambn

]nSn-s¨-Sp- m AXv Nn{X-am-hp-I-bn-Ã. t^mt«m{Km^n-s\-¡mÄ AXn\v

ta·-sbm-¶p-anÃ62 F¶ hm³tKm-Knsâ A`n-{]mbw Nn{X-Im-c-\n-eqsS

N§-¼pg {]I-Sn- n-¡p-¶p-−v. "hÀ®-§-fn-eqsS Hcp hnIm-c- nsâ

km£m-Xv¡mcw' F¶ {]kn-²-amb FIvkv{]-j-\nÌv Nn{X-Iem\nÀÆ-

N\w63 Xsâ Nn{X-§-fn-eqsS cq]-s -Sp¯nsbSp¯ hm³tKm-Kn-s\-t¸m-

se-bmWv "HmS-¡pg'ense Nn{X-Im-csâ Nn{X-§fpw. ‘ta\I’ F¶ Nn{X-

¯n apàn-bm-b-h-X-cn-¡p¶ ta\I,

267

""im´n-X³ ]obp-j-Ipw`aZr-iy-amþ

tb´n-h-s¶¯pa\p- -h-am-W-hÄ!

a¶n³ IZ\m-Ô-Im-c-¯n-ew-ip-¡Ä

Nn¶pw kPo-hamw km´z-\-am-W-hÄ!''64

F¶v AZr-iy-amb Aar-X-Ipw- -ta- p¶ A\p- -h-s¯bpw civan-

IÄ Nn¶p¶ kPoh km´z-\-s¯bpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXv

tIhew _m-lym-Im-c-Nm-cn-a-b-Ã,65 FIvkv{]j-WnÌv Nn{X-I-e-tbmSv

Bß-_Ôw ]peÀ¯p¶ Bhn-jv¡m-c-am-Wv. "Biz-kn- n-¡p¶ H¶v,

kwKo-Xw-t]mse kam-iz-kn- n-¡p¶ Ft´m H¶v Nn{X-§-fn-eqsS ]d-

bm³ sh¼p¶ hm³tKmKv {]`m-h-e-bw-sIm−v {]Xo-I-h-Xv¡-cn-¡-s -

Sp¶ A\-iz-c-X-bpsS Awi-apÅ66 Nn{X-§-fmWv hc-bv¡m³ XmXv]cyw

{]I-Sn- n- n-cp-¶-Xv. `q-an-bpsS IZ\m-Ô-Im-c- n {]Im-i-c-ivan-IÄ

Nn¶p¶ kPoh km´z-\-am-bn-«mWv "ta\I'sb Nn{-X-Im-c³ hc-bv¡p-¶-

Xv. AhÄ hln-¡p¶ AZr-iy-amb Aar-X-Ipw`w {]`m-he-bw-sIm−v

{]Xo-I-h-Xv¡-cn- n-cn-¡p¶p. Cu Nn{X- n-eqsS hm³tKmKv kz]v\w-I−

A\-iz-c-X-bpsS Awiw Xs¶-bmWv Nn{XImc³ km£m-Xv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

DXvIr-jvS-amb Nn{X-Ie t^mt«m-{Km- nIv {]Xn-Ñm-b-b-söv

Xsâ Nn{X-§-fn-eqsS sXfn-bn¨ Nn{X-Im-c-\mWv hm³tKm-Kv. hc-Ifpw

hÀ®-§fpw C{µn-b-t_m-[-ambn {]mY-an-ImÀ°- nÂ\n¶pw km{µamb

AÀ°-[z-\n-I-fn-te¡v Db-cp-t¼m-gmWv Nn{X-Ie DZm- -ambn `hn-¡p-¶-

Xv. Nn{X-Im-csâ "iIp- f' AXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. iIp- -f-bpsS Hcp

`mhw am{Xw hc¨v AXns\ Hcp Ìn t^mt«m{Km^nIv Nn{Xw t]mse-

bm-¡p¶ chn-hÀ½bp-tSXv DZm¯ Nn{X-I-e-bà F¶v N§-¼p-g-bpsS

Nn{X-Im-c³ hyà-am-¡p-¶p. iIp- -f-bpsS `mh-km-{µX ka-{K-ambn

268

Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ am{Xta Imfn-Zm-k-lr-Zbw Nmb- n-eqsS temI-

¯n\v ImWn- p-sIm-Sp-¡m-\m-hp-I-bp-Åp.67

""ImWp¶ temIw shdpsX ]IÀ¯msX

ImtW-−-Xns\ hc¨p ImWn¨p \o.''68

F¶v Iem-[À½w N§-¼pg hyà-am-¡p-¶p-−v. hm³tKm-Knsâ

Imes¯ Cw{]-j-WnÌv Nn{X-Im-c-·m-cpsS {]Xn-Ñm-b-bmWv chn-hÀ½-

bv¡p-Å-Xv. Cw{]-j-WnÌv Nn{X-Im-c-·mÀ Ac-§p-hm-Wn-cp¶ Ime¯v

Nmbw-sIm−p am{X-aà hm³tKmKp {]Xn-I-cn- -Xv. FÃm ku`m-Ky-§-fp-

ap-t]-£n¨v kzPo-hn-XwXs¶ hne-bmbn \evInb hm³tKm-Knsâ "Omb'

Nn{X-Im-c-\p-ap-−v. C¡mcyw kv]jvS-am-¡p-¶-XmWv Cu Nn{X-§-fpsS

NnÓ-cq-]- n-epÅ BJym\w. dnben-k- n\pw Cw{]-j-Wn-k- n\pw

aäpw ià-amb Xncn- -Sn-bmbn kuµ-cy-imkv{Xw ]cn-K-Wn-¡p¶

FIvkv{]j-Wnkw tIc-f- n A¡m-e¯v A{X ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.

Hcp Nn{X-Im-csâ kwLÀj-\nÀ`-c-amb Pohn-Xhpw {`m´pw tIc-fo-b-

cpsS kÀ¤-hym-]m-c- n AXp-hsc tI«p-tIÄhn-t]m-ep-an-Ãm- -Xm-bn-cp-

¶p. AXp-sIm−v C -c-samcp IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ kr-jvSnbpw {`m´m-bn-

¯s¶ Icp-Xn-h-¶p. hm³tKm-Knsâ Bß-l-Xy-¡p-tijw Ac-\q-äm−p

Ign-ªmWv Cu IhnX N§-¼pg cNn-¨-Xv.69 F¶n«p t]mepw B

kÀ¤{`m´v \ap¡v A]cnNnXambncp¶p. Xsâ Iesb P\-{]n-b-am-

¡m³ X¿m-dm-ImXn-cp¶ hm³tKmKv Nn{X-§Ä H¶pw hnä-gn-¡m-\m-

hmsX ITn-\-amb Zmcn-{Zy- n h-e-ªn-cp-¶p.

""DXv¡-S-£p- nsâ sR¡-enÂ, kmXzn-Iþ

kXv¡-em-[À½-§Ä hnä-h-\à Rm³.

t`mKm-kv]-Z-am-a- n-cp-Nn-s¡m¯ aþ

269

t«Ip-hm-\p-Å-X-Ãp-Å-sX³ ssIhiw!

Bbn-cp-s¶-¦n-en-ss¶-iz-cy-irw-K- nþ

emSn-¡-fn-t¨s\ assZz-P-b- n-IÄ!''70

F¶v "HmS-¡pg'ense Nn{X-Im-c³ kz´w \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ {]Jym-]n-¡p-

t¼mÄ hm³tKm-Knsâ kPo-h-km-¶n²yw AXn \nd-bp-¶p. "ssZh-

§sf hnev]-\- -c-¡m-¡p¶ Ie-−À Nn{X-§fpw At\Iw \m«p-cm-Pm-¡-

·m-cpsS Al-¦mcw hÀ-²n- n-¡p¶ Ombm-Nn-{X-§fpw hc¨p-XoÀ¯ chn-

hÀ½- n-{X-§-fpsS ^yqU-en-ÌnIv kz`mhwsIm−v Ah "tImSn-¡-W-

¡n\p' hnäp-t]m-bn-cp-¶p.71 chn-hÀ½-bpsS Nn{X-§Ä tamSn- -In-«p-sIm−v

hnä-gn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv ImWp-¶p-s−-¦nepw chn-hÀ½-sb-t¸mse "_mly-Im-

c-Nm-cna' ]qPn-¡m³ Nn{X-Im-c³ X¿m-dm-Ip-¶n-Ã. A´- p-c-Nn-{Xhpw

tZhm-e-b-Nn-{Xhpw hc¨v kmbq-Py-a-S-ª-hsc hcpw Xe-apd Xncn-ªp-

t\m-¡p-I-bnÃ72 F¶ hm³tKm-Knsâ A`n-{]m-b-t¯mSp \oXn ]peÀ¯n-

s¡m−v {]i-kvXn, k¼¯v F¶n-h-bv¡mbn Nn{X-I-esb \in- n-¡m³

X¿m-d-Ãm¯ Nn{X-Im-c\pw kz´w PohnXw \jvS-s¸-Sp- n-s¡m−v DZm-

-I-e-bpsS temIw kz´-am-¡p¶p. F¶m Xsâ Nn{X-§Ä¡v

AÀl-amb {]i-kvXnbpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw Fs¶-¦nepw e`n-¡p-sa¶v

AbmÄ Bin- n-cp-¶p.

""Imew icn-¡pÅ Iqen \evIpw \nsâ

thebv¡p þ ]t£, \ncm-i-\m-Wn¶p \o.''73

hm³tKmKv ktlm-Z-c³ Xntbm-hn-\-b¨ Nne I¯p-I-fn ac-W-ti-j-sa-

¦nepw Xsâ Nn{X-§Ä temIw BZ-cn-¡p-sa¶ {]Xymi {]I-Sn-

¸n¨ncp¶p.74

270

""aXvI-em-kr-jvSn-bnÂ, -\o-sbm-¶n-se-¦n-epþ

apÄs¡m-Åp-tam, aÂar-Xn¡p ]n³s]-¦nepw?”75

F¶v "HmS-¡pg' ense Nn{X-Im-c³ btim-tZ-hn-tbmSp tNmZn-¡p-¶p-−v.

""Aen-hp-Å-hÀ \ns¶-b- n-\-µn-¡pw, Imew

hne-h- nSpw \nsâ hniz-tam-l-\-\r¯w.''76

F¶v "Fsâ IhnX' bn kam-\-amb Bibw ImWmw. kXv¡-e-

IÄ¡v `mhn-bn e`y-am-Ip¶ Aw-Ko-Im-chpw ka-Im-es¯ Zpc-

hØbpw ]e Ihn-X-I-fnepw BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-−v. kmXznI Iem-[À½-

§Ä Dt]-£n¨pIf-ªm hm³tKm-Kn\pw Zmcn-{Zy- nÂ\n¶p Ic-I-b-

dm³ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m `mhn-bnse Ie F¶ bph-Xz-]qÀ®hpw

kuµ-cym-ß-I-hp-amb B H¶n\pth−n Fs´Ãmw \jvS-s¸-Sp- n-

bmepw AXp em`-am-sW¶pw Ahm-Ny-amb hnip-²n-bmWv B em`w77

F¶pw Icp-Xp¶ hm³tKm-Kns\t¸mse N§-¼p-g-bpsS Nn{X-Im-c\pw

kzbw \jvS-s¸-Sp- p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p; Hcn-¡epw kzbw h©n-¡m³ X¿m-

dm-bn-Ã. Iem-Im-c³ kzbw h©n¨p t\Sp¶ Iem-In-coSw KÔÀÆs\

]nim-Nm-¡p¶ ImgvN "]mSp¶ ]mimNn'Â ImWmw.

""]¦n-e³ Rm³ kzbw h©n¨p t\Snb

X¦-¡n-coSw sXdn- p-t]m-Ww.''78

kzbw h©n¨v sFiz-cy-irw-K- n-te-dp-t¼mÄ \Ã Iesb Xnc-

kvI-cn-t¡-−n-h-cpw. In¶-cs\ cm£-k-\m-¡p¶ B A[x-]-X\w kzbw

a\-Ên-em-¡n-¡-gn-bp-t¼m-gmWv ]mSp¶ ]nimNv ]gb KÔÀ-Æ-_m-e-\m-

Im³ B{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xv.- F¶m ChnsS Nn{X-Im-c³ DXv¡-S-amb

hni¸pw Zmcn-{Zyhpw A\p- -hn- n«pw AXn\v Xp\n-ªn-Ã. temI- nsâ

t`mKm-kv]-Z-amb cpNn-s¡m- -h®w Xsâ kn²n-bmb DZm- -Iesb

271

amänadn- n-cp-s¶-¦n sFiz-cy-irw-K- n Xsâ sshP-b´n BSn-¡-fn-

¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m btim-Imw-£n-bm-bn-cp-¶n«pw AbmÄ AXn\p

X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. Zmcn-{Zy- nepw Ah-K-W-\-bnepw hm³tKm-Kn-s\-t¸m-se-

Xs¶ "HmS-¡pg'ense Nn{X-Im-c\pw X§-fpsS Imet¯mSv AXn-i-à-

amb kwLÀj- n-teÀs¸-Sp-¶p.79 H¯p-XoÀ¸n\p X¿mdm-Im¯ kÀ¤m-

ß-IX {`m´n-te-s¡-¯pI kzm`m-hn-Iw.

""{`m´³ þ PK- nsâ ZrjvSn-bn Rm³ shdpw

{`m´³ þ ]Xn-X³ ]cn-lm-k-]m-{X-hm³

am\n¸p Rm³ kzb-sa-¦nepw temI-ta,

XmWnà \n³ Iem- m-k- n-te¡p Rm³.''80

temI- nsâ ZrjvSn-bn {`m´\pw ]Xn-X\pw ]cn-lm-k-]m-{Xhpw

BIp-sa-¦nepw temI-¯nsâ Iem- m-k- n-te¡p Xmgm¯ kÀ¤m-ß-I-

X-bpsS {`m´m-Wn-Xv. kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bpsS {`m´v kwc-£n-¡-s¸-tS-−-Xm-

sW¶ ^qt¡m-bpsS hmZw81 Cu A`n-am-\-i_vZw icn-h-bv¡p-¶p.

temI- nsâ {`m´pw kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bpsS {`m´pw Hcn-¡epw s]mcp- -

s¸-«p-t]m-Ip-I-bn-Ã. AXn\v temI- nsâ {`m´n \n¶p kzXzs¯

c£n-s -Sp-¡-Ww. At¸mÄ AXv temI- nsâ ap-¼n {`m´m-bn-

¯ocpw. Iem-Im-c-·mÀ hnNn-{X-amb coXn-bn s]cp-am-dp-¶Xv F´p-sIm-

−m-sW¶v hf-sc-¡pd¨v Bfp-IÄt¡ a\Ên-em-hp-I-bpÅp F¶p

hm³tKmKv km£y-s¸-Sp- p-¶p-−v.82

kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bpsS {`m´v Hcp `mK¯pw kaqlw Iev]n- p-\-

evIp¶ {`m v adp- m-K¯pw \n¶p sRcp-¡p-t¼mÄ kÀ¤-{`m- ³ {`m´m-

ip-]{Xnbnte¡v B\-bn-¡-s¸-Spw. hm³tKmKpw "HmS-¡pg'ense

{`m´\pw GXm−v kam-\-amb ØnXn-bn-emWv {`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-bn-se- p-

272

¶-Xv. \nÀ`m-Ky-h-im e`n¨ ZpÀb-iÊv, Zmcn-{Zyw, hn[n-ssh-]-coXyw

{]mXn-Iq-ey-§Ä Ch-bm _Ô-\- n-em-bmepw "kl-P-hm-k-\-sIm−v

Xms\mcp hyXykvX a\p-jy-\m-sW¶pw X¶n GtXm Hcp iàn-

bps−¶pw' AbmÄ Adn-bp-¶p. AXnsâ ^-e-{]m-]vXn-¡mbn ITn-\-{]-

bXv\w sNbvXv Ime-hp-ambn kwLÀj- n-teÀs¸-«p apt¶-dp-t¼mÄ

AbmÄ {`m´-\m-Ip-¶p. B {`m´v imco-cn-I-amtWm AXÃ AXy-[zm\w

sNbvX a\Ênsâ {]Xym-Lm-X-amtWm F¶p thÀXn-cn¨v ]d-bm³

AhÀ¡p Ign-bm-dp-an-Ã.83 {`m´n-\pÅ {]Xn-hn-[n-IÄ \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶-Xm-

Is« {`m´pÅ kaq-l-amWv; AYhm kÀ¤m-ß-I-{`m´v a\-Ên-em-¡m-³

Ign-hn-Ãm¯ kmwkv¡m-cn-I-{`m- m-Wv. A§s\ {`m´n-\pÅ {]Xn-hn-[n-

IÄ kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bpsS {`m´ns\ \in- n¨p temI¯nsâ {`m´n\p

tbmPn- -Xm-¡m³ ]cn-{i-an-¡p-¶p. AXp ]e-t¸mgpw AIm-e-ar-Xyp-hmWv

{]Zm\w sN¿p-¶-Xv. AXns\ AXn-Pohn¡pt¼m-gm-Is« DXvIr-jvS-

Iebv¡v P·-sIm-Sp-¡p¶ kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bpsS {`m v kwc-£n-¡-s¸-Sp-

Ibpw sN¿pw. km[m-cW Pohn-X-\n-b-a-§Ä¡- p-d-t¯¡v t]mIp-¶Xpw

kuµ-cym-ß-Ihpw ZmÀi-\n-I-hp-amb Xe-§-fn-te¡v F¯n-t¨cp¶Xp

amb AhØ B Iem-Im-cs\ AÛp-X-{`m- -\m-¡p-I-bm-Wv.84 kaq-l--

¯nsâ AwKo-Ir-X-amb aqey-§Ä¡pw Nn-«-IÄ¡p-sam¸w Pohn-¡m³

Ign-bm- -h\pw hnP-b-sa¶p kmam-\y-P\w hn[n-sb-gp-Xp¶ ^e-§-fnÂ

F¯n-t¨-cm- -h\pw temI-Zr-jvSn-bn {`m´-\mbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-

bm-Wv. Cu Ah-Ø-bpsS bpànsb tNmZyw sN¿m-\p-X-Ip¶ ià-amb

Nn´-bmWv {`m´-\mb Nn{X-Im-csâ hm¡pIfn-eqsS Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-

¶Xv.

273

""C¶p Rm\p-·m-Zn, Zo\³, Zcn-{Z, \nþ

sön-e- n-\-µ-\mÀl-am-sbm-¶p-ta.''85

D·m-Znbpw Zo\\pw Zcn-{Z\pw kaq-l- nsâ A`n-\-µ-\- n\v ]m{X-am-Im-

-h\pw Htc h-Ip- n DÄs -Sp-¶p. Hcp Ime¯v Zmcn{Zyw ]m]-am-sW-

¶pw, Ipä-am-sW¶pw, \nµy-am-sW¶pw Icp-Xn-h-¶n-cp-¶p. Zmcn{Zyw kaq-

l- nsâ tcmK-{K-kvX-amb km¼¯n-I-{I-a- nsâ ^e-am-sW¶ kXyw

amÀIvknsâ kn²m- -§-fn-eqsS C¶v kÀÆm-Zr-X-am-bn-«p-−v. AXp-

t]mse D·m-Z-s¯bpw {`m´n-s\bpw ]m]-ambpw tcmK-ambpw Ipä-ambpw

IW-¡m-¡p¶ kz`mhw C¶p-ap-−v. F¶m {`m´v at\m-tcm-K-a-söpw

at\m-tcmKw {`m´nsâ Hcp hn`mKw am{X-am-sW¶pw B[p-\n-I-Nn- -IÀ

hyà-am-¡p-¶p-. Zmcn-{Zyw-t]mse {`m´pw tcmK-{K-kvX-amb kmwkv¡m-cn-

I-{I-a- nsâ DXv]-¶-am-sW¶ Xncn- -dnhmWXv.

""F¶n-«p-a-{I-aw, \obmWp \nev]-Xoþ

a¶nsâ ZrjvSn-bn {`m´\m-bn-s¸mgpw.''86

F¶Xv {`m´nsâ Xn-c-Ýo-\-am-¡-s¸« kXy-am-Wv. N§-¼p-g-bpsS Imhy-

{]-]-©- nse Iem-Im-c-·m-cmb "A\y' cpsS (artistic outsiders) Iq«-

¯nÂs¸Sp¶ IYm-]m-{X-ambn D·m-Z- nsâ HmS¡p-g-ense Nn{X-Im-

cs\87 ImWm-dp-−v. F¶m Imev]-\n-I-hm-Zn-bmb A\y³ F¶-Xn-s\-

¡mÄ Cu FIvkv{]-j-WnÌv Nn{X-Im-c³ "kÀ¤m-ßI {`m´³' F¶

hnti-j-W-amWv AÀln-¡p-¶-Xv.

4.5. kwkv¡mcm[n]Xyw

{`m´n\p Imc-W-am-Ip¶ ]tcm-£-amb kwkv-¡m-cm-[n-]Xyw, Zmcn-

{Zyhpw A`n-cp-Nn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. `b-¦-c-amb Zmcn-{Zyhpw temI-

¯nsâ \njn-²m- n-cp-Nnbpw aqew D−mb D{K-ss\-cm-iyhpw DXv¡-S-amb

274

DtZz-Khpw hÀ²n¨p hÀ²n- mWv Nn{X-Im-c\v {`m´m-b-Xv. AXp-t]mse

hm³tKm-Kns\ {`m´-\m-¡p-¶-Xn hen-sbmcp ]¦v Zmcn-{Zy- n\pw

temI- nsâ £p{Z-amb A`n-cp-Nn-¡p-ap-−m-bn-cp¶p. {`m´nsâ ]T-\-

¯n kmwkv¡m-cn-I-hn-i-I-e-\- n-\pÅ {]m[m-\y-am-Wn-hnsS kqNnX-

am-Ip-¶-Xv. Nn{X-Im-c\v {`m´v \evIp-¶-Xn kwkv¡mcw hln-¡p¶

]¦v kwkv¡m-cm-[n-]-Xy- nsâ A[n-Im-c-ap-J-am-Wv. {`m´nsâ kmaq-ln-

I-kmw-kv¡m-cnI \nZm-\-§-fn-te¡v F¯n-t¨-cm³ Ign-bp¶ {`m´³sam-

gn-bpsS imtà-b-Nn-Ó-§Ä Cu Ihn-X-bn-ep-S-\ofw sXfnªpImWmw.

4.5.1. Zmcn{Zyw, A`ncpNn.

"hni- n thhp¶p Rm³'88 DXv¡-S-£p- nsâ sR¡-en ""C¶p

Rm\p-·m-Zn, Zo\³, Zcn-{Z³''89 F-¶n-§s\ Zmcn-{Zy- nsâ sshj-ay-

§Ä Cu ]mT- n ]e-bn-S¯pw BJym\w sN¿p-¶p-−v. Xsâ Nn{X-

§Ä AXnsâ aq-ey-a-\p-k-cn¨v Bfp-IÄ hm§n-bn-cp-s¶-¦n C§s\

Zmcn-{Zy¯n Ign-tb−n hcn-Ãm-bn-cp¶p F¶v hm³tKm-Kn-s\-t¸mse

Nn{X-Im-c\pw Nn´n-¡p-¶p-−v. Iem-an-I-hp-sIm−v Aaq-ey-am-Wm- n-{X-

§Ä. F¶n«pw Bg-¡-cn-¡pÅ Imip-t]m-ep-an-ÃmsX hni- n thhp¶

Nn{X-Im-cs\ krjvSn-¡p-¶Xv kwkv¡m-c- nsâ B[n-]-Xy-hpw AXnsâ

t`mKm-kv]-Z-amb A`n-cp-Nn-bp-am-Wv. ]gb [mÀ½n-IX Zmcn-{Zys¯ im-

]tam ]m]tam Bbn-«mWv IW-¡m-¡n-bn-cp-¶sX-¦n C¶v Zmcn{Zyw

Hcp km¼- nI {]Xn- m-k-am-Wv. Xo−-ens\ {_Ò-Z- -ambn ]gb

kwkv¡mcw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p. {_mÒ-W-Z¯ PmXn-ssh-Ir-X-am-bn-«mWv

C¶-Xns\ IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv. ]−v {`m´ns\ im]tam _mt[m-]-{Z-htam

Bbn-«mWv I−n-cp-¶-Xv. ]n¶o-S-Xns\ at\m-tcm-K-ambn IW-¡m-¡n.

F¶m B-[p-\n-I-Im-e¯v {`m´v kmaq-lnI kmwkv¡m-cnI DXv]-¶-am-

275

sW¶v Xncn- -dn-ªn-«p-−v. km¼- nI kmwkv¡m-cnI hn¹-h-§fpw a\-

Èm-kv{X-\-c-hw-i-imkv{X§fpw AXn\pt]mZv_-e-Iamb h-kvXp-X-IÄ

D¶-bn- n-«p-−v. {`m´n\p \nZm-\-am-Ip¶ k¼Zv{I-a-ssh-I-ey-amWv Zmcn-

{Zyw. "kz]v\w' F¶ Nn{X- n FÃpw sXmen-bp-ambn a®n ac-hn- p-

ho-gp¶ `n£p-hns\ ImWmw. Cu `n£p {`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-bnse XS-hn-\p-

Ån tNmchmÀ¶p acn- p-ho-gp¶ {`m´sâ {]Xo-I-am-Wv. `n£p k¼Xv

{Ia-ssh-I-ey- nsâbpw {`m´³ kmwkv¡m-cnI {Ia-ssh-I-ey- n-

sâbpw DXv]-¶-am-Ip-¶p. `n£phpw {`m´\pw H¶m-Ip-t¼mÄ km¼-

¯nI kmwkv¡m-cnI {Ia-ssh-Iey§sf {]Xn- -en- n-¡p¶ ià-amb

NnÓ-am-Ip-¶p. Iebpw X¯z-Nn- bpw aXm-Nm-c-§-fp-saÃmw DXv]-¶-§-

fm-sW¶v amÀIvkv ]d-bp-¶p.90 Iem-Im-c\pw X¯z-Nn- -I\pw ]ptcm-ln-

X-\p-saÃmw DXv]m-Z-I-cm-Wv. DXv]m-Z-\- nsâ aq-ey-am-Is« Hmtcm kaq-l-

¯nepw kwkv¡m-c- nepw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-¡pw. Iem-Im-csâ DXv]m-Z-

\-amb Ie-bpsS Imcyhpw hyXy-kvX-a-Ã. Cu aqey-\nÀ®-b- nÂ

kwkv¡m-cm-[n-]Xyw \nÀ®m-bI ]¦p-h-ln-¡p-¶p. kaq-l- nsâ A`n-

cpNn tcmKm-kv]-Z-tam, t`mKm-kv]-Ztam Bbm \à DXv]-¶-§Ä¡v

\ymb-amb {]Xn- ew In«msX hcpw. B aqey-Nyp-Xn-bmWv Nn{X-Im-c\p

t\cn-tS-−n-h-¶-Xv. [\-k-¼m-Z-\-sa¶ AXym-{K-l-a-Ã, Nn{X-§Ä¡p-

th−n sNbvX bXv\-§Ä¡v \ymb-amb {]Xn- ew e`n-¡-W-sa¶

B{Klw t]mepw k^-e-am-Ip-¶n-Ã. AtX-k-abw shdpw tamSn- -In-«pÅ

Nn{X-§Ä tImSn-¡-W-¡n\p hnäp-t]m-Ip-¶p. bYmÀ° Ie-bpsS aqey-a-

dn-bm¯ kwkv¡m-c- nsâ tcmKm-kv]-Z-amb A`n-cp-Nn- aqeamWXvv.

AXp-t]m-se,

""BS-b-gnªp a¡-©pIw \o§nbp

amSn-¡p-gbpw Ne- n{XXmc-§Ä,

276

I®m-Sn-bn-«p-sh- m-e-b- n- n-IÄ

I{ao-I-cn-¡p-hm³ sh¼p-¶n-Xm-fp-IÄ.''91

\á-{]m-b-ambn BSn-¡p-g-bp¶ Ne- n-{X-Xm-c-§-fpsS Nn{X-

§ÄsIm−v Be-b- n- n-I-f-e-¦-cn-¡m³ sh¼p-¶-h-cm-Is« kwkv¡m-c-

¯nsâ t`mK-kv]-Zamb A`n-cp-Nn-bmWv shfn-hm-¡p-¶-Xv.

""Ima- -g- nsâ Imf ImtIm-f-ta,

Imew ad-ªq, Ie-bm-bv¡-gn-ªp.!''92

F¶ Nn{X-Im-csâ hnem]w AXp icn-h-bv¡p-¶p. DZm- -I-esb Xncn- -

dn-bmsX t]mIp¶ kaq-l- nsâ t`mK-kv]-Zhpw tcmKm-kv]-Z-hp-amb

A`n-cp-Nn-IÄ kmwkv¡m-cnI PoÀ®-X-bpsS apJ-amWv hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

Cu kmwkv¡m-cnI PoÀ®-X-bvs¡-Xn-tc-bpÅ NnÓm-Jym-\-amWv

{`m´nsâ Pev]-\-§Ä.

"cà]pjv]-§-fn’se Ihn-X-IÄ kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X- nsâ A´À

[m-c-Isf {]Xn- -en-¸n-¡p-¶nà F¶ hnaÀi\w93 A{]-k-à-am-¡p-¶,

kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X- nsâ Gähpw ASn-Øm-\-kz- m-h-amWv CXnse

{`m´nsâ hmb\ shfn-s¸-Sp- p-¶-Xv. [mÀ½n-I-X-bvs¡-XnscbpÅ {]hr-

¯n-IÄ {`m´n\p \nZm-\-am-Ip-sa¶v I−p-]n-Sn- -t¸mÄ in£m-hn-[n-I-

fpsS amÀ¤-a-h-ew-_n¨v {`m´ns\ ian- n-¡m-sa¶v a\-Èmkv{Xw Icp-Xn.

a\-Ên\pw ico-c- n\pw Hcp-t]mse NnInÕ hn[n-¡p¶, Z¡mÀ¯n-b³

kzm[o-\- -e-am-bp-−mb Zzµz-Nn-InÕ c−p-\q-äm-−p-I-gn-ªn«pw hnP-bn-

¨n-«n-Ã.94 km¼- nI A]-N-bhpw kmwkv¡m-cnI PoÀ®-Xbpw aqew

D−m-Ip¶ Zpcn-Xhpw \ncm-ibpw ZpxJhpw {`m´n\p \nZm-\-am-Ip-t¼mÄ

{`m´pÅ hyànsb am{X-aà B km¼¯nI {Ia- n\v CSw \evIp¶

kmaq-ln-I-kmw-kv¡m-cnI hyh-Øn-Xn-sb-¡q-Sn-bmWv NnIn-Õn-t¡-−-Xv.

277

F-¶m kmwkv¡m-cn-Im-[n-]Xyw B NnIn-Õbv¡v hg-§msX IqSp-XÂ

IqSp-XÂ {`m´p-IÄ¡v If-sam-cp-¡p-Ibpw {`m´ns\ ]oU-\- n-\n-c-bm-

¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p.

4.6. kzXzmt\zjWw

Ak-a-X-bpsS kmaq-ln-Im-\p- -h-§fpw bYmÀ° sshIm-cnI Ah-

Ø-Ifpw aäpw hniZ-am-¡m³ Gsd {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp- m-hp¶ H¶mWv

{`m´n-eq-sS-bpÅ kzXzm-t\z-j-Ww.

sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS "InMvenbdn'Â enbÀ cmPmhv {`m´-\mbn

Ae-bp¶ cwK-§-fn "Rm\m-cm-sW¶v BÀ¡v ]d-bm³ Ignbpw?''95

F¶v kzXzm-t\z-jWw \S- p-¶p-−v. enbÀ cmPmhv {`m- -\mbn

Úm\w BÀ-Ön- p. B Úm\w kaq-l- nse A\o-Xn-bp-sSbpw

kzbw kl-\- n-sâbpw Ah-t_m-[-am-bn-cp¶p.96 enbÀ cm-Pm-hnsâ

{`m v kzXzm-t\z-j-W- n-te¡pw XpSÀ¶v kzXzm-h-t_m-[- n-te¡pw

\o§p-I-bm-Wv. AXv Hcp Xc- n Úm\-k-¼m-Z-\-am-Wv. D·m-Z- nsâ

HmS-¡pg'en {`m´nsâ kzXzm-t\z-jWw Úm\- n \n¶m-Wm-cw- n-

¡p-¶-Xv. temI¯nsâ ZrjvSnbn Xm³ {`m´\mWv F¶

Úm\amWXv. ]t£, CXv _mly-amb bmYmÀ°yw am{X-am-Wv.

"\obmWp {`m´³' F¶p kzbw Is−- n-b-t¸mÄ AXnse "\o' F¶

{]tbmKw Abmsf Akz-Ø-am-¡p-¶p. kaq-l- nsâ {`m -amb Nn´m-

t_m-[- nsâ taÂt¡mbva Xm\pw kzoI-cn- -Xn-epÅ AÛp-Xhpw

AXn-ep-−v. B AÛpXw hnÑn¶ kzXz- nsâ {`a-I-ev]-\-I-fn-te¡v

\o§p-¶p.

""Ft¶, Rm³ \n§-sf-¶-Ã, \osb-¶mWp

sNm¶-Xm-I-s«, sbt¶m-a-\-bÃn Rm³.''97

278

kaq-l- nsâ Xc-X-a-t -Z-Nn´-IÄ¡-\p-kr-X-ambn Xm\pw Nn´n- p-t]m-

b-Xn-epÅ hnj-ahpw \ncm-ibpw ZpxJhpw tNÀ¶ k½n-{i-{]-Xn-I-c-W-am-

Wn-hnsS ImWp-¶-Xv. "Fs¶ Rm³ kwt_m-[-\-sN-¿th "\n§Ä'

Ft¶m "Xm¦Ä' Ft¶m _lp-am-\-kq-N-I-amb D¯-a-]p-cp-j-]-Ztam

]qP-I-_-lp-h-N-\tam {]tbm-Kn-¡msX "\o F¶ a[y-a-]p-cp-j-]Zw

{]tbm-Kn- p-t]m-bXv' temI- nsâ {`m´-amb at\m- m-h- n\v A\p-k-

cn¨v Nn´n- -Xp-sIm-−m-W-tÃm. temI- nsâ ZrjvSn-bn {`m´³ Hcn-

¡epw ]qP-\o-b-\Ã F¶ bmYmÀ°yw AbmÄ sXm«-dn-bp-¶p.

\nµyt\m A]-lm-kyt\m Bbn {`m´s\ ImWp¶ AtX at\m- mhw

Xm\pw A\p-hÀ¯n- p-t]mtbm F¶ kwi-bw. F¶m XpSÀ¶v

"BIs«' F¶ km´z-\- n-eqsS B Ae-£y-ho-£-W- nÂ\n¶v IpX-

dn-amdn Xsâ kzXzw icn-bmbn Is−- p-hm³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

"Ft¶ma\-bÃn Rm³?' F¶ kzXz-t_m-[- nsâ AXn-i-à-amb

Im´n-I-kqNn {`m´\p e`n¨p Ign-ªp.

4.6.1. Akw_Ôw

\mS-Iob kzbw `mj-W- n-eqsS {`m´³ kzXzs¯ Akw-kvIr-

X-ambn shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ NnÓ- m-j-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ AXn-

epÄs¡m-Åp-¶-p−vv. D -a-]p-cp-jm-Jym-\- n `mj-bn-eqsS \nKq-V-

amb am\-kn-I-k-Xy-§Ä kzÑ-ambn hnl-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ {]hm-l-K-Xnbpw

{]Xo-]-K-Xnbpw DZvK-Xnbpw CS-I-e˦v Hcp BJym-\-{ -aWw cq]w-sIm-

Åp-¶p. km[m-cW hymI-c-W- n-\-Xo-X-amb Hcp `mj-bm-bn-cn¡pw

AhnsS cq]w-sIm-ÅpI. `mj {`m´ns\ A]-{K-Yn-¡m\pÅ Gähpw

{][m\ Jc-cq-]-am-Wv. {`m´nsâ `mj-W-§Ä¡v `mjm-L-S-\bpsS hyh-

tÑ-Z- n-eqsS A\- -amb AÀ°-X-e-§Ä DXv-]m-Zn- n¡m-\mhpw. euIn-

I-bpàn Is−- m-\m-hm¯ {`m´³ `mj-W-§Ä¡v C{µn-b-]-c-X-bnÂ

279

\n¶p apà-amb AXo-{µnb bpàn-h-¶p-tN-cpw. Akw_Ôambn

tXm¶p¶ Cu AXo-{µn-b-bp-àn-bneqsS Imhy-bp-àn-bn F¯n-t¨-cm-

\m-Ipw.

t{^mbn-Unsâ at\m-hn-i-I-e-\-]-²-Xn-bn `mjsb NnÓ-§-fmbn

IW-¡m¡n Ah DÄs¡m-Åp¶ AÀ°-X-e-§Ä At\z-jn- p-I-−p-]n-

Sn¨v Ah-bn-eqsS am\-kn-I-c-l-ky-§Ä A\m-h-cWw sN¿p¶

A]ÀkÀ¸-I-Zu-Xy-amWv kzoI-cn- p-Im-Wp-¶-Xv. `mj-W-hn-i-I-e-\- nÂ

hyà-amb ktµ-i-Úm\¯nsâ A`m-h- n NnÓ-§Ä A]-{K-Yn¨v

Bibw Is−- m-\p-Å {ia-amWv kz]v\-hn-i-I-e-\w. F¶m NnÓ-hn-

Úm-\obw hymJym-\-im-kv{X-a-Ã; Ah c−p {]_-e-cmb

i{Xp¡fmWv.98 {]Jym-]n-X-amb AÀ°-§fw hymJym\w sNbvXp

In«p¶ AÀ°-§fpw hymJym-\-im-kv{X-¯n bp-àn-bpsS t\Àtc-J-bn-

eqsS am{Xw k©-cn-¡p-¶p. NnÓ-hnÚm\o-b- n Bßo-b-k-Xy-§-

fpsS `mjyw NnÓ-\w-sIm−pw NnÓ-\- nsâ kXyw `mj-sIm−pw

\nÀÆ-ln-¡p-t¼mÄ AhnsS Hcp ]mc-kv]-cy-¡p-cp¡v D−m-Imw. Cu ]mc-

kv]-cy-¡p-cp¡v {`m´nsâ hn\n-a-b-ta-J-e-bm-Wv. kqN-I-§-fp-sSbpw

(Signifier) kqNn-X-§-fp-sSbpw (Signified) ka-\z-b- n-eqsSbÃ, hyXn-

cn-àXbneq-sS-bmWv ChnsS AÀ°-hn-\n-abw \S-¡p-¶-Xv. ]mT- nsâ

BZy- m-K¯v {`m´sâ kzmK-Xm-Jym-\- n "\obmcv'? F¶ tNmZyw

{][m\ kqN-Ihpw "\o shdpw {`m´³' F¶ D¯cw kqNn-X-hpam-Ip-

¶p. F¶m kq-N-I- n-sâbpw kqNn-X- n-sâbpw ]mc-kv]-cy-a-Ã,

hyXn-cn-à-X-bmWv ChnsS {`m´pambn _Ô-s¸« khn-ti-j-amb

AÀt°m-Xv]m-Z\w \S- p-¶-Xv. kzXzm-t\z-j-W- nsâ NnÓ-amb

kqNIw kzXzm-h-t_m-[- nsâ kqNn-X-ambn amdp-¶p. {]Y-a-]p-cp-jm-Jym-

280

\- n-eqsS kz´w Nn´m-a-WvU-e- nse A]-chpw hyàn-bpsS _mly-

k- bpw thÀXn-cn- p-Im-Wp-hm³ Ign-bp-¶p.

Npäp-apÅ I\¯ Ccp-¼-gnbpw AXn-\p-Ån {Xkn-¡p¶ sshIm-

cn-I-Po-hn-Xhpw AXns\ \nb-{´-W-hn-t[-b-am-¡m³ {ian-¡p¶ sshZy-

im-kv{X- nsâ bXv\-§fpw tNÀ¶-XmWv hyàn-bpsS _mly-k- .

"\obmcv' F¶ kqN-I- n\v "\o shdpw {`m´³' F¶ kqNn-X-¯n-te¡v

F¯n-t¨-cm³ {lkz-amb Zqc-ta-bp-Åp. F¶m \o shdpw {`m´-\mbn

temI- nsâ ZrjvSn-bn \nev¡p-t¼m-gpÅ {Iaw sXänb Ah-t_m-[-

¯n-eqsS "\obmcv' F¶ kqN-I- nsâ \o«n-h-bv¡-s¸« AÀ°-X-e-§-fn-

te¡v IS-¡-Ww. At¸mÄ shdpw {`m´sâ shdpw Pev]-\-§-fà kqNn-

X-am-Ip-¶Xv F¶v kv]jvS-am-Ipw. shÀPo-\nb hqÄ^v {`m´v Bhn-jvI-

cn-¡p-t¼mÄ B `mj-bn {]Y-a-]p-cp-jm-Jym-\- n-\pÅ {]kàn AXn-

eqsS {]Im-in-X-am-Ip¶ kzXzmh-t_m-[-am-sW¶v hni-I-e\w sNbvXn-«p-

−v.99 shÀPo-\nb hpÄ^nsâ Nne IYm-]m-{X-§fpw {_u-Wn-§nsâ

"s]mÀ^o-dn- bpsS Imap-I\n'se, {`m -\pw, t^mIv\-dpsS "Rm³ acn- p-

In-S-¡p¶p' hnse Umepw apg-¡-apÅ kz´w hm¡p-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv

{`m´nsâ Xo£vW-amb BJym\w km[n-¡p-¶-Xv.100 "HmS-¡pg' ense

{`m´sâ {]Y-a-]p-cp-jm-Jym-\hpw kzXzm-h-t_m-[- n-te-¡pÅ kqN-I-

ambn amdp-¶Xp ImWmw. {`m´n-â \nemhneqsS F¯n-t¨-cp¶ kzXzm-h-

t_m-[-am-W-Xv.

""Rms\-t¶m-tSm-Xp-¶n-tXmtcm ]cm-Xn-IÄ

km\p-I¼w km´z-\n-¸n- nsX-s¶ Rm³

Rms\sâ ap¼n Ic-ªn-Sp-t¼m, sfsâ

Rms\sâ Poh, s\m¸p-¶n-sX³ I®p-IÄ!

281

Fs¶ Rm³ In¡n-fn-¡q-«n- n-cn- n-¡pþ

a-t¶-c-sas¶ Rm³ sI«n- n-Sn- n-Spw.

Fs´m-cm-\-µ-ao-sb-¶nse R§Ä¡p

Nnt´, NndIp hncn-¡q, hncn¡p \o!....''101

{`m´nsâ ZmÀi-\n-Im-h-t_m-[-ambn kzXzm-t\z-jWw amdp-¶-

Xnsâ kqN-\-IÄ Cu Imhy-i-Iew DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p-−v. AtX-k-abw

bpàn-sb AXn-{I-an-¨p-I-S-¡p¶ Akw_Ô¯nsâ A\p- -h-Xew AXv

shfn-s¸-Sp- p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. bpàn¡p \nc-¡m¯ hÀ®-\-IÄ

{`m´nsâ ]tcm-£-amb AÀ°-kq-N-\-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-dp-−v.102

F¶m ChnsS B hÀ®\ Akw_Ôsa¶v tXm¶n¸n¡p¶

{`m´nsâ {]Xy-£-amb AÀ°-kq-N-\-bm-sW¶p am{X-aà AXv kzXzm-

h-t_m-[- nsâ AXn-K-l-\X kv^pcn- n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. {`m´nsâ

A`u-a-amb Ime-b-f-hn am{Xw e`y-am-Ip¶ Ah-t_m-[-km-c-am-W-Xv.

Bß-Úm-\- n-te-¡pÅ tbmKm-ß-I-k-¶n- -amb {]bm-W-amWv; Poh-

Úm-\- nsâ A´y-X-e-§-fm-Wv. Alw-t_m-[s¯¸än-bpÅ BÀj- m-

c-X-k-¦-ev]hpw CXn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. Alw- m-h- nsâ Xe¯n-e-

Ãm¯ kzXzm-h-t_m-[- nsâ {]kv p-c-W-am-Wn-Xv.

4.6.2. Fsâ Rm³þ F¶nse R§Ä.

"F³' "Rm³' F¶o c−p kw{]-Xybw (t_m-[-tl-Xp-¡Ä)

B[m-c-am¡nbmWv {`m´³ kzXzmht_m[w tXSp-¶-Xv. kam-\-kz- m-h-

apÅ kJm-¡-fmb c−p ]£n-IÄ At\ym-\y-w B-enw-K\w sNbvXp-

sIm−v Hcp hr£- n hkn-¡p¶Xmbn apWvU-tIm-]-\n-j-¯n hnh-

cn-¡p¶ kzXzm-h-t_m-[-hp-ambn CXns\ tNÀ¯p-hm-bn-¡mw.103 Ah-

bn H¶v ]e-c-k-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb ^e-§Ä `£n-¡p-¶p. atäXv H¶pw

282

`£n-¡msX t\m¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. {_Ò-Ú-cnÂh¨v t{ijvT-\mb alm-

ßmhv Bßm-hn¯s¶ {IoU-tbmSpw cXn-tbmSpw IqSn AI¯pw ]p-

d¯pw kmt]-£-I\pw \nc-t]-£-I-\p-ambn can¨pw {IoUn¨pw asäm-¶n-

s\bpw Adn-bmsX A\-µ-a- -\m-bn- s¶ Ign-bp-sa¶v 'apWvUIw'

XpScp-¶p.104 {_Ò-Úm-\n-bpsS AhØ {`m- n ssIh-cp-t¼mÄ

AXn\v BÀj-{`m- nsâ kz`mhw h¶p-tNcpw. F¶m Cu AhØ

Aev] am{XItf \ne-\n-ev¡p-I-bpÅp F¶p t`Z-ap-−v. Rm³ Ft¶mSv

]cm-Xn-IÄ ]d-bp-¶p, Fs¶ Rm³ A\p-I-¼-tbmsS km´z-\n-¸n-¡p-¶p.

Rm³ Fs¶ ap¼n Ic-bp-¶p, Fsâ Rm³ Fsâ Poh-\m-Ip-¶p.

Rm³ Fsâ I®p-IÄ H¸p-¶p. Fs¶ Rm³ In¡n-fn-¡q-«n- n-cn- n-¡p-

¶p. At¶cw Fs¶ Rm³ sI«n- n-Sn-¡pw. kmt]-£-I\pw \nc-t]-£-I-

\p-ambn can¨pw {IoUn¨pw B\-µ-a- -\mbn Ign-bp-¶-Xp-Xs¶ Chn-

sSbpw "Fs´m-cm-\-µ-ao-sb-¶nse R§Ä¡v' F¶v km£y-s¸-Sp- p-

¶p. B\-µ- nsâ A[n-Xy-I-bn-te¡v ]d-¶p-b-cp-¶-Xn\v Nnd-Ip-hn-cn-

¡m³ Nn´-tbmSv Bh-iy-s -Sp-¶p. F¶nse Rm³ F¶ Is−- -

ensâ B\µw AXo-{µn-b-a-\-Ênsâ {]hÀ- -\-ambpw \nco-£n¡mw.

"Fsâ cpNn Rm\mWv' F¶ tlm]vIn³knsâ Ihn-X-I-fnse "Rm³'

t]mse A]q-cn-X-kz-Xz-ambn Cu Ihn-Xbnse Rm³ amdp-¶p.105 ""Fs¶

t\m¡p¶ Fs¶ Rm³ I−p''106 tlmÄ_n-b³ F¶ Nn{X-Im-csâ

Hcp Nn{Xw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv eIm³ t\m«w F¶ Bi-b- nsâ

k¦oÀ®-X-I-fn-te¡p IS-¡p-¶p. t\m¡p¶ Rm\pw t\m¡p-¶-Xmbn

ImWp¶ Rm\pw Fs¶ Adn-bp¶ Rm³ F¶ kzXzm-h-t_m-[- nsâ

k -bm-Wv. AXn "Rm³' F¶Xv Nne-t¸mÄ Hcp anYym-\nÀ½n-Xn-bm-

Im-sa¶ eIm-\n-b³ Nn´bv¡p kam-\-amb Bibw tamdnkv saÀtem

283

t]m−nbpw kwh-Zn-bv¡p-¶p-−v. ]cm-Xn-IÄ ]d-bp-¶Xpw Ic-bp-¶Xpw

"Rm³' F¶ `u-Xn-I-X-bpsS Awi-am-sW-¦n km´z-\n- n-¡p-¶-Xpw,

In¡n-fn-¡q«n¨n-cn- n-¡p-¶Xpw F¶nse A]-c- nsâ Awi-am-Wv.

At¸mÄ F¶nse "A]c' s¯ þ Fs¶ þ Rm³ þ Xncn- -dn-bp-¶p.

sI«n- n-Sn-¡p-¶p. AXmWv ]c-am-\µ¯nsâ k·plqÀ -§Ä. F¶nse

"R§Ä' B B\µw A\p- -hn-¡p-¶p.

]cm-Xn-IÄ ]d-bp-¶-Xnsâ Akmw-K-Xy-amWv km\p-I¼w km´z--

\n- n-¡p-t¼mÄ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p-Xv. Ic-bp-¶-Xnsâ ss\jv -ey-amImw

I®p-I-sfm- p-t¼mÄ shfn-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. In¡n-fn-¡q-«n- n-cn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ

B\-µ-kz-cq-]-amb Bß-X- z- n-te¡v \oX-am-Ip¶ Bß-ssN-X\yw

F¶nse Rm\p-ambn sFIy-s¸-Sp-¶p. "At¶-c-sas¶ Rm³ sI«n- n-Sn-

¨nSpw. "ItTm-]-\nj'¯nÂ107 shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ ]c-am-\-µ-km-£m-Xv¡m-c-

¯nsâ Hcp s\mSn-bnS; Bß-Úm-\-e-_v[n-bpsS Aev]-am-{X-IÄ!

"Nnt´ NndIp hncn¡p' F-¶mWv {]mÀ°-\. ]t£, km[n-¡p-

¶nà F¶v XpSpÀ¶p-h-cp¶ `mK-§-fn ImWmw. A-Xn-\pÅ Imc-Whpw

D]-\n-j¯v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. Aim- -amb a-\-Êp-Å-h-\pw, C{µn-b-

§sf Za\w sN¿p-hm³ km[n-¡m- -h-\pw, Zpjv¡À½w sN¿p-¶-h\pw

aäpw {]Ú-sIm−v Adn-ªmÂt]mepw Bß-km-£m-Xv¡mcw {]m]n-

¡m³ km[n-¡p-I-bn-Ã.108 AkvXn-Xzs¯ Adn-bm³ Ign-bp¶ {]Ú-

bv¡-ÃmsX asäm-¶n\pw Bß- m-hs¯ Adn-bm-t\m A\p- -hn-¡mt\m

km[n-¡n-Ã. Cu AkvXn-Xzm-t\z-jWw {`m´nsâ khn-ti-j-amb Ah-

Ø-bm-Wv. F¶m AXn\p Ønc-X-bn-Ã. {`aw F¶ {`m´nsâ Ah-

Øbv¡p ImcWw Cu N©-e-Xz-am-Wv. D]-\n-jXv t{]mà-amb AkvXn-

Xzm-t\z-j-Whpw {`m´nsâ kl-P-amb {`ahpw tNcp¶ BÀj-{`m- nsâ

284

thf-I-fn kzXzm-h-t_m-[-ap-−mIpw. {`m´v kÀ¤m-ß-I-am-Ip¶

A]qÀÆm-h-k-c-§Ä Cu kzXzm-t\z-j-W- nsâ k^-e-\n-an-j-§-fm-Wv.

4.6.3. kzXzmht_m[w

AlwþA]cw F¶ k¦oÀ®-amb kzXzm-h-t_m[w lyqa\n-Ìp-

IÄ hn`m-h\w sN¿p¶ am\-hn-I-X-bpsS Zzµzm-h-t_m-[-hp-ambn ka-c-k-

s -Sp-¶p-−v. bpày-Xo-Xhpw A -cw-K-\n-jvT-hp-amb A]-c- nsâ AkvXnXzw

sXfn-bn-¡m-\m-hp-I-bn-sÃ-¦nepw \ncm-I-cn-¡m-\m-hp-I-bnà F¶v kmÀ{Xv

Du¶n- -d-bp-¶p-−v.109 Hcm-fnsâ "Alw' Abm-fpsS "A]c' hpambn

kwK-an-¡p¶ Nne A]qÀÆ A\p- -h-§Ä D−m-Imw. Bßmhv / icocw

F¶ kmam-\y- Zz-µz-k-¦-ev]- n-\p-a- p-d¯v Ah-cn-epÅ kzXzs¯

Is−¯p¶ \nÀ®m-bI t_m[{Kl-W-am-W-Xv. AtX-k-abw t_m[m--

t_m-[-§-fpsS Úm\-hn-j-b-hp-am-Wv. B A]cw Hcm-fns\ t\m¡p-

t¼mÄ AbmÄ AXns\ hnj-b-ambn A\p- -hn-¡p-¶p. AtX BÄ

Xs¶ AXns\ t\m¡p-t¼mÄ hnjbn Bbpw A\p- -hn-¡p-¶p.

kmÀ{Xnsâ X¯z-Nn- -bpsS ImX-emb Hcwiw Cu kzXzm-]-c-§-fpsS

hnj-bhpw hnj-bn-bp-am-bpÅ amdn-a-dn-b-ep-ambn _Ô-s¸«p In-S-¡p-¶p.

CXv kÀÆm-Xn-cn-àhpw C{µn-bm-Xo-X-hp-amb Cuiz-c³ F¶

A\y¯n \n¶p hn`n-¶-am-bmWv kmÀ{Xv ImWp-¶-Xv. Hcm-fn -s¶-

bpÅ Abm-fpsS A]-c- nsâ AkvXnXzw Abm-fn¯s¶ I−p-ap-«p-

t¼mÄ Bß-\n-jvT-amb Hcp ZÀi\w e`y-am-Ipw. AXv Hcm-fnsâ

AkvXn-Xzhpw \ne-\nev]pw am{X-amWv kp\n-ÝnXw F¶p Nn´n-¡p¶

tkmen-]vkn-k- n \n¶pw110 hn`n-¶-am-Wv. hkvXp\njvT-amb kmÀÆ-

eu-In-I-aq-ey-§sf Ah-K-Wn- pw, Bß-\n-jvT-amb kzmb- -aq-ey-§sf

Po-hn¨pw Is−- pI F¶ AkvXn-Xz-hmZ ZÀi-\-am-W-Xv. Cu ZÀ-i-\-

285

¯nÂ\n¶p e`n-¡p¶ B\-µ-amWv þ hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Pohn-X-hn-P-b-

¯n\v Bh-iy-sa¶v temIw ]Tn- n-¡p¶þ kmÀÆ-eu-InI aq-ey-§sf

Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡m\pw kz´w kzXzm-h-t_m-[-a-\p-k-cn¨v Pohn-¡m\pw klm-

bn-¡p-¶Xv. AkvXn-Xz-mht_m-[- nsâ B PohnXw Pohn-¡p-hm³ kzXz-

ZÀi\w e`n¨ kÀ¤{]-Xn- bv¡p am{Xta km²y-am-Ip. At¸mÄ AbmÄ

temI- nsâ ZrjvSn-bn {`m´-\mbn ap{Z-Ip- -s¸-Spw.

Pohn-X-hn-Pbw t\Sm³ Bh-iy-sa¶p temIw hne-bn-cp- p¶

aqey-§sf A¸msS Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡m³ Iem-Im-c\v Icp¯v \evIp-¶Xv

Cu kzXzm-h-t_m-[-am-Wv. "Fs´m-cm-\-µ-ao-sb-¶nse R§Ä¡v' F¶

kzXzm-h-t_m-[m-\µw e`n-¡p¶ \n-an-j-§Ä {]Xn- m-im-en-IÄ¡v ]e-

t¸mgpw e`y-am-Im-dp-−v. Pm{K-Zm-h-Ø-bntem kz]v\m-h-Ø-bntem AÃ

Cu AXo-{µn-bm-h-t_m[w e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. D]-\n-j- p-¡-fn ]d-bp¶

Xpco-bm-h-Ø-bnse tbmKm-ß-Iamb {_Ò-hn-Zym-ZÀi-\-t¯mfw AXv

F¯p-¶pan-Ã. Pm{K-X, kz]v\w, kpjp-]vXn, Xpcobw F¶o D]-\n-jXv

t{]mà-amb \me-h-Ø-IÄ¡p-]p-dta a\-Ên\v Hcp AXo-{µn-bm-h-Ø-

bps−¶ \nK-a-\- n-se-t -−nhcpw. AXv Pm{K-Zm-hØ Ah-km-\n-

bv¡p-Ibpw Xpco-bm-hØ Bcw- n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bv¡m-bn-cn-

¡pw. t{^mbnUv hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶ CuZpw CutKmbpw kq¸À

CutKmbpw AÃm¯ B Hcp "A]cw' a\-Ênsâ AXo-{µn-b-Ø-en-bnÂ

AXnsâ AkvXnXzw Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xmbn kmÀ{Xv Is−¯p-¶p.111

Nn´-bpsS {Ia-_-²hpw bpàn-]-c-hp-amb {]hÀ -\- n\v AhnsS

Øm\-an-Ã. AtX-k-abw "F-¶nse Rm³' F¶ Alw þ A]cw AXo-

{µn-b-Ø-en-bn kwK-an-¡p-Ibpw Nn´-bn-te¡v B\µw kw{I-an-¡p-

Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. {_Ò-Úm-\n-bpsS Ah-Ø-bv¡-Sp¯v CXv F¯n-\n-

ev¡p-¶p. {_Ò-Úm-\n¡v Xpco-bm-h-Ø-bn Hcn-¡Â ]c-a-amb

286

Úm\hpw B\-µhpw D−m-bm AXv tamt£m-]m-b-am-Ip-¶p. AsXm-

cn-¡epw CÃm-Xm-Ip-¶nÃ; Ah³ AtXmsS ZpxJ-hn-ap-à-\m-bn- o-cp-

¶p.112 F¶m AXo-{µn-bm-h-Ø-bn kz´w A]-cs¯ I−p-ap-«p-

t¼mÄ {`m´m-Ip-¶p. temIw amb-bm-sW¶ {_Ò-Úm-\n-bpsS Xncn- -

dn-h-Ã, temIw ]Tn- n-¡p¶ aqey-§Ä amb-bm-sW¶ Xncn- -dn-hmWv

{`m´\v ssIh-cp-¶-Xv. AXn-\m kz´w aqey-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨v Pohn-

¡Wsa¶ Xocp-am-\-ap-−m-Ip¶p; temI-¯nsâ aqey-§sf Xnc-kv¡-cn-

¡p-¶p. At¸mÄ Ah³ temI- nsâ ZrjvSn-bn ]Xn-X\pw ]cn-lm-k-

]m-{Xhpw shdpw {`m´-\p-am-bn- o-cp-¶p. D·m-Znbpw Zo\\pw Zcn-{Z-\p-amb

Ah-\n A`n-\-µ-\mÀl-ambn H¶pw temIw ImWp-¶p-an-Ã. kzXzm-h-

t_m-[-ap-−m-Ip¶ Iem-Im-csâ {]hr- n-IÄ temI- nsâ ZrjvSn-bnÂ

hnP-b-Km-Y-I-fp-−m-¡m³ ]cym-]vX-a-sÃ-¶p-am-{X-aà Ah³ {`m´-\m-sb-

®-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p¶-Xnsâ Nn{Xhpw {`m´-\mb Nn{X-Im-c-\n-eqsS

sXfn-ªp-h-cp-¶p-−v. temI- nsâ A`n-cp-Nn-bmWv tcmKm-kv]-Z-sa¶pw

AXmWv {`ms´¶pw {`m´³ "kbpàn'Iamb {`m´n-eqsS kaÀ°n-¡p-

¶p. temI- nsâ t`mKm-kv]-Z-amb A`n-cp-Nn-s¡m- -h®w AXnsâ

A`o-jvS-a-\p-k-cn¨v Nn{XImc³ Nn{Xw hc- n-cp-s¶-¦n Abm-fpsS hnP-

b-]-XmI sFiz-cy-irw-K- n-em-Sn-¡-fn-¡p-am-bn-cp¶p F¶ t_m[w Pm{K-

Z-h-Ø-bn \ne-\n-ev¡p-s¶-¦nepw AXo-{µn-b-Ø-en-bnse kzXzm-h-t_m-

[- n-eqsS Xncn- -dnª Bß-\n-jvT-aqeyw Ahs\ ssIhn-Sp-¶n-Ã.

AXn-\mÂ

""DXv¡-S-£p- nsâ sR¡-enÂ, kmXzn-Iþ

kXv¡-em-[À½-§Ä hnä-h-\à Rm³.''113

F¶v A`n-am-\-t¯msS {`m´\v HmÀ¡m³ Ign-bp-¶p.

287

{`m´nsâ A`u-a-amb Nne \nan-j-§-fn {`m´\v tbmKn-bpsS

]c-aamb NnZm-\-µs¯ {]m]n-¡p-hm³ Ign-bp-¶p-−v. F¶m B NnZm-

\-µs¯ ØnX-ambn \nÀ¯p-hm³ AXn\v Ign-hn-Ã. [ym\-a-\-\-§-fpsS

{]mK-ev`ytam ]cn-io-e-\tam sIm−mWv AXv km[n-t¡-−-Xv. BÀj-{`m-

´n\v Cu ss\]pWyw e`n-¡p-¶n-Ã. Xpco-bm-h-Ø-bn-te-¡pÅ A]qÀ®-

amb {]bm-W- n-emWv BÀj-{`m- nsâ Øm\w. Htc-k-abw kXyhpw

anYy-bp-am-bn- o-cp¶ {]Xy-£-Úm-\- n-sâbpw ]tcm-£m-\p- q-Xn-bp-

sSbpw k -bm-W-Xn ImWp-¶-Xv. ""a\-Ênsâ Cu A`u-Xn-IXzw

]mÝm-Xy-a-\-Èm-kv{X-ÚÀ ImWp--¶n-Ã.''114 t{^mbnUv APm-K-cnX

kz]v\-Øm-\hpw At_m-[hpw Is−- n-b-tXmsS Ahn-sS- s¶ Npän-

¯n-cn-ªp. F^v.-U-_vfn-bp.-F v atbgvkv Bßmhv F¶p Is−- n.

F¶m AXv `mc-Xo-b-cpsS kpjp-]vXn-Øm-\ta BIp-¶p-Åp. hneyw

amIvUp-K a\p-jy-a-\-Ên-\-Sn-bn Øe-Im-e-\n-an-t¯m-]m-[n-Isf AXn-

i-bn- p-\n-ev¡p¶ Poh-tN-X-\-bp-s−¶p ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p. CXv Xpco-b-

¯n\p kam-\-ambn115 IW-¡m-¡mw. t{^mbn-Unsâ \nK-a-\-§-fpsS A]-

cym-]vX-X-IÄ ]n¶oSv am\-hn-I-, hyày-\z-kvX, AkvXn-Xz, tNjvSm-kn-

²m- -§Ä¡v Imc-W- q-X-am-Ip¶p−tÃm. F¶m Cu kn²m- -§Ä

]c-kv]cw ]eXpw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-

t¼mÄ temI-a-\-Èm-kv{X-cwKw Ct¸mgpw _mem-cn-jvSX IS-¶n-«n-söv

a\-Ên-em-¡mw. `mc-Xob a\-Èm-kv{X-]-²-Xnbpw ]mÝm-Xy-a-\-Èm-kv{X-kn-

²m- -§fpw kwkv¡m-c-]-T-\-hp-ambn Iq«n-bn-W-¡p¶ ]T-\-]-²Xn

{`m´nsâ Ah-Ø-I-sf- -än-bpÅ ]pXnb Úm\-ta-J-e-IÄ Xpd-¡m³

]cym-]vX-am-Ipw.

288

4.6.4. BÀj{`m´v

am\-kn-Im-tcmKyw XXz-im-kv{X- nsâtbm kmln-Xy- n-sâtbm

[mÀ½n-I-X-bp-sStbm {]iv\-ambn BZy-Im-e¯p `mc-X- n ]cn-K-Wn- n-

cp-¶n-Ã. AXv tIhew NnZm-\-µ- nsâ {]iv\-am-bn-cp-¶p. kXym-ß-IX

{`m´ns\ \ymbo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. {`m´nsâ kzXzm-t\z-j-W- nÂ

D]-\n-jXv Nn´-I-fpsS kv^penw-K-§Ä Ah-K-Wn-¡m-\m-hm¯hn[w

sXfn-bp-¶p-−v. {`m´v kzXzm-t\z-jW¯ntem kzXzm-h-t_m-[- ntem

F¯n-t¨-cp-t¼mÄ AXv BÀj-{`m- nsâ kz`mhw kwh-ln-¡pw.

kXyw/anYy, k¦ev]w/bmYmÀ°yw, At_m-[-Im-a\/_m-[-Úm\w

F¶n§s\ hncp² Zzµz-Nn-Ó-§-fm k¼-¶-amWv "D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-

¡p-gÂ'. Cu hncp-²-Zz-µz-§Ä BÀj-{`m-´nsâ khnt-i-j-kz-`m-h-am-Wv.

`qXw/`mhn F¶ Zzµw kÔn-¡p¶ \nÀ®m-b-I-amb hÀ -am-\- nsâ

tOZ-am-Wv Ihn-X-bnse {]hm-l-K-Xn. kz]v\hpw {`m´pw {`a-I-ev]-\bpw

bmYmÀ°yhpw CS-I-eÀ¶ {]hm-l-K-Xn-bn kzXzm-h-t_m-[- nsâ

Aev]-am-{X-IÄ IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. Cu kzXzm-h-t_m[w BÀ-j-{`m- nsâ

AXo-{µn-b-t_m[]ÀÆ-am-Wv. ""\obmcv?'' F¶ kzXzm-t\z-jWw ""\o

shdpw {`m´³'' F¶ temI-t_m-[s¯ {Kln-¡p-¶p. F¶m AXv

C{µn-b-th-Zy-amb "{`m´³' am{X-am-Wv. AXo-{µnb kwth-Z-\- nsâ

bpày-Xo-X-amb {`m´³- m-jWw "F³ þ Rm³' Zzµz-§-fn XpSÀ¶p

hcp-¶p. B²ym-ßn-Im-\p- -h-ta-J-e-I-fn hkvXp-X-IÄ bYm-Øm-\¯p

\nÀ¯n hne-bncp- p-¶p. F¶m {`m´nsâ A\p- -h-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ

AtX hkvXp-X-IÄ a\-Ên ]p\x-kr-jvSn¨v hne-bn-cp- -s¸-Sp-¶p. AXn-

\m {`m´nsâ kzXzm-t\z-j-Whpw kzXzm-h-t_m-[hpw bmYmÀ°y

hncp-²-am-bn- o-cp-¶p. B²ym-ßn-IX bmYmÀ°ys¯ amb-bmbn Is−-

¯p-¶p. {`m´v ambsb bmYmÀ°y-ambn Is−- p-¶p. a\p-jy-a-\-

289

Ênsâ AXo-{µnb Úm\-ssh- hw ]mcsskt¡m-f-Pn-bp-sSbpw hnj-b-

am-Wv.116

`mj-sIm−v a\-Êns\ A]-{K-Yn-¡m-sa-¶pÅ t{^mbn-Unsâ k¦-

ev]\w Hcp ]Sn-IqSn IS¶v e¡m³, a\-Ên-s\bpw `mj-sbbpw A]-{K-

Yn¨v `mj-L-S-\-bn-te-s¡- n-¡p-¶p.117 AXns\ Xnc-Ýo-\-am-¡n-bmÂ

`mjm-L-S-\-bn-eqsS `mj-bp-sSbpw a\Ên-sâbpw DÄs¸m-cp-fp-I-fn-te¡v

IS¡mw. Nn-ÓIm-hy-amb "D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡pg'en Iem-Im-csâ

{`m´pw kz]v\hpw t_m[hpw tNÀ¶ k¦oÀ®-L-S-\-bm-Wp-Å-Xv.

BJym-\-{`-aWw AXn\v ss\c- cyw \evIp-t¼mÄ `mj-sbbpw `mj-bn-

eqsS a\-Ên-s\bpw hni-I-e\w sN¿m³ Ign-bpw. F³ þ Rm³ _Ô-

amWv AXn\v B[m-cw. D -a-]p-cp-jm-Jym-\- n-eq-sS, Ihn-bpsS CS-s]-S-

ep-I-fn-Ãm¯ bpànsb AXn-{I-an-¡p¶ kzK-X- m-jWw AXn\v

XnI¨pw A\p-Iqe Npäp-]mSv krjvSn-¡p-¶p.

4.7. kz]v\w kÀ¤{`m´nsâ DÄ¡mgvN

kz]v\w {`m´nsâ Bß-{]-Im-i-\-am-Wv. kz]v\hpw Znhm-kz-

]v\hpw aXn-{ -ahpw k¦-ev]hpw IqSn¡pg-ªm-bn--cn¡pw ]e-t¸mgpw

A\p- -h-s¸-Sp-I. Ah X½n thÀXn-cn-¡p-hm³ Gsd {]bm-k-am-Wv.

kz]v\w {`m´nsâ AXn-hm-kvX-hn-I-X-bm-Wv. ico-c- nse irwJ-e-Ifpw

A¦p-ihpw t`Zn-¡m³ {ian-¡p¶ a\-Ênsâ {]bm-W-amWv kz]v\w.

kz]v\- nsâ AtX ck-X-{´-amWv {`m´n-ep-ap-Å-Xv. AXn-\m kz]v\-

¯nsâ ]qcIw {`m´pw {`m´nsâ ]qcIw kz]v\-hp-ambn `hn-¡p-¶p.

bpàn-bpsS XnIª A`m-htam {Ia-cm-ln-Xytam Ch-bpsS khn-tij

kz`m-h-am-bn-cn-¡pw. {`m´nsâ `mjbpw kz]v\- nsâ `mjbpw Ah-

bpsS ASn-Øm-\-kz- m-h-§-fnepw aqey-§-fnepw kam-\X ]peÀ¯p-¶p-

290

−v. "bYmÀ°' kz]v\w \n{Z-bn-em-WtÃm D−m-Ip-¶-Xv. "kz]v\w þ \n{Z-

bnse {`m´v' F¶mWv ZdnZ hnti-jn- n-¡p-¶-Xv.118 \n{Z-bnse {`m´mWv

kz]v\-sa-¦n DWÀhnse kz]v\-amWv {`m´v.

"bYmÀ°-tem-I- n Akw- mhy' amb-sXÃmw kz]v\- nepw

{`m´nepw km²y-am-Ipw. kz]v\w {`m´nsâ AhØ e`y-am-¡p¶ {]Xn-

`m-k-am-Wv. kz]v\w ImWm-\pÅ Ignhp \in- m {`m´nÃ; Pohn-X-an-Ã.

\n{Z-bpsS kwc-£-W-apÅ kz]v\w kmÀÆ-eu-In-I-amWv; {]mtbW \ncp-

]-{Z-h-Im-cn-bp-am-Wv. bpàn-bp-sSbpw IÀ½- n-sâbpw kwc-£-W-apÅ

kz]v\w {]Xn- m-P\yamWv. Hu¶-Xy-§Ä Iog-S-¡p¶ iàn-t{km-X-

ÊmWXv.119 \n{Z-bp-sSbpw bpàn-bp-sSbpw kwc-£-W-an-Ãm¯ kz]v\w

{`m´nsâ am\-§Ä tXSp-¶p. F¶m Ch X½n-epÅ AXnÀh-c-¼p-

IÄ¡v Ft¸mgpw IrXyX AhIm-i-s¸-Sm-\m-hn-Ã. `uXn-I-bm-YmÀ°y-

¯nsâ k¦-ev]-\-§-fnse sshhn²yw kz]v\- n\pw Ht«sd

sshhn²yw {]-Zm\w sN¿p-¶p. \n{Z-bp-sSbpw Pm{K-X-bp-sSbpw GX-h-

Ø-bnepw kz]v\w IS-¶p-h-cmw. AXp-t]mse At_m-[- n-sâbpw

t_m[- n-sâbpw GX-h-Ø-bnepw {`m´pw IS-¶p-h-cmw. {`m´nepw

\n{Zm-th-f-bnse kz]v\- nepw H-cmÄ ImWp¶ {]Xo-I-§-sfbpw Iev]-

\-I-sfbpw AbmÄ¡v kzbw \nb{´n-¡m-\m-hp-¶n-Ã. kz]v\w {`m´n-

s\¡mÄ {`m´mWv F¶v Z-dnZ ]d-bp-¶p.120 F¶m {`m´n-s\-¡m-f-[n-

I-ambn kz]v\- n-\p-s−¶v ZdnZ Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp¶ B\p-Iq-ey-§Ä121

\evIm³ ^qt¡m hnk-½-Xn-¡p-¶p-−v. kz]v\¯nsâ hocy-ta-dnb `mj-

bmWv {`m´v.

`mc-Xob Nn´m-]-²-Xn-bn kz]v\-s - än ]e ]cm-aÀi-§-fp-ap-

−v. a\-Ênsâ B{K-l- k- -eo-I-c-W-ambpw ssZhn-I-sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fmbpw

291

\nan¯ kqN-\-I-fmbpw A\p- -h-]p-\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-ambpw kz]v\-§Ä ]n-d-

hn-sbSp¡p¶-Xmbn {]mNo\ BNm-cy-·mÀ hyà-am-¡p-¶p-−v.122 kz]v\-

§sf \n{Z-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp- n-bmWv Cu Nn´-I-fn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-

Xv. a\Êpw kz]v\-hp-am-bpÅ _Ô-amWv t{^mbn-Unsâ "kz]v\m-]-{K-

Y\'¯nsâ ASn-Øm\w. Hcp kmlnXy kaky \nÀ²m-cWw sN¿p-¶-

Xp-t]msebmWv t{^mbnUv kz]v\-hn-i-I-e\w \S- p-¶-Xv. kz]v\-hn-i-

I-e-\- n-eqsS am\-knI ka-ky-I-fpsS \nÀ²m-c-W-amWv t{^mbnUv \S-

¯n-b-Xv. t{^mbn-Unsâ kn²m- -§-fnÂ\n-¶mWv ]nev¡me at\m-hn-im-

c-ZÀ kz]v\hpw {`m´pw X½n-epÅ _Ô- n-te¡v F¯n-t¨À¶-Xv.

imco-cnI [À½-§-fpsS {]hÀ -\-£-aX kXy-am-b-ncn-s¡- s¶

\n{Z-bpsS B[n-]-Xy- n \njv{In-btam {]Xn-tcm-[-c-ln-Xtam Bbn-

¯o-cp¶ kµÀ- - n-emWv kz]v\- nsâ ]ndhn. A-Xn\v DWÀÆnsâ

]n³_-e-an-Ã. DWÀÆnse kz]v\- n imco-cn-I-k-Xy-§-fpsS {]hÀ -

\-£-aX klm-b-I-c-am-bn- o-cp-¶p. F¶m _p²ntbm a\tÊm Is−-

¯p¶ hgn-I-fn-eqsS {]bmWw sN¿p-hm³ Cu imco-cn-I-k-Xy-§Ä¡v

Akm-²y-am-bn- o-cp¶ kµÀ - n-emWv {`m´nsâ ]nd-hn. {`m´n-sâbpw

kz]v\- n-sâbpw Cu ]mc-kv]cyw kÔn-¡p¶ kz]v\m-h-Ø-bn-emWv

"D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡pg'ense {`m´³. kz]v\- nsâ {Ia-cm-lnXyw Nn-

{X-Im-csâ A\p- -h-§sf {`m´m-¡p-t¼mÄ hmb-\-bnse bpàn-bpsS

ss\c- cyw tOZn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. hmb-\-bnse Cu iq\yX {Ia-cm-ln-Xy-

¯nsâ ss\c- -cyw-sIm−v \nI- p-t¼mÄ {`m´nsâ ka-{K- m-h- n-

te¡v {]th-in¡mw. BJym-\-KXn AXn\p k-lm-b-I-am-Ipw.

{`m´mip]-{Xn-bnse I\¯ Ccp-¼-gn¡pÅn InS¡p-t¼mÄ

{`m´n-s\- -än-bpÅ Nn´ a\-Ên-eqsS IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p. {]hm-l-K-Xnbpw

{]Xo-]-K-Xnbpw DZvK-Xn-bn-te¡v IS-¡p-¶Xv "Nnt´ NndIp hncn¡q'

292

F¶ Blzm-\-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv. kzXzm-t\z-jWw kzXzm-h-t_m-[-ambn

amdp-t¼mÄ Nn´-bpsS Nnd-Ip-hn-cn-s¨-¦nepw ]d-¶p-b-cm-\m-bn-Ã.

""Npäpw I\-t¯m-cn-cp-¼gn! þ Iqcn-cpÄ

apäp¶p! ]ns¶bpw t\mhp¶p a·\w!''123

Npäp-apÅ I\¯ Ccp-¼gn ico-c- n-\p-−m-Ip¶ _mly-amb _-

Ô\w am{X-am-Wv. Iqcn-cpÄ hÀ-²n- p-h-cp-¶p. kzXzm-h-t_m-[- nsâ

Bß-tPym-XnÊv \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-sIm-−p-−m-Ip¶ Iq-cn-cp-fmWv apäp-¶-

Xv. a\-Ên\v e`n¨ B\µw s]mbvt¸mbn AXv thZ-\n-¡m³ XpS-§n.

BÀj-{`m- nsâ kzXzm-h-t_m[w a§n. kz]v\- n-sâbpw Pm{K-X-bp-

sSbpw Xe-§-fn-eqsS CÑ-bpsS eu-In-I-X-bn-te¡v {`m´v IS-¡p-I-bm-

Wv. kzXzm-h-t_m-[-¯n \n¶v kz]v\m-h-Ø-bn-te¡v IS-¡p-¶Xv.

\mep L«-am-bmWv A-\p- -h-th-Zy-am-Ip-¶-Xv. {]Y-a-L-«- n BZyw Hcp

shÅn-\-£-{X-s -bmWv ImWp-¶-Xv.

""Bscbpw Im¯m-Wn-cn- -sXm-äbv¡p \oþ

bmcm-en-hn-sS-sb³ shÅn-\-£-{Xta?

AÃn, ¶pam-Im-c-am-fm-s¯m-sc³ {]mWþ

hÃ- -X³ sIm¨p Nµ-\-s¸m«p \o!''124

shÅn-\-£{Xw Bsc {]Xo-£n- mWv AhnsS Häbv¡p Im¯n-cn-

¡p-¶Xv F¶p tNmZn- p-I-gn-ª-t¸mÄ AXv shÅn-\-£-{X-a-Ã, C¶pw

cq]w sImÅm¯ Xsâ {]mW-h-Ã- -bpsS sIm¨p-N-µ-\-s¸m-«mWv F¶v

tXm¶p-¶p. B {]mW-h-Ã` IoÀ¯n-bm-Wv. Ah-fpsS sIm¨p-N-µ-\-s¸m-

«p-am-{X-amWv ZrjvSn-bn s]«-Xv. ]ns¶ AhÄ Fhn-sS, FhnsS F¶v

Npäpw ]c-Xp-¶p. Ah-km\w Ahsf I−t¸mtg¡pw AhÄ t]mbn- p-

S-§n.

293

""F§-h, sf§-h, sf§-h, sf³ IoÀ¯n þ

sb§p! t]mI-tÃ, hcp¶p Rm\pw {]otb.....''125

F¶p hnfn- p-]-dªv, AhÄ¡p ]n¶mse ]mbp-¶p. Ccp-¼-gn-¡p-

Ån¡n-S¶v IoÀ¯n-h-Ã- sb hnfn- v, AhÄ¡v ]n¶mse ]mbp¶ Cu

tNjvS temI- n\p ap¼n hyà-amb {`m´m-W-tÃm. kz]v\- nse

{`m v \n{Z-bpsS \ntÝ-jvS-X-bn _Ôn-X-am-b-Xn-\m {]hÀ -\-ta-J-

e-I-fn-te¡v IS-¡p-¶n-Ã. F¶m {`m´nse kz]v\-§Ä¡v \n{Z-bpsS

_Ô-\-an-Ãm- -Xn-\m AXv {]hÀ¯\taJ-e-I-fn-te¡v IS¡p-¶p.

am\-knI kXy-§-fpsS {Ia-cm-ln-Xyhpw bpàn-cm-ln-Xyhpw imco-cnI

kXy-§-fp-ambn tbmPn-¡msX hcp-Ibpw sN¿pw. {`m´nsâ tNjvS-Isf

hni-I-e\w sN¿p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS Ic-Wo-bw. tNjvSm hni-I-e-\-¯n-eqsS

{`m´nsâ B -cnI hkvXp-X-I-fn-te-s¡- m³ km[n-¡pw. Cu tN-jvS-

bpsS s]mcpÄ kzK-X- m-j-W- n-eqsS Imhy- nÂ\n¶v {Kln-¡mw.

Xsâ ap¶nÂ\n¶p amªp-Xp-S-§p¶ IoÀ¯n-tZ-h-X-bpsS ]n¶mse

]mbp¶ {`m´p-]n-Sn¨ Cu tN-jvS-tbmsS kz]v\m-h-Ø-bpsS H¶mw

L«w k-am-]n-¡p-¶p.

IoÀ¯n-bpsS ]n¶m-se-bpÅ ]c-¡w-]m-¨n {]hm-l-K-Xn-bn-em-

Wv. ap¶n-epÅ Ccp-¼-gn-bn X«n s\-än-s]m-«n. s\än- n-fÀ¸n \n¶p

{]h-ln¨ sN¶nWw Pe-kv]Ài-sa-¶-t]mse kz]v\- n \n¶p

hymhÀ¯n- n-¡p-¶p.

""F´o Pe-kv]Ài! at¿m ISpw-tNmc?

s\m´o-Sp-¶o-se-\n-s¡-¶n-«p, aZv`pXw!

s\än- n-fÀ¸nÂ\n-¶q-dn, bncp IhnÄþ

¯«nepw IqSn-sbm-en-¸p, lm sN¶nWw!''126

294

"F´o Pe-kv]Ài' sa¶ kwibw XpSÀ¶v s\än s]m«n-sb¶pw

s\än- n-fÀ¸nÂ\n-¶qdn c−p IhnÄ -«nepw IqSn Hen-¡p-¶Xv Pe-

kv]Ài-aà ISpw-tNm-c-bmWv F¶p-apÅ Xncn- -dn-hn-te¡v \bn-¡p-¶p.

càw Ihnį«n-eqsS Hen-¡p-t¼mgpw X\n¡v H«pw t\mhp-¶nà F¶v

AZv`p-X-t¯msS {`m´³ a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. {`m´nsâ imco-cn-I-amb

kwth-Z-\-£-aX icm-icn a\p-jy-sâ-XnÂ\n¶p hn`n-¶-am-bn-cn-¡pw.

AXns\ Nne kµÀ -§-fn Aam-\p-jnIsa¶pw aäp Nne-t¸mÄ arKo-b-

sa¶pw hnti-jn- n-¡p-¶Xv AXp-sIm-−m-Wv. km[m-cW a-\p-jyÀ Kuc-

h-am-bn-s«-Sp-¡p¶ apdn-hp-Ifpw X«-ep-Ifpw ap«-ep-Ifpw s]m«-ep-Ifpw

AhÀ Ah-K-Wn-¡p-¶p. F¶m C¯cw A]-I-S-§Ä ssPh-k-Xy-am-bn-

cns¡ AXv Poh-\p-Xs¶ `oj-Wn-bm-bn-¯o-cp-¶p. {`m´nsâ Ah-K-Wn-

¡-s¸-Sp¶ imco-cnI þ am\-knI kwth-Z-\-ssh-cp-²y-am-Wn-hnsS sXfn-

bp-¶-Xv. B sN¶nWw {`m´\v tcam-©-ta-Ip-I-bm-Wv. AXv Xsâ A`yp-

Z-tb-Ñ-t]msebmWv {`m´³ ImWp-¶-Xv. ChnsS {`m´n \n¶p Iem-

Im-c-\n-te-¡pÅ kz]v\{]bm-W- nsâ c-−mw-L-«-am-cw- n-¡p-¶p.

""sN¶n-W-sa-¶- yp-Z-tb-Ñ-t]m-epÅ

sN¶nWw! tcmam-©-ta-Ip¶ sN¶n-Wwþ

Hma-t\, \obn-s¸mgp−mbn-cp-s¶-¦nþ

eo aµ- m-Ky-¶-cn-InÂ, \n³ s\-än-bnÂ,

F¶m-ß-cm-K-kva-c-W, bvs¡mcn-¡epw

a§ms¯mcp-Öz-e-Im-ivao-c-Nn-{X-Iw,

Nn{Xo-I-cn-t¨-s\, temIw ad-¶n-cpþ

¶¨-µ-\-s¸m«p am¨p Ifªp Rm³!''127

Xsâ IoÀ¯n-tZ-hX Ct¸mÄ Xsâ Acn-In-ep-−m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ,

B s\än-bn Xsâ Bß-cm-K-kva-c-W-bv¡mbn Hcn-¡epw ambm¯

295

DÖz-e-amb Hcp Imivao-c-Nn-{XIw Nn{Xo-I-cn¡pambn-cp¶p F¶v AbmÄ

tamln-¡p-¶p. kz]v\- n I− IoÀ¯n-tZ-h-Xbv¡v sIm¨p Nµ-\-s¸m-

«m-Wp-Å-Xv. F¶m Nn{X-Im-csâ tamlw, temIw ad-¶n-cp¶ B

Nµ\s¸m«v am¨p-I-fªv Hcn-¡epw a§m¯ Hcp Ip¦p-a-Xn-eIw

NmÀ¯n-¡m-\mWv. ]t£, cà-Ip-¦p-aw-sIm-−pÅ sXmSp-Ipdn AWn-bn-

¡m³ AhÄ Xsâ kao-]- n-Ã. `mc-X- nsâ sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-dpÅ

sIm¨p-tI-c-f- nse sNdnb Nµ-\-s¸m-«n-\p-]-Icw hS-¡p-In-g-¡³

Imivao-c-tZiw hsc F¯p¶ Ip¦pas¸m«nsâ kPo-h-amb IoÀ¯nsb

{]Xo-£n-¡p-I-bm-W-bmÄ.

Iem-Im-csâ {]Xo£ k^-e-amIpw F¶ hnizmkw "aµ- m-Ky³'

F¶ kzbw hnti-j-W- n Hfn- n- n-«p-−v. AbmÄ `mKy-c-ln-X-\-Ã.

`mKyw kmh-Imiw am{X-amWv AbmÄ¡p e`n-¡pI F¶ t_m[-am-W-

Xv. F¶m C¶v AbmÄ \ncm-i-\m-Wv.

""Ain- -sX- n, \n {`m´n-s\-t¸m-ep, samþ

¶mioÀÆ-Zn-¡m³ hcnà hcnà \o!.......''128

F¶ \ncm-i-bnepw ZpxJ- nepw AtXmÀ¯pÅ Ic- n-enepw

c−mw-L-«- nse kz]v\m-hØ kam-]n-¡p-¶p.

btim-tZ-h-X-bpsS t\À¯p-t\À¯pÅ Imsem- -IÄ AbmÄ

tI«p-Xp-S-§p-t¼mÄ aq¶mw-L«amcw- n-¡p-¶p. ]t£, ]nSn-sIm-Sp-¡msX

Xs¶-bn«p thhn-¡p¶ aco-Nn-I-bm-bmWv Ahsf AbmÄ A\p- -hn-¡p-

¶-Xv. kz]v\-a-co-Nn-I-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-sfÃmw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-XmWv

Cu aq¶mw-L-«w. CS-bv¡n-S-bv¡p- aqÀÑbpw AXnÂ\n¶v ap«n- n-S-sª-gp-

t¶ev¡p¶Xpw {`m´nsâ km[m-cW tNjvS-bmbn Ah-K-Wn-¡p-I-bmWv

]Xn-hv. F¶m Cu tNjvSsb hni-I-e\w sN¿m³ {`m´nsâ kz]v\m-

h-Ø-bn-te¡p IS-t¡-−n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

296

""\n³ s\Sp-hoÀ¸n³ kpK-Ô-e-l-cn-bnÂ

\nÀ½-á-\m-bv, kzbw aqÀÑn¨p hogvhp Rm³

s]s«-¶p, sa¿n \n·m-bn-I]nRvOnI

ap«n- n-S-ªm-Wp-WÀs¶-gpt¶äp Rm³!''129

IoÀ¯n-tZ-h-X-bpsS s\Sp-hoÀ¸nsâ kpK-Ô-e-l-cn-bn apgpIn

aqÀÑn¨p hogp¶ {`m´³, B InS- n AhÄ ambn-I-a-bn¸o-en-sIm−v

icocw Xtem-Sp-¶-Xmbn A\p- -h-s¸«v ap«n- n-S-sª-gp-t¶-ev¡p-I-bm-Wv.

]t£, At¸mÄ kz]v\-Zriyw amªp-t]m-bn. AbmÄ DWÀ¶-t¸mÄ

an¶Ât]mse IoÀ¯n-tZ-hX ]mªp-t]m-Ip-¶Xv ambnI hn{`-a- n-\n-S-

bn Hcp am{X ImWp-¶p. ]ns¶ Ah-fpsS hkv{Xm-©-e- nse kzÀ-®-

¡-k-hnsâ tim - am-{Xta ho£n-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶p-Åp. Xp-SÀ¶v Zqsc

Zqsc F´ntem amªv Aenªv Aenªv AhÄ AZr-iy-bm-bv, anYy-

bmbv Xocp-¶p. XS-h-d-bv¡p-Ån A{X-Zqcw \S¶v ]mZw XfÀ¶v

AbmÄ ho−pw aqÀÑn¨p hogp-¶p. At¸mÄ AhÄ ho−pw ASp-t¯-

bv¡p-h-cp-¶p.

""]mZw XfÀ¶p ]Xn¸p Rm³ ]ns¶-bpw.

]m-Wn-bn Xm§p-¶n-sXs¶ \o ]ns¶-bpw.

BhÀ -\-§-fn-Xm-bn-c-am-bn-cþ

ambn, sX¶n, «n¶p, a{]m]y-Xs¶ \o!''130

aqÀÑbpw, DWÀhpw, Xm´-\mbn A\p-[m-h-\hpw H¶-Ã, Bbn-c-am-

bncw XhW BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. {`m´sâ _mly-tN-jvS-IÄ Ah-K-Wn-

¨m B´-cnI kXy- nsâ Cu shfn-]m-Sp-IÄ {Kln-¡m-\m-hmsX

hcpw. temI- nsâ ZrjvSn-bn Xs¶ shdpw {`m´\pw ]Xn-X\pw ]cn-

lm-k-]m-{Xhpw B¡p¶ B´-cn-I-k-Xy- nsâ DÄ¡mgvN {`m´\p

297

e`n-¡p-¶p-s−-¦nepw AhÄ C¶pw A{]m-]y-Xs¶ F¶ \ncm-i-bn-

emWv aq¶mw-L«¯nse kz]v\m-h-Øbpw kam-]n-¡p-¶-Xv.

{`m´nse kz]v\m-h-Ø-bpsS Cu CS-th-f-bn kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-

bpsS {`m´n-te¡v Nn{X-Im-c³ DW-cp-¶p. temI- nsâ tcmKm-kv]Z-

amb A`n-cp-Nn-s¡m- -h®w am-än-a-dn-¡m¯, kmXzn-I-k-Xv¡-em-[À½-

amWv Xtâ-sX¶pÅ Hc- n-am-\-t_m[w {]hm-l-K-Xn-bn Nn{X-Im-c-\nÂ

\nd-bp-¶p. F¦nepw X-\n-¡Àl-amb IoÀ¯n e`n-¡p-¶n-à F¶ thh-

emXn At¸mgpw Abmsf ]oVn- n-¡p-¶p-−v. B ]oV-\- n \n¶p

c£-s¸-Sm-\pÅ {ia-amWv kz´w Nn{X-§sf¸än-bpÅ Nn -bn-eqsS

km[ns -Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. Xsâ Ie-bpsS sshin-jvSyhpw FIvkv{]-j-WnÌv

coXn-bn-epÅ Nn{X-§-fpsS `mh-K-cn-abpw Nn{XWw sN¿p-t¼mÄ

{`m´ns\ Iogvs -Sp-¯p¶ kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bpsS {]kv p-c-W-amWv ImWp-

¶-Xv. "FhnsS Ie-bpt−m AhnsS {`m- nÃ'131 F¶ \nKa\w kmÀ°-

I-am-¡p¶p Cu Nn{X-Im-c³. {`m´nsâ kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bpsS AXnÀh-c-¼p-

I-fn {`m´v FhnsS Ah-km-\n¨p FhnsS kÀ¤m-ß-IX Bcw- n¨p

F¶v \nÀ®-bn-¡p¶ {ia-I-c-amb ZuXyw {`m´nsâ ]T-\- n hf-sc-

tbsd {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p-−v. C¶pw temI¯nsâ ap¼n {`m -

\mbn \nevt¡-−n-h-¶-Xn-epÅ ZpxJw {]hm-l-K-Xn-bpw, ITn-\-amb

hni¸pw \ncm-ibpw D−m-sb-¦n-epw DXvIr-jvS-Iem[À½-§Ä hnä-h-\Ã

F¶ Bßm- n-am\w {]Xo-]-K-Xn-bnepw Nn{X-Im-csâ t_m[-a-WvU-e-

¯n IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. Ah-km-\ Nn-{X-amb "kz]v\w' Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-

t¼mÄ ac-W-s - -än-bpÅ DÄ¡mgvN e`n-¡p-¶p.

4.7.1. kz]v\Nn{Xw

Bk-¶-a-c-W-\mb {`m´sâ kz]v\-§fpw {`a-I-ev]-\-Ifpw Nn{X-

¯n-eqsS A\p- -hn- n-¡p¶ Iem-tem-I-hn-kva-b-amWv "kz]v\w' F¶

298

A]qÀ®-Nn-{Xw. Xnc-kv¡m-c- nsâ DXv¡-WvTbpw Zpcn-Xm-\p-`-h-§-fpsS

th]-Yphpw Ima-\-bpsS {]km-Zm-ß-I-Xzhpw Cu sNdp-Nn-{Xs¯

{`m´nsâ kÀ¤m-ß-I-Xbv¡v D¯a \nZÀi-\-am-¡p-¶p.

]Ým- -e- n apgp-s¡, ¡cn-ap-InÂ

apänb hm\pw Xtam-a-b- q-anbpw;

A´-co-£m-¦- n-e-Ô-Im-c-¡-cnþ

¦¼nfn aqSn-¡n-S-¡p¶ au\hpw;

ap¶nÂ, ac-t¨m-«n, seÃpw sXmen-bp-ambv

a®n ac-hn- p-ho-sWmcp `n£phpw;

X·o-en-Xm-£n-]p-S-§-sf, hn®n \nþ

¶p½-sh-bv¡m-\mbv hcp-samcp civanbpw;þ132

C{X-am-{X-amWms¨dp-Nn-{X- n-ep-Å-Xv. FIvkv-{]-j-WnÌv coXn-bn Cu

Nn{Xw hn\n-abw sN¿p¶ Bi-b-{]-]©w kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bpsS {`m´m-Wv.

Nn{X- nsâ ]Ým- -e- n BIm-ihpw `qanbpw A´-co-£-hp-

ap-−v. BIm-i- n Icn-ap-In apän-bn-cn-¡p¶p; `qan Xtam-a-b-

ambncn¡p¶p; A´-co£w Icn-¦-¼nfn aqSn-¡n-S-¡p-¶p. A -co-£hpw

`qanbpw BIm-ihpw tNÀs¶m-cp-¡p¶ Xa-Ênsâ Ccp− ]-Ým- ew

ssPh-_-Ôs¯ kw_-Ôn- n-S-t¯mfw kp{]-[m-\-am-Wv. ImÀtaLw

\ndª BIm-iw. ag-bnÃ, shbn-ep-an-Ã. ag-bmtbm shbn-emtbm e`n-

t¡− km´z\w BIm-i- nÂ\n¶p e`n-¡m³ sshIp-¶p. Icn-ap-InÂ

apän-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m ag e`n-¡p-sa¶ {]Xo-£bv¡v hI-bp-ap-−v.

""Imew icn-¡pÅ Iqen \evIpw \nsâ

thebv¡p þ ]t£, \ncm-i-\m-Wn¶p \o.''133

299

F¶ BIp-eX \nd-ªp-\n-ev¡p¶ BIm-iw. ImtW−

kXyhpw kuµ-cyhpw `qan t]mepw ImWp-¶n-Ã. AXn-\m Nn{X-Im-c\v

\mc-Io-tbm-{K-Zpx-J-§Ä am{Xw A\p- -hn-t¡-−n-h-cp-¶p. A´-co£w

au\- m Bhr-X-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. AÔ-Im-c- nsâ Icn-¦-¼nfnbmÂ

aqSn-¡n-S-¡p¶ au\w {`m´\v A\p- -hnt¡−n-h-cp¶ Xnc-kv¡m-c-amWv;

kwth-Z-\-cm-ln-Xy-am-Wv. A´-co£w Npäp-]m-Sp-Itfm kaq-ltam Bbn

amdp-t¼mÄ AÀ°-h- mb Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S¡msX Xakv¡cn¡s -

Sp¶ a\-Ênsâ `mhw aqSn-¡n-S-¡p-¶Xp ImWmw. {]iw-k-bp-sStbm

IoÀ¯n-bp-sStbm Hcp hm¡pw A´-co-£- n apg-§p-¶n-Ã. C§s\

hm³tKm-Knsâ Pohn-Xw-t]mse Nn{X-Im-csâ Pohn-Xhpw Zpcn-X-]qÀ®-

ambn amdp-¶-XmWv ]Ým- -ew.

Zpcn-X- nsâ {]Xo-I-amb `n£p FÃpw sXmen-bp-ambn a®n ac-

hn¨phoW ac- p-h-SmWv ap¶nÂ. X¡-k-ab¯p e`n-t¡− km´z-\hpw

AwKo-Im-chpw e`n-¡m-sXbpw Xsâ kXy-ku-µ-cy-§Ä ImWm-sXbpw

X\n¡v AXnsâ t]cn e`n-t¡− IoÀ¯n au\- nsâ Icn-¦-¼n-fn-

bn aqSn-¡n-S-¡p-¶Xpw Iem-Im-csâ `n£m-]m{Xw iq\y-am-¡p-¶p.

FÃpw sXmen-bp-ambn `n£p ac-t¨m-«n ac-hn¨p hogp-¶-Xp-t]mse

{`m -\mbn kncm-X-´p-¡Ä XfÀ¶v Iem-Im-c³ {`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-bnse

XS-h-d-bn ac-hn- p-ho-gp-¶p. ]t£, B ac-hn- n FÃmw acn-¡p-¶n-Ã.

""acn-¡nepw Rm³, acn-¡nà aÂkz]v\w''134 F¶v Nn{X-Im-c³ Xsâ

ip`-Im-a\ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p.

a®pw hn®pw ]c-kv]cw _Ô-s¸-Sp¶ k·p-lqÀ -am-W-Sp- -Xv.

a®n ac-hn- p-hoW `n£p-hnsâ aoen-X-amb A£n-]p-Ss¯ D½-h-

bv¡p-hm-\mbn kzÀ¤- nÂ\n¶v Hcp civan h¶p-tN-cp-¶p. "Xsâ bi-

Ênsâ at\m-l-c-aµkvanXwt]m hnS-cp¶ N{µn-Ibpw Iev]-I-ku-c-

300

`hpw' {`m´sâ {`a-I-ev]-\-bn sXfn-bp-¶-Xp-t]mse kzÀ¤o-b-c-ivanbpw

sXfn-bp-¶p.

{`m´sâ kz]v\hpw Iem-Im-csâ "kz]v\' hpw Ah-bpsS {]Xn-cq-

]m-ß-I-kz- mhw sIm−v Hcp KpW-\-{In-b-bn-te-s¡- p-¶p-−v. c−p

kz]v\- n\pw \yq\-aq-ey-am-Wp-Å-Xv. {`m´sâ kz]v\w shdpw {`a-I-ev]-

\-bm-sW¶v kaqlw A]-lm-ky-ambn XÅn-¡-f-bp-¶p. Iem-Im-csâ

"kz]v\w' F¶ Nn{Xw Hcp hÀ®- -In-«p-an-Ãm- -Xm-sW¶v AXnsâ

bYmÀ° aqey-a-dn-bmsX kaqlw \ncm-I-cn-¡p-¶p. F¶m Cu c−p

\yq\-aq-eyhpw Hcp KpW-\-{In-b-bn KWn-X-imkv{X kq{X- n-te-Xp-

t]mse A[nI aqey-ambn ]cn-W-an-¡p-¶p.135 kz]v\w {`m´sâ t_m-[-

¯nepw Nn{X-Im-csâ `mh-\-bnepw Is−- p-¶ AÀ°-X-e-§Ä ]mT-

¯n\v {`m´nsâ DÄ¡mgvN \evIm³ ]cym-]vX-am-Ip-¶p. AaqÀ -amb

Ime-{X-b- nsâ aqÀ -amb BJym-\-ambn Cu c−p kz]v\hpw amdp-

¶p. kaq-l- nsâ {`m´n-\pw, t`mKm-kv]-Z-amb A`n-cp-Nn¡pw hnt[-b-am-

tI-−n-h¶ Zpcn-X-]qÀ®-amb `qX-Im-e- nsâ {]Xo]-K-Xn-bpw, ]cn-lm-

khpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw A\p- -hn¨v Xf-cp¶ kncm-X- p-¡-fpsS hymIp-eX

\ndª hÀ -am-\-Im-e- nsâ {]hm-l-K-Xnbpw `mhn-Im-e-amb DZvK-Xn-

bpsS GI _nµp-hn kt½-fn-¡p-¶p. ac-W-tijw e`n-¡m³t]m-Ip¶

IoÀ¯n-bpsS kphÀ®-{]-Imiw ]c- p¶ DZvKXn Bk-¶-amb ac-W-

¯nsâ AXo-{µn-bm-h-t_m[w \evIp-¶p. Cu NnÓ-Imhyw tIhew

i_vZm-ß-I-amb _nw_w F¶ AÀ°- n HXp-§n-\n-ev¡p-¶-X-Ã.

Hcp Bi-b-s¯tbm Bi-b-k-aq-l-s¯tbm Bhm-l\w sN¿p-t¼mÄ

i_vZm-ß-I-amb _nw_w NnÓ-ambn amdp-sa¶ skmkyq-dnsâ136 ]cn-I-

ev]\ NnÓ- nsâ AÀ°m-hn-jv¡-cW km²yX apgp-h³ HmÀ½n- n-¡p-

301

¶p. {`m´nsâ Pev]-\-§Ä tIh-em-kvXn-Xz-an-Ãm¯ NnÓ-am-Wv.

F¶m Cu NnÓw "D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡pg'ense {`m´nsâ Pev]-\-§-

fn-eqsS AÀ°m-hn-jv¡mcw km²y-am-¡p-¶p. A§s\ Cu NnÓ-Imhyw

AkvXnXzw t\Sp-Ibpw ]p\Àhm-b-\bv¡pw A]-\nÀ½m-W- n-\p-apÅ

A\- -km-²y-X-IÄ Xpd-¶n-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. kz]v\Nn{Xw

A\izcamsW¶ DZvKXn BizmktaIp¶p−v. F¶m "Rm³ acn-

¡nepw aÂkz]v\w acn-¡nÃ' F¶v AXo-{µn-bm-h-t_m-[- nÂ\n-¶pÅ

DZvK-Xn-tbm-sSm¸w "hni- n thhp¶p Rm³' F¶ {]hm-l-K-Xn-bnse

kXyw th]Yp sImÅn-¡bpw sN¿p-¶p. Pm{K-Z-h-Ø-bn-epÅ Cu Nn{X-

hn-i-I-e-\- n-\p-ti-j-amWv kz]v\m-h-Ø-bpsS \memw L«¯n-te¡v

IS¡p-¶-Xv.

Hcp `mh-Km\w t]mse Nmcp-X-bmÀ¶ kz]v\m-h-Ø-bpsS \memw-

L«w Ima-\m-]q-c-W- nsâ N{µn-I-bm {]tim- n-X-am-Wv.

4.7.2.Ima\m]qcWw

ac-W-s - -än-bpÅ AXo-{µn-bm-h-t_m[w Hcp kv¡otkm-t{ -

\n¡ns\t¸mse {]h-Nn- psIm−v { m´³ Ima\sb shfns¸Sp¯pIbmWv.

""Bk-¶-am-sW-\n-¡´yw þ PK- nsâ

lmkw ]Xn-¡p, aS-bp-sa³ I¬I-fnÂ!''137

Xm³ acn-¡p-t¼mÄ temI- nsâ ]cn-lm-k- n\p ]m{X-am-tI-−n-

h-cp-sa¶v AbmÄ¡v Adn-bmw. Zo\\pw Zcn-{Z\pw ]Xn-X\pw {`m´-\p-

amb Xm³ temI- nsâ ap¼n ]cn-lm-k-]m-{X-am-bn- oÀ¶Xns\- -än-

bpÅ BIp-eX a\-Ên \odn- n-Sn-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-−mWv Bk¶a-c-W-

\mb B ka-b¯pw Xsâ AS-bp¶ I¬I-fn temI- nsâ lmkw

]Xn-¡p-sa¶ thZ-\n- n-¡p¶ kXyw ]d-tb-−n-h-¶Xv. F¶m ac-W-

302

¯n-\p-ap¼v Hcn-¡-se-¦nepw btim-Im-an-\n-bpsS apJw H¶v ImWm³ I-gn-

sª-¦n F¶v shdpsX Bin- p-t]m-Ip-I-bm-Wv.

""Cu \mc-Io-tbm-{K-Zpx-J-§Ä kÀÆhpþ

am\-µ-am-sW-\n-¡m-K-X-bm-hp-In \o.''138

Xm\n-¶-\p- -hn-¡p¶ \mc-Io-tbm-{K-Zpx-J-§sf B\-µ-am-¡m³ Ign-

bp-¶-XmWv btim-Im-an-\n-bpsS km-ao-]yw. a\pjy lrZb¯nsâ

mh\bv¡\pkcn mWv B\µw A\p hn¡p¶Xpw Ima\ cq]s¸Sp¶Xpw.139

F¶ a\-Ênsâ ASn-Øm-\-k-hn-ti-j-X-IqSn Cu {]Xo-£-bpsS

]n¶n-ep-−v. F¶m ac-W- n\p aps¼m-cn-¡epw AXv \S-¡n-sö

t_m[hpw Abm-fn h¶p-tN-cp-¶p. Xsâ arX-i-co-c- n Ah-fpsS

hnSÀ¶ I®nÂ\n¶v I®p-\oÀIWnI Cän-äp-ho-gpw, Xsâ NnX-bnse

XoÖzm-e-¡p-Ån-en«v X¶n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶ amen-\y-sam-s¡bpw AhÄ

tlman¡pw XpS§n ac-W-ti-j-apÅ Imcy-§fpw kz]v\m-h-Ø-bnse

t_m[-ambn DZvK-Xn-bn-eqsS BJym\w sNbvXp-h-cp-t¼mÄ,

""a¶n-se³ \ma-ap-bÀ¯n, \o taev¡p-taÂ

an¶n-¡p-ap-Öz-e-kzÀ®-en-]n-I-fnÂ!

hnizm- n-\-µ\w \obm-\-bn- nSpw

iiz {]Xn-jvT\m-sa³ Iem-th-Zn-bnÂ!''140

ac-W-ti-j-am-sW-¦nepw Xsâ Nn{X-§Ä temIw BZ-cn-¡p-sa¶

ip`-Im-a-\-bn-te¡v {]Xymi Db-cp-¶p. B {]Xymi bpàn`{Zhpw

{`m´nÂ\n¶v hyXn-cn-à-hp-am-Wv. Iem-Im-csâ kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-sb- -än-

bpÅ ip -Im-a-\-bm-W-Xv. iiz {]XnjvT t\Sp¶ Xsâ Iem-th-Zn-bnÂ

AhÄ hniz- nsâ A`n-\-µ\w apgp-h³ B\-bn-¡pw. Ah-

bvs¡Ãmap]cn kphÀ® en]n-I-fn DÖz-e-ambn Xsâ t]cv ho−pw

303

ho−pw DbÀ¯n an¶n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. ]t£, CsXÃmw Xsâ ac-W-

tijw am{Xw! FÃmw \msf am{Xw! ka-kvXhpw \msf F¶ Ime-

t_m[w kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-sb {`m´n-te¡p \bn-¡p-hm³ ]cym-]vX-am-Wv.

AXv Ima-\m-]q-c-W- n-\pÅ A`n-hm-RvO-bm-Wv. Ct¸mÄ Xsâ Ima\

k^-e-am-Inà F¶ ss\cm-iy- nÂ\n-¶p-am-WXv cq-]w-sIm-Åp-¶-Xv.

btim-tZ-h-X-bpsS apJ-ZÀi\wt]mepw AhÄ apJ-]Sw NmÀ¯n-\n-ev¡p-

¶-Xn-\m X\n¡v Ct¸mÄ e`n-¡p-I-bn-Ã. Hcn-¡Ât]mepw B apJ-ZÀ-

i\w e`n-¡p-I-bnà F¶ Xo{h-ZpxJw Nn{X-Im-c-\n sImSpw hnjmZw

\nd-bv¡p-I-bm-Wv. hm³tKm-Kn\v Pohn-X- n A\p- -h-s¸-«-Xmbn

At±lw ]IÀ- p¶ AtX \ncm-i-X-s¶. B \n-cm-i-bpsS Imfn-a-I−v

Nn{X-Im-c³ \Sp-§n-t¸m-hp-I-bm-Wv. Ct¸mÄ A\p- -hn-¡p¶ \mc-Io-tbm-

{K-Zpx-J-§Ä Imc-Ww kÀÆhpw B\-µ-am¡n am-äp-hm³ sIev]pÅ

biÊv F¶ Ima-\- Xsâ Pohn-X-Im-e-s¯m-cn-¡epw k -e-am-In-Ã.

{]kvXpX \ncmi Xo{h-amb at\m-hy-Y-bmbn amdp-I-bm-Wv. Cu hyY-

bpsS B[nIyw kncm-X- p-¡sf XfÀ¯p-Ibpw I®p-Isf ab¡- n-

te¡v \bn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. B ab¡w kz]v\m-h-Ø-bnÂ\n¶v {`a-

I-ev]-\-bpsS Xo£vW-amb k©m-c-]-Y-§-fn-te-¡pÅ {]th-i-\-am-Wv.

aq¶mw-L-«- nse \ncm-i-bpsS XpSÀ -bmWv \memw L«- nse

kz]v\m-h-Ø-bpsS BZy- m-Kw. F¶m AXv {`a-I-ev]-\-I-fn-te¡p

\o§p-t¼mÄ {`m´nsâ kÀ¤-k-hn-ti-j-X-bpsS A`ua Zriy-§Ä

I¬ap-¶n-se- p¶Xmbn tXm¶p-¶p.

4.7.3. {`aIev]\

""\qäm-−p-I-fpsS \of-apÅ cm{Xn-bn I®pw ImXpw Xpd-¶n«v

lrZb- nsâ Ad-I-fn Pohn-X- nsâ kv]µ-\-§Ä ]nSn-s -Sp-¡m³

AhÀ IpSn sI«n Imh-en-cn-¡p-¶p. Bbn-c-am-bncw cmhp-I-fpsS Imh-

304

ep-IÄ¡n-S-bn hen-ªp-apdpInb B Rc-¼p-IÄ XfÀ¯nb a\-¡-®p-

IÄ Nne-t¸mÄ AZr-iy-i-àn-Isf¡qSn ImWp¶ thf-I-fn \ma-hsc

{`m- -·m-sc¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p''.141 kÀ¤-{]-Xn- -bpsS Znhy-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ

hnl-cn-¡p¶ {`m´nsâ cl-ky-§Ä Fw.-Sn.-bpsS Cu shfn-s¸-Sp- -enÂ

DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p-−v.

Nmc¯p Nmc- -W-h-Xm-bvt¯m-¶p¶p

t\cn-tbm-tctXm Nnd-I-Sn-sbm- -IÄ!

an¶m-an-\p-§n³ Xnf-¡-§Ä, Zqc¯p

an¶p¶ s]m¶n³ Ik-shmfn hoNn-IÄ!

N{µnI! a-Zy-i-Ênsâ at\m-l-cþ

aµ-kvanXw t]m hnS-cp¶p N{µnI!''142

kncm-X- p-¡-fpsS XfÀ¨-bn {`a-I-ev]\ ssNX-\y-h- m-Ip-

Ibpw B {`aIev]-\-bn-eqsS b-tim-Im-a-\ ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p¶ {`m´nsâ A\p- -h-km-¶n-²y-amWo ]mT- n-eqsS BJym\w

sN¿p-¶-Xv. t\cnb Nnd-I-Sn-sbm- bpw an¶m-an-\p-§nsâ Xnf-¡hpw Zqsc

amªp-t]m-bn-cp¶ IoÀ¯n-tZ-hX ho−pw {]Xy-£-am-Ip¶Xnsâ kqN-

\-bm-bn, Zqsc an¶p¶ kzÀ®-¡-k-hnsâ tim`-bmÀ¶ Ae-Ifpw FÃmw

{`a-I-ev]-\-bn-eqsS A\p- -hn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. AXv Xsâ IoÀ¯n-bpsS at\m-

l-c-amb ]p©n-cn-t]mse hnS-cp¶ N{µn-I-bm-Wv. Cu \nemhv "\odpw

\n³ a\-Ên \nem-hp-Zn-¡p-¶pthm?'' F¶ BZys¯ tNmZy- nsâ

{`m -amb adp-]-Sn-bmbn kam-]n-¡p-¶p. A\-iz-c-amb ]mcn-PmX

kuc`yw s]mgn-¡p¶ kz]v\-ambn AXv ]cn-W-an-¡p-t¼mÄ Ima-\m-]q-c-

W- nsâ ià-amb at\m-b-Xv\w {`m´n\v Bth-K-a-W-bv¡p-Ibpw

Bk-¶-amb A´y- n-te-¡pÅ {]bmWw Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw

305

sN¿p¶p. s\än- n-fÀ¸nÂ\n-s¶m-gp-Ip¶ sN¶nWw imco-cn-I-amb Ah-

i-X-bpw, kz]v\-{ -a-I-ev]-\-IÄ \evInb am\-kn-I-amb ]c-h-i-Xbpw

{`m´nsâ Zpc- -]-cyhkmbn-bmb AIm-e-ar-Xyp-hn-te¡v Cu kÀ¤m-

ßI {`m´s\ \bn-¡p-¶p. A§s\ AbmÄ {`m´nsâ ac-W-X-ev]-

¯n Xe-Nm-bv¡p-¶p.

bi-Ênsâ at\m-l-c-a-µ-kvan-X¯n hne-bw-sIm-Åp¶ {`m´nsâ

A`u-a-amb khn-ti-jX "kuµ-cy-]qP' F¶ Ihn-X-bn-epw ImWmw.

Bß-kp-lr- mb CS- -Ån-bpsS AIm-e-hn-tbm-K- n lrZbw

s\m´v "XIÀ¶ apcfn' F¶ hnem-]-Imhyw Fgp-Xn-sb-¦n-epw XpSÀ¶v

"ca-W³' F¶ {Kmao-W-hn-em-]-Im-hy-sa-gpXn hnIm-cm-hn-jv¡m-c- nÂ

N§-¼pg ka-{KX hcp- n-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-t]mse "kuµ-cy-]qP'

FgpXnbtijw {`m´nsâ t_m[m-t_m-[-§-fpsS Xo{hmJym-\- n\v

"D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡p-gen'epw ka-{KX hcp- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. "kuµ-cy-

]qP' bnepw A{]-tabm\L-ku-µ-cy- nsâ ZÀi\w Hscmä \nanjw

am{Xw e`y-am-Ip-t¼mÄt]mepw B alm-km-¶n-²y-km-bpPy k¦ev]w

Ihn¡v A{]m-]y-ambn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p. "Dt -Pn-X-amb hnIm-c-kXyw

bpàn-bp-sSbpw _p²n-bp-sSbpw hmkvX-hn-I-Xz-aÃ' F¶ Xncn- -dnhpw

"hkvXp-Øn-Xn-I-fpsS AÀ°-h-eb¯nse- n-\n-ev¡p¶ DÑrw-J-eXzw

AXnsâ hym]m-c- n-ep-s−¶'143- Is−- epw N§-¼pgbpsS kÀ¤m-

ßI {`m´nsâ ASn-Øm-\-am-Wv. "kuµ-cy-]qP' bn Bhn-jv¡-cn¨

AXo-{µn-b-bp-àn-bpsS DZm- hpw IqSp-XÂ ka-{Khpw Iem-ß-I-hp-amb

{]Im-i-\-amWv "D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡p-gÂ.'

{`m´pw kz]v\-hp-am-bpÅ _Ôw temI- nsâ {i²m-hn-j-b-ambn

amdn-bXv t{^mbn-Unsâ kz]v\m-]-{K-Y-\-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv. kz]v\- nÂ

{Ia-aÃ; {Ia- w-K-amWv A[n-Iw. {`m´nepw Nn´-bpsS bpàn-]qÀÆ-amb

306

{Iao-I-c-W-aÃ, {Ia- w-K- nsâ BsI- p-I-bmWv AÀ°-t_m-[-ap-f-hm-

¡p-¶-Xv. Akm-[m-c-W-Xzhpw Ipg-adn kz`m-hhpw kz]v\-§Ä¡p−v.

kz]v\- n\v HmÀ½-bn ] -]n-Sn¨v \nev¡m-\pÅ Ignhv Ipd-hm-bn-cn-

¡pw. I−p-I-gnª kz]v\w HmÀs -Sp-¡m³ ]e-t¸mgpw Ign-bm-dn-Ã.

kz]v\- nsâ Øm\¯v {`m´v ]Icw h¨mepw CtX khn-ti-j-X-IÄ

tbmPn-¡pw. kz]v\w hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Nne `mK-§Ä t_m[-

]qÀÆhpw NneXv At_m-[-]qÀÆhpw hn«p-I-f-tª¡mw. hni-I-e-\- nÂ

Ah Iq«n-t¨À¡m-hp-¶-Xm-sW¶pw kz]v\- nÂt¸mepw ASn- -aÀ -ep-

IÄ hcm-sa¶pw t{^mbnUv hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.144 {`m´pw kz]v\hpw

Ah-bpsS DZv`-h-{]-Ir-Xn-bnepw hnIm-k- nepw ]peÀ¯p¶ ]mc-

kv]cyw ImcWw kam-\-hn-i-I-e\w km²y-amb taJ-e-bm-Ip¶p. {`m´p-

ambn _Ô-s¸« IrXn-I-fpsS Hcp {][m\ khn-ti-jX-bmWv kz]v\w.

kz]v\-ZÀi\w Btcm-Ky-apÅ a\-Ênsâ e£W-am-sW¶v ]e

a\-Èm-kv{X-Úcpw Icp-Xp-¶p. F¶m kz]v\w ImWp-¶-Xnsâ Afhp

hÀ²n-¡p-t¼mÄ kz]v\w {`m´n-te¡p Xncn-bmw. ka-Im-enI bmYmÀ°y-

§-tfmSp {]Xn-tj-[n-¡mt\m Ah-bnÂ\n¶v c£-s -Smt\m DÅ amÀ¤-

§Ä Nne-t¸mÄ {`m´nsâ kz]v\- n ZÀin-¡p-¶p. aäp-Nnet¸mÄ

Ima-\m-]q-c-W- nsâ amÀ¤-ambpw kz]v\w {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Smw. Pm{K-Xm-h-

Ø-bn-epÅ {`m´nsâ kz]v\w Xs¶-bmWv anYym-{ -a-ambpw {`a-I-ev]-\-

bmbpw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. kwkv¡mcw Gev]n-¡p¶ k½À±w AXn-Po-

hn-¡m-\pÅ {`m´nsâ {ia-§sf ]e-hn[ ]oU-\-§-fn-eqsS kwkv¡mcw

]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp- m³ {ian-¡pw. Cu ]oU-\- nÂ\n¶v c£-s¸-Sm³

{`m v ssIs¡m-Åp¶ {][m-\-amÀ¤-amWv kz]v\w. kz]v\- nsâ

ta·sb ]pI-gv¯p-s¼mgpw

307

""kzev]hpw £p -S-§o-Sp-In-ÃmÀ¡p, aþ

kz]v\m-arXw sIms−-t¶mÀ½-thWw''145

F¶v euIn-I-Po-hn-X-¯nse hni- -S-¡m³ kz]v\m-ar-X- n\v Ign-

hn-sö kXyw HmÀ½n- n-¡m\pw N§-¼pg ad-¡p-¶n-Ã. F¦nepw

Ft¸mgpw k¦ev]- n-eqsS ZpxJ-§Ä¡-dpXn hcp- p-hm³ Bin-¡p-

Ibpw sN¿pw.

""k¦ev]w am{X-am-Wm-\µw! Nn - nÂ

X¦p-h-Xt¿m hn-jmZw am{Xw!....''146

Z¡mÀ¯v kzXz- nsâ hyY-I-fn Bthmfw ap§p-Ibpw

AXnÂ\n¶v `oXn-bpsS ZÀ-i-\-§-fn-tebv¡pw iq\y-Xm-hm-Z-¯n-te¡pw

\o-§p-Ibpw sNbvX-t¸mÄ N§-¼pg ]mkv¡-en-s\-t¸mse ip`-Im-a-\-I-

fn-te-¡mWv \o§n-b-Xv. AXmWv {`m´nsâ DÄ¡m-gvN-bmb kz]v\-ambn

amdp-¶-Xv. Nn{X-Im-csâ Ima-\m-]q-c-W- nsâ {]Ñ-¶-amb A`n-em-j-

amWv AbmÄ I−-kz]v\hpw hc¨ "kz]v\' hpw {`a-I-ev]-\-bpw.

4.8. AIm-e-arXyp

{`m´v ]e-t¸mgpw ]cy-h-km-\n-¡p-¶Xv ZpcnXw \ndª Pohn-X-

¯nepw AIm-e-a-c-W- n-ep-am-Wv. tjIvkv]n-b-dpsS Zpc- -\m-S-I-§-fnse

{`m v ]e-t¸mgpw ac-Whpw sIme-]m-X-I-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.

acWw kzm`m-hn-I-amWv. F¶m {`m´nsâ khn-ti-jX AIm-e-ar-Xyp-

hm-Wv. arXyp-hm©vO {`m´nsâ ZmÀi-\n-Im-h-t_m-[-am-Ip-¶p-−v. ]©- q-

Xm-ß-I-amb icocw AXnsâ ]qÀÆ-Øn-Xnsb {]m]n-¡m³ kZm

sh¼p¶Xn\m acWw Hcp `mK- p-\n¶v Pohn-Isf {]tem- n- n-¡pw.

F¶m Pohn-X-cXn AXn-s\-¡mÄ ià-am-b {]tem`\ambncn¡p

t¼mÄ ac-W-cXn ]cm-P-b-s¸-Spw. bpàn-bp-sSbpw t_m[- nsâbpw CS-

308

s]-S-ep-IÄ arXyp-hm-RvO-bn \n¶v a\-Êns\ XS-bpw. F¶mÂ

{`m´nsâ thf-bn bpàn-bp-sSbpw t_m[- n-sâbpw iàn Ipd-bpw.

At¸mÄ arXyp-hmRvO ]nSn-ap-dp-¡pw. ZoÀLIm-es¯ Btem-N-\-bv¡p-

ti-jtam £Wn-I-amb DÄt{]c-W-bmtem {`m´p-]n-Sn- -hÀ Bß-lXy

sN-¿mw. aZ-\-sâbpw eoe-bp-sSbpw Bß-lXy {`m´nsâ kz`m-h-amb

Cu hmRvO-bpsS ^e-am-Wv. "D·m-Z- nsâ Hm-S-¡p-g'-ense Nn{X-Im-

csâ acWw {`m´nsâ khn-ti-j-X-bmb arXyp-hm-RvO-b-Ã; AIm-e-ar-

Xyp-hmWv.

Nn{X-Im-csâ sskt¡mf-Pn-¡Â Hmt«m]vknbn arXyp-hmRvO

Aev]w-t]mepw D−m-bn-cp-¶n-söp ImWmw. ac-W-cXn CsÃ-¶p -am-{X-

aà A\izc-Xsb ]pevIm-\pÅ taml¯m Abm-fpsS lrZbw XpSn-

¡p-I-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. A\n-hm-cy-am-bn- oÀ¶ ac-Ws¯ Pbn-¡m-\pÅ

taml- nÂ\n-¶mWv "kz]v\w acn-¡n-sÃ-'¶pÅ ip`-Im-a\ DZn-¡p-¶-Xv.

"Bk-¶-am-sW-\n-¡´y'sa¶v Xsâ acWw Nn{X-Im-c³ {`m´nsâ AXo-

{µn-b-Úm-\- n-eqsS Adn-bp-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w {`m -\mbn acn-¡p-

t¼mÄ k-aq-l- n \n¶pw e`n-¡m-\nSbpÅ ]cn-lm-khpw AbmÄ

a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. ]cn-lm-ks¯ AXn-Po-hn-¡m-\pÅ amÀ¤w Ct¸mgpw

ASp-s - m¯ IoÀ¯n-bm-Wv.

""F³ arX-Km-{X- n hogpw hnSÀ¶ \n³þ

I®nÂ\n-¶n-änäp I®oÀ¡-Wn-I-IÄ.''147

ac-W-tijw IoÀ¯n-tZ-hX hcp-t¼mÄ Nn{X-Im-csâ arXyp-hn\pw

t]cp-tZm-j- n\pw Imc-W-ambn `hn- -Xn-epÅ ]Ým- m-]- n \n¶v

I®oÀ Dd-sªm-gp-Ip-sa¶v A-bmÄ DZvKXnbn ImWp-¶p-−v. F¶mÂ

AsXÃmw Xsâ ac-W-tijw am{XamsW¶ \ncmi Abmsf th«-bm-

Sp¶p.

309

biÊv e`n¡pw apt¼Xs¶ h¶p-tN-cp¶ ac-Ws¯ HmÀ¯v

AbmÄ \Sp-§p-I-bmWv. Cu AIm-e-ar-Xyp-hn-\p- -c-hm-ZnXzw Nn{X-Im-

csâ {]Xn- bvt¡m {`m´nt\m AÃ. kwkv¡m-cm-[n-]-Xy- n-\mWv _Ô-

\- n-sâbpw NnIn-Õ-bp-sSbpw ]oU-\-§-fmWv AXn\p Imc-Ww. XS-h-d-

bn¡n-S¶v hni- n thhp-t¼mgpw Xsâ ap¶n-se- nb btim-Im-an-

\nsb Nn{X-Im-c³ {`a-I-ev]-\-bn ]n´p-SÀ¶-XmWv s\än s]m«m³ CS-

bm-¡n-b-Xv. B GIm- -X-bn càw hmÀ-¶p-t]m-Ip¶Xn\v {]Xn-hn-[n-

bn-ÃmsX hni-¶p-X-fÀ¶v AbmÄ AIm-e-a-cWw hcn-¡p-¶p. Cu AIm-

e-ar-Xyp-hnsâ [mÀ½n-Ihpw _mly-hp-amb D -c-hm-Zn-Xz-¯nÂ\n¶v

kwkv¡mcw kpK-a-ambn Hgn-hm-Ip-I-bmWv. {`m´n\p kwkv¡mcw

NmÀ¯n-s¡m-Sp-¡p¶ "Ipä' ¯nsâ ap{Z _Ô-\- n\pw AIm-e-ar-Xyp-

hn-\p-apÅ A\p-a-Xn-]-{X-ambn am-dp-¶p. NnIn-Õ-bpsS t]cn {`m´n-\p-

ta kwkv¡m-cm-[n-]Xyw kzbw kzoI-cn-¡p¶ Cu A[n-Imcw {`m´n-

s\-b-Ã, {`m´n\v Cc-bmb hyàn-sb-bmWv \in- n-¡p-¶-Xv.148 {`m´ns\

XS-hn-eqsS Hä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-]-Icw _mly-tem-I- nsâ I\¯

kXy-§-fn-te¡v \bn-¡m³ I-gn-ªn-cp-s¶-¦n Nn{X-Im-csâ {]Xn- -

bpsS {]Im-i\w ]qÀ®-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶p. "kz]v\' Nn{Xw-t]mse Nn{X-Im-

csâ Pohn-Xhpw A]qÀ®ambn Iem-in-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

""C¶p-a-]qÀ®w!þ A]qÀ®amsW-¦nse þ

´\y-an-sÃm-¶p-a- n-{Xs¯ shÃp-hm³!''149

hm³tKm-Kv, tam- -kmMv XpS-§nb {]Xn- -I-fpsS Pohn-Xhpw ac-Whpw

A]qÀ®-amb Cu kz]v\-Nn{Xw t]msebmWv; A]qÀ®-am-sW-¦nepw

Ahsb shÃm³ thsdm-¶n-Ã. F¶m kÀ¤-{]-Xn- sb {`m´n \n¶pw

kwc-£n-t¡-−-Xnsâ {]m[m\yw _ntYm-h³, _joÀ XpS-§nb {]Xn- -

310

I-fpsS Pohn-Xhpw ac-Whpw km£y-s¸-Sp- p-¶p-−v. kwkv-¡m-c-{`m´v

kÀ¤-{`m- n\p ta B[n-]Xyw t\Sn-bm "D·m-Z- nsâ

HmS¡pg'ense Nn{X-Im-c-s\-t¸mse {]Xn` {`m´nsâ A`n-i]vX Zpc- -

¯n-¶n-c-bm-Ipw. Zmcn{Zyw CÃmbva sN¿p-¶-Xn-\p-]-Icw Zmcn-{Zy- nsâ

Cc-Isf \in- n-¡p-¶-Xpt]mse {Iqc-amWv {`m´ns\ CÃmbva sN¿p-¶-

Xn-\p-]-Icw {`m´nsâ Cc-Isf \in- n-¡p-¶-Xv. C¯-c-samcp Xncn- -dnhv

km¼- nI kmwkv¡m-cnI ]cn-hÀ -\-§-fpsS Bh-iy-I-X-bn-te¡v

\bn-¡pw. sskIym-{Sn-bn-eq-sSbpw aäpw {`m´pÅ hyànsb AIm-e-ar-

Xyp-hn-te¡p \bn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ Nn{Xhpw "D·mZ- n HmS-¡p-gÂ' \evIp-

¶p.

D]-kw-lmcw

"D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡p-gÂ' {`m´nsâ BJym-\-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ

DÄs¡m-Åp¶ IrXn-bm-Wv. Imev]-\nI Ihn-X-I-fpsS km[m-cW hni-I-

e-\-am-\-Z-WvU-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v A]-{K-Yn- -Xn-\m Cu IhnX ZpÀ{K-l-am-

sW¶v Icp-Xm-\n-S-h-¶p. \nemhpZn¡p¶ a\Êv F¶ tI{µ-_n-µp-hn-

eqsS \S¯p¶ kzK-X- m-j-W-co-Xn-bn-emWv C-Xnse BJym-\w. {]Xo-]-

K-Xnbpw {]hm-l-K-Xnbpw DZvK-Xnbpw CS-I-eÀ¶phcp¶ BJym-\-co-Xn-

bm-Wn-Xn-ep-Å-Xv. Nm{In-Itam {]Xn-Nm-{In-Itam Bb BJym-\-K-Xn-

sIm−v {`m´n\v tbmPn¨ BJym-\-{`-aWamWnXv.

{`m´m-ip-]-{Xn-bnse XS-h-d-bnÂIn-S-¡p¶ {`m´sâ Nn´

BÀ¡mWv {`m´v F¶ \nÀ®m-b-I- tNm-Zy- n-eq-sS-bmWv Bcw- n-¡p-¶-

Xv. _Ô-\hpw NnIn-Õbpw hgn- X-¶n ASn-t¨-ev]n-¡p¶ kwkv¡m-c-

¯nsâ {`m´ns\ Xpd-¶p-Im-«p¶ {`m´sâ XpÀ¶pÅ Nn -I-fn Iem-

Im-csâ {]Xn- m-P\y{`m´pw sXfn-ªp- h-cp-¶p.

311

Iem-Im-csâ {`m´v kÀ¤-{`m- mWv. hnJym-X-Nn-{X-Im-c-\mb

hm³tKm-Kns\ A\p-kva-cn- n-¡p-¶-h-bmWv Nn{X-Im-csâ kzK-X- m-j-W-

§Ä. AXn-eqsS chn-hÀ½- n-{X-§-fpsS aqeyw ]p\À-\nÀ®-bn-¡p-Ibpw

kwkv¡m-c- nsâ tcmKm-kv]-Zhpw t`mKm-kv]-Z-hp-amb A`n-cp-Nn-Isf

`ÀÕn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

{`m´nsâ Nne thf-I-fn Nn{X-Im-c³ Alw-þ-A-]cw F¶ Zzµz-

Nn- -bn-eqsS kzXzm-h-t_m-[- n-se- p-¶p. F¶m Akv-Xn-Xzm-h-t_m-

[- nsâ Cu NnZm-\µw Aev]-t\-c-t¯¡p am{X-amWv e`y-am-Ip-¶-Xv.

]n-¶oSv {`m´nsâ kz]v\-ta-J-e-I-fn-emWv hnl-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Nn{X-Im-c³

F¶ IoÀ¯nbpw Nn{X-§Ä¡v AÀl-amb {]Xn- -ehpw e`n-¡-W-sa¶

Ima-\-bmWv Nn{X-Im-c-\p-Å-Xv. Ima-\m-]q-c-W- n-\pÅ amÀ¤-amWv

kz]v\hpw {`a-I-ev]-\-bpw. anYym-{ -a- n-\-\p-k-cn¨v IoÀ¯n-tZ-hn-bpsS

]n¶mse ]mª-t¸mÄ A]-I-S- nÂs¸« AbmÄ AIm-e-a-c-W- n-\n-c-

bm-bn.

kwkv¡m-c- nsâ ]oU-\-§-tf-äp-hm§n AIm-e-arXyp hcn¨

Nn{X-Im-c³ kÀ¤-{`m- -\m-Wv. kÀ¤-{`m- nsâ Zpc´w Bhn-jv¡-cn-

¡p¶ Imhy-amWv "D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡p-gÂ'.

312

Ipdn-¸p-IÄ

1. ssh-tem- nÅn, "hÀ¡- p-sI« Xm-dmhv', ssh.k.-Ir.,- hm.-1, ]p.298-303.

2. "" "Xos¸mcn'bnepw "D·m-Z- nsâ HmS-¡pg'enepw {]Xn-]m-Zn-X-amb Bibw I−p-]n-Sn-¡m³ ]ehpcp "ap§n- t¸-−'-Xmbn h¶p. F¶n«pw AXp ]cn-]qÀ®ambn I−p-In-«n-sb-s¶-\n-¡- n-am-\-an-Ã.''

F{_-lmw hS-t¡Â, "cà-]p-jv]-§Ä' Ah-Xm-cn-I, N§¼pg IrjvW]nÅ, N.-].-Ir., `m.1, ]p.498.

3. Sn, ]p.482. 4. Sn, ]p.503. 5. Sn, ]p.499, 6. Sn. 7. N§-¼p-g, kmln-Xy-Nn-´-I-Ä, ]p.31. 8. Sn, ]p.47.

9. “Xet¨mdp ]pIbv¡p¶ coXnbnepÅ {]Xn]mZ\”sa¶mWv CXns\ AhXmcnIbn t]mepw ]dbp¶Xv.

F{_lmw hSt¡Â, ‘cà]pjv]§Ä’, AhXmcnI. N§-¼pg, N.-].-Ir., `m.1, ]p.499.

10. Sn, ]p.504. 11. Sn. ]p.538. 12. Sn. 13. Sn, "kv]µn¡p¶ AØnamSw', ]p.790. 14 Sn, "D.Hm', ]p.539.

15. A²ymbw H¶nse ‘{`m´pw kwkv¡mchpw’(1.2) F¶ `mKw ImWpI

16. R.D. Laing, The Divided Self, p.87.

17. Foucault, Madness and Civilization, pp.211-228.

18. James C.Coleman, Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life,

pp.71, 73.

19. By the time the new human being is fifteen or 50, we are left with

a being like ourselves, a half-crazed creature more or less

adjusted to a mad world. This is normality. î BÀ.-Un. sebn-§nsâ t\mÀ-amen-än-sb- -än-bpÅ {]kn-²-amb Cu D²-cWn sP.-F-kv. tKmÀU³ FSp¯p tNÀ¯n-«p-−v.

Gordon, J.S., Who is mad? Who is sane?The Radical Psychiatry

of R.D.Laing, p.58.

20. \nXy-ssN-X-\y-b-Xn, Iebpw a\-Èm-kv{Xhpw, ]p.78. 21. N§-¼p-g-bpsS "tamln\n' ¡v "tamln-X³' F¶ lmkym-\p-IrXn kRvP-b³ cNn- Xns\¸-än- -d-bp-t¼mÄ F._me-IrjvW]nÅ ""C¶s¯ a\-Èmkv{Xw A§m-Sntbm ]¨tbm F¶v kRvP-b³ Adn-ªn-cp-¶nà F¶v Fgp-Xn-bXv {i²mÀlw.

F._me-Ir-jvW-]n-Å, "kv]µn-¡p¶ AØn-amSw' apJ-hp-c, N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.748.

313

22. Fw.-sI.km\p, N§-¼pg IrjvW-]nÅ :\£-{X-§-fpsS kvt\l-`m-P\w, ]p.73. (F¶ {KÙ- n D²-cn- -Xv).

23. kRvPbs\ ]cnlkn¨v ho−pw Hcp IhnX IqSn FgpXnbXv N§¼pgbpsS ]ZyIrXnIfn A\p_ÔIhnXIfpsS Iq«¯n tNÀ¯n«p−v.

""BWn incÊnenfInbmÂ]ns¶ \mWhpw am\hpw ImWnÃXs¶.'' F¶pw aäpw AXn Bt£]n¡p¶p. N§¼pg, N.].Ir., `m.2, ]p.690.

24. Foucault, Aesthetics, p.279.

25. amÀKcäv tPmÀPv, aebmfIhnXbnse {`m´nsâ ]cnt{]£yw, ]p.49.

26. Foucault, Discipline and Punish, The birth of the prison, p.117.

27. A²ymbw H¶v (1.5)ImWpI.

28. The Great Confinement F¶ A²ymbw apgph³ C¡mcyamWv {]Zn]mXn¡p¶Xv.

Foucault, Madness and Civilization, pp.35-60. 29. sslZc_mZnse \ÂkmÀ \nbakÀÆIemimebnse AanX [µbpsS teJ\ nÂ\n¶pÅ hnhc§Ä ]cn mjs¸Sp nbXn \n¶v.

AanX[µ, "{`m´v \nba¯nÂ', hnh.teJ.Fkv. ]¨¡pXnc, ]pkvXIw 1, e¡w 4, ]p.20.

30. Foucault, Madness and Civilization, pp.202-06. 31. "IpähmfnIÃm¯ {`m´À' F¶ ap{ZtbmsS {`m´pÅhsc XShdIfn ]mÀ¸n¡p¶Xns\Xntc kp{]owtImSXn \ntbmKn¨ I½oj³, "A]ISImcnIfmb at\mtcmKnIÄ' F¶ ap{ZIp¯ s¸«hÀ¡v at\mtcmKw Xs¶bnsöv Is−¯nbncp¶p.

AanX[µ, "{`m´v \nba¯nÂ', hnh.teJ.Fkv, ]¨¡pXnc, ]pkvXIw.1, e¡w.4, ]p.20.

32. The mental Health Act, 1987, p.25.

33. Foucault, Madness and Civilization, p.232.

34. FdnIvt{^mw, amÀIvkpw t{^mbnUpw, hnh.chn, ]p.74. 35. N§¼pg,"D.Hm', N.-].-Ir., `m.1, ]p.535. 36. "]mSp¶ ]nimNv', Sn., `m.2,]p.362. 37. APnXv.kn.än, "sskt¡msa{Sn \½psSsbmcp ]vcm v', ]¨¡pXnc, ]pkvXIw 1, e¡w 4, ]p.23.

38. sFkIv tPmk^v, {`m´m¡p¶ NnInÕ F¶ {KÙw sskt¡mfPnÌnsâ A\p`h hnhcWw IqSnbmWv.

39. 1. The Psychological Dimensions of Mental Illness.

2. Psychopathology as a fact of Civilization F¶nh {i²mÀlw.

Foucault, Mental Illness and Psychology, pp.13, 87.

40. "" \o hg§mªmeXnsâ auUy§Ä¡p \oXamIp¶p, lm, \n³ap¶n aÀ±\w. XÖ\y`oXnbmÂ, \evIs¸Spw acpþ ¶¨S¡t¯msSSp¯p tam´p¶p \o.'' N§¼pg,"D.Hm', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.535.

314

41. “Hence there can be no such thing as mental illness. The term

mental illness is a metaphor”.

Thomas szasz, ‘The Myth of Mental Illness’, p.11.

42. "Nn¯{`aapÅmfpsS hnNmcw temI¯n Xms\mgn¨v aäpÅhscms¡ ip²{`m´·mcmsW¶mWv. {`m´sâ Cu Nn´

{`m´msW¶v hnizkn¡m\mWv kaql¯n\p XmXv]cyw.” CsXÃmw ]dbpt¼mgpw tIkcn, ""]t£ {`m´·mcmcmsW ¶mWnt¸mgs¯ kwibw'' F¶ Nn´bpw ]¦phbv¡p¶p.

tIkcn \mb\mÀ, "{`aw', tIkcn \mb\mcpsS IrXnIÄ, ]p.54. 43. N§¼pg,"D.Hm', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.535.

44. Foucault, Madness and Civilization, p.239.

45. N§¼pg,"D.Hm', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.535.

46. Foucault, Madness and Civilization, p.71.

47. tPmk^v sFkIv, {`m´m¡p¶ NnInÕ, ]p.64. 48. N§¼pg, "aZntcmÕhw', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.609. 49. Sn. 50. Sn, "kuµcy ]qP', ]p.449. 51. Sn.

52. Foucault, Mental Illness and Psychology, p.88.

53. N§¼pg, "]mSp¶ ]nimNv', N.].Ir., `m.2, ]p.361. 54. Sn, "D.Hm', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p. 503. 55. ""\msfþkakvXhpw \msfþ\ncmimX³ Imfna I−p \Sp§p¶Xn¶p Rm³!'' Sn,]p.539. 56. sI.]n.A¸³, "At\zjWw {`m´n Ahkm\n¡p¶p',

C¶seIfnse At\zjW ]cntim[\IÄ, ]p.93. 57. A²ymbw c−v, {`m´pw {]Xn`bpwþNn{XImc³amÀ (2.3;2.3.1) F¶ `mKw ImWpI.

58. Ken Wilkie, The Van Gogh File, The myth and the Man, p.98.

59. N§¼pg, "D.Hm', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.537. 60. Sn. 61. Fw.F³.hnPb³, "\ndw', Npacn Nn{XsagpXpt¼mÄ, ]p.125. 62. hn³skâv hm³tKmKv, {]nbs¸« Xntbm¡v hm³tKmKv, ]p.121. 63. Fw.ANypX³, ]mÝmXy kmlnXy ZÀi\w, ]p.444.

64. N§¼pg, "D.Hm', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.538. 65. chnhÀ½bpsS AÀ²\ábmb "ta\I' Nn{Xw HmÀ½n¡pI. 66. hn³skâv hm³tKmKv, {]nbs¸« Xntbmbv¡v hm³tKmKv, ]p.132. 67. tUm._nPp hnt\mZv a¦c \nÀ½n¨ "_nt^mÀ Z {_jv t{Um]vkv' F¶ tUmIypsaâdnsb¡pdn¨pÅ teJ\¯n ZÀ`ap\ ImenÂsIm− iIp´f F¶ chnhÀ½¨n{Xw ImfnZmklrZbw apgph³ ]IÀ¯p¶Xn ]cmPbs¸«p F¶v `wKy´tcW kqNn¸n¡p¶p−v.

kaImenI aebmfw, 2007. sk]vXw_À 28,]p.57. 68. N§¼pg, "\ncmi\mWn¶p \o', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.615.

315

69. 1890. Pq¬ 27 \mWv hm³tKmKv BßlXy sN¿m³ s\©nte¡v \ndsbmgn¨Xv. c−p Znhk¯n\p tijw acn¨p. hm³tKmKnsâ 52þmw NcaZn\t¯mSSp¸n¨v 21-6-1942 emWv

N§¼pg ‘D.Hm’ {]kn²oIcn¨Xv, F¶Xv bmZrÑnIaÃ. 70. N§¼pg, "D.Hm', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.537. 71. chnhÀ½¨n{X§Ä ent¯mtÌmWpIfnte¡v ]IÀ¯nbn«pÅ, apwss_bv¡p kao]w temWhme F¶ Øe¯v Øm]n¨ {]Êpw 79 Nn{X§fpsS ]IÀ¸hImihpw 251000 cq]bv¡v A¡me¯v hnät]mbncp¶p.

"Ncn{X¯nsâ HmÀ½s¸Sp¯epIÄ; IebpsSbpw.', kaImenI aebmfw, 2007. sk]vXw_À 28,]p.57.

72. hn³skâv hm³tKmKv, "{]nbs¸« Xntbmbv¡v hm³tKmKv', ]p.89.

73. N§¼pg, "\ncmi\mWp \o', N.-].-Ir., `m.1, ]p.615. 74. {`m´mip]{Xnbn InS¡pt¼mÄ t]mepw FXm−v 80 ]cw Nn{X§Ä hm³tKmKv hc¨pIq«nbncp¶p. "Z sdUv ssh³ bmÀUv' F¶ Htc Hcp Nn{XamWv At±l¯n\v PohnXIme¯v hnev¡m³ Ignªncp¶Xv. acWtijw At±l¯nsâ Nn{X§fpsS aqeyw temIw Adnªp. hnev]\bpsS Ncn{X¯n Gähpw IqSpX hneIn«nb s]bnân§pw t{Umbn§pw

hm³tKmKnsâXmbncp¶p. The Portrait of Dr. Gachet Ft«ImÂ

tImSn tUmfdpw "Garden with Flowers' 83 e£w tUmfdpw tee¯n In«n.

http://www.Vangoghallery.com/

75. N§¼pg, "D.Hm.', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.537. 76. Sn, "Fsâ IhnX', ]p.824. 77. hn³skâv hm³tKmKv, {]nbs¸« Xntbmbv¡v hm³tKmKv, ]p.119. 78. N§¼pg, "]mSp¶ ]nimNv', N.].Ir., `m.2, ]p.360. 79. ""{]ikvXn \à ImcyamWv.'', hnPbn¡pIbpw Xnf§pIbpamWv F¦nÂ, ""{]ikvXnsb Rm³ `b¡p¶p'',""Nn{X§Ä¡p th−n sNbvX bXv\§Ä¡p {]Xn^ew In«pIbmsW¦n [\w k¼mZn¡p¶Xns\¸än Rm³ Hcn¡epw Nn´n¡bnÃ.''

hn³skâv hm³tKmKv, {]nbs¸« Xntbmbv¡v hm³tKmKv, ]p.131. 80. N§¼pg, "D.Hm', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.537.

81. Foucault, Madness and Civilization, p.274.

82. ""Hcp ac¯nsâ Nn{Xw hc v aq¶p aWn¡qÀ Nnehgn¡p¶Xp ImWpt¼mÄ Hcp IÀjI³ hnNmcn¡p¶p Rm³ {`m´\msW¶v, AbmÄ Fs¶ t\m¡n Nncn¡p¶p.''

hn³skâv hm³tKmKv, {]nbs¸« Xntbmbv¡v hm³tKmKv, ]p.25. 83. Sn, ]p.22, 54. 84. sI.]n.A¸³, "{`m´ambn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ kqcy LSnImcw',

kab{]hmlhpw kmlnXyIebpw, ]p.128. 85. N§¼pg, "D.Hm', N.].Ir., `m.1. ]p.537. 86. Sn, ]p.535. 87. hn.cmPIrjvW³, tcmK¯nsâ ]q¡Ä, ]p.35.

316

88. N§¼pg, "D.Hm', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.538. 89. Sn. ]p.537.

90. Theories of Surplus value (Part I) "Relation of Art and Poetry to

the Capitalist Mode of Production.' "The work of artist In

Capitalist Society', F¶o `mK§fn amÀIvkpw "Bourgeois

Taste and Its Evaluation” F¶ `mK¯v FwKÂkpw C¡mcy§Ä hniZambn {]Xn]mZn¡p¶p.

Marx, Engels, On Literature and Art, pp.141-156.

91. N§¼pg, "D.Hm', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.538. 92. Sn. 93. sI. Fkv.\mcmbW]nÅ, N§¼pg Hcp ]T\w, ]p.48.

94. Foucault, Madness and Civilization, p.173.

95. sjbvIvkv]nbÀ, "enbÀ cmPmhv', sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS k¼qÀ® IrXnIÄ, hm.3, A¦w 1, cwKw 4, ]p.511.

96. Feder, Lilian, Madness in Literature, p.120.

97. N§¼pg, "D.Hm', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.536.

98. ""........ that hermanuetics and semiology are two fierce enemies.”

Foucault, Aesthetics, Method and Epistomology, p.278.

99. Daniel Ferrer, Virginia Wolf and the Madness of Language,

pp.24,64.

100. Ibid, pp.18-24.

101. N§¼pg, "D.Hm', N.-].-Ir., `m.1, ]p.536. 102. sI.]n.A¸³, "Ncn{Xw h¶p hnfn¡pt¼mÄ', t]\bpsS

kacapJ§Ä, ]p.49. 103. "" Zzm kp]À®m kbqPm kJmbm kam\w hr£w ]cnjkzPmtX Xtbmc\yx ]n¸ew kzmZz-þ ¯y\iv\¶t\ym A`nNmIioXn.'' apWvUtIm]\nj¯v, hym.arUm\µkzman, XrXobapWvUIw, {]YaJWvUw, tÇm.1, ]p.70.

104. ""Bß{IoU BßcXnx {Inbmhmþ t\j {_ÒhnZmw hcnjvTx'' Sn, tÇm.4, ]p.76.

105. Reed, Jeremy, Madness the Price of Poetry, p.31.

106. ""I saw myself seeing me’’eImsâ Cu hm¡pIÄ hnIe

Zriycq]s¯ (Anamorphosis) ¡pdn¨pÅ skan\mdn t\m«w

(Gaze) F¶ Bibs¯¡pdn¨v \S¯nb {]`mjW¯n \n¶v. Sn. {iohÕ³, \hat\mhntÇjWw, ]p.143. 107. ""ktamZtX tamZ\obw lne_v[zm'' ItTm]\nj¯v, A.1, ZznXob hÃn, tÇm. 13, ]p.43. 108. ""\mhnctXm ZpÝcnXmþ ¶mimt´m \mkamlnXx \mim´ am\tkmhm]n

317

{]Úmt\ ss\\mam]v\pbmÂ.'' Sn, tÇm.24, ]p.53.

109. Sartre, Being and Nothingness. p.252.

110. tkmen]vknk(Solipsism)s¯ AkvXnXzhmZambn ]et¸mgpw sXän²cn¡mdp−v. F¶m kmÀ{Xv tkmen]vknk¯n \n¶v c£s¸Sm\pÅ amÀ¤ambn«mWv AkvXnXzhmZs¯ AhXcn¸n

¡p¶Xv. "Consequently the only way to escape Solipsism would

be here again to prove that my transcendental consciousness is in

its very being affected by the extramundane existence of other

consciousness of the same type.''

Ibid., p.235.

111. ""Even if outside the Empirical Ego there is nothing other than the

consciousness of that Ego-that is transcendental field without a

subject-the fact that remains that my affirmation of the Other

demands and requires the existence beyond the world of a similar

transcendental field.”

Ibid.

112. ""PqjvSw bZm ]iyXy\yaoiþ aky alnam\anXn hoXtimIx'' apWvUtIm]\nj v, hym.arUm\µkzman, apWvUIw 3, JWvUw 1, tÇm.2, ]p.72.

113. N§¼pg, "D.Hm', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.537. 114. kpIpamÀ Agot¡mSv, X¯zakn, ]p.248. 115. Sn, ]p.248,249. 116. a\pjy a\Ênsâ C{µnbmXoXamb Úm\hpw aäpw ]Tn¡p¶ ]mcmsskt¡mfPn¡v ASp¯Ime¯v {]m[m\yw ssIh¶n«p−v.

117. Terry Eagleton, Literary theory, p.146.

118. Nicholas Royle, After Derrida, p.66. 119. "kz]v\w ImWpI, kz]v\w ImWpI, kz]v\w ImWpI. kz]v\§Ä Nn´Ifmbn amdpw Nn´IÄ {]hr¯nbnte¡p \bn¡pw'. F.]n.sP. A_vZpÄIemw, Pzen¡p¶ a\ÊpIÄ, ]p.17-25.

120. ""The sleeper, or the dreamer is madder than the mad man.” F¶ ZdnZbpsS A`n{]mbw ^qt¡m D²cn¡pIbpw AXns\ JWvUn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p.

Foucault, ‘Aesthetics, Method and Epistemology,p.398.

121. Dreams and madness then appeared to be of the same substance.

Their mechanism was the same……..”,

Foucault, Madness and Civilization, p.96.

122. B.Kuppuswamy, Source Book of Indian Psychology, p.37.

123. N§¼pg, "D.Hm', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.536. 124. Sn. 125. Sn. 126. Sn.

318

127. Sn. 128. Sn. 129. Sn, ]p.537. 130. Sn.

131. Foucault, Madness and Civilization, p.274.

132. N§¼pg, "D.Hm', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.539.

133. Sn, ‘\ncmi\mWn¶p \o’, ]p.615. 134. Sn, "D.Hm', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.538.

135. (-x- = +) F¶ KWnX kq{XhmIyw HmÀ¡pI.

136. kn.cmtP{µ³, skmkyqÀ: LS\mhmZ nsâ BNmcy³, ]p.15-17. 137. N§¼pg, "D.Hm', N.-].-Ir., `m.1, ]p.539. 138. Sn.

139. Lacan, Écrits:a Selection, pp.284-88.

140. N§¼pg, "D.Hm.', N.].Ir., `m.1, ]p.539. 141. Fw.Sn, "Fsâ {]nbs¸« ImYnI³', _.k.Ir., ]p.61. 142. N§¼pg, "D.Hm', N.-].-Ir., `m.1, ]p.539. 143. Sn, "kuµcy]qP', ]p.448,449.

144. Robert Waelder, Sigmund Freud: The Living Thoughts of

Frued, p.95. 145. N§¼pg, "]mSp¶ ]nimNv', N.-].-Ir., `m.2, ]p.347. 146. "B\µw', Sn, ]p.336. 147. N§¼pg, "D.Hm', N.-].-Ir., `m.1, ]p.539.

148. Foucault, Madness and Civilization, p.232.

149. N§¼pg, "D.Hm', N.-].-Ir., `m.1, ]p.538.